1183:. Panels A, B were cut across the long axes of the crypts and panels C, D were cut parallel to the long axes of the crypts. In panel A the bar shows 100 μm and allows an estimate of the frequency of crypts in the colonic epithelium. Panel B includes three crypts in cross-section, each with one segment deficient for CCOI expression and at least one crypt, on the right side, undergoing fission into two crypts. Panel C shows, on the left side, a crypt fissioning into two crypts. Panel D shows typical small clusters of two and three CCOI deficient crypts (the bar shows 50 μm). The images were made from original photomicrographs, but panels A, B and D were also included in an article and illustrations were published with Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial License allowing re-use.
1206:
1156:
669:
40:
1218:
4917:
1252:. As seen in panels C and D, crypts are about 75 to about 110 cells long. Baker et al. found that the average crypt circumference is 23 cells. Thus, by the images shown here, there are an average of about 1,725 to 2,530 cells per colonic crypt. Nooteboom et al. measuring the number of cells in a small number of crypts reported a range of 1,500 to 4,900 cells per colonic crypt. Cells are produced at the crypt base and migrate upward along the crypt axis before being shed into the colonic
591:
224:
531:
1792:
1308:
1864:—the difference being related to which parts of the colon each can examine. A colonoscopy allows an examination of the entire colon (1200–1500 mm in length). A sigmoidoscopy allows an examination of the distal portion (about 600 mm) of the colon, which may be sufficient because benefits to cancer survival of colonoscopy have been limited to the detection of lesions in the distal portion of the colon.
1982:
1970:
652:, so they are fixed in location. Intraperitoneal organs are completely surrounded by peritoneum and are therefore mobile. Of the colon, the ascending colon, descending colon and rectum are retroperitoneal, while the cecum, appendix, transverse colon and sigmoid colon are intraperitoneal. This is important as it affects which organs can be easily accessed during surgery, such as a
1510:, while more sodium ions are pumped again into the intercellular fluid. Although water travels down an osmotic gradient in each individual step, overall, water usually travels against the osmotic gradient due to the pumping of sodium ions into the intercellular fluid. This allows the large intestine to absorb water despite the blood in capillaries being
2028:
1574:), for absorption into the blood. Although this source of vitamins, in general, provides only a small part of the daily requirement, it makes a significant contribution when dietary vitamin intake is low. An individual who depends on absorption of vitamins formed by bacteria in the large intestine may become vitamin-deficient if treated with
1544:. Species diversity varies by geography and diet. The microbes in a human distal gut often number in the vicinity of 100 trillion, and can weigh around 200 grams (0.44 pounds). This mass of mostly symbiotic microbes has recently been called the latest human organ to be "discovered" or in other words, the "forgotten organ".
1886:
medical test, although it is not standard and still under investigation regarding its diagnostic abilities. Furthermore, virtual colonoscopy does not allow for therapeutic maneuvers such as polyp/tumour removal or biopsy nor visualization of lesions smaller than 5 millimeters. If a growth or polyp
1867:
A sigmoidoscopy is often used as a screening procedure for a full colonoscopy, often done in conjunction with a stool-based test such as a fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test (FIT), or multi-target stool DNA test (Cologuard) or blood-based test, SEPT9 DNA methylation test (Epi
1259:
As estimated from the image in panel A, there are about 100 colonic crypts per square millimeter of the colonic epithelium. Since the average length of the human colon is 160.5 cm and the average inner circumference of the colon is 6.2 cm, the inner surface epithelial area of the human
659:
In terms of diameter, the cecum is the widest, averaging slightly less than 9 cm in healthy individuals, and the transverse colon averages less than 6 cm in diameter. The descending and sigmoid colon are slightly smaller, with the sigmoid colon averaging 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in) in
2646:
Lange, Johan F.; Komen, Niels; Akkerman, Germaine; Nout, Erik; Horstmanshoff, Herman; Schlesinger, Frans; Bonjer, Jaap; Kleinrensink, Gerrit-Jan (June 2007). "Riolan's arch: confusing, misnomer, and obsolete. A literature survey of the connection(s) between the superior and inferior mesenteric
1282:
Crypts of the colon can reproduce by fission, as seen in panel C, where a crypt is fissioning to form two crypts, and in panel B where at least one crypt appears to be fissioning. Most crypts deficient in CCOI are in clusters of crypts (clones of crypts) with two or more CCOI-deficient crypts
1450:
as waste products, which in turn are used by the cell lining of the colon for nourishment. No protein is made available. In humans, perhaps 10% of the undigested carbohydrate thus becomes available, though this may vary with diet; in other animals, including other apes and primates, who have
726:
The ascending colon is the first of four main sections of the large intestine. It is connected to the small intestine by a section of bowel called the cecum. The ascending colon runs upwards through the abdominal cavity toward the transverse colon for approximately eight inches (20 cm).
3121:
Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias; Pontén, Fredrik (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based
1010:
SMA to the proximal IMA. This variably present structure would be important if either vessel were occluded. However, at least one review of the literature questions the existence of this vessel, with some experts calling for the abolition of these terms from future medical literature.
4937:
2719:
The superior rectal vein, perfusing the upper part of the rectum, drains into the portal vein and subsequently into the liver On the other hand, the middle and inferior rectal veins drain the lower part of the rectum and venous blood is returned to the inferior vena
2861:
Lichtenstein, Gary R.; Peter D. Park; William B. Long; Gregory G. Ginsberg; Michael L. Kochman (18 August 1998). "Use of a Push
Enteroscope Improves Ability to Perform Total Colonoscopy in Previously Unsuccessful Attempts at Colonoscopy in Adult Patients".
1856:
lesions. Colonoscopy can remove polyps as small as one millimetre or less. Once polyps are removed, they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not. It takes 15 years or fewer for a polyp to turn cancerous.
1343:
The large intestine also secretes K+ and Cl-. Chloride secretion increases in cystic fibrosis. Recycling of various nutrients takes place in the colon. Examples include fermentation of carbohydrates, short chain fatty acids, and urea cycling.
1624:
They are also involved in the production of cross-reactive antibodies. These are antibodies produced by the immune system against the normal flora, that are also effective against related pathogens, thereby preventing infection or invasion.
1278:
Overall, the percent of crypts deficient for CCOI is less than 1% before age 40, but then increases linearly with age. Colonic crypts deficient for CCOI in women reaches, on average, 18% in women and 23% in men by 80–84 years of age.
581:
The colon is the longest part of the large intestine and its average length in the adult human is 65 inches or 166 cm (range of 80 to 313 cm) for males, and 61 inches or 155 cm (range of 80 to 214 cm) for females.
852:
The descending colon is the part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the sigmoid colon. One function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store feces that will be emptied into the rectum. It is
1918:
In some small mammals, the colon is straight, as it is in other tetrapods, but, in the majority of mammalian species, it is divided into ascending and descending portions; a distinct transverse colon is typically present only in
1084:
drain into the inferior mesenteric and colic lymph nodes. The lower rectum to the anal canal above the pectinate line drain to the internal ileocolic nodes. The anal canal below the pectinate line drains into the superficial
1493:
is the reabsorption of water against the osmotic gradient in the intestines. Cells occupying the intestinal lining pump sodium ions into the intercellular space, raising the osmolarity of the intercellular fluid. This
1315:
The large intestine absorbs water and any remaining absorbable nutrients from the food before sending the indigestible matter to the rectum. The colon absorbs vitamins that are created by the colonic bacteria, such as
1426:
receives fecal material as a liquid. The muscles of the colon then move the watery waste material forward and slowly absorb all the excess water, causing the stools to gradually solidify as they move along into the
1115:
The endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm are germ layers that develop in a process called gastrulation. Gastrulation occurs early in human development. The gastrointestinal tract is derived from these layers.
