907:, and the Captive Wildlife Safety Act bans the interstate sale and transportation of these animals. The initial Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA) was signed into law on December 19, 2003. To address problems associated with the increasing trade in certain big cat species, the CWSA regulations were strengthened by a law passed on September 17, 2007. The big cat species addressed in these regulations are the lion, tiger, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, cheetah, jaguar, cougar, and any hybrid of these species (liger, tigon, etc.). Private ownership is not prohibited, but the law makes it illegal to transport, sell, or purchase such animals in interstate or foreign commerce. Although these regulations seem to provide a strong legal framework for controlling the commerce involving big cats, international organizations such as the
734:. The larynx is attached to the hyoid bone that is hanging from a sequence of bones. This sequence of bones the hyoid hangs from are tympanohyal, stylohyal, epihyal, and ceratohyal; these are located in the mandible and skull. In the larynx, there are vocal folds that produce the structure needed to stretch the ligament to a length that creates the roar effect. This tissue is made of thick collagen and elastic fiber that becomes denser as it approaches the epithelial mucosal lining. When this large pad folds it creates a low natural frequency, causing the cartilage walls of the larynx to vibrate. When it begins to vibrate the sound moves from a high to low air resistance which makes the roaring.
86:
757:
Male and female lions typically weigh 150–250 kg (330–550 lb) and 110–182 kg (243–401 lb) respectively, and male and female tigers 100–306 kg (220–675 lb) and 75–167 kg (165–368 lb) respectively. Exceptionally heavy male lions and tigers have been recorded to
836:, big cats may only be owned in a qualified zoo which is overseen by a zoologist or veterinarian. Requirements must also be met for enclosures, feeding, and training practices. Both Russia and South Africa regulate private ownership of big cats native to each country. Some countries, including
800:
provides a refuge for animals to live out their natural lives in a protected environment. Usually, these animal sanctuaries are the organizations which provide a home to big cats whose private owners are no longer able or willing to care for their big cats. However, the use of the word
42:
1739:
1367:"Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), liger (Panthera leo × Panthera tigris), Tigon (Panthera tigris x Panthera leo) and the domestic cat. (Felis silvestris f. catus)"
809:(FWS) as a bona fide animal sanctuary and to be eligible for an exemption from the prohibition of interstate movement of big cats under the Captive Wildlife Safety Act (CWSA), organizations must meet the following criteria:
2187:
911:(WWF) have encouraged the U.S. to further strengthen these laws. The WWF is concerned that weaknesses in the existing U.S. regulations could be unintentionally helping to fuel the black market for tiger parts.
753:
The range of weights exhibited by the species is large. At the bottom, adult snow leopards usually weigh 22 to 55 kg (49 to 121 lb), with an exceptional specimen reaching 75 kg (165 lb).
306:
family, sharing similar musculature, cardiovascular systems, skeletal frames, and behaviour. Both the cheetah and cougar differ physically from fellow big cats, and to a greater extent, other
737:
The lion's larynx is the longest, giving it the most robust roar. The roar in good conditions can be heard 8 or even 10 km (5 or 6 mi) away. All five extant members of the genus
1131:
Stein, A.B.; Athreya, V.; Gerngross, P.; Balme, G.; Henschel, P.; Karanth, U.; Miquelle, D.; Rostro-Garcia, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Laguardia, A.; Khorozyan, I.; Ghoddousi, A. (2020) .
2191:
2287:
2240:
745:
cannot roar. Unlike the roaring cats in their family, the snow leopard is distinguished by the lack of a large pad of fibro-elastic tissue that allows for a large vocal fold.
777:
of a lion and tiger, can grow to be much larger than its parent species. In particular, a liger called 'Nook' is reported to have weighed over 550 kg (1,210 lb).
1877:
1178:
2302:
2158:
1244:
Davis, Brian W.; Li, Gang & Murphy, William J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
1043:
550:
epoch, approximately 3.2 Ma. The ancestor of the lion, leopard, and jaguar split from other big cats from 4.3–3.8 Ma. Between 3.6 and 2.5 Ma, the jaguar
1994:
Goodrich, J.; Lynam, A.; Miquelle, D.; Wibisono, H.; Kawanishi, K.; Pattanavibool, A.; Htun, S.; Tempa, T.; Karki, J.; Jhala, Y.; Karanth, U. (2015).
