Laparoscopy - Knowledge (XXG)

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than a single load clip applier that would have to be taken out, reloaded and reintroduced for each clip application) made general surgeons more comfortable with making the leap to laparoscopic cholecystectomies ( gall bladder removal). On the other hand, some surgeons continue to use the single clip appliers as they save as much as $ 200 per case for the patient, detract nothing from the quality of the clip ligation, and add only seconds to case lengths. Both laparoscopy tubal ligations and cholecystectomies may be performed using suturing and tying, thus further reducing the expensive cost of single and multiclips (when compared to suture). Once again this may increase case lengths but costs are greatly reduced (ideal for developing countries) and widespread accidents of loose clips are eliminated.

416:. Due to the relatively high cost of the equipment required, it has not become commonplace in most traditional practices today but rather limited to specialty practices. Many of the same surgeries performed in humans can be applied to animal cases – everything from an egg-bound tortoise to a German Shepherd can benefit from MIS. A paper published in JAVMA (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association) in 2005 showed that dogs spayed laparoscopically experienced significantly less pain (65%) than those that were spayed with traditional "open" methods. 921:. Cuschieri took advantage of smaller cameras to perform operations with smaller cuts and shorter recovery times. After some controversy and patient deaths, new laparoscopic training centres were set up as most surgeons lacked the necessary specialised training to perform laparoscopic surgery. The first opened in Dundee in 1991 and became the Cuschieri Skills Centre at Ninewells Hospital in 2004. As of 2008, 40 specialist centres around the world base their laparoscopic training on the Cuschieri Skills Centre. 396: 367:). Many other surgeons feel that since they will have to make a larger incision for specimen removal anyway, they might as well use this incision to have their hand in the operative field during the procedure to aid as a retractor, dissector, and to be able to feel differing tissue densities (palpate), as they would in open surgery. This technique is called hand-assist laparoscopy. Since they will still be working with scopes and other laparoscopic instruments, CO 309: 42: 260:. Nevertheless, laparoscopes are rigid endoscopes. Rigidity is required in clinical practice. The rod-lens-based laparoscopes dominate overwhelmingly in practice, due to their fine optical resolution (50 μm typically, dependent on the aperture size used in the objective lens), and the image quality can be better than that of the digital camera if necessary. The second type of laparoscope is very rare in the laparoscope market and in hospitals. 700: 886:, which still produces various endoscopic instruments. In 1985, he constructed the pelvi-trainer = laparo-trainer, a practical surgical model whereby colleagues could practice laparoscopic techniques. Semm published over 1000 papers in various journals. He also produced over 30 endoscopic films and more than 20,000 colored slides to teach and inform interested colleagues about his technique. His first atlas, 404:

emerged as a highly competitive new sub-specialty within various fields of surgery. Surgical residents who wish to focus on this area of surgery gain additional laparoscopic surgery training during one or two years of fellowship after completing their basic surgical residency. In OB-GYN residency programs, the average laparoscopy-to-laparotomy quotient (LPQ) is 0.55.

207: 346:. Since the gallbladder is similar to a small balloon that stores and releases bile, it can usually be removed from the abdomen by suctioning out the bile and then removing the deflated gallbladder through the 1 cm incision at the patient's navel. The length of postoperative stay in the hospital is minimal, and same-day discharges is safe for most patients. 1249: 766: 330:

which improves tidal volume by a decrease in the pressure on the diaphragm. This position also decreases the preload on the heart and causes a decrease in the venous return leading to hypotension. The pooling of blood in the lower extremities increases the stasis and predisposes the patient to develop deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

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With laparoscopy providing tissue diagnosis and helping to achieve the final diagnosis without any significant complication and less operative time, it can be safely concluded that diagnostic laparoscopy is a safe, quick, and effective adjunct to non‑surgical diagnostic modalities, for establishing a

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In January 2022, a robot performed the first ever successful laparoscopic surgery without the help of a human. The robot performed the surgery on the soft tissue of a pig. It succeeded at intestinal anastomosis, a procedure that involves connecting two ends of an intestine. The robot, named the Smart

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In the ensuing several decades, numerous individuals refined and popularized the approach further for laparoscopy. The advent of computer chip-based television cameras was a seminal event in the field of laparoscopy. This technological innovation provided the means to project a magnified view of the

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The restricted vision, the difficulty in handling of the instruments (new hand-eye coordination skills are needed), the lack of tactile perception, and the limited working area are factors adding to the technical complexity of this surgical approach. For these reasons, minimally invasive surgery has

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Prior to Mühe, the only specialty performing laparoscopy on a widespread basis was gynecology, mostly for relatively short, simple procedures such as a diagnostic laparoscopy or tubal ligation. The introduction in 1990 of a laparoscopic clip applier with twenty automatically advancing clips (rather

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In 1975, Tarasconi, from the Department of Ob-Gyn of the University of Passo Fundo Medical School (Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil), started his experience with organ resection by laparoscopy (Salpingectomy), first reported in the Third AAGL Meeting, Hyatt Regency Atlanta, November 1976 and later published

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The gas used to make space and the smoke generated during surgical procedures can leak into the operating room through or around access devices as well as instruments. The gas plume can pollute the airspace shared by the operating team and patient with particles and potentially pathogens, including

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will have to be maintained in the patient's abdomen, so a device known as a hand access port (a sleeve with a seal that allows passage of the hand) must be used. Surgeons who choose this hand-assist technique feel it reduces operative time significantly versus the straight laparoscopic approach. It

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There are also user-friendly nonrobotic assistance systems that are single-hand guided devices with a high potential to save time and money. These assistance devices are not bound by the restrictions of common medical robotic systems. The systems enhance the manual possibilities of the surgeon and

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Surgeons must use tools to interact with tissue rather than manipulate it directly with their hands. This results in an inability to accurately judge how much force is applied to tissue and higher risk of damaging tissue by applying more force than necessary. This limitation also reduces tactile

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due to an increase in the venous return from lower extremities. This position results in cephalic shifting of the viscera, which accentuates the pressure on the diaphragm. In the case of reverse Trendelenburg position, pulmonary function tends to improve as there is a caudal shifting of viscera,

851:. Following his lecture on laparoscopic appendectomy, the president of the German Surgical Society wrote to the Board of Directors of the German Gynecological Society suggesting suspension of Semm from medical practice. Subsequently, Semm submitted a paper on laparoscopic appendectomy to the 379:

and speed up recovery times, while maintaining an enhanced visual field for surgeons. Due to improved patient outcomes, in the last two decades, laparoscopic surgery has been adopted by various surgical sub-specialties, including gastrointestinal surgery (including bariatric procedures for

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Silecchia G, Campanile FC, Sanchez L, Ceccarelli G, Antinori A, Ansaloni L, Olmi S, Ferrari GC, Cuccurullo D, Baccari P, Agresta F, Vettoretto N, Piccoli M (September 2015). "Laparoscopic ventral/incisional hernia repair: updated Consensus Development Conference based guidelines ".