1006:
that runs parallel to the colon for its entire length. Historically, a structure variously identified as the arc of Riolan or meandering mesenteric artery (of
Moskowitz) was thought to connect the
712:, and is able to help to repopulate the colon with microbiota if depleted during the course of an immune reaction. The appendix has also been shown to have a high concentration of lymphatic cells.
1136:
is difficult and in some cases impossible when a redundant colon is present, though specialized variants on the instrument (including the pediatric variant) are useful in overcoming this problem.
1271:
gene and appear mostly white, with their main color being the blue-gray staining of the nuclei. As seen in panel B, a portion of the stem cells of three crypts appear to have a mutation in
1911:. In most vertebrates, however, it is a relatively short structure running directly to the anus, although noticeably wider than the small intestine. Although the caecum is present in most
414:
730:
One of the main functions of the colon is to remove the water and other key nutrients from waste material and recycle it. As the waste material exits the small intestine through the
3768:
Bloom, Seth M.; Bijanki, Vinieth N.; Nava, Gerardo M.; Sun, Lulu; Malvin, Nicole P.; Donermeyer, David L.; Dunne, W. Michael; Allen, Paul M.; Stappenbeck, Thaddeus S. (2011-05-19).
3994:
Singh H, Nugent Z, Mahmud SM, Demers AA, Bernstein CN (March 2010). "Surgical resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review of published studies".
1124:
One variation on the normal anatomy of the colon occurs when extra loops form, resulting in a colon that is up to five metres longer than normal. This condition, referred to as
1205:
734:, it will move into the cecum and then to the ascending colon where this process of extraction starts. The waste material is pumped upwards toward the transverse colon by
1232:). Four tissue sections are shown here, two cut across the long axes of the crypts and two cut parallel to the long axes. In these images the cells have been stained by
4262:
4180:
1217:
522:. Overall, in humans, the large intestine is about 1.5 metres (5 ft) long, which is about one-fifth of the whole length of the human gastrointestinal tract.
463:
is the longest portion of the large intestine, and the terms are often used interchangeably but most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the
1451:
proportionally larger colons, more is made available, thus permitting a higher portion of plant material in the diet. The large intestine produces no digestive
2975:
Baker AM, Cereser B, Melton S, Fletcher AG, Rodriguez-Justo M, Tadrous PJ, Humphries A, Elia G, McDonald SA, Wright NA, Simons BD, Jansen M, Graham TA (2014).
3076:
Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C (2010).
195:
407:
2831:
1378:
procedures, it is possible for many people to live without large portions of their large intestine, or even without it completely. At this point only some
2919:
Bernstein C, Facista A, Nguyen H, Zaitlin B, Hassounah N, Loustaunau C, Payne CM, Banerjee B, Goldschmid S, Tsikitis VL, Krouse R, Bernstein H (2010).
1132:
occurs, resulting in obstruction and requiring immediate medical attention. A significant indirect health consequence is that use of a standard adult
3941:
Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, Saskin R, Urbach DR, Rabeneck L (January 2009). "Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer".
2487:
1887:
is detected using CT colonography, a standard colonoscopy would still need to be performed. Additionally, surgeons have lately been using the term
578:, the colon does not play a major role in absorption of foods and nutrients. About 1.5 litres or 45 ounces of water arrives in the colon each day.
400:
1555:. The bicarbonate that the large intestine secretes helps to neutralize the increased acidity resulting from the formation of these fatty acids.
1946:
In some fish, there is no true large intestine, but simply a short rectum connecting the end of the digestive part of the gut to the cloaca. In
1617:, metabolized from the amino acid tryptophan. The normal flora is also essential in the development of certain tissues, including the cecum and
3338:
3026:"Age-associated mitochondrial DNA mutations lead to small but significant changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human colonic crypts"
2801:
4233:
4210:
2294:
171:
4255:
3427:
1110:
934:
is the last section of the large intestine. It holds the formed feces awaiting elimination via defecation. It is about 12 cm long.
1355:
which gives the appendix an undetermined role in immunity. However, the appendix is known to be important in fetal life as it contains
3978:
2005:
1754:
2684:"Pharmacokinetics of rectal drug administration, Part I. General considerations and clinical applications of centrally acting drugs"
2457:
2198:
2173:
2148:
1698:
1352:
2355:
1228:
The colon crypts are shaped like microscopic thick walled test tubes with a central hole down the length of the tube (the crypt
4248:
3770:"Commensal Bacteroides species induce colitis in host-genotype-specific fashion in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease"
130:
1241:
1172:
1065:
705:
973:
run the length of the large intestine. Because the taenia coli are shorter than the large bowel itself, the colon becomes
4600:
4139:"Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial"
3595:
den Besten, Gijs; van Eunen, Karen; Groen, Albert K.; Venema, Koen; Reijngoud, Dirk-Jan; Bakker, Barbara M. (2013-09-01).
3458:
1101:
Sympathetic supply: superior & inferior mesenteric ganglia; parasympathetic supply: vagus & sacral plexus (S2-S4)
190:
4907:
4177:
1821:
1007:
1003:
285:
245:
3024:
Nooteboom M, Johnson R, Taylor RW, Wright NA, Lightowlers RN, Kirkwood TB, Mathers JC, Turnbull DM, Greaves LC (2010).
2312:
Hounnou G, Destrieux C, Desmé J, Bertrand P, Velut S (2002). "Anatomical study of the length of the human intestine".
1981:
1606:
3475:
865:, as it is further along the gastrointestinal tract than the proximal gut. Gut flora are very dense in this region.
826:(IMA). The "watershed" area between these two blood supplies, which represents the embryologic division between the
708:. The function of the appendix is uncertain, but some sources believe that it has a role in housing a sample of the
4776:
4510:
1879:
999:
995:
895:). The walls of the sigmoid colon are muscular and contract to increase the pressure inside the colon, causing the
857:
in two-thirds of humans. In the other third, it has a (usually short) mesentery. The arterial supply comes via the
823:
819:
98:
94:
1155:
4952:
4947:
4425:
4420:
2214:
1958:
balance with the seawater. The gland somewhat resembles a caecum in structure but is not a homologous structure.
1743:
1248:
of the cells (located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts) are stained blue-gray with
1179:
of the cells (located at the outer edges of the cells lining the walls of the crypts) are stained blue-gray with
2839:
4942:
3597:"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism"
1764:
1759:
1677:
1026:
1018:
668:
154:
118:
114:
39:
4240:
3222:
2397:
Horton, K. M.; Corl, F. M.; Fishman, E. K. (March 2000). "CT evaluation of the colon: inflammatory disease".
4834:
4829:
4824:
4341:
1480:
1406:
in either soluble or insoluble form). As the chyme moves through the large intestine, most of the remaining
1295:
expressed in the large intestine, some are specific to the mucous membrane in different regions and include
1275:, so that 40% to 50% of the cells arising from those stem cells form a white segment in the cross cut area.
4916:
3267:
1547:
The large intestine absorbs some of the products formed by the bacteria inhabiting this region. Undigested
4615:
4610:
4605:
4526:
4356:
4351:
4284:
4272:
1998:
1883:
907:
436:
381:
376:
236:
202:
178:
166:
70:
2037:
1578:
that inhibit the vitamin producing species of bacteria as well as the intended disease-causing bacteria.
