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populations. An exception to this are the heaths in the north of Munich, which have been mowed regularly for decades, but which used to be grazed. In regions with an already strong decline in populations and only small-scale habitats, it is necessary to enlarge the remaining poor grassland through clearing, clearing, etc. with subsequent grazing.
624:
agg. species complex can be reliably differentiated by molecular biological characteristics, investigations of butterfly samples via "DNA barcoding" were started. The results show a complex pattern of diverse, extremely closely related genetic lines. They surround each other and are many times more
598:
agg. are, with the exception of the high altitudes of the Alps, dependent on larger and regularly grazed grasslands. The central element for the preservation and promotion of the species complex is therefore the maintenance or reintroduction of herding sheep farming as well as extensive cattle
603:
agg. shows itself to be very tolerant of pasture, also to more intensive grazing with high frequency and heavy browsing. Lean grasslands that are regularly grazed several times a year and are therefore short-grassed are characterized by favorable habitat structures and correspondingly rich
633:
complex. These differences do not correlate or only partially correlate with genital morphological features. For a final taxonomic assessment, however, extensive further studies including further markers and paleobiogeographical analyzes are necessary.
228:
is considered to be extremely problematic. Therefore, in many cases, the reports can neither be clearly assigned nor is a taxonomic separation based on biological differences within the complex confirmed. Many authors consequently regard
207:
species it has dark brown wings with pale chequered margins and is rather difficult to identify specifically in the field but good views reveal clear, well-spaced white spotting on the forewing and much fainter markings on the hindwings.
570:
leaf bags, which are newly created after a molt. The prerequisites for a population are habitats with frequent occurrence of host plants, which are grazed regularly, mostly by sheep. Exceptions to this are mown heaths in the north of
555:
agg. is another potential food plant that was found to be used in Saxony and potentially in
Bavaria in sand and silicate grasslands. Other cinquefoil species found on dry, poor grassland must also be considered potential host plants.
468:
agg. only forms one generation per year in central Europe. The long development time of the caterpillars also speaks against a second annual generation. The flight times vary due to the wide range of elevations in the Alps.
435:
hill country also settled on silicate grasslands. All of these are poor locations that, with the exception of occurrences in the Alps, are usually grazed regularly and have a correspondingly short-grass structure.
559:
The eggs are laid usually on the lower, and occasionally also on the upper side, of the leaves of the host plant. For this purpose, patchy and heavily sunlit locations are sought out. Large cushions of
586:
agg. are extensive flower visitors and suck nectar from numerous different plant species. The males also use moist soil to absorb liquid. The overwintering takes place in different caterpillar stages.
423:. The populations in the Bavarian Alps populate limestone grasslands, alpine grasslands and lean alpine pastures. Sand grasslands are also occupied locally, for example in the foothills of the Middle
311:, in particular the latter are on average larger. A genital morphological determination is nevertheless recommended and in areas with syntopic occurrences inevitable.
985:
488:. The occurrences in the Alps spread over a wide area of almost 700-2100 m, a less pronounced focus concerns the altitude between 1000 m and 1400 m.
1044:
452:. This applies to both the alpine and extra-alpine regions of Bavaria and corresponds to an only slightly shorter period of time, as is also known from the
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959:
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579:, which, however, must be viewed as the lowest limit. The population densities fluctuate, often from year to year, sometimes very strongly.
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high Alps. The focus of the records is between 350 m and 500 m, which is mainly due to the extra-alpine occurrences in the
215:
agg. has not yet been adequately researched from a taxonomic point of view. In particular, the separation and evaluation of the taxa
707:
303:
575:. In the Alps, on the other hand, it is mostly cattle pastures. A minimum size of three hectares of habitat is assumed for the
1222:
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agg. are mainly bound to limestone grasslands, which represent the habitats in the main distribution areas of the
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428:
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564:, usually over a pronounced layer of moss, are also used. The caterpillars live in a web or in the typical
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218:
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of 22–32 mm (not always particularly "large") with several subspecies having been described. As with most
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886:
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457:
224:
241:. Because of the hitherto unsolved problems with regard to taxonomy and identification, the complex
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460:. The flight period starts in mid-May and ends in mid-September. Despite the long period in which
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grazing on lean sites. This is especially true for the main habitat type limestone grasslands.
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The altitude distribution extends from the colline level at almost 300 m in the
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agg. is distributed from northwest Africa over the mountains of the
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307:. These two species already show macromorphological differences to
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402:
384:
279:
267:
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can be observed, according to the current state of knowledge,
264:), Gran Paradiso, Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy, August 2021
531:
is mentioned as an egg-laying and larval food plant. For
480:
in northwest
Bavaria to the alpine zone at 2100 m in the
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335:) as well as across western, central (to the southern
347:
is populated. In the southeast the area extends over
1086:
831:
549:species are given as oviposition or host plants.