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Yi X, Chen S, Wang W, Zou L, Diao D, Zheng Y, He Y, Li H, Luo L, Xiong W, Wan J (August 2017). "A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Laparoscopic and Open Distal Pancreatectomy of Nonductal Adenocarcinomatous Pancreatic Tumor (NDACPT) in the Pancreatic Body and Tail".

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In certain advanced laparoscopic procedures, where the specimen removed is too large to pull through a trocar site (as is done with gallbladders), an incision larger than 10 mm must be made. The most common of these procedures are removal of all or part of the colon

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therapy during laparoscopic surgery may minimise the incidence of adhesion formation. Other techniques to reduce adhesion formation include the use of physical barriers such as films or gels, or broad-coverage fluid agents to separate tissues during healing following

363:). Some surgeons perform these procedures completely laparoscopically, making the larger incision toward the end of the procedure for specimen removal, or, in the case of a colectomy, to also prepare the remaining healthy bowel to be reconnected (create an 520:

Some surgeries (carpal tunnel for instance) generally turn out better for the patient when the area can be opened up, allowing the surgeon to see the surrounding physiology, to better address the issue at hand. In this regard, keyhole surgery can be a

562:. While these injuries are rare, significant complications can occur, and they are primarily related to the umbilical insertion site. Vascular injuries can result in hemorrhage that may be life-threatening. Injuries to the bowel can cause a delayed 185:

Laparoscopic surgery includes operations within the abdominal or pelvic cavities, whereas keyhole surgery performed on the thoracic or chest cavity is called thoracoscopic surgery. Specific surgical instruments used in laparoscopic surgery include

837:. He was the first to perform a surgical laparoscopic process with standard sutures and simple instruments This was meant to facilitate the application of laparoscopic surgery to all economic sectors by avoiding expensive materials and devices. 2767:

Ahmed K, Keeling AN, Fakhry M, Ashrafian H, Aggarwal R, Naughton PA, Darzi A, Cheshire N, Athanasiou T, Hamady M (January 2010). "Role of virtual reality simulation in teaching and assessing technical skills in endovascular intervention".

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is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.

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Mayol J, Garcia-Aguilar J, Ortiz-Oshiro E, De-Diego Carmona JA, Fernandez-Represa JA (June 1997). "Risks of the minimal access approach for laparoscopic surgery: multivariate analysis of morbidity related to umbilical trocar insertion".

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Although laparoscopy in adults is widely accepted, its advantages in children are questioned. Benefits of laparoscopy appear to recede with younger age. Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain conditions such as

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There are many International and American Surgical Associations involved in surgical education and training for laparoscopy, thoracoscopy and many minimally invasive procedures for both adults and pediatrics. These societies include:

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The major problems during laparoscopic surgery are related to the cardiopulmonary effect of pneumoperitoneum, systemic carbon dioxide absorption, venous gas embolism, unintentional injuries to intra-abdominal structures and patient

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are fibrous deposits that connect tissue to organ post surgery. Generally, they occur in 50-100% of all abdominal surgeries, with the risk of developing adhesions the same for both procedures. Complications of adhesions include

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sensation, making it more difficult for the surgeon to feel tissue (sometimes an important diagnostic tool, such as when palpating for tumors) and making delicate operations such as tying sutures more difficult.

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also gives them more options in dealing with unexpected adverse events (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding) that may otherwise require creating a much larger incision and converting to a fully open surgical procedure.

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was published in 1976, a slide atlas on pelviscopy, hysteroscopy, and fetoscopy in 1979, and his books on gynecological endoscopic surgery in German, English, and many other languages in 1984, 1987, and 2002.

902:. Afterward, laparoscopy gained rapid acceptance for non-gynecologic applications. The first video-assisted laparoscopic surgery was performed in 1987, a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Before this time, the 2621:

Peng Y, Zheng M, Ye Q, Chen X, Yu B, Liu B (January 2009). "Heated and humidified CO2 prevents hypothermia, peritoneal injury, and intra-abdominal adhesions during prolonged laparoscopic insufflations".

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The tool endpoints move in the opposite direction to the surgeon's hands due to the pivot point, making laparoscopic surgery a non-intuitive motor skill that is difficult to learn. This is called the

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Kane TD, Brown MF, Chen MK (May 2009). "Position paper on laparoscopic antireflux operations in infants and children for gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Pediatric Surgery Association".

970: 2255:. A report from a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) Systematic Technology Assessment of Medical Products (STAMP) Committee. Archived from 833:

In 1972, H. Courtenay Clarke invented, published, patented, presented, and recorded on film laparoscopic surgery, with instruments he invented and were marketed by the Ven Instrument Company of

630:. This produces a sensation of pain that may extend to the patient's shoulders in about 80% of women for example. In all cases, the pain is transient, as the body tissues will absorb the CO 492:

While laparoscopic surgery is clearly advantageous in terms of patient outcomes, the procedure is more difficult from the surgeon's perspective when compared to conventional, open surgery:

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Shabanzadeh DM, Sørensen LT (December 2012). "Laparoscopic surgery compared with open surgery decreases surgical site infection in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Mirhashemi R, Harlow BL, Ginsburg ES, Signorello LB, Berkowitz R, Feldman S (September 1998). "Predicting risk of complications with gynecologic laparoscopic surgery".

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Gosemann JH, Lange A, Zeidler J, Blaser J, Dingemann C, Ure BM, Lacher M (August 2016). "Appendectomy in the pediatric population-a German nationwide cohort analysis".