1498:
fluid creates an osmotic pressure that drives water into the lateral intercellular spaces by osmosis via
704:
which develops embryologically from it, is not involved in digestion and is considered to be part of the
4852:
4314:
2493:
1188:
1145:
371:
102:
3293:
1260:
colon has an average area of about 995 cm, which includes 9,950,000 (close to 10 million) crypts.
4039:"Protection from right- and left-sided colorectal neoplasms after colonoscopy: population-based study"
3217:
1551:(fiber) are metabolized to short-chain fatty acids by bacteria in the large intestine and absorbed by
1328:(especially important as the daily ingestion of vitamin K is not normally enough to maintain adequate
4572:
4319:
4309:
3724:
3502:
3347:
2898:
1233:
1061:
801:
1332:). It also compacts feces, and stores fecal matter in the rectum until it can be discharged via the
590:
4620:
4324:
3825:
Bottacini, Francesca; Ventura, Marco; van
Sinderen, Douwe; O'Connell Motherway, Mary (2014-08-29).
2574:
Smithivas, T.; Hyams, P. J.; Rahal, J. J. (1971-12-01). "Gentamicin and ampicillin in human bile".
1875:
1871:
1374:
and 90% of the water have been absorbed by the body. Indeed, as demonstrated by the commonality of
1038:
1030:
962:
815:
674:
223:
3294:"What is the function of the human appendix? Did it once have a purpose that has since been lost?"
660:
diameter. Diameters larger than certain thresholds for each colonic section can be diagnostic for
4894:
4751:
4695:
4505:
4334:
4301:
4168:
4068:
4019:
3966:
3198:
3155:
2887:
2809:
2337:
1940:
1769:
1660:
1456:
1348:
1042:
743:
739:
701:
691:
607:
386:
319:
1723:
902:
The sigmoid colon is supplied with blood from several branches (usually between 2 and 6) of the
796:. On the posterior side, the transverse colon is connected to the posterior abdominal wall by a
2472:
1969:
530:
4756:
4550:
4206:
4160:
4119:
4060:
4011:
3958:
3923:
3905:
3866:
3848:
3807:
3789:
3750:
3693:
3675:
3636:
3618:
3577:
3528:
3435:
3408:
3373:
3249:
3190:
3147:
3139:
3103:
3055:
3006:
2952:
2879:
2777:
2703:
2664:
2595:
2587:
2556:
2453:
2422:
2414:
2329:
2290:
2265:
2194:
2169:
2144:
2042:
1853:
1791:
1708:
1636:. The ratio between the two seems to vary widely as reported by the Human Microbiome Project.
1552:
1329:
1264:
1160:
883:
is the part of the large intestine after the descending colon and before the rectum. The name
858:
4733:
4723:
4659:
4562:
4430:
4394:
4346:
4150:
4109:
4099:
4050:
4003:
3954:
3950:
3913:
3897:
3856:
3838:
3797:
3781:
3740:
3732:
3683:
3667:
3626:
3608:
3567:
3559:
3518:
3510:
3400:
3363:
3355:
3334:"Pathways of Acetate, Propionate, and Butyrate Formation by the Human Fecal Microbial Flora"
3239:
3231:
3182:
3131:
3093:
3085:
3045:
3037:
2996:
2988:
2942:
2932:
2871:
2695:
2656:
2579:
2546:
2445:
2406:
2321:
1908:
1845:
1713:
1602:
1483:
1428:
1196:
1077:
1073:
1057:
1053:
903:
847:
763:
630:
626:
515:
511:
507:
336:
331:
3975:
2583:
1307:
811:, and is therefore mobile (unlike the parts of the colon immediately before and after it).
4938:
Knowledge (XXG) articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
4889:
4860:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4654:
4535:
4184:
3982:
3462:
2977:"Quantification of crypt and stem cell evolution in the normal and neoplastic human colon"
2410:
1892:
1796:
1773:
1610:
1548:
1460:
1423:
1253:
1229:
854:
793:
731:
721:
645:
622:
575:
499:
495:
491:
326:
292:
53:
2533:
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA, Ahnen DJ, Meester RG, Barzi A, Jemal A (March 1, 2017).
2380:
2089:
3728:
3506:
3391:
McNeil, NI (1984). "The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man".
3351:
3316:
2440:
Rossini, Francesco Paolo (1975), "The normal colon", in
Rossini, Francesco Paolo (ed.),
2359:
1394:
are left as well as indigestible parts of ingested food (e.g., a large part of ingested
1263:
In the four tissue sections shown here, many of the intestinal glands have cells with a
4921:
4884:
4874:
4819:
4781:
4664:
4480:
4475:
4457:
4399:
4361:
4114:
4087:
3918:
3885:
3861:
3826:
3802:
3769:
3745:
3712:
3688:
3655:
3631:
3596:
3572:
3547:
3523:
3490:
3244:
3098:
3078:"Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer"
3077:
3050:
3025:
3001:
2976:
2947:
2920:
2613:
2260:
1915:, only in mammals does the remainder of the large intestine develop into a true colon.
1738:
1733:
1687:
1649:
1590:
1523:
1499:
1090:
1069:
777:
769:
709:
638:
571:
4155:
4138:
3368:
3333:
4931:
4738:
4500:
4495:
4485:
4462:
4037:
Brenner H, Hoffmeister M, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Alterhofen L, Haug U (January 2010).
3041:
2875:
2699:
2033:
2015:
1861:
1399:
1237:
1168:
913:
892:
874:
754:. Taking into account all ages and sexes, colon cancer occurs here most often (41%).
634:
341:
4228:
4172:
4023:
3970:
3359:
3202:
3159:
2891:
2341:
700:
is the first section of the large intestine and is involved in digestion, while the
4814:
4804:
4470:
4329:
4072:
1841:
1718:
1693:
1645:
1633:
1503:
1403:
1292:
1249:
1245:
1192:
1180:
1176:
1022:
950:
567:
479:
77:
2660:
2992:
2449:
2284:
2135:
159:
4809:
4746:
4582:
4577:
4555:
4276:
2518:
2255:
2063:
1888:
1833:
1813:
1786:
1637:
1575:
1379:
1360:
1133:
975:
970:
888:
735:
3843:
3785:
3455:
3173:
Sellers, Rani S.; Morton, Daniel (2014). "The Colon: From Banal to
Brilliant".
2769:
4864:
4799:
4791:
4567:
3671:
3135:
2325:
2114:
1837:
1829:
1618:
1582:
1443:
1337:
1321:
808:
789:
653:
649:
615:
563:
519:
472:
456:
3909:
3901:
3852:
3793:
3679:
3622:
3563:
3186:
3143:
2921:"Cancer and age related colonic crypt deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase I"
2707:
2591:
2418:
1923:. However, the taeniae coli and accompanying haustra are not found in either
183:
4879:
4869:
4387:
4382:
4371:
3404:
2937:
2682:
van
Hoogdalem, Edward; de Boer, Albertus G.; Breimer, Douwe D. (July 1991).
2218:
2010:
1932:
1924:
1868:
proColon). About 5% of these screened patients are referred to colonoscopy.