872:. All species currently have populations that are decreasing. The principal threats to big cats vary by geographic location but primarily consist of
806:
2355:
1723:
1652:
1627:
1597:
1570:
1531:
1220:
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514:
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or government "problem animal control" officers. Certain protected areas exist that shelter large and exceptionally visible populations of
960:
Davis, B.W.; Li, G.; Murphy, W.J. (2010). "Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats,
805:
in an organization's name is by itself no guarantee that it is a true animal sanctuary in the sense of a refuge. To be accepted by the
791:
554:
from the ancestor of lions and leopards. Lions and leopards split from one another approximately 2 Ma. The earliest big cat fossil,
2254:
2212:
940:
542:
are more closely related to each other. The tiger and snow leopard diverged from the ancestral big cats approximately 3.9
497:
about 6.37 million years ago. The
Felinae, on the other hand, comprises mostly small to medium-sized cats, including
2310:
1316:
Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (7 January 2014).
1202:
1763:
816:
Cannot engage in commercial trade in big cat species, including their offspring, parts, and products made from them
2347:
85:
2169:
1054:
1183:
897:
865:
551:
1854:"Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Comparative Analysis | Law Library of Congress"
1744:
University Press of Africa, with contributions from the Kenya
National Chamber of Commerce & Industry
2281:
903:
In the United States, 19 states have banned ownership of big cats and other dangerous exotic animals as
869:
1291:
1072:
1257:
1084:
973:
925:
2343:
The Big Cats and Their Fossil
Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History
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2018:
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Must be a non-profit entity that is tax-exempt under section 501(a) of the
Internal Revenue Code
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1893:"Regulations Concerning the Private Possession of Big Cats: Austria| Law Library of Congress"
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2013:
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Must allow the service to inspect their facilities, records, and animals at reasonable hours
797:
774:
1365:
Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner; G Peters; A Kübber-Heiss; WT Fitch (September 2002).
900:; outside these conservation areas, hunting poses the dominant threat to large carnivores.
2386:
935:
885:
1261:
1088:
977:
2268:(158). U.S. Congress. August 16, 2007. Archived from the original on September 22, 2008
1853:
1497:
1464:
1440:
1415:
1391:
1366:
1342:
1318:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats"
1317:
763:
351:
2034:
1917:
1463:
Erickson-DiRenzo, Elizabeth; Sivasankar, M. Preeti; Thibeault, Susan L. (2014-12-15).
1132:
2380:
2121:
2112:
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2004:
1995:
1965:
1956:
1926:
1713:
1587:
1382:
1206:
1141:
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853:
315:
1465:"Utility of cell viability assays for use with ex vivo vocal fold epithelial tissue"
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465:
421:
283:
231:
72:
2033:
Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. (2018) .
2341:
1521:
1096:
1008:
1808:
1269:
985:
881:
367:
287:
832:
Internationally, a variety of regulations are placed on big cat possession. In
822:
Cannot allow direct contact between big cats and the public at their facilities
893:
861:
759:
731:
319:
147:
1488:
1431:
1114:
1230:
1028:
920:
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519:
311:
260:" is typically used to refer to any of the five living members of the genus
137:
97:
1506:
1400:
1351:
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993:
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41:
1105:
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323:
262:
157:
117:
51:
17:
1955:
McCarthy, T.; Mallon, D.; Jackson, R.; Zahler, P.; McCarthy, K. (2017).
1916:
Bauer, H.; Packer, C.; Funston, P.F.; Henschel, P.; Nowell, K. (2017) .
