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into butterfly was a symbol, and even proof, of Christ's resurrection. He argued "that from dead caterpillars emerge living animals; so it is equally true and miraculous, that our dead and rotten corpses will rise from the grave." Swammerdam, who in 1669 had demonstrated that inside a caterpillar the rudiments of the future butterfly's limbs and wings could be discerned, attacked the mystical and religious notion that the caterpillar died and the butterfly subsequently resurrected. As a militant
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528:. If the caterpillars hatch in the spring and feed on oak catkins they appear green. If they hatch in the summer they appear dark colored, like oak twigs. The differential development is linked to the tannin content in the diet. Caterpillars may even have spines or growths that resemble plant parts such as thorns. Some look like objects in the environment such as bird droppings. Some
295:
682:, have long "whip-like" organs attached to the ends of their body. The caterpillar wiggles these organs to frighten away flies and predatory wasps. Some caterpillars can evade predators by using a silk line and dropping off from branches when disturbed. Many species thrash about violently when disturbed to scare away potential predators. One species (
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had not included eggs in the life stages of
European moths and butterflies, because he had believed that caterpillars were generated from water. When Merian published her study of caterpillars it was still widely believed that insects were spontaneously generated. Merian's illustrations supported the
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Butterflies were regarded as symbol for the human soul since ancient time, and also in the
Christian tradition. Goedart thus located his empirical observations on the transformation of caterpillars into butterflies in the Christian tradition. As such he argued that the metamorphosis from caterpillar
1000:
This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hair easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor
205:
are best known in their caterpillar stages because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce, whereas the moths are obscure and do no direct harm. Conversely, various species of caterpillar are valued as sources of silk, as human or animal food, or for biological control of
1145:
Since then the metamorphoses of the caterpillar into a butterfly has in
Western societies been associated with countless human transformations in folktales and literature. There is no process in the physical life of human beings that resembles this metamorphoses, and the symbol of the caterpillar
1157:
a caterpillar asks Alice "Who are you?". When Alice comments on the caterpillar's inevitable transformation into a butterfly, the caterpillar champions the position that in spite of changes it is still possible to know something, and that Alice is the same Alice at the beginning and end of a
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which are evolved to affect the gut of
Lepidoptera have been used in sprays of bacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes to produce them within the host plants. These approaches are defeated over time by the evolution of resistance mechanisms in the insects.
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will increase its weight ten-thousandfold in less than twenty days. An adaptation that enables them to eat so much is a mechanism in a specialized midgut that quickly transports ions to the lumen (midgut cavity), to keep the potassium level higher in the midgut cavity than in the
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considerable interval. When the
Caterpillar asks Alice to clarify a point, the child replies "I'm afraid I can't put it more clearly... for I can't but understand it myself, to begin with, and being so many different sizes in a day is very confusing". Here Carroll satirizes
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The appearance of a caterpillar can often repel a predator: its markings and certain body parts can make it seem poisonous, or bigger in size and thus threatening, or non-edible. Some types of caterpillars are indeed poisonous or distasteful and their bright coloring
1142:, Swammerdam attacked Goedart as ridiculous, and when publishing his findings he proclaimed "here we witness the digression of those who have tried to prove Resurrection of the Dead from these obviously natural and comprehensible changes within the creature itself."
1162:, the founder of Cartesian philosophy, and his theory on innate ideas. Descartes argued that we are distracted by urgent bodily stimuli that swamp the human mind in childhood. Descartes also theorised that inherited preconceived opinions obstruct the human
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Caterpillar hair can be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have venoms in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries ranging from
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Plants contain toxins which protect them from herbivores, but some caterpillars have evolved countermeasures which enable them to eat the leaves of such toxic plants. In addition to being unaffected by the poison, the caterpillars
1937:
711:; large aggregations are believed to help in reducing the levels of parasitization and predation. Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration, and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays.
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Many caterpillars display feeding behaviors which allow the caterpillar to remain hidden from potential predators. Many feed in protected environments, such as enclosed inside silk galleries, rolled leaves or by
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Anatomy - (1) Egg m-micropyle (2) Head o-ocelli s-spiracle (3) s-spiracle m-malphigian tubules g-silk gland (4) a - antenna l-labrum o- ocelli k mandible k2 maxilla t2 palps t3 spinnerets
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is a frequent cause of envenomation in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.