1817:
1629:
1571:
1563:
1507:
1419:
1387:
1375:
1356:
1325:
797:
747:
661:
543:
440:
262:
82:
4164:
4123:
4064:
4015:
3962:
3927:
3870:
3811:
3754:
3697:
3640:
3581:
3532:
3253:
3235:
3194:
3151:
3107:
3059:
3010:
2956:
2781:
2683:
2668:
2560:
2426:
2333:
2269:
447:. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored in the
17:
4055:
4038:
3412:
3377:
2883:
2599:
4592:
4007:
3884:
Johansson, Malin E.V.; Sjövall, Henrik; Hansson, Gunnar C. (2013-06-01).
1928:
1920:
1904:
1728:
1594:
1586:
1559:
1537:
1529:
1511:
1495:
1447:
1415:
1391:
1371:
1317:
1164:
1129:
835:
648:. Retroperitoneal organs, in general, do not have a complete covering of
444:
272:
3736:
3613:
3514:
1907:, in which it is almost always separated from the small intestine by an
4630:
4490:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4409:
4293:
2551:
2534:
2513:
1955:
1912:
1703:
1641:
1598:
1541:
1486:
1439:
1395:
1296:
980:
956:
831:
785:
547:
503:
297:
267:
257:
49:
45:
4104:
2070:. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. 2011-02-02
1359:
cells that release biogenic amines and peptide hormones important for
644:
The parts of the colon are either intraperitoneal or behind it in the
4768:
3319:
1936:
1849:
1806:
1802:
1614:
1567:
1452:
1383:
1256:
days later. There are 5 to 6 stem cells at the bases of the crypts.
1081:
991:
931:
925:
827:
781:
611:
599:
483:
468:
448:
346:
89:
2832:"Redundant colon: A health concern? (Above with active image links)"
916:
is a common diagnostic technique used to examine the sigmoid colon.
208:
4205:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 351–354.
3713:"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome"
2739:(4th ed.). Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. pp. 53–54.
1652:
are also abundant, and are often described as 'friendly bacteria'.
1128:, typically has no direct major health consequences, though rarely
814:
The proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon is perfused by the
546:. It has a segmented appearance due to a series of saccules called
4687:
4646:
1947:
1825:
1790:
1749:
1682:
Following are the most common diseases or disorders of the colon:
1656:
1533:
1435:
1411:
1407:
1367:
1306:
1154:
1086:
1034:
943:
896:
773:
697:
687:
666:
603:
589:
559:
551:
529:
487:
464:
452:
314:
302:
252:
142:
125:
3089:
2748:
2746:
2514:"Answers – The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions"
1468:
1398:, starch which has been shielded from digestion heretofore, and
1333:
1014:
983:
of the colon which are the shelf-like intraluminal projections.
555:
353:
109:
4244:
2118:
772:, also known as the right colic, (the turn of the colon by the
3827:"Diversity, ecology and intestinal function of bifidobacteria"
1187:
The wall of the large intestine is lined with simple columnar
2730:
2728:
1659:
layer protects the large intestine from attacks from colonic
822:(SMA), while the latter third is supplied by branches of the
780:
also known as the left colic, (the turn of the colon by the
4137:
Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, et al. (May 2010).
1479:
Water absorption at the colon typically proceeds against a
1464:
1017:
drainage usually mirrors colonic arterial supply, with the
1002:(IMA). Flow between these two systems communicates via the
2088:
Kapoor, Vinay Kumar (13 Jul 2011). Gest, Thomas R. (ed.).
3886:"The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease"
1502:
and adjacent cells, which then in turn moves across the
1056:
from the ascending colon and proximal two-thirds of the
4088:"Non-Invasive Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Overview"
768:
The transverse colon is the part of the colon from the
3491:"Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography"
2058:
2056:
2054:
1167:
to show a brown-orange color if the cells produce the
4905:
2289:, Benjamin-Cummings Publishing Company, p. 597,
3711:
Human
Microbiome Project Consortium (Jun 14, 2012).
1236:
to show a brown-orange color if the cells produce a
1163:) within four tissue sections. The cells have been
4851:
4790:
4767:
4704:
4686:
4677:
4645:
4629:
4591:
4543:
4534:
4525:
4408:
4370:
4292:
4283:
4201:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
3654:Murdoch, Travis B.; Detsky, Allan S. (2012-12-01).
2901:
for purposes of
Knowledge (XXG) content enrichment.
1939:of other vertebrates, and is, therefore, not truly
1514:compared to the fluid within the intestinal lumen.
738:. The ascending colon is sometimes attached to the
478:In humans, the large intestine begins in the right
189:
177:
165:
153:
141:
136:
124:
108:
88:
76:
66:
61:
32:
2134:
1874:, which uses 2D and 3D imagery reconstructed from
1463:before the chyme reaches the large intestine. The
4196:
4194:
4192:
3890:Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology
3218:"Vitamin K: Food Consumption and Dietary Intakes"
2636:Anatomy at a Glance by Omar Faiz and David Moffat
1613:produces these. Some of the fecal odor is due to
906:, a branch of the IMA. The IMA terminates as the
2239:Drake, R.L.; Vogl, W.; Mitchell, A.W.M. (2010).
1532:that perform a variety of functions, as well as
1467:in the colon varies between 5.5 and 7 (slightly
27:Last part of the digestive system in vertebrates
2776:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1954:that secretes salt to help the animal maintain
1528:The large intestine houses over 700 species of
994:supply to the colon comes from branches of the
542:of the large intestine is the last part of the
1903:The large intestine is truly distinct only in
1628:The two most prevalent phyla of the colon are
1211:Micrograph of normal large instestinal crypts.
959:– bulges caused by contraction of taeniae coli
4256:
2614:"Anatomy of Colon and Rectum | SEER Training"
1836:camera on a flexible tube passed through the
1558:These bacteria also produce large amounts of
1072:. The lymph from the distal one-third of the
475:. Some other sources exclude the anal canal.
408:
8:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2768:Wilson, Danielle J.; Bordoni, Bruno (2022),
2358:. Mananatomy.com. 2013-01-18. Archived from
2897:Note: single use PDF copy provided free by
1882:(MR) scans, is also possible, as a totally
1820:examination of the large intestine and the
566:from the body and is the site in which the
4683:
4540:
4531:
4289:
4263:
4249:
4241:
3393:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2307:
2305:
1943:with the "rectum" found in these species.
1840:. It can provide a visual diagnosis (e.g.
1410:is removed, while the chyme is mixed with
861:. The descending colon is also called the
415:
401:
218:
4154:
4113:
4103:
4054:
3917:
3860:
3842:
3801:
3744:
3687:
3656:"Time to Recognize Our Fellow Travellers"
3630:
3612:
3571:
3546:O'Hara, Ann M.; Shanahan, Fergus (2006).
3522:
3367:
3243:
3097:
3071:
3069:
3049:
3000:
2946:
2936:
2550:
1223:Anatomy of normal large intestinal crypts
3332:Terry L. Miller; Meyer J. Wolin (1996).
2970:
2968:
2966:
2864:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
965:– small fat accumulations on the viscera
946:– the first part of the large intestine
621:The four sections of the colon are: the
48:, showing the large intestine, with the
4912:
3955:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00306
3489:Yatsunenko, Tanya; et al. (2012).
2254:Azzouz, Laura; Sharma, Sandeep (2020).
2050:
1965:
1201:
518:to the rectum and its endpoint at the
490:, where it is joined to the end of the
235:
3476:"Absorption of Water and Electrolytes"
3339:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2243:. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
2032:This article incorporates text in the
1987:Colon. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
1581:Other bacterial products include gas (
1283:adjacent to each other (see panel D).