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Hatzinger, Martin; Kwon, S.T.; Langbein, S.; Kamp, S.; Häcker, Axel; Alken, Peter (2006). "Hans Christian Jacobaeus: Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy".

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operative field onto a monitor and, at the same time, freed both the operating surgeon's hands, thereby facilitating performance of complex laparoscopic procedures.

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Gallagher AG, McClure N, McGuigan J, Ritchie K, Sheehy NP (September 1998). "An ergonomic analysis of the fulcrum effect in the acquisition of endoscopic skills".

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Although procedure times are usually slightly longer, hospital stay is less, and often with a same day discharge which leads to a faster return to everyday living.

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in The Journal of Reproductive Medicine in 1981. This laparoscopic surgical procedure was the first laparoscopic organ resection reported in medical literature.

457:) for laparoscopic surgery, as opposed to general anesthesia required for many non-laparoscopic procedures, can produce fewer complications and quicker recovery. 4491: 1319:"The Cholecystectomy As A Day Case (CAAD) Score: A Validated Score of Preoperative Predictors of Successful Day-Case Cholecystectomy Using the CholeS Data Set" 1737:

Zhang CD, Chen SC, Feng ZF, Zhao ZM, Wang JN, Dai DQ (August 2013). "Laparoscopic versus open gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in Asia: a meta-analysis".

4556: 182:, a long fiber optic cable system that allows viewing of the affected area by snaking the cable from a more distant, but more easily accessible location. 1037:

application, can be used. A dye test may be performed to detect any blockage in the reproductive tract, wherein a dark blue dye is passed up through the

577:. This incidence of iatrogenic dissemination of cancer might be reduced with special measures as trocar site protection and midline placement of trocars. 855:, at first rejected as unacceptable for publication on the grounds that the technique reported on was "unethical," but finally published in the journal 342:, four incisions of 0.5–1.0 cm, or more recently, a single incision of 1.5–2.0 cm, will be sufficient to perform a laparoscopic removal of a 4561: 3851: 4297: 454: 4454: 1539:"Duration, complications, stress, and pain of open ovariohysterectomy versus a simple method of laparoscopic-assisted ovariohysterectomy in dogs" 648:) from previous abdominal surgery may pose added risk for laparoscopic surgery and are considered relative contra-indications for this approach. 57: 3214: 2045: 1447:

Ma Y, Yang Z, Qin H, Wang Y (December 2011). "A meta-analysis of laparoscopy compared with open colorectal resection for colorectal cancer".

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or in reverse Trendelenburg. These positions have an effect on cardiopulmonary function. In Trendelenburg's position, there is an increased

4009: 3844: 2582:"Adhesion-related readmissions following gynaecological laparoscopy or laparotomy in Scotland: an epidemiological study of 24 046 patients" 2270:

Segura-Sampedro, Juan José; Morales-Soriano, Rafael; Pineño Flores, Cristina; Craus-Miguel, Andrea; Sugarbaker, Paul H. (13 March 2021).

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The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing conventional

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A digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system

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that leak current into surrounding tissue. The resulting injuries can result in perforated organs and can also lead to peritonitis.

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Westebring-van der Putten EP, Goossens RH, Jakimowicz JJ, Dankelman J (2008). "Haptics in minimally invasive surgery--a review".

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introduced into the abdominal cavity is removed through the incisions during surgery. Gas tends to rise, and when a pocket of CO

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Elfiky, Assem (July 2004). "Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in paediatrics: Two-year experience in a university hospital".

1586:"Minimally invasive surgical approach versus open procedure for pancreaticoduodenectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3441: 626:(the muscle that separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavities and facilitates breathing), and can exert pressure on the 3994: 3945: 392:(especially in morbidly obese patients), and is now deemed safe when applied to surgery for cancers such as cancer of colon. 190:, scissors, probes, dissectors, hooks, and retractors. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of 3968: 2378:"Warmed, humidified CO2 insufflation benefits intraoperative core temperature during laparoscopic surgery: A meta-analysis" 757:

conclusive diagnosis, but whether it will replace imaging studies as a primary modality for diagnosis needs more evidence.

4376: 4120: 388:, the approach has proven to be beneficial in reducing post-operative morbidities such as wound infections and incisional 4642: 4361: 4188: 4134: 4065: 3894: 3885: 3605: 1094: 1074: 163: 3930: 2854:

Saeidi, H.; Opfermann, J. D.; Kam, M.; Wei, S.; Leonard, S.; Hsieh, M. H.; Kang, J. U.; Krieger, A. (26 January 2022).

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formation is a risk associated with both laparoscopic and open surgery and remains a significant, unresolved problem.

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Smaller incision, which reduces pain and shortens recovery time, as well as resulting in less post-operative scarring.

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Reduced exposure of internal organs to possible external contaminants, thereby reduced risk of acquiring infections.

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injuries during insertion into the abdominal cavity, as the trocar is typically inserted blindly. Injuries include

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There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an open procedure. These include:

3528: 4647: 4437: 4351: 4259: 4178: 3950: 3940: 574: 878:(also termed cervical intra-fascial Semm hysterectomy). He also developed a medical instrument company Wisap in 732:, whereby a single central hospital can operate several remote machines at distant locations. The potential for 4741: 4596: 4254: 3935: 3877: 2327:"Gastrointestinal complications of laparoscopic/robot-assisted urologic surgery and a review of the literature" 782: 651: 64: 3407: 1782:"Laparoscopic versus open repair for perforated peptic ulcer: A meta analysis of randomized controlled trials" 2903:

Thai, Mai Thanh; Phan, Phuoc Thien; Hoang, Trung Thien; Wong, Shing; Lovell, Nigel H.; Do, Thanh Nho (2020).

2549:"Postoperative abdominal adhesions and their prevention in gynaecological surgery. Expert consensus position" 1538: 4690: 4606: 4231: 3989: 3836: 3581: 2376:

Dean, Meara; Ramsay, Robert; Heriot, Alexander; Mackay, John; Hiscock, Richard; Lynch, A. Craig (May 2017).

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gas. This elevates the abdominal wall above the internal organs to create a working and viewing space. CO

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and is followed with the laparoscope through its passage out into the fallopian tubes to the ovaries.