359:and practically all European islands including
343:. In Northern Europe only the southern part of
237:as synonyms, subspecies or ecological forms of
1187:
8:
625:similar than the differences between other
1194:
1180:
819:
288:), Mittenwald, Bavaria, Germany, June 2019
29:
20:
699:The Mitchell Beazley guide to butterflies
411:), Ostallgäu, Bavaria, Germany, June 2021
276:), Ostallgäu, Bavaria, Germany, June 2021
199:This is a rather variable species with a
16:Species of skipper butterfly genus Pyrgus
688:
509:. Here caterpillars were only found on
448:agg. covers a period of four months in
7:
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952:b2304e26-52df-4034-81ef-e459e9a3d40d
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729:
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696:Whalley, Paul Ernest Sutton (1981).
620:In order to investigate whether the
309:Pyrgus alveus / Pyrgus trebevicensis
415:Populations of the species complex
1166:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
14:
1150:
42:
431:. The occurrences in the Mittel
1:
1218:Butterflies described in 1803
702:. London: Mitchell Beazley.
1249:
1228:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner
1145:
787:"Pyrgus alveus - LepiWiki"
748:Bräu, Markus, ed. (2013).
495:agg. has been ovserved on
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
528:Helianthemum nummularium
502:Helianthemum nummularium
429:Danube-Isar hill country
407:Large Grizzled Skipper (
339:) and Eastern Europe to
284:Large Grizzled Skipper (
272:Large Grizzled Skipper (
260:Large Grizzled Skipper (
249:is referred to below as
663:Hesperia centralitaliae
211:The species complex of
24:Large grizzled skipper
1162:-related article is a
677:Hesperia trebevicensis
642:Hesperia scandinavicus
412:
289:
277:
265:
175:Large Grizzled skipper
170:
1223:Butterflies of Europe
406:
327:and southern Europe (
283:
271:
259:
168:
947:Fauna Europaea (new)
629:species outside the
612:"Latin game board."
355:. It is absent from
319:The species complex
247:Pyrgus trebevicensis
231:Pyrgus trebevicensis
219:Pyrgus trebevicensis
751:Tagfalter in Bayern
656:Syrichthus ballotae
594:The populations of
552:Potentilla argentea
295:agg. is similar to
413:
337:North German Plain
304:Pyrgus armoricanus
298:Pyrgus warrenensis
290:
278:
266:
183:) is a species of
171:
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1174:
1140:
1139:
1071:Open Tree of Life
825:Taxon identifiers
761:978-3-8001-7985-5
649:Hesperia alticola
562:spring cinquefoil
519:Baden-Württemberg
458:Baden-Württemberg
444:The phenology of
325:Iberian Peninsula
185:skipper butterfly
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373:Balearic Islands
333:Balkan Peninsula
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491:Oviposition of
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425:Franconian Jura
421:Franconian Jura
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377:Channel Islands
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235:Pyrgus accretus
225:Pyrgus accretus
217:Pyrgus alveus,
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1233:Pyrginae stubs
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513:agg. From the
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148:Pyrgus alveus
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139:Binomial name
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794:. Retrieved
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590:Conservation
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973:iNaturalist
857:Wikispecies
577:Swabian Alb
543:, however,
523:Switzerland
515:Swabian Alb
474:Grabfeldgau
454:Swabian Alb
195:Description
189:Hesperiidae
106:Hesperiidae
96:Lepidoptera
1207:Categories
1103:Q109585723
1037:PyrguAlveu
796:2021-12-22
683:References
637:Synonyms:
546:Potentilla
76:Arthropoda
770:862073451
754:. Ulmer.
608:Etymology
533:Thuringia
499:agg. and
329:Apennines
169:Underside
124:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1160:Pyrginae
1097:Wikidata
1034:MaBENA:
1012:LepIndex
991:10282652
871:BioLib:
848:Q1573514
842:Wikidata
718:60088908
616:Taxonomy
478:Haßberge
476:and the
433:vogtland
427:and the
353:Caucasus
349:Anatolia
201:wingspan
187:(family
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1130:7850293
965:1949794
525:, only
507:Bavaria
450:Bavaria
440:Ecology
399:Habitat
395:, etc.
393:Iceland
365:Ireland
357:Denmark
351:to the
158:, 1803)
112:Genus:
92:Order:
86:Insecta
82:Class:
1213:Pyrgus
1076:216122
1050:876067
1017:187238
1004:174248
978:207678
939:440760
913:PYRGAL
887:100093
768:
758:
716:
706:
627:Pyrgus
573:Munich
567:Pyrgus
537:Saxony
521:) and
482:Allgäu
462:imagos
389:Cyprus
369:Azores
205:Pyrgus
156:Hübner
117:Pyrgus
1158:This
1117:94CMK
1024:LoB:
986:IRMNG
926:90354
921:EUNIS
900:4QTZ5
874:51253
385:Crete
315:Range
253:agg.
1164:stub
1125:GBIF
1045:NCBI
1027:4665
999:IUCN
960:GBIF
908:EPPO
882:BOLD
766:OCLC
756:ISBN
714:OCLC
704:ISBN
539:and
331:and
301:and
233:and
222:and
191:).
173:The
1112:CoL
1063:738
895:CoL
505:in
456:in
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675:•
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