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552:) will swallow even the hairiest of caterpillars. Other caterpillars acquire toxins from their host plants that render them unpalatable to most of their predators. For instance,
1917:
1581:
A Text-Book of
Agricultural Entomology: Being a Guide to Methods of Insect Life and Means of Prevention of Insect Ravage for the Use of Agriculturists and Agricultural Students
719:) caterpillars often link into a long train to move through trees and over the ground. The head of the lead caterpillar is visible, but the other heads can appear hidden.
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butterflies are particularly well known for this. They communicate with their ant protectors by vibrations as well as chemical means and typically provide food rewards.
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Bura, V. L.; Rohwer, V. G.; Martin, P. R.; Yack, J. E. (2010). "Whistling in caterpillars (Amorpha juglandis, Bombycoidea): Sound-producing mechanism and function".
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Plants evolve mechanisms of resistance to being eaten by caterpillars, including the evolution of chemical toxins and physical barriers such as hairs. Incorporating
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sawfly larvae have an invariably smooth head capsule with no cleavage lines, while lepidopterous caterpillars bear an inverted "Y" or "V" (frontal suture).
1644:. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. (accessed: March 26, 2008).
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tends to depict a psychic transformation of a human. As such the caterpillar has in the
Christian tradition become a metaphor for being "born again".
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caterpillars are feared as pests that devour crops. They are part of the "pestilence, blasting, mildew, locust" because of their association with the
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such as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane.
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it in their body, making them highly toxic to predators. The chemicals are also carried on into the adult stages. These toxic species, such as the
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on every abdominal segment, an absence of crochets or hooks on the prolegs (these are present on lepidopteran caterpillars), one pair of prominent
1959:
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when he attacked priests: "as the caterpillar chooses the fairest leaves to lay her eggs on, so the priest lay his curse on the fairest joys".
844:) larvae, change their activity patterns depending on density and larval stage, with more diurnal feeding in early instars and high densities.
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More aggressive self-defense measures have evolved in some caterpillars. These measures include having spiny bristles or long fine hair-like
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Chamberlin, M.E.; M.E. King (1998). "Changes in midgut active ion transport and metabolism during the fifth instar of the tobacco hornworm (
65:
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Caterpillars have evolved defenses against physical conditions such as cold, hot or dry environmental conditions. Some Arctic species like
1506:
590:). This chemical is being investigated for potential medical applications. Most urticating hairs range in effect from mild irritation to
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2453:
2348:
Entry, Grant L. G.; Lee A. Dyer. (2002). "On the
Conditional Nature Of Neotropical Caterpillar Defenses against their Natural Enemies".
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941:. The reddish mark covers an area about 20 mm (0.79 in) at its widest point by about 70 mm (2.8 in) in length.
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that they obtain from their food plants to deter predators. The most aggressive caterpillar defenses are bristles associated with
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Many animals feed on caterpillars as they are rich in protein. As a result, caterpillars have evolved various means of defense.
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908:
821:). Others feed on eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae. A few are parasitic on cicadas or leaf hoppers (
639:). Any predator that attempts to eat a caterpillar with an aggressive defense mechanism will learn and avoid future attempts.
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colored and resemble the plants on which they feed. An example of caterpillars that use camouflage for defense is the species
2898:"For Children: The Gates of Paradise, copy D, object 1 (Bentley 1, Erdman i, Keynes i) "For Children: The Gates of Paradise""
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635:) caterpillars, usually advertise themselves with the danger colors of red, yellow and black, often in bright stripes (see
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suborder. However while these larvae superficially resemble caterpillars, they can be distinguished by the presence of
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farming practices, especially where the caterpillar is specifically adapted to the host plant under cultivation. The
2234:
Malaque, Ceila M. S.; Lúcia
Andrade; Geraldine Madalosso; Sandra Tomy; Flávio L. Tavares; Antonio C. Seguro (2006).
349:(moults) from as small as 1 millimetre (0.039 in) up to 14 centimetres (5.5 in). Some larvae of the order
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have special basking and aggregation behaviours apart from physiological adaptations to remain in a dormant state.
383:(simple eyes); the sawfly larvae have only two, while caterpillars usually have twelve (six each side of the head).
2921:
2832:"Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth (Euproctis edwardsi)"
2681:"The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming"
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the numbers of pairs of pro-legs; sawfly larvae have 6 or more pairs while caterpillars have a maximum of 5 pairs.