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In recent years, electronic tools have been developed to aid surgeons. Some of the features include:

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It is difficult to credit one individual with the pioneering of the laparoscopic approach. In 1901,

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Stabilization — Electromechanical damping of vibrations, due to machinery or shaky human hands

660: 655: 413: 187: 3353:"Erich Mühe and the Rejection of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (1985): A Surgeon Ahead of His Time" 2904: 1166: 4800: 4161: 4004: 3574: 3559: 3434:"World's First Series of Robotic Pediatric Cases Performed at Cairo University Hospital in Egypt" 3333: 2934: 2916: 2749: 2493:

Brüggmann D, Tchartchian G, Wallwiener M, Münstedt K, Tinneberg HR, Hackethal A (November 2010).

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The surgeon has a limited range of motion at the surgical site, resulting in a loss of dexterity.

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Tissue Autonomous Robot (STAR), was designed by a team of Johns Hopkins University researchers.

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technique. There are a number of advantages to the patient with laparoscopic surgery versus an

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In 1981, Semm, from the gynecological clinic of Kiel University, Germany, performed the first

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has less wound problems than open surgery, the former is associated with more intra-abdominal

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laparoscopic procedures there is a risk of port site metastases, especially in patients with

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his/her team, regarding the need of replacing static holding force during the intervention.

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Li H, Zheng J, Cai JY, Li SH, Zhang JB, Wang XM, Chen GH, Yang Y, Wang GS (November 2017).

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Kaban GK, Czerniach DR, Litwin DE, Litwin DE (2003). "Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery".

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Lower AM, Hawthorn RJ, Clark D, Boyd JH, Finlayson AR, Knight AD, Crowe AM (August 2004).

2272:"Laparoscopy technique in the setting of peritoneal metastases to avoid port site relapse" 1128: 1018: 918: 903: 899: 819: 733: 718: 694: 555: 551: 339: 210: 2954:"Role of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Chronic Abdominal Conditions with Uncertain Diagnosis" 1638:"VS open hepatectomy for hepatolithiasis: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis" 859:. The abstract of his paper on endoscopic appendectomy can be found at the journal site. 591:

during surgery and peritoneal trauma due to increased exposure to cold, dry gases during

275:) to illuminate the operative field, which is inserted through a 5 mm or 10 mm 2435:"Interventions to reduce shoulder pain following gynaecological laparoscopic procedures" 1780:

Tan S, Wu G, Zhuang Q, Xi Q, Meng Q, Jiang Y, Han Y, Yu C, Yu Z, Li N (September 2016).

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Clarke, H. Courtenay (1972). "Laparoscopy—New Instruments for Suturing and Ligation".

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Some patients have sustained electrical burns unseen by surgeons who are working with

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Semm established several standard procedures that were regularly performed, such as

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Kaloo, Philip; Armstrong, Sarah; Kaloo, Claire; Jordan, Vanessa (30 January 2019).

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has had a strong military interest as well, with the intention of providing mobile

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Clarke HC (April 1972). "Laparoscopy--new instruments for suturing and ligation".

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Karadag MA, Cecen K, Demir A, Bagcioglu M, Kocaaslan R, Kadioglu TC (April 2015).

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In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the

933: 826:, was important in popularizing laparoscopy in the UK. He published a textbook, 737: 637: 588: 563: 417: 360: 343: 264: 222: 214: 2781: 2737: 1794: 1781: 1554: 1334: 1253: 1199:"Secrets of safe laparoscopic surgery: Anaesthetic and surgical considerations" 420:, thoracoscopy, and cystoscopy are all performed in veterinary medicine today. 375:

Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise post-operative

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Visual magnification — use of a large viewing screen improves visibility

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as seen through a laparoscope. Clockwise from the top left, the text reads: '

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During the laparoscopic procedure, the position of the patient is either in

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hematoma, umbilical hernias, umbilical wound infection, and penetration of

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performed the first minimally invasive surgery in the UK with his team at

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Update Date: 21 August 2009. Updated by: James Lee, MD // No longer valid

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have since become more common and are typically laparoscopic procedures.

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after working with multiple researchers from across the world, including

570: 155:(usually 0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera. The laparoscope aids 2343: 1062: – Surgical technique that limits size of surgical incisions needed 3960: 2805:"Robotic single port surgery: Current status and future considerations" 2393: 2178: 2154:

Rodriguez, Anthony, Carpal Tunnel Surgery in Review, Beklind, 2009p.234

1819:"Anaesthesia for laparoscopic surgery: General vs regional anaesthesia" 1248: 1025:. Usually, one incision is placed near the navel and a second near the 1014: 883: 778: 481: 381: 284: 276: 167: 144: 78: 2674: 92: 4677: 4241: 1266:

Bhandarkar D, Mittal G, Shah R, Katara A, Udwadia TE (January 2011).

1038: 1010: 879: 539: 389: 280: 136: 119: 2856:"Autonomous robotic laparoscopic surgery for intestinal anastomosis" 898:, professor of surgery in Germany, performed the first laparoscopic 765: 554:. The risk of such injuries is increased in patients who have a low 27:

Minimally invasive operation within the abdominal or pelvic cavities

2921: 384:), gynecologic surgery, and urology. Based on numerous prospective 338:

Rather than a minimum 20 cm incision as in traditional (open)

194:. The first laparoscopic procedure was performed by German surgeon 159:

or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.

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Stephen W, Eubanks S, Lee L, Swanstrom LL, Soper NJ, eds. (2004).

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Cahill, R. A.; Dalli, J.; Khan, M.; Flood, M.; Nolan, K. (2020).

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Laparoscopic techniques have also been developed in the field of

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of Sweden performed the first laparoscopic operation in humans.

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Use of regional anesthesia (with the recommendation of using a

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

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Surgical Laparoscopy, Endoscopy & Percutaneous Techniques

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Text was copied from this source, which is available under a

178:, and shorter recovery time. The key element is the use of a 3566: 1268:"Single-incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy: How I do it?" 971:

Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons

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training tools to improve physicians' proficiency in surgery

3123:"Patrick Steptoe, CBE, MBChB, D.Se., FRCS (Ed), FRCOG, FRS" 2720:

Limchantra, Ice V.; Fong, Yuman; Melstrom, Kurt A. (2019).