1041:are an exception, delivering blood to
784:). The transverse colon hangs off the
750:, the ascending colon is known as the
602:, the large intestine consists of the
206:
29:
4234:Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
3428:"What Side is Your Appendix Located?"
2757:. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 196.
2737:Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students
2444:, Springer New York, pp. 46–55,
2411:10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc15399
2392:
2390:
2286:Biology: A Guide to the Natural World
1438:for their own nourishment and create
1363:during early growth and development.
1029:joining the splenic vein to form the
7:
3660:Journal of General Internal Medicine
3548:"The gut flora as a forgotten organ"
2802:"Redundant colon: A health concern?"
2584:10.1093/infdis/124.supplement_1.s106
1931:. The rectum of mammals (other than
1640:are implicated in the initiation of
1434:The bacteria break down some of the
1195:. The invaginations are called the
1093:only roughly marks this transition.
788:, attached to it by a large fold of
534:Illustration of the large intestine.
1291:About 150 of the many thousands of
1111:Development of the digestive system
1080:, the sigmoid colon, and the upper
807:The transverse colon is encased in
2576:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2123:. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
2006:Large intestine (Chinese medicine)
1593:, with small amounts of the gases
25:
4086:Tepus, M; Yau, TO (20 May 2020).
2806:Ask a Digestive System Specialist
2193:. Oxford University Press. 2013.
2168:. Oxford University Press. 2010.
1891:to refer to a colonoscopy of the
1848:) and grants the opportunity for
1699:Chronic functional abdominal pain
1353:mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
594:Inner diameters of colon sections
498:. It then continues as the colon
4915:
3042:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2009.00531.x
2876:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.00794.x
2808:. MayoClinic.com. Archived from
2800:Mayo Clinic Staff (2006-10-13).
2700:10.2165/00003088-199121010-00002
2143:(8th ed.). Elsevier. 2009.
2026:
1980:
1968:
1402:, which is largely indigestible
1216:
1204:
222:
38:
3456:Function Of The Large Intestine
3360:10.1128/AEM.62.5.1589-1592.1996
3292:Martin, Loren G. (1999-10-21).
1066:superior mesenteric lymph nodes
131:Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
4705:
2755:First Aid for the USMLE Step 1
2535:"Colorectal cancer statistics"
2068:NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
1242:cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
1173:cytochrome c oxidase subunit I
953:– three bands of smooth muscle
706:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
570:of unabsorbed material by the
460:
1:
4156:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60551-X
3268:"The Large Intestine (Human)"
2753:Le, Tao; et al. (2014).
2661:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.10.022
2256:"Physiology, Large Intestine"
637:. These sections turn at the
610:), colon (the longest part),
2993:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.019
2450:10.1007/978-1-4615-9650-9_12
1370:has reached this tube, most
1004:marginal artery of the colon
286:Lower gastrointestinal tract
246:Upper gastrointestinal tract
4511:Enterochromaffin-like cells
3216:Booth, Sarah (April 2012).
3124:Journal of Gastroenterology
2241:Gray's Anatomy for Students
2040:of the 20th edition of
1351:contains a small amount of
148:colon or intestinum crassum
4969:
3844:10.1186/1475-2859-13-S1-S4
3786:10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.009
2925:World J Gastrointest Oncol
2735:Snell, Richard S. (1992).
2166:Concise Medical Dictionary
2141:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
1996:
1880:nuclear magnetic resonance
1860:Colonoscopy is similar to
1784:
1675:
1521:
1422:), and becomes feces. The
1143:
1108:
1000:inferior mesenteric artery
996:superior mesenteric artery
923:
872:
845:
834:, is an area sensitive to
824:inferior mesenteric artery
820:superior mesenteric artery
761:
719:
685:
506:, across the width of the
435:, is the last part of the
3672:10.1007/s11606-012-2105-6
3601:Journal of Lipid Research
3136:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7
2688:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2326:10.1007/s00276-002-0057-y
2090:"Large Intestine Anatomy"
1585:), which is a mixture of
1491:standing gradient osmosis
1475:Standing gradient osmosis
1045:and bypassing the liver.
899:to move into the rectum.
201:
37:
3902:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35
3831:Microbial Cell Factories
3564:10.1038/sj.embor.7400731
3187:10.1177/0192623313505930
2618:training.seer.cancer.gov
1852:or removal of suspected
1765:Pseudomembranous colitis
1760:Irritable bowel syndrome
1678:Gastrointestinal disease
1027:superior mesenteric vein
1019:inferior mesenteric vein
455:before being removed by
119:inferior mesenteric vein
4835:External anal sphincter
4830:Intersphincteric groove
4825:Internal anal sphincter
4342:Pterygomandibular raphe
4092:Gastrointestinal Tumors
3774:Cell Host & Microbe
3465:Retrieved on 2010-01-21
3426:lorriben (2016-07-09).
3322:Retrieved on 2010-01-21
3223:Food Nutrition Research
2938:10.4251/wjgo.v2.i12.429
2578:. 124 Suppl: S106–108.
2489:Spiral colon and caecum
2191:A Dictionary of Biology
1068:, which drain into the
673:3D file generated from
486:, just at or below the
4616:Duodenojejunal flexure
4611:Minor duodenal papilla
4606:Major duodenal papilla
4357:Pharyngobasilar fascia
4352:Buccopharyngeal fascia
4273:gastrointestinal tract
3236:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.5505
1999:anatomical terminology
1935:) is derived from the
1810:
1809:can be seen through it
1744:Hirschsprung's disease
1312:
1184:
908:superior rectal artery
678:
595:
535:
494:at the cecum, via the
437:gastrointestinal tract
382:Anatomical terminology
377:Human digestive system
237:Gastrointestinal tract
203:Anatomical terminology
71:Gastrointestinal tract
4573:Enteroendocrine cells
3405:10.1093/ajcn/39.2.338
3320:hidroterapia de colon
3175:Toxicologic Pathology
1794:
1667:Clinical significance
1311:Histological section.
1310:
1158:
1146:Gastrointestinal wall
1144:Further information:
1062:ileocolic lymph nodes
1033:that then enters the
672:
593:
533:
372:Gastrointestinal wall
4008:10.1038/ajg.2009.650
2899:Blackwell Publishing
2283:David Krogh (2010),
1459:is completed in the
1293:protein coding genes
1234:immunohistochemistry
887:means S-shaped (see
802:transverse mesocolon
431:, also known as the
4506:Gastric chief cells
4203:The Vertebrate Body
4056:10.1093/jnci/djp436
3737:10.1038/nature11234
3729:2012Natur.486..207T
3614:10.1194/jlr.R036012
3515:10.1038/nature11053
3507:2012Natur.486..222Y
3352:1996ApEnM..62.1589M
3298:Scientific American
2836:riversideonline.com
2830:Mayo Clinic Staff.
2770:"Embryology, Bowel"
2189:"large intestine".
1878:(CT) scans or from
1876:computed tomography
1872:Virtual colonoscopy
1795:Colonoscopy image,
1199:or colonic crypts.