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with detachable tips that will irritate by lodging in the skin or mucous membranes. However some birds (such as
353:(ants, bees, and wasps) can appear like the caterpillars of the Lepidoptera. Such larvae are mainly seen in the
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has a drug-induced dream, while in labor, that she captures a caterpillar and holds it firmly in her hand. In
911:(HPR) through plant breeding is another approach used in reducing the impact of caterpillars on crop plants.
568:. A venom which is among the most potent defensive chemicals in any animal is produced by the South American
1468:
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1185:
807:. Many are restricted to feeding on one species of plant, while others are polyphagous. Some, including the
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is one species that preys upon caterpillars. The flycatcher typically finds caterpillars among oak foliage.
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Caterpillars have soft bodies that can grow rapidly between moults. Their size varies between species and
160:(suborder Symphyta) are commonly called caterpillars as well. Both lepidopteran and symphytan larvae have
1094:'s friends as "The caterpillars of the commonwealth, Which I have sworn to weed and pluck away". In 1790
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Caterpillars have been called "eating machines", and eat leaves voraciously. Most species shed their
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dangerous caterpillars or other animals while not being dangerous themselves. Many caterpillars are
1730:
Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (1974). "Structure and function of the larval eye of the sawfly Perga".
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Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by eating leaves. The propensity for damage is enhanced by
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2757:"Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to Lonomia obliqua caterpillar envenoming: case report"
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838:) hide at the base of plants during the day and only feed at night. Others, such as spongy moth (
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1113:, which contained 50 illustrations and a description of insects, moths, butterflies and their
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Early Modern
Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts
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Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts
3041:
Early Modern Zoology: The Construction of Animals in Science, Literature and the Visual Arts
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Caterpillars are typically voracious feeders and many of them are among the most serious of
90:
2720:
Redd, JT; Voorhees, RE; Török, TJ (2007). "Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp".
1992:
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causes enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars have been the target of
3272:
2652:
van Emden; H. F. (1999). "Transgenic Host Plant Resistance to Insects—Some Reservations".
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The role of caterpillars in the life stages of butterflies was badly understood. In 1679
214:
The origins of the word "caterpillar" date from the early 16th century. They derive from
156:
As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of
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2592:
2192:
2109:
1797:
1745:
327:
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2507:
Rubinoff, Daniel; Haines, William P. (2005). "Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails".
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267:); the primary reason for this unusual locomotion is the elimination of nearly all the
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2172:
1878:"Scientists discover 'exceptional' 44-million-year-old caterpillar preserved in amber"
1117:. An earlier popular publication on moths and butterflies, and their caterpillars, by
446:. Previously, another fossil dating back approximately 125 million years was found in
3256:
2039:"Selection of overwintering microhabitats used by the arctic woollybear caterpillar,
1753:
1634:
1553:
1150:
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993:. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and
622:
579:
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Balit, C. R.; Ptolemy, H. C.; Geary, M. J.; Russell, R. C.; Isbister, G. K. (2001).
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are so named because of the way they move, appearing to measure the earth (the word
179:, and some are even cannibalistic. Some feed on other animal products. For example,
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1181:
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815:. Some are predatory, and may prey on other species of caterpillars (e.g. Hawaiian
808:
643:
437:
412:
180:
3247:
1395:
274:
2173:"Biparental Defensive Endowment of Eggs with Acquired Plant Alkaloid in the Moth
2127:
1701:
1653:"Geometridae." Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 19 September 2017.
1579:
642:
Some caterpillars regurgitate acidic digestive juices at attacking enemies. Many
2985:
Women and Science, 17th Century to Present: Pioneers, Activists and Protagonists
2960:
Women and Science, 17th Century to Present: Pioneers, Activists and Protagonists
2577:"Behaviour of late-instar gypsy moth larvae in high and low density populations"
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1960:"Scientists have accidentally found the oldest ever butterfly or moth fossils"
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Camouflage: apparently with eight eyes, only two of them are real. Photo in a
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Caterpillars are a food source in some cultures. For example, in South Africa
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stage before becoming adults. Caterpillars grow very quickly; for instance, a
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Larva Locomotion: A Closer Look — video clips showing how monarch larvae walk
3222:
Chronologischer Raupenkalender, oder, Naturgeschichte der europäischen Raupen
2855:
1173:
More recent symbolic references to caterpillars in popular media include the
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illustration of a caterpillar overlooking a child from his illustrated book
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Many caterpillars are nocturnal. For example, the "cutworms" (of the family
804:
785:
168:
161:
146:
2863:
2782:
2755:
Kowacs, PA; Cardoso, J; Entres, M; Novak, EM; Werneck, LC (December 2006).