741:
contain this elongated hyoid but owing to differences in the larynx the
493:
It is estimated that the ancestors of most big cats split away from the
1695:
1558:
1480:
1179:"This Fossil Skull Unearthed in Tibet Is the Oldest Big Cat Ever Found"
837:
833:
671:
535:
506:
494:
451:
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411:
359:
302:
290:
279:
211:
181:
167:
68:
2188:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act: A Good Start in Banning Exotics as Pets"
546:. The tiger then evolved into a unique species towards the end of the
2371:
1622:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 1–334.
727:
633:
539:
502:
471:
401:
339:
335:
327:
294:
275:
201:
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127:
107:
64:
2111:
Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016) .
1686:
1669:
1013:(Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81.
868:. Cheetahs are also classified as Vulnerable, and the cougar is of
1215:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–545.
840:, Thailand and India, prohibit all private ownership of big cats.
770:
601:
527:
381:
322:
without natural predators of their own. Native ranges include the
267:
241:
56:
1212:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1833:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act - What Big Cat Owners Need to Know"
904:
656:
531:
391:
331:
271:
221:
60:
2303:"America's 5,000 Backyard Tigers a Ticking Time Bomb, WWF Says"
2213:"Captive Wildlife Safety Act: What Big Cat Owners Need to Know"
1071:
Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013-12-01).
2372:
People Not
Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform
307:
1838:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Law Enforcement.
560:, dating to 4.1−5.95 MA, was discovered in southwest Tibet.
2255:"Regulations To Implement the Captive Wildlife Safety Act"
522:
relationships of the big cats. The study reveals that the
2190:. The Humane Society of the United States. Archived from
1784:
2072:
Durant, S.; Mitchell, N.; Ipavec, A.; Groom, R. (2015).
1073:"Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?"
856:: the lion, leopard and snow leopard are categorized as
852:
genus are classified as some level of threatened by the
825:
Must keep records of transactions involving covered cats
1766:. Vol. 130. Leonard Scott Publishing Company. 1941
334:; the range of the leopard and tiger also extends into
1616:
173:
79:
34:
2286:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2239:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1941:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15951A107265605.en
1156:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T15954A163991139.en
1126:
1124:
2136:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.en
2058:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.en
2019:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T15955A50659951.en
1980:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T22732A50664030.en
726:comes from an elongated and specially adapted
1647:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
762:, and weigh around 450 kg (990 lb)
8:
2097:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T219A50649567.en
1876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1416:"The larynx of roaring and non-roaring cats"
1715:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
1707:
1705:
2222:. Archived from the original on 2008-09-22
1785:"The Liger - Meet the World's Largest Cat"
1592:. Simon & Schuster, Touchstone Books.
40:
31:
2134:
2095:
2056:
2017:
1978:
1939:
1685:
1496:
1439:
1390:
1341:
1154:
1104:
888:, lions and cheetahs, such as Botswana's
880:. In Africa, many big cats are hunted by
1613:Nowell, Kristin; Jackson, Peter (1996).
1561:: University of Chicago Press. pp.
790:For the population of the big cats, see
758:exceed 306 kg (675 lb) in the
501:, but also some larger cats such as the
1589:Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals
1010:The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives
952:
807:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2279:
2232:
1869:
1007:Turner, Alan; Anton, Mauricio (1997).
1847:
1845:
1250:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
966:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
515:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
2159:"Carnivores in Crisis: The Big Cats"
2122:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2083:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2044:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2005:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1966:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1927:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1547:Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002).
1292:"Tiger's ancient ancestry revealed"
1142:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
649:
626:
579:
571:
563:
49:Images of the members of the genus
1764:"The Nineteenth Century and After"
1322:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
25:
2301:Braun, David (October 21, 2010).
792:List of carnivorans by population
518:has given insight into the exact
1520:Kathy Darling (1 January 2000).
1383:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x
84:
1177:Joseph Stromberg (2013-11-12).
2220:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1740:"East African Business Digest"
941:International Big Cat Alliance
864:; and the jaguar is listed as
530:are sister species, while the
1:
1852:Zhang, Laney; Palmer (2013).
1645:Walker's Mammals of the World
27:Paraphyletic group of mammals
1809:"Liger Nook - Liger Profile"
1097:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024
1270:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
1053:(13): 36−43. Archived from
986:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036
2408:
2157:Hunter, Luke (June 2004).