1039:Middle rectal veins
1031:hepatic portal vein
963:Epiploic appendages
816:middle colic artery
675:computed tomography
574:occurs. Unlike the
99:inferior mesenteric
95:Superior mesenteric
4183:2012-03-24 at the
4043:J Natl Cancer Inst
3996:Am J Gastroenterol
3981:2012-01-18 at the
3461:2013-11-05 at the
2842:on 9 November 2013
2552:10.3322/caac.21395
2474:Medical dictionary
2442:Atlas of coloscopy
1997:This article uses
1950:, this includes a
1811:
1770:Ulcerative colitis
1661:commensal bacteria
1457:chemical digestion
1313:
1185:
1054:Lymphatic drainage
1049:Lymphatic drainage
1043:inferior vena cava
1021:draining into the
818:, a branch of the
692:Appendix (anatomy)
682:Cecum and appendix
679:
677:of large intestine
596:
536:
387:Outline of anatomy
231:Major parts of the
4903:
4902:
4895:Muscularis mucosa
4847:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4757:epiploic appendix
4673:
4672:
4601:Suspensory muscle
4563:Intestinal glands
4521:
4520:
4212:978-0-03-910284-5
4149:(9726): 1624–33.
4105:10.1159/000507701
3723:(7402): 207–214.
3666:(12): 1704–1706.
3501:(7402): 222–227.
2539:CA Cancer J. Clin
2296:978-0-321-61655-5
2215:"Large intestine"
2136:"large intestine"
2064:"large intestine"
1962:Additional images
1854:colorectal cancer
1709:Colorectal cancer
1553:passive diffusion
1504:basement membrane
1330:blood coagulation
1265:mitochondrial DNA
1197:intestinal glands
1161:intestinal glands
859:left colic artery
425:
424:
217:
216:
212:
16:(Redirected from
4960:
4953:Organs (anatomy)
4948:Digestive system
4920:
4919:
4911:
4777:Transverse folds
4734:Descending colon
4724:Transverse colon
4684:
4638:No substructures
4621:Brunner's glands
4551:Intestinal villi
4541:
4532:
4431:Angular incisure
4347:Pharyngeal raphe
4315:retropharyngeal
4290:
4275:, excluding the
4265:
4258:
4251:
4242:
4217:
4216:
4198:
4187:
4176:
4158:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4107:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4058:
4034:
4028:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3974:
3943:Ann. Intern. Med
3938:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3864:
3846:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3616:
3607:(9): 2325–2340.
3592:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3526:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3472:
3466:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3434:. Archived from
3423:
3417:
3416:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3346:(5): 1589–1592.
3329:
3323:
3317:La función de la
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3272:News-Medical.net
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2950:
2940:
2916:
2903:
2895:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2838:. Archived from
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2492:, archived from
2484:
2478:
2477:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2314:Surg Radiol Anat
2309:
2300:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2217:. Archived from
2211:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2060:
2030:
2029:
1984:
1972:
1909:ileocaecal valve
1714:Colorectal polyp
1603:hydrogen sulfide
1484:osmotic pressure
1429:descending colon
1366:By the time the
1267:mutation in the
1220:
1208:
1175:(CCOI), and the
1159:Colonic crypts (
1078:descending colon
1074:transverse colon
1058:transverse colon
904:sigmoid arteries
848:Descending colon
842:Descending colon
764:Transverse colon
758:Transverse colon
671:
631:descending colon
627:transverse colon
562:before they are
544:digestive system
512:transverse colon
508:abdominal cavity
441:digestive system
417:
410:
403:
337:Descending colon
332:Transverse colon
226:
219:
209:edit on Wikidata
83:Digestive system
42:
30:
21:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4943:Large intestine
4928:
4927:
4926:
4914:
4906:
4904:
4899:
4839:
4786:
4763:
4729:Splenic flexure
4719:Hepatic flexure
4714:Ascending colon
4700:
4679:Large intestine
4669:
4665:Microfold cells
4660:Peyer's patches
4655:Ileocecal valve
4641:
4625:
4587:
4536:Small intestine
4517:
4404:
4366:
4320:parapharyngeal
4310:peripharyngeal
4279:
4271:Anatomy of the
4269:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4185:Wayback Machine
4136:
4135:
4131:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4036:
4035:
4031:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3983:Wayback Machine
3940:
3939:
3935:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3837:(Suppl 1): S4.
3824:
3823:
3819:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3463:Wayback Machine
3454:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3302:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2974:
2973:
2964:
2931:(12): 429–442.
2918:
2917:
2906:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2784:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2744:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2712:
2710:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2027:
2024:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1964:
1901:
1893:ileo-anal pouch
1800:
1797:splenic flexure
1789:
1783:
1778:
1774:toxic megacolon
1755:Intussusception
1746:(aganglionosis)
1724:Crohn's disease
1680:
1674:
1669:
1611:polysaccharides
1549:polysaccharides
1526:
1520:
1500:tight junctions
1477:
1461:small intestine
1424:ascending colon
1305:
1289:
1240:protein called
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1126:redundant colon
1122:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1051:
989:
940:
928:
922:
877:
871:
855:retroperitoneal
850:
844:
794:greater omentum
778:splenic flexure
770:hepatic flexure
766:
760:
744:Gerlach's valve
732:ileocecal valve
724:
722:Ascending colon
718:
716:Ascending colon
694:
686:Main articles:
684:
667:
646:retroperitoneum
623:ascending colon
606:(including the
588:
576:small intestine
528:
496:ileocecal valve
492:small intestine
429:large intestine
421:
392:
391:
367:
359:
358:
327:Ascending colon
310:Large intestine
293:Small intestine
288:
278:
277:
248:
213:
57:
54:small intestine
33:Large intestine
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4885:Circular folds
4882:
4877:
4875:Muscular layer
4872:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Pectinate line
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4547:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:Parietal cells
4498:
4496:Foveolar cells
4493:
4491:Pyloric glands
4488:
4483:
4481:Cardiac glands
4478:
4476:Gastric glands
4473:
4465:
4460:
4458:Gastric mucosa
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4362:Pyriform sinus
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:retrovisceral
4322:
4317:
4312:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4224:
4223:External links
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4188:
4129:
4078:
4029:
4002:(3): 663–673.
3986:
3933:
3896:(6): 352–361.
3876:
3817:
3780:(5): 390–403.
3760:
3703:
3646:
3587:
3558:(7): 688–693.
3538:
3481:
3467:
3448:
3418:
3399:(2): 338–342.
3383:
3324:
3309:
3284:
3259:
3208:
3165:
3113:
3065:
3016:
2987:(4): 940–947.
2962:
2904:
2870:(1): 187–190.
2853:
2822:
2792:
2760:
2742:
2724:
2674:
2655:(6): 742–748.
2638:
2629:
2605:
2566:
2545:(3): 177–193.
2525:
2505:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2432:
2405:(2): 399–418.
2386:
2372:
2347:
2320:(5): 290–294.
2301:
2295:
2275:
2261:NCBI Bookshelf
2246:
2231:
2206:
2199:
2181:
2174:
2156:
2149:
2126:
2120:Gray's Anatomy
2106:
2080:
2049:
2043:Gray's Anatomy
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1900:
1897:
1785:Main article:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:Diverticulosis
1736:
1734:Diverticulitis
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1688:Angiodysplasia
1684:
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1650:Bifidobacteria
1609:of undigested
1591:carbon dioxide
1524:Gut microbiota
1522:Main article:
1519:
1516:
1476:
1473:
1304:
1301:
1288:
1285:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1152:
1151:Colonic crypts
1149:
1141:
1138:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:pectinate line
1070:cisterna chyli
1050:
1047:
988:
985:
979:, forming the
967:
966:
960:
954:
939:
936:
924:Main article:
921:
918:
873:Main article:
870:
867:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
762:Main article:
759:
756:
720:Main article:
717:
714:
710:gut microbiota
683:
680:
639:colic flexures
587:
584:
572:gut microbiota
550:. It extracts
527:
524:
423:
422:
420:
419:
412:
405:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
323:
322:
307:
306:
305:
300:
289:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
249:
244:
243:
240:
239:
233:
232:
228:
227:
215:
214:
205:
199:
198:
193:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
122:
121:
112:
106:
105:
103:iliac arteries
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4965:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4739:Sigmoid colon
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Fundic glands
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4467:Microanatomy
4466:
4464:
4463:Gastric folds
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4214:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4133:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3438:on 2016-10-09
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2812:on 2007-09-29
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2496:on 2016-03-04
2495:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2459:9781461596509
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:Radiographics
2393:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2362:on 2018-10-08
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2221:on 2015-08-28
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2200:9780199204625
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2175:9780199557141
2171:
2167:
2164:"intestine".