2741:
2706:
2528:
2454:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19980201)280:2<135::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-P
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2012:
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the presence of crochets on the prolegs; these are absent in the sawflies.
1882:
1780:"Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)"
1419:
1071:
890:
862:
812:
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380:
188:
172:
1993:"Behavioral thermoregulation in the freeze-tolerant arctic caterpillar,
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caterpillar sting on a shin twenty-four hours after occurrence in south
536:
construct and live in a bag covered in sand, pebbles or plant material.
294:
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Lepidopteran caterpillars can be differentiated from sawfly larvae by:
202:
930:
852:
3117:
The Serpent and the Swan: The Animal Bride in Folklore and Literature
3011:
The Serpent and the Swan: The Animal Bride in Folklore and Literature
1232:
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four or five times as their bodies grow, and they eventually enter a
549:
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362:
358:
354:
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338:
268:
157:
142:
2576:
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976:. Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities.
696:
Some caterpillars obtain protection by associating themselves with
2469:"Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores living on plants"
1203:
has a caterpillar on his bald head that changes into a butterfly.
1167:
1111:
The Caterpillars' Marvelous Transformation and Strange Floral Food
1063:
1038:
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hairy caterpillar. The spiny bristles are a self-defense mechanism
497:
460:
450:
397:
326:
318:
310:
293:
273:
134:
64:
51:
38:
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1086:(pillager). Caterpillars became a symbol for social dependents.
915:
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545:
365:
on the head capsule, and an absence of the upside-down Y-shaped
150:
697:
688:) even makes high pitched whistles that can scare away birds.
117:
105:
2037:
Bennett, V. A.; Lee, R. E.; Nauman, L. S.; Kukal, O. (2003).
2091:"A Diet-Induced Developmental Polymorphism in a Caterpillar"
1778:
Fischer, Thilo C.; Michalski, Artur; Hausmann, Axel (2019).
2983:
Donna Spalding Andréolle; Veronique Molinari, eds. (2011).
2958:
Donna Spalding Andréolle; Veronique Molinari, eds. (2011).
2362:
10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3108:OTCNON]2.0.CO;2
1673:
University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Department
1078:. The English word caterpillar derives from the old French
2338:. Australian museum (2009-10-14). Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
2551:"Caterpillars of Pacific Northwest Forests and Woodlands"
111:
99:
1842:"German scientists find 44-million-year-old caterpillar"
646:
larvae produce bad smells from extrudable glands called
2896:
Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.).
2575:
Lance, D. R.; Elkinton, J. S.; Schwalbe, C. P. (1987).
751:
catch caterpillars to feed their young and themselves.
692:
Social behaviors and relationships with other insects
251:
The inchworm, or looper caterpillars from the family
126:
96:
114:
108:
102:
2236:"A case of hemolysis resulting from contact with a
1871:
1869:
93:
1607:
2426:. Scienceprojectlab.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
2244:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1991:Kukal, O.; B. Heinrich & J. G. Duman (1988).
1773:
1771:
893:practices. Many species have become resistant to
77:) caterpillar feeding on an unopened seed pod of
662:Caterpillars linked together into a "procession"
2181:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3149:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 103.
2722:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2654:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
1584:. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co.
985:Caterpillar hair has also been known to cause
3174:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 99.
2987:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 40.
2962:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 36.
1703:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity
1070:, thus they are one of the plagues of Egypt.
674:Some caterpillars, like early instars of the
8:
1835:
1833:
1305:(a common species of caterpillar in the UK).
914:Some caterpillars are used in industry. The
731:Caterpillars are eaten by many animals. The
271:except the clasper on the terminal segment.
48:(baron butterfly) caterpillar found in India
1665:"Featured Creatures: hickory horned devil,
3089:Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007).
3064:Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007).
3039:Karl A. E. Enenkel; Mark S. Smith (2007).
1357:Life cycle of the red-humped caterpillar (
2772:
2696:
2255:
2210:
2200:
2117:
1813:
1252:(Australian grapevine moth) feeding on a
1696:
1694:
1494:resembling the common green vine snake (
1074:names them as one of the inhabitants of
723:cluster during periods of cold weather.
1570:
1235:, Switzerland at c. 2 km altitude.
1213:
532:cover themselves in plant parts, while
2642:. Dec.ny.gov. Retrieved on 2012-08-14.
2476:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
1876:Georgiou, Aristos (21 November 2019).
1606:Roger Fabian Anderson (January 1960).
1211:Click left or right for a slide show.