789:
512:A 2010 study published in
349:
314:, big cats are considered
300:All cats descend from the
55:, from top to bottom: the
2348:Columbia University Press
1643:Nowak, Ronald M. (1999).
860:; the tiger is listed as
713:Description and abilities
669:
654:
647:
631:
624:
599:
584:
577:
569:
178:
81:Scientific classification
48:
39:
1414:Hast, M H (April 1989).
1209:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.).
2168:: 28–41. Archived from
1718:. Sterling Publishing.
1526:. Lerner Publications.
1248:(Carnivora: Felidae)".
1184:Smithsonian Institution
1077:Biological Conservation
964:(Carnivora: Felidae)".
781:Interaction with humans
2051:: e.T15953A123791436.
1934:: e.T15951A115130419.
1891:Palmer, Edith (2013).
1554:Wild Cats of the World
1334:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686
1149:: e.T15954A163991139.
2129:: e.T18868A97216466.
2012:: e.T15955A50659951.
1973:: e.T22732A50664030.
819:Cannot breed big cats
286:, as well as the non-
1712:Wood, G. L. (1983).
1586:Boitani, L. (1984).
926:List of largest cats
2307:National Geographic
2090:: e.T219A50649567.
1328:(177 4): 20132686.
1262:2010MolPE..56...64D
1089:2013BCons.168..128O
978:2010MolPE..56...64D
909:World Wildlife Fund
874:habitat destruction
848:The members of the
312:obligate carnivores
2175:on April 15, 2010.
1668:Mazák, V. (1981).
1481:10.1002/lary.25100
1420:Journal of Anatomy
1371:Journal of Anatomy
1042:Balme, G. (2005).
338:, specifically in
2357:978-0-231-10228-5
2166:Africa Geographic
1725:978-0-85112-235-9
1678:Mammalian Species
1654:978-0-8018-5789-8
1629:978-2-8317-0045-8
1599:978-0-671-42805-1
1572:978-0-226-77999-7
1533:978-1-57505-404-9
1222:978-0-8018-8221-0
1203:"Order Carnivora"
1199:Wozencraft, W. C.
1051:Africa Geographic
1020:978-0-231-10228-5
896:, and Tanzania's
709:
708:
700:
699:
691:
690:
682:
681:
612:
611:
557:Panthera blytheae
254:
253:
16:(Redirected from
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2361:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2309:. Archived from
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2292:
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2285:
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2262:Federal Register
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2194:on 19 April 2007
2186:Pacelle, Wayne.
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2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
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2076:Acinonyx jubatus
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1475:(5): E180–E185.
1469:The Laryngoscope
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998:
997:
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886:African leopards
798:animal sanctuary
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627:
580:
572:
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456:Acinonyx jubatus
318:, topping their
186:Acinonyx jubatus
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2330:Further reading
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2313:on May 15, 2011
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1998:Panthera tigris
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1687:10.2307/3504004
1672:Panthera tigris
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1046:
1044:"Counting Cats"
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1021:
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1005:
1001:
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954:
949:
936:Panthera hybrid
917:
866:Near Threatened
846:
794:
788:
783:
751:
732:hyoid apparatus
722:The ability to
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613:
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416:Panthera pardus
386:Panthera tigris
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246:Panthera tigris
216:Panthera pardus
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2317:November 20,
2315:. Retrieved
2311:the original
2306:
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2270:. Retrieved
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1920:Panthera leo
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1911:
1900:. Retrieved
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1857:
1827:
1816:. Retrieved
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1792:. Retrieved
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1680:(152): 1–8.
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1300:. Retrieved
1298:. 2010-02-12
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1256:(1): 64–76.
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786:Conservation
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764:in captivity
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749:Weight range
743:snow leopard
738:
736:
721:
670:
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632:
622:3.6 Ma
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587:Snow leopard
585:
575:3.2 Ma
567:3.9 Ma
555:
524:snow leopard
520:evolutionary
513:
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73:snow leopard
50:
29:
1897:www.loc.gov
1858:www.loc.gov
1813:Liger World
1789:Liger Facts
1426:: 117–121.