2160:
2157:
2152:
2150:9780323052900
2146:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2034:public domain
2021:
2017:
2016:Colonic ulcer
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:Other animals
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1862:sigmoidoscopy
1858:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
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1247:
1244:(CCOI). The
1243:
1239:
1238:mitochondrial
1235:
1231:
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1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:invaginations
1190:
1182:
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1170:
1169:mitochondrial
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914:Sigmoidoscopy
911:
909:
905:
900:
898:
894:
893:sigmoid sinus
890:
886:
882:
881:sigmoid colon
876:
875:Sigmoid colon
869:Sigmoid colon
868:
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635:sigmoid colon
632:
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363:
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355:
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348:
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343:
342:Sigmoid colon
340:
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65:
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47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4815:Anal sinuses
4805:Anal columns
4678:
4583:Paneth cells
4578:Goblet cells
4544:Microanatomy
4471:Gastric pits
4335:prevertebral
4237:Home Edition
4232:
4202:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4098:(3): 62–73.
4095:
4091:
4081:
4049:(2): 89–95.
4046:
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3716:
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3659:
3649:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3555:
3552:EMBO Reports
3551:
3541:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3470:
3451:
3440:. Retrieved
3436:the original
3431:
3421:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3343:
3337:
3327:
3312:
3301:. Retrieved
3297:
3287:
3276:. Retrieved
3274:. 2009-11-17
3271:
3262:
3227:
3221:
3211:
3181:(1): 67–81.
3178:
3174:
3168:
3130:(1): 46–57.
3127:
3123:
3122:profiling".
3116:
3090:10.3791/1931
3081:
3036:(1): 96–99.
3033:
3029:
3019:
2984:
2980:
2928:
2924:
2896:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2835:
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:the original
2805:
2795:
2785:, retrieved
2773:
2763:
2754:
2736:
2718:
2711:. Retrieved
2691:
2687:
2677:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2621:. Retrieved
2617:
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2538:
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2498:, retrieved
2494:the original
2488:
2482:
2473:
2467:
2441:
2435:
2402:
2398:
2375:
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2356:"Peritoneum"
2350:
2317:
2313:
2285:
2278:
2259:
2249:
2240:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:the original
2209:
2190:
2184:
2165:
2159:
2140:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2072:. Retrieved
2067:
2045:
2031:
2025:
1952:rectal gland
1951:
1945:
1917:
1902:
1884:non-invasive
1870:
1866:
1859:
1824:part of the
1812:
1719:Constipation
1694:Appendicitis
1690:of the colon
1681:
1654:
1646:colon cancer
1634:Bacteroidota
1627:
1623:
1607:fermentation
1605:. Bacterial
1580:
1557:
1546:
1527:
1490:
1481:transmucosal
1478:
1433:
1404:carbohydrate
1380:electrolytes
1365:
1346:
1342:
1314:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1250:haematoxylin
1227:
1186:
1181:haematoxylin
1140:Microanatomy
1125:
1123:
1114:
1100:
1097:Nerve supply
1052:
1023:splenic vein
1013:
990:
987:Blood supply
974:
968:
951:Taeniae coli
941:
929:
912:
901:
884:
880:
878:
862:
851:
813:
806:
767:
752:spiral colon
751:
729:
725:
695:
658:
643:
620:
597:
580:
568:fermentation
560:solid wastes
539:
537:
480:iliac region
477:
432:
428:
426:
309:
172:A05.7.01.001
147:
4810:Anal valves
4747:taenia coli
4743:Continuous
4568:Enterocytes
4417:Curvatures
4379:Sphincters
2647:arteries".
2519:Answers.com
2115:Gray, Henry
2096:. WebMD LLC
1925:carnivorans
1889:pouchoscopy
1834:fiber optic
1826:small bowel
1814:Colonoscopy
1787:Colonoscopy
1781:Colonoscopy
1638:Bacteroides
1576:antibiotics
1508:capillaries
1361:homeostasis
1134:colonoscope
1105:Development
1089:nodes. The
971:taenia coli
792:called the
736:peristalsis
514:, and then
439:and of the
433:large bowel
137:Identifiers
18:Large bowel
4932:Categories
4865:Adventitia
4792:Anal canal
4556:Microvilli
3949:(1): 1–8.
3442:2016-10-23
3303:2014-03-03
3278:2017-03-15
3030:Aging Cell
2846:8 November
2816:2007-06-11
2787:2022-05-27
2774:StatPearls
2623:2021-04-14
2500:2014-04-02
2381:"Untitled"
2366:2013-02-07
2225:2016-07-24
2100:2013-08-20
2074:2014-03-04
2022:References
1975:Intestines
1941:homologous
1933:monotremes
1842:ulceration
1830:CCD camera
1818:endoscopic
1619:lymphatics
1496:hypertonic
1444:propionate
1418:(known as
1338:defecation
1322:riboflavin
1189:epithelium
1109:See also:
1060:is to the
1025:, and the
998:(SMA) and
976:sacculated
938:Appearance
863:distal gut
809:peritoneum
790:peritoneum
654:laparotomy
650:peritoneum
616:anal canal
564:eliminated
520:anal canal
516:descending
473:anal canal
457:defecation
4880:Submucosa
4870:Subserosa
4372:Esophagus
3910:1759-5045
3853:1475-2859
3794:1931-3128
3680:0884-8734
3623:0022-2275
3144:0944-1174
3082:J Vis Exp
2708:0312-5963
2694:(1): 14.
2649:Am J Surg
2592:0022-1899
2419:0271-5333
2038:page 1177
2011:Colectomy
1929:ruminants
1905:tetrapods
1630:Bacillota
1572:B vitamin
1564:vitamin K
1518:Gut flora
1512:hypotonic
1420:gut flora
1388:magnesium
1376:ileostomy
1372:nutrients
1357:endocrine
1326:vitamin K
1120:Variation
798:mesentery
776:) to the
748:ruminants
662:megacolon
526:Structure
500:ascending
467:, colon,
445:tetrapods
263:Esophagus
44:Front of
4696:Appendix
4593:Duodenum
4229:09-118h.
4181:Archived
4173:15194212
4165:20430429
4124:32903904
4065:20042716
4024:11145247
4016:19904239
3979:Archived
3971:24130424
3963:19075198
3928:23478383
3871:25186128
3812:21575910
3755:22699609
3698:22588826
3641:23821742
3582:16819463
3533:22699611
3459:Archived
3432:Maglenia
3254:22489217
3203:20465985
3195:24129758
3160:21302849
3152:24789573
3108:20689513
3060:19878146
3011:25127143
2981:Cell Rep
2957:21191537
2892:24536782
2782:31424831
2713:18 March
2669:17512289
2561:28248415
2427:10715339
2342:33366428
2334:12497219
2270:29939634
2117:(1918).