897:. Bacterial toxins such as those from
3120:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp.
3014:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp.
2798:"Ophthalmia nodosa – (a case report)"
2283:. Chicago: Benefic Press. p. 13.
1972:from the original on 28 November 2019
1890:from the original on 23 November 2019
1854:from the original on 21 November 2019
187:feed on the hooves and horns of dead
7:
1840:Muller, Natalie (20 November 2019).
831:) use silk traps to capture snails.
582:powerful enough to cause a human to
2848:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x
1679:from the original on 1 October 2017
323:Crochets on a caterpillar's prolegs
2601:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1987.tb01005.x
1958:Martill, David (13 January 2018).
1663:Hall, Donald W. (September 2014).
1273:, the privet hawk moth caterpillar
1033:For Children The Gates of Paradise
564:glands. These bristles are called
25:
2633:Tent Caterpillars and Gypsy Moths
1549:Larval food plants of Lepidoptera
1434:Caterpillars on an apple tree in
1098:referenced this popular image in
18:Larval food plants of Lepidoptera
2935:A Dictionary of Literary Symbols
2836:The Medical Journal of Australia
2393:"Pine Processionary Caterpillar"
1610:Forest and Shade Tree Entomology
1521:
1505:
1483:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1427:
1403:
1383:
1368:
1350:
1338:
1322:
1310:
1294:
1278:
1261:
1240:
1216:
1155:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
1082:(hairy cat) but merged with the
1053:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
175:), but not all; some (about 1%)
89:
2878:from the original on 2011-04-04
2812:from the original on 2013-06-05
2774:10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029
2615:from the original on 2020-10-19
2557:from the original on 2009-05-08
2489:from the original on 2016-11-04
2399:from the original on 2013-03-03
2296:Journal of Experimental Biology
2240:caterpillar in southern Brazil"
2153:from the original on 2017-08-10
2071:from the original on 2012-04-06
2019:from the original on 2008-07-25
1940:from the original on 2018-10-19
1588:from the original on 2020-09-30
1100:The Marriage of Heaven and Hell
825:). Some Hawaiian caterpillars (
767:caterpillar feeding on capeweed
425:caterpillar dating back to the
2937:. Cambridge University Press.
2796:Patel RJ, Shanbhag RM (1973).
1109:published the first volume of
739:, including those in the genus
1:
2761:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
2329:Lycaenid butterflies and ants
1578:Eleanor Anne Ormerod (1892).
803:Most caterpillars are solely
341:showing six pairs of prolegs.
167:Caterpillars of most species
3268:Insect developmental biology
3234:More video clips from nature
2128:10.1126/science.243.4891.643
1754:10.1016/0022-1910(74)90087-0
1733:Journal of Insect Physiology
1303:poplar hawk-moth caterpillar
1180:episode "The Fog", in which
225:, probably an alteration of
32:Caterpillar (disambiguation)
27:Larva of a butterfly or moth
1792:(1): Article number 17201.
1345:Caterpillar feeding on leaf
1016:are considered a delicacy.
671:between the leaf surfaces.
3289:
3248:UK moths.Life cycle images
2734:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.002
1924:Cambridge University Press
1806:10.1038/s41598-019-53734-w
1436:Victoria, British Columbia
369:on the front of the head.
29:
2698:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.347
2257:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.807
1090:'s Bolingbroke described
918:industry is based on the
608:caterpillar everting its
440:. It was described under
436:, was found preserved in
3172:Behind the Looking Glass
3170:Sherry Ackerman (2009).
3147:Behind the Looking Glass
3145:Sherry Ackerman (2009).
2171:Dussourd, D. E. (1988).
1995:Gynaeophora groenlandica
1919:Evolution of the Insects
1556:- caterpillar dermatitis
1317:Fuzzy orange caterpillar
1043:A 1907 illustrations by
828:Hyposmocoma molluscivora
733:European pied flycatcher
721:Forest tent caterpillars
137:of members of the order
3194:What's Alan Watching?:
2933:Michael Ferber (2017).
2521:10.1126/science.1110397
2202:10.1073/pnas.85.16.5992
2041:Gynaephora groenlandica
1376:Forest tent caterpillar
717:Thaumetopoea pityocampa
558:pyrrolizidine alkaloids
512:warns predators of this
487:Gynaephora groenlandica
334:Craesus septentrionalis
302:caterpillar or inchworm
281:Thaumetopoea pityocampa
3211:Photos of caterpillars
3093:. BRILL. p. 162.