1053: – Examination of a joint via small surgical incision 792:

The first publication on modern diagnostic laparoscopy by

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Tarasconi JC (October 1981). "Endoscopic salpingectomy".

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was visualised by surgeons directly via a laparoscope.

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Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa; Ashish Kulshrestha (2016).

1071: – Surgical procedure to open the abdominal cavity 1064:

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for adequate visualization and operative manipulation.

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Wang S, Shi N, You L, Dai M, Zhao Y (December 2017).

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El-Sharkawy, A. M.; Tewari, N.; Vohra, R. S. (2019).

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British Association Of Paediatric Endoscopic Surgeons

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for insufflation, has been shown to reduce this risk.

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therapy, which is the use of heated and humidified CO

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Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies

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Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons

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Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons

1145:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 166:, bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern 77: 63: 51: 34: 3482: 3209:. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Pvt. Ltd. p. 5. 991:European Society of Paediatric Endoscopic Surgeons 2705:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 1490:Sami Walid, M.; Heaton, Richard L. (1 May 2011). 796:appeared in 1947, followed by the publication of 740:while keeping trained doctors safe from battle. 728:Robotic surgery has been touted as a solution to 267:cable system connected to a "cold" light source ( 143: 'to see') is an operation performed in the 3308:Semm K (March 1983). "Endoscopic appendectomy". 2952:Nar AS, Bawa A, Mishra A, Mittal A (July 2014). 2770:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 1537:Devitt CM, Cox RE, Hailey JJ (September 2005). 1080:Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery 675:poses the most significant problem. The use of 530:Some of the risks are briefly described below: 3663:Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 3555:Surgical Device Poses a Rare but Serious Peril 2038:Mastery of endoscopic and laparoscopic surgery 1197:Srivastava, Arati; Niranjan, Ashutosh (2010). 1143:Mastery of Endoscopic and Laparoscopic Surgery 975:Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons 312:Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery. 4492:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 3852: 3582: 2542: 2540: 2538: 1117: 1115: 853:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 8: 3065: 3063: 3061: 2488: 2486: 936:removal in 2001. The first robotic advanced 622:rises in the abdomen, it pushes against the 3504:"International Pediatric Endosurgery Group" 2439:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 940:series were performed overseas in Egypt at 888:More Details on Pelviscopy and Hysteroscopy 4630: 4442: 4139: 3899: 3890: 3859: 3845: 3837: 3589: 3575: 3567: 3207:Textbook of Practical Laparoscopic Surgery 978:World Association of Laparoscopic Surgeons 874:and finally laparoscopic-assisted vaginal 748:Non-robotic hand-guided assistance systems 40: 3508:International Pediatric Endosurgery Group 3368: 3138: 3097: 3087: 2979: 2969: 2920: 2879: 2830: 2820: 2682: 2597: 2564: 2518: 2466: 2409: 2352: 2342: 2009: 1999: 1844: 1834: 1793: 1663: 1653: 1609: 1350: 1293: 1283: 1232: 1214: 1029:. A special type of laparoscope called a 988:International Pediatric Endosurgery Group 4298:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization 764: 455:combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia 436:, which reduces the chance of needing a 4455:Artificial extracorporeal liver support 2251:Fuller J, Scott W, Ashar B, Corrado J. 1111: 1021:, as, for example, in the diagnosis of 2803:Samarasekera D, Kaouk JH (July 2014). 2698: 703:A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine 31: 3440:. Computer Motion Inc. Archived from 1732: 1730: 1685: 1683: 1631: 1629: 1496:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 717:Simulators — use of specialized 634:and eliminate it through respiration. 7: 4010:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery 3553:Feder, Barnaby J. (17 March 2006). " 3283:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 3072:"Kurt Semm: A laparoscopic crusader" 1399: 1397: 1167:"Training in diagnostic laparoscopy" 538:The most significant risks are from 229:There are two types of laparoscope: 4059:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 3867:Tests and procedures involving the 3121:Edwards, R. G. (1 September 1996). 2382:Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery 1060:Invasiveness of surgical procedures 88: 4497:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure 2499:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 162:Laparoscopic surgery, also called 25: 3396:. London: John Murray Publishers. 1642:World Journal of Gastroenterology 1376:Surgical Technology International 1272:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery 1203:Journal of Minimal Access Surgery 1173:from the original on 14 July 2014 816:hysteroscopy from the mid-1970s. 3471:(3): 295–300 – via Scopus. 2624:The Journal of Surgical Research 1906:Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery 1786:International Journal of Surgery 1247: 126: 'flank, side' and 4288:Lateral internal sphincterotomy 3465:Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia 3408:"Doctor who shrunk the surgeon" 3070:Bhattacharya K (January 2007). 1982:Raveenthiran V (October 2010). 