2094:Medscape
1993:See also
1921:primates
1913:amniotes
1729:Diarrhea
1595:hydrogen
1587:nitrogen
1560:vitamins
1538:protozoa
1530:bacteria
1487:gradient
1448:butyrate
1416:bacteria
1392:chloride
1349:appendix
1318:thiamine
1303:Function
1171:protein
1130:volvulus
1087:inguinal
1064:and the
1008:proximal
992:Arterial
836:ischemia
740:appendix
702:appendix
608:appendix
586:Sections
366:See also
320:Appendix
273:Duodenum
115:Superior
56:in gray.
4922:Anatomy
4782:Ampulla
4752:haustra
4631:Jejunum
4453:Pylorus
4421:greater
4410:Stomach
4306:Spaces
4302:Muscles
4294:Pharynx
4115:7445682
4073:1887714
3919:3758667
3862:4155821
3803:3241010
3746:3564958
3725:Bibcode
3689:3509308
3632:3735932
3573:1500832
3524:3376388
3503:Bibcode
3413:6320630
3378:8633856
3348:Bibcode
3245:3321250
3099:3149991
3051:2816353
3002:4471679
2948:3011097
2884:9934753
2600:5126238
1956:osmotic
1828:with a
1816:is the
1801:normal
1704:Colitis
1672:Disease
1642:colitis
1615:indoles
1599:methane
1542:archaea
1453:enzymes
1440:acetate
1396:amylose
1297:CEACAM7
1165:stained
981:haustra
957:Haustra
889:sigmoid
885:sigmoid
832:hindgut
786:stomach
600:mammals
548:haustra
510:as the
504:abdomen
482:of the
298:Jejunum
268:Stomach
258:Pharynx
160:D007420
67:Part of
62:Details
50:stomach
46:abdomen
4908:Portal
4890:Mucosa
4861:Serosa
4769:Rectum
4448:Fundus
4438:Cardia
4426:lesser
4395:glands
4330:danger
4209:
4178:as PDF
4171:
4163:
4143:Lancet
4122:
4112:
4071:
4063:
4022:
4014:
3976:as PDF
3969:
3961:
3926:
3916:
3908:
3869:
3859:
3851:
3810:
3800:
3792:
3753:
3743:
3717:Nature
3696:
3686:
3678:
3639:
3629:
3621:
3580:
3570:
3531:
3521:
3495:Nature
3411:
3376:
3369:167932
3366:
3252:
3242:
3201:
3193:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3106:
3096:
3084:(41).
3058:
3048:
3009:
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2890:
2882:
2780:
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2598:
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2559:
2456:
2425:
2417:
2340:
2332:
2293:
2268:
2197:
2172:
2147:
2046:(1918)
1948:sharks
1937:cloaca
1850:biopsy
1846:polyps
1822:distal
1807:spleen
1805:. The
1803:mucosa
1601:, and
1583:flatus
1568:biotin
1540:, and
1489:. The
1469:acidic
1446:, and
1390:, and
1384:sodium
1324:, and
1287:Mucosa
1246:nuclei
1177:nuclei
1082:rectum
1076:, the
1015:Venous
932:rectum
926:Rectum
920:Rectum
891:; cf.
828:midgut
782:spleen
633:, and
614:, and
612:rectum
484:pelvis
471:, and
469:rectum
459:. The
449:rectum
347:Rectum
90:Artery
78:System
4706:Colon
4688:Cecum
4647:Ileum
4527:Lower
4388:lower
4383:upper
4285:Upper
4277:mouth
4169:S2CID
4069:S2CID
4020:S2CID
3967:S2CID
3199:S2CID
3156:S2CID
2888:S2CID
2720:cava.
2338:S2CID
2036:from
1832:or a
1750:Ileus
1657:mucus
1534:fungi
1436:fiber
1412:mucus
1408:water
1382:like
1368:chyme
1254:lumen
1230:lumen
1191:with
1035:liver
944:cecum
897:stool
774:liver
746:. In
698:cecum
688:Cecum
604:cecum
558:from
552:water
540:colon
488:waist
465:cecum
461:colon
453:feces
315:Cecum
303:Ileum
253:Mouth
207:[
143:Latin
126:Lymph
4853:Wall
4800:Anus
4443:Body
4400:crop
4207:ISBN
4161:PMID
4120:PMID
4061:PMID
4012:PMID
3959:PMID
3924:PMID
3906:ISSN
3867:PMID
3849:ISSN
3808:PMID
3790:ISSN
3751:PMID
3694:PMID
3676:ISSN
3637:PMID
3619:ISSN
3578:PMID
3529:PMID
3409:PMID
3374:PMID
3250:PMID
3191:PMID
3148:PMID
3140:ISSN
3104:PMID
3056:PMID
3007:PMID
2953:PMID
2880:PMID
2848:2013
2778:PMID
2715:2024
2704:ISSN
2665:PMID
2596:PMID
2588:ISSN
2557:PMID
2454:ISBN
2423:PMID
2415:ISSN
2330:PMID
2291:ISBN
2266:PMID
2195:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2145:ISBN
1838:anus
1772:and
1644:and
1632:and
1589:and
1566:and
1414:and
1347:The
1334:anus
1273:CCOI
1269:CCOI
969:The
942:The
930:The
879:The
830:and
742:via
696:The
690:and
556:salt
554:and
538:The
502:the
427:The
354:Anus
196:7201
184:2963
167:TA98
155:MeSH
117:and
110:Vein
101:and
52:and
4231:at
4151:doi
4147:375
4110:PMC
4100:doi
4051:doi
4047:102
4004:doi
4000:105
3951:doi
3947:150
3914:PMC
3898:doi
3857:PMC
3839:doi
3798:PMC
3782:doi
3741:PMC
3733:doi
3721:486
3684:PMC
3668:doi
3627:PMC
3609:doi
3568:PMC
3560:doi
3519:PMC
3511:doi
3499:486
3401:doi
3364:PMC
3356:doi
3240:PMC
3232:doi
3183:doi
3132:doi
3094:PMC
3086:doi
3046:PMC
3038:doi
2997:PMC
2989:doi
2943:PMC
2933:doi
2872:doi
2696:doi
2657:doi
2653:193
2580:doi
2547:doi
2446:doi
2407:doi
2322:doi
1927:or
1570:(a
1336:in
598:In
451:as
443:in
191:FMA
179:TA2
4934::
4863:/
4191:^
4167:.
4159:.
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4108:.
4094:.
4090:.
4067:.
4059:.
4045:.
4041:.
4018:.
4010:.
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3965:.
3957:.
3945:.
3922:.
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3904:.
3894:10
3892:.
3888:.
3865:.
3855:.
3847:.
3835:13
3833:.
3829:.
3806:.
3796:.
3788:.
3776:.
3772:.
3749:.
3739:.
3731:.
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3692:.
3682:.
3674:.
3664:27
3662:.
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3605:54
3603:.
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3407:.
3397:39
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3372:.
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3354:.
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3238:.
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3226:.
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3197:.
3189:.
3179:42
3177:.
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3146:.
3138:.
3128:50
3126:.
3102:.
3092:.
3080:.
3068:^
3054:.
3044:.
3032:.
3028:.
3005:.
2995:.
2983:.
2979:.
2965:^
2951:.
2941:.
2927:.
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