1083:: 128–133.
368:Pantherinae
2381:Categories
2226:2024-04-17
2198:2007-04-01
1902:2021-04-20
1863:2021-04-20
1818:2018-04-23
1794:2016-07-17
1770:2018-03-17
1750:2018-03-18
1302:2010-04-26
947:References
894:Masai Mara
892:, Kenya's
862:Endangered
858:Vulnerable
760:wilderness
645:2 Ma
435:Subfamily
365:Subfamily
350:See also:
320:food chain
308:small cats
288:pantherine
256:The term "
148:Feliformia
144:Suborder:
71:, and the
2338:Antón, M.
2272:April 17,
1489:0023-852X
1432:0021-8782
1115:0006-3207
921:Megafauna
898:Serengeti
803:sanctuary
489:Evolution
138:Carnivora
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
35:Big cats
18:Large cat
2392:Big cats
2340:(1997).
2235:cite web
2142:20 April
1872:cite web
1507:25511412
1401:12363272
1352:24225466
1296:BBC News
1278:20138224
1246:Panthera
1231:62265494
1201:(2005).
1162:20 April
1029:34283113
994:20138224
962:Panthera
915:See also
878:poaching
850:Panthera
739:Panthera
552:diverged
548:Pliocene
526:and the
446:Acinonyx
376:Panthera
324:Americas
263:Panthera
174:Species
164:Family:
158:Feloidea
128:Mammalia
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
52:Panthera
1696:3504004
1563:377–394
1559:Chicago
1498:4414688
1450:2606766
1441:1256521
1392:1570911
1343:3843846
1258:Bibcode
1085:Bibcode
974:Bibcode
844:Threats
838:Denmark
834:Austria
718:Roaring
672:Leopard
536:leopard
507:cheetah
495:Felinae
452:Cheetah
438:Felinae
412:Leopard
360:Felidae
357:Family
346:Species
303:Felidae
291:cheetah
280:leopard
258:big cat
212:Leopard
182:Cheetah
168:Felidae
134:Order:
124:Class:
69:leopard
2387:Felids
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775:hybrid
728:larynx
634:Jaguar
540:jaguar
538:, and
503:cougar
472:Cougar
463:Genus
443:Genus
402:Jaguar
373:Genus
340:Russia
336:Europe
330:, and
328:Africa
295:cougar
282:, and
276:jaguar
202:Jaguar
192:Cougar
67:, the
65:jaguar
63:, the
59:, the
2258:(PDF)
2216:(PDF)
2173:(PDF)
2162:(PDF)
1836:(PDF)
1692:JSTOR
1620:(PDF)
1523:Lions
1205:. In
1058:(PDF)
1047:(PDF)
890:Chobe
771:liger
602:Tiger
528:tiger
382:Tiger
310:. As
268:tiger
242:Tiger
57:tiger
2352:ISBN
2319:2023
2288:link
2274:2024
2241:link
2144:2021
2127:2015
2088:2015
2049:2017
2010:2015
1971:2017
1932:2016
1878:link
1720:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1567:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1503:PMID
1485:ISSN
1446:PMID
1428:ISSN
1397:PMID
1348:PMID
1274:PMID
1227:OCLC
1217:ISBN
1164:2021
1147:2020
1111:ISSN
1025:OCLC
1015:ISBN
990:PMID
905:pets
876:and
773:, a
769:The
730:and
724:roar
657:Lion
532:lion
505:and
466:Puma
392:Lion
332:Asia
293:and
272:lion
222:Lion
61:lion
2131:doi
2092:doi
2053:doi
2014:doi
1975:doi
1936:doi
1682:doi
1493:PMC
1477:doi
1473:125
1436:PMC
1424:163
1387:PMC
1379:doi
1375:201
1338:PMC
1330:doi
1326:281
1266:doi
1151:doi
1101:hdl
1093:doi
1081:168
982:doi
796:An
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