237:system, usually connected to a 3995:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty 3946:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe 2677:(inactive 12 September 2024). 2663:The British Journal of Surgery 2451:10.1002/14651858.cd011101.pub2 2253:"Laparoscopic Trocar Injuries" 1961:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.01.050 587:About 20% of patients undergo 496:Laparoscopic surgery requires 1: 4377:Lower gastrointestinal series 4121:Upper gastrointestinal series 3252:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38886-0 3184:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)38886-0 3140:10.1093/humrep/11.suppl_5.215 2222:10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00209-9 932:performed was a laparoscopic 359:), or removal of the kidney ( 4643:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage 4362:Double-contrast barium enema 4189:Partial ileal bypass surgery 4066:Esophagogastric dissociation 3392:Van De Laar, Arnold (2018). 2909:Advanced Intelligent Systems 2815:(3). Indian J Urol: 326–32. 2288:10.1016/j.suronc.2021.101543 1949:Journal of Pediatric Surgery 1751:10.1097/SLE.0b013e31828e3e6e 1705:10.1097/SLE.0000000000000416 1418:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269a46b 1122:MedlinePlus > Laparoscopy 1095:Revision weight loss surgery 1091: – A surgical procedure 1075:Minimally Invasive Procedure 689:Robotic laparoscopic surgery 386:randomized controlled trials 221:', 'In bag coming out,' and 164:minimally invasive procedure 4460:Bioartificial liver devices 4387:Transrectal ultrasonography 3529:"Female Pelvic Laparoscopy" 3246:(4). Elsevier BV: 274–277. 2958:Nigerian Journal of Surgery 2872:10.1126/scirobotics.abj2908 1602:10.1097/MD.0000000000008619 930:first transatlantic surgery 828:Laparoscopy in Gynaecology, 724:Reduced number of incisions 558:or have a history of prior 472:for infantile hypertrophic 446:Less pain, leading to less 46:Illustration of laparoscopy 4827: 4382:Small-bowel follow-through 4250:Abdominoperineal resection 4109:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 3729:Female reproductive system 3617:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 3040:Gynécologie et Obstétrique 2782:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.09.019 2738:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.2515 1795:10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.07.077 1555:10.2460/javma.2005.227.921 1335:10.1007/s00268-019-04981-5 1082: – medical speciality 1002: 692: 129: 112: 4806:Female genital procedures 4742:Clinical prediction rules 4648:Intraperitoneal injection 4352:Abdominal ultrasonography 4260:Total mesorectal excision 4179:Intestine transplantation 3969:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube 3951:High resolution manometry 3941:Esophageal motility study 3875: 3133:(Supplement_5): 215–234. 2809:Indian Journal of Urology 2636:10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.039 2566:10.1007/s10397-007-0338-x 2511:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0769 2210:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2083:10.1080/13645700701820242 1918:10.1007/s00423-016-1430-3 1883:10.1007/s00464-015-4293-8 1508:10.1007/s00404-010-1477-2 1461:10.1007/s12032-010-9549-5 822:, one of the pioneers of 575:peritoneal carcinomatosis 89: 39: 4796:Digestive system surgery 4597:Pancreas transplantation 4255:Lower anterior resection 3936:Esophageal pH monitoring 3878:Digestive system surgery 3351:Litynski, G. S. (1998). 2971:10.4103/1117-6806.137301 2822:10.4103/0970-1591.128504 2167:World Journal of Surgery 1836:10.4103/0972-9941.169952 1655:10.3748/wjg.v23.i43.7791 1323:World Journal of Surgery 1033:, which is modified for 783:Hans Christian Jacobaeus 769:Hans Christian Jacobaeus 652:Intra-abdominal adhesion 476:. Although laparoscopic 399:Laparoscopic instruments 4691:Inguinal hernia surgery 4607:Pancreaticoduodenectomy 3990:Adjustable gastric band 3931:Impedance–pH monitoring 3240:Fertility and Sterility 3172:Fertility and Sterility 3089:10.4103/0972-9941.30686 3017:10.1089/end.2006.20.848 2547:Leon DeWilde R (2007). 2001:10.4103/0971-9261.72434 1285:10.4103/0972-9941.72367 1216:10.4103/0972-9941.72593 1100:Single port laparoscopy 999:Gynecological diagnosis 677:surgical humidification 673:small bowel obstruction 597:surgical humidification 4721:Exploratory laparotomy 4536:Hepatoportoenterostomy 4000:Gastric bypass surgery 3869:human digestive system 3606:Gastrointestinal tract 3322:10.1055/s-2007-1021466 3205:Mishra, R. K. (2013). 3005:Journal of Endourology 2931:10.1002/aisy.201900138 2445:(1). Wiley: CD011101. 2126:10.1055/s-2007-1001366 770: 730:underdeveloped nations 704: 506:Poor depth perception. 408:In veterinary medicine 400: 323:Trendelenburg position 313: 226: 172:exploratory laparotomy 4696:Femoral hernia repair 4482:Liver transplantation 4076:Nissen fundoplication 3038:Palmer R (1947). "". 2599:10.1093/humrep/deh321 2553:Gynecological Surgery 2388:(2). Wiley: 128–136. 1003:Further information: 983:For Pediatric Surgery 956:Surgical Associations 804:, who both practised 768: 702: 398: 311: 209: 202:Types of laparoscopes 4293:Rubber band ligation 4232:Hartmann's operation 3780:Laparoscopic surgery 1209:(4). Medknow: 91–4. 1127:26 July 2011 at the 1051:Arthroscopic surgery 640:disorders and dense 4668:Peritoneal dialysis 4487:Portal hypertension 4392:Virtual colonoscopy 4367:Endoanal ultrasound 4283:Anorectal manometry 4278:Anal sphincterotomy 4222:Colonic polypectomy 4017:Collis gastroplasty 3076:J Minim Access Surg 2344:10.14740/jocmr2090w 1823:J Minim Access Surg 1788:. 33 Pt A: 124–32. 661:chronic pelvic pain 414:veterinary medicine 263:Also attached is a 188:obstetrical forceps 4811:Medical treatments 4162:Jejunoileal bypass 4005:Sleeve gastrectomy 3560:The New York Times 3127:Human Reproduction 2586:Human Reproduction 2394:10.1111/ases.12350 2179:10.1007/PL00012281 2036:Swanström (2014). 1871:Surgical Endoscopy 1023:female infertility 915:Ninewells Hospital 771: 705: 669:female infertility 401: 314: 227: 4783: 4782: 4728:Rapid urease test 4704: 4703: 4620: 4619: 4612:Puestow procedure 4574:Cholescintigraphy 4432: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4420:Stool guaiac test 4330:Capsule endoscopy 4152:Bariatric surgery 4129: 4128: 4044:Gastroenterostomy 3985:Bariatric surgery 3834: 3833: 3673:Respiratory tract 3655:Capsule endoscopy 3216:978-93-5025-941-2 2675:10.1002/bjs.11977 2669:(11): 1401–1405. 2276:Surgical Oncology 2047:978-1-4511-7344-4 1648:(43): 7791–7806. 1406:Annals of Surgery 950:robotic surgeries 938:pediatric surgery 872:ectopic pregnancy 835:Buffalo, New York 671:. In particular, 665:bowel obstruction 560:abdominal surgery 438:blood transfusion 233:A telescopic rod 100: 99: 79:OPS-301 code 16:(Redirected from 4818: 4765:Child–Pugh score 4732:Urea breath test 4631: 4592:Frey's procedure 4569:Cholecystography 4443: 4140: 3975:Nasogastric tube 3900: 3891: 3861: 3854: 3847: 3838: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3568: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444:on 12 April 2008 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3142: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3091: 3067: 3056: 3055: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2973: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2924: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2883: 2866:(62): eabj2908. 2860:Science Robotics 2851: 2845: 2844: 2834: 2824: 2800: 2794: 2793: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2696: 2686: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2618: 2612: 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3918: 3912: 3910: 3897: 3895:Upper GI tract 3888: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3549: 3548:External links 3546: 3543: 3542: 3520: 3495: 3474: 3455: 3425: 3412:Times of Malta 3399: 3384: 3363:(4): 341–346. 3343: 3300: 3273: 3230: 3215: 3197: 3162: 3113: 3057: 3030: 2995: 2944: 2895: 2846: 2795: 2759: 2712: 2649: 2613: 2592:(8): 1877–85. 2572: 2559:(3): 161–168. 2534: 2505:(44): 769–75. 2482: 2425: 2368: 2331:J Clin Med Res 2317: 2262: 2243: 2200: 2156: 2147: 2104: 2061: 2046: 2025: 1974: 1955:(5): 1034–40. 1939: 1896: 1877:(9): 2463–84. 1860: 1809: 1772: 1726: 1699:(4): 206–219. 1679: 1625: 1576: 1529: 1482: 1439: 1393: 1366: 1309: 1258: 1184: 1158: 1152:978-0781744454 1151: 1133: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1057: 1046: 1043: 1027:pubic hairline 1000: 997: 996: 995: 992: 989: 984: 981: 980: 979: 976: 973: 966: 963: 957: 954: 810: 762: 759: 749: 746: 726: 725: 722: 715: 712: 693:Main article: 690: 687: 686: 685: 681: 649: 635: 631: 619: 612: 604: 600: 585: 578: 567: 544:abdominal wall 536: 527: 524: 523: 522: 518: 515:fulcrum effect 511: 507: 504: 501: 489: 486: 465: 464: 461: 458: 451: 444: 441: 425: 422: 409: 406: 382:morbid obesity 368: 351: 348: 335: 332: 318: 315: 305: 302: 296: 293:carbon dioxide 254: 253: 250: 247:three-chip CCD 203: 200: 98: 97: 90: 87: 86: 81: 75: 74: 67: 61: 60: 55: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4823: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4686:Hernia repair 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415:Fecal pH test 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4345:Sigmoidoscopy 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4081:Pyloromyotomy 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Esophagectomy 3914: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3839: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3701:Urinary tract 3698: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3635:Sigmoidoscopy 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3531:. Mayo Clinic 3530: 3524: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3499: 3496: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3439: 3438:Business Wire 3435: 3429: 3426: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3289:(10): 541–5. 3288: 3284: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3049: 3046:(4): 420–31. 3045: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2337:(4): 203–10. 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2216:(3): 327–31. 2215: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2173:(5): 529–33. 2172: 2168: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2120:(7): 617–20. 2119: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745:(4): 365–77. 1744: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596:(50): e8619. 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:(4): 925–33. 1454: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412:(6): 934–45. 1411: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1172: 1168: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1061: 1058: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 998: 993: 990: 987: 986: 982: 977: 974: 972: 969: 968: 964: 962: 955: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 926: 922: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 892: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 866:enucleation, 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 847: 842: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 803: 799: 795: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 775:Georg Kelling 767: 760: 758: 754: 747: 745: 741: 739: 735: 731: 723: 720: 716: 713: 710: 709: 708: 701: 696: 688: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 657: 653: 650: 647: 643: 639: 636: 629: 628:phrenic nerve 625: 605: 598: 595:. The use of 594: 590: 586: 583: 579: 576: 572: 568: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 548:blood vessels 545: 541: 537: 533: 532: 531: 525: 521:disadvantage. 519: 516: 512: 508: 505: 502: 499: 495: 494: 493: 488:Disadvantages 487: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:pyloromyotomy 462: 459: 456: 452: 449: 445: 442: 439: 435: 431: 430: 429: 423: 421: 419: 415: 407: 405: 397: 393: 391: 387: 383: 378: 373: 366: 362: 358: 349: 347: 345: 341: 333: 331: 328: 324: 316: 310: 303: 301: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 251: 248: 244: 241:(single-chip 240: 236: 232: 231: 230: 224: 220: 219:Cystic artery 216: 212: 208: 201: 199: 197: 196:Georg Kelling 193: 189: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 132: 128: 125: 122: 115: 111: 108: 107:Ancient Greek 104: 94: 85: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 66: 62: 59: 56: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 4663:Paracentesis 4652: 4477:Liver biopsy 4372:Enteroclysis 4357:Defecography 4212:Appendectomy 3790:Thoracoscopy 3774: 3747:Falloposcopy 3742:Hysteroscopy 3714:Ureteroscopy 3691:Bronchoscopy 3686:Laryngoscopy 3558: 3535:22 September 3533:. 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Retrieved 3411: 3402: 3393: 3387: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3316:(2): 59–64. 3313: 3309: 3303: 3286: 3282: 3276: 3243: 3239: 3233: 3206: 3200: 3178:(4): 274–7. 3175: 3171: 3165: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3079: 3075: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2964:(2): 75–78. 2961: 2957: 2947: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2776:(1): 55–66. 2773: 2769: 2762: 2729: 2726:JAMA Surgery 2725: 2715: 2701:cite journal 2666: 2662: 2652: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2556: 2552: 2502: 2498: 2442: 2438: 2428: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2257:the original 2246: 2213: 2209: 2203: 2170: 2166: 2159: 2150: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2037: 1994:(4): 122–8. 1991: 1987: 1977: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1912:(5): 651–9. 1909: 1905: 1899: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1785: 1775: 1742: 1738: 1696: 1692: 1645: 1641: 1593: 1589: 1579: 1549:(6): 921–7. 1546: 1542: 1532: 1499: 1495: 1485: 1452: 1448: 1442: 1409: 1405: 1379: 1375: 1369: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1278:(1): 17–23. 1275: 1271: 1261: 1206: 1202: 1175:. Retrieved 1169:. Gfmer.ch. 1161: 1142: 1136: 1089:Percutaneous 1035:transvaginal 1031:fertiloscope 1008: 1005:Fertiloscope 959: 927: 923: 908: 893: 887: 876:hysterectomy 864:ovarian cyst 861: 856: 852: 849:appendectomy 846:laparoscopic 843: 839: 832: 827: 818: 794:Raoul Palmer 791: 787: 772: 755: 751: 742: 738:medical care 727: 706: 593:insufflation 550:or small or 535:positioning. 529: 514: 491: 478:appendectomy 466: 434:hemorrhaging 427: 411: 402: 374: 353: 337: 320: 262: 255: 239:video camera 228: 184: 179: 176:hemorrhaging 161: 151:using small 137: 134: 127: 120: 117: 110: 102: 101: 29: 4653:Laparoscopy 4509:Gallbladder 4472:Hepatectomy 4402:Stool tests 4340:Proctoscopy 4335:Enteroscopy 4320:Colonoscopy 4204:Large bowel 4184:Jejunostomy 4144:Small bowel 4071:Hill repair 4054:Gastrostomy 4032:Billroth II 4022:Gastrectomy 3926:Sialography 3800:Coelioscopy 3785:Arthroscopy 3775:Laparoscopy 3709:Nephroscopy 3661:Accessory: 3645:Proctoscopy 3640:Pouchoscopy 3630:Colonoscopy 3625:Enteroscopy 3082:(1): 35–6. 2630:(1): 40–7. 2077:(1): 3–16. 934:gallbladder 646:scar tissue 638:Coagulation 589:hypothermia 564:peritonitis 552:large bowel 418:Arthroscopy 365:anastomosis 361:nephrectomy 344:gallbladder 334:Gallbladder 289:insufflated 287:is usually 265:fiber optic 258:fiberscopes 223:Cystic duct 215:Gallbladder 180:laparoscope 103:Laparoscopy 35:Laparoscopy 18:Laparoscope 4790:Categories 4716:Laparotomy 4658:Omentopexy 4635:Peritoneum 4270:Anal canal 4049:Gastropexy 4027:Billroth I 3821:Angioscopy 3752:Culdoscopy 3737:Colposcopy 3719:Cystoscopy 3681:Rhinoscopy 2922:2001.00285 2282:: 101543. 1829:(1): 4–9. 1177:10 October 1106:References 1069:Laparotomy 965:For Adults 896:Erich Mühe 868:myomectomy 582:electrodes 424:Advantages 304:Procedures 105:(from 4801:Endoscopy 4513:bile duct 4438:Accessory 4316:Endoscopy 4227:Colostomy 4217:Colectomy 4174:Ileostomy 4104:Endoscopy 4037:Roux-en-Y 3908:Esophagus 3816:Fetoscopy 3598:Endoscopy 3513:26 August 3488:26 August 3448:26 August 3310:Endoscopy 3260:0015-0282 3225:870588241 3149:0268-1161 2939:209531913 2754:201116813 2459:1465-1858 2402:1758-5902 2312:232386740 2296:0960-7404 2142:260128567 2114:Endoscopy 2056:889995746 1516:1432-0711 1382:: 63–70. 1343:0364-2313 1225:0972-9941 909:In 1987, 894:In 1985, 857:Endoscopy 830:in 1967. 802:Kurt Semm 656:Adhesions 642:adhesions 624:diaphragm 571:oncologic 482:abscesses 357:colectomy 198:in 1901. 192:endoscopy 157:diagnosis 153:incisions 4584:Pancreas 4325:Anoscopy 3826:Otoscopy 3767:incision 3650:Anoscopy 3379:10036125 3338:45763958 3108:20668618 3052:18917806 3025:17144849 2990:25191097 2890:35080901 2841:25097321 2790:20123191 2746:31433468 2693:32856306 2644:18639246 2608:15178659 2529:21116396 2477:30699235 2420:27976517 2363:25699115 2304:33773282 2238:24631884 2195:29945805 2091:18270873 2020:21170193 1969:19433194 1926:27118213 1891:26139480 1855:26917912 1804:27504848 1767:36337725 1759:23917592 1721:13671079 1713:28520652 1674:29209120 1620:29390259 1590:Medicine 1571:16702386 1563:16190590 1524:20414665 1477:24029741 1469:20458560 1426:23108128 1388:12931285 1361:31016355 1304:21197237 1243:21120064 1171:Archived 1125:Archived 1045:See also 680:surgery. 432:Reduced 168:surgical 53:ICD-9-CM 3961:Stomach 3761:Closed 3623:Lower: 3370:3015244 3330:6221925 3295:6458700 3268:4258561 3192:4258561 3157:8968782 3099:2910380 2981:4141449 2881:8992572 2832:4120222 2684:7461047 2520:2992017 2468:6353625 2411:5484286 2354:4330011 2230:9721764 2187:9204743 2134:9826140 2099:5439192 2011:2995935 1934:9331647 1846:4746973 1665:5703939 1611:5815671 1434:5286895 1352:9883331 1295:3002000 1234:2992667 1015:ovaries 884:Germany 779:Dresden 761:History 450:needed. 390:hernias 327:preload 285:abdomen 277:cannula 269:halogen 145:abdomen 71:D010535 4678:Hernia 4242:Rectum 3763:cavity 3613:Upper: 3418:17 May 3377: 3367: 3336: 3328: 3293: 3266: 3258: 3223: 3213: 3190: 3155: 3147: 3106: 3096: 3050: 3023: 2988: 2978: 2937: 2888: 2878: 2839: 2829: 2788: 2752: 2744: 2691: 2681: 2642: 2606: 2527: 2517: 2475: 2465: 2457: 2418: 2408: 2400: 2361: 2351: 2310: 2302: 2294: 2236: 2228: 2193: 2185: 2140: 2132: 2097: 2089: 2054: 2044: 2018: 2008: 1967: 1932: 1924: 1889: 1853: 1843: 1802: 1765: 1757: 1719: 1711: 1672: 1662: 1618: 1608: 1569: 1561: 1522: 1514: 1475: 1467: 1432: 1424: 1386: 1359: 1349: 1341: 1302: 1292: 1241: 1231: 1223: 1149: 1039:cervix 1017:, and 1011:uterus 880:Munich 667:, and 540:trocar 283:. 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