3068:. BRILL. p. 161.
3043:. BRILL. p. 157.
1713:. Oxford Univ. Press.
1528:Locomotion of a small
1055:
1036:
942:
900:Bacillus thuringiensis
866:
800:
768:
707:Some caterpillars are
663:
613:
506:
478:
467:saddleback caterpillar
415:
342:
324:
316:
303:
291:
81:
62:
49:
2902:William Blake Archive
2685:Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg
2666:10.1093/aesa/92.6.788
2581:Ecological Entomology
2467:Pierce, N.E. (1995).
2391:Terrence Fitzgerald.
2013:10.1242/jeb.138.1.181
1462:Caterpillar of Belize
1450:Caterpillar on a leaf
1378:(Malacosoma disstria)
1249:Phalaenoides glycinae
1042:
1027:
933:
909:host plant resistance
855:
794:
762:
661:
604:
556:caterpillars utilize
501:
464:
411:caterpillar found in
407:, the earliest known
401:
330:
322:
314:
297:
277:
201:. In fact, many moth
68:
55:
42:
2395:. Web.cortland.edu.
2279:Darby, Gene (1958).
1416:Antheraea polyphemus
1107:Maria Sibylla Merian
1051:talking to Alice in
475:aposematic colouring
278:Caterpillar nest of
244:, hairy (from Latin
30:For other uses, see
2802:Indian J Ophthalmol
2593:1987EcoEn..12..267L
2281:What is a Butterfly
2193:1988PNAS...85.5992D
2110:1989Sci...243..643G
1798:2019NatSR...917201F
1746:1974JInsP..20.1565M
1544:Edible caterpillars
1410:Caterpillar of the
1285:Caterpillar of the
1223:Caterpillar of the
881:through the use of
654:Defensive behaviors
432:, approximately 44
3114:Boria Sax (1998).
3008:Boria Sax (1998).
2638:2013-09-10 at the
2422:2013-08-25 at the
2334:2020-07-31 at the
2308:10.1242/jeb.046805
2175:Utetheisa ornatrix
2089:Greene, E (1989).
1785:Scientific Reports
1709:2013-12-31 at the
1700:Scoble, MJ. 1995.
1667:Citheronia regalis
1640:2011-09-09 at the
1056:
1037:
1020:In popular culture
943:
887:biological control
867:
858:Hypsipyla grandela
801:
769:
713:Pine processionary
664:
614:
578:. Its venom is an
525:Nemoria arizonaria
507:
479:
416:
343:
325:
317:
304:
292:
236:, cat (from Latin
183:feed on wool, and
169:eat plant material
82:
63:
50:
3241:Papilio polyxenes
2679:Diaz, HJ (2005).
2417:Monarch Butterfly
2356:(11): 3108–3119.
2104:(4891): 643–646.
1933:978-0-5218-2149-0
1914:Engel, Michael S.
1621:978-0-471-02739-3
1360:Schizura concinna
1128:Marcello Malpighi
1008:are eaten by the
685:Amorpha juglandis
606:Giant swallowtail
540:Chemical defenses
443:Eogeometer vadens
434:million years ago
404:Eogeometer vadens
71:monarch butterfly
45:Euthalia aconthea
16:(Redirected from
3280:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2930:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2842:(11–12): 641–3.
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2649:
2643:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2345:
2339:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2204:
2187:(16): 5992–996.
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2121:
2095:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1965:The Conversation
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1740:(8): 1565–1591.
1727:
1721:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1575:
1525:
1509:
1497:Ahaetulla nasuta
1492:great orange tip
1487:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1431:
1407:
1387:
1372:
1354:
1342:
1326:
1314:
1298:
1287:emperor gum moth
1282:
1265:
1244:
1225:spurge hawk-moth
1220:
995:mucous membranes
848:Economic effects
841:Lymantria dispar
781:tobacco hornworm
765:pasture day moth
680:tobacco hornworm
632:Danaus plexippus
566:urticating hairs
287:Pinus halepensis
227:Old North French
129:
124:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
75:Danaus plexippus
21:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3263:Lepidopterology
3253:
3252:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2640:Wayback Machine
2631:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2424:Wayback Machine
2415:
2411:
2402:
2400:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2336:Wayback Machine
2327:
2323:
2302:(Pt 1): 30–37.
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2119:10.1.1.462.1931
2093:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2045:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2020:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1910:Grimaldi, David
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1777:
1776:
1769:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1711:Wayback Machine
1699:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1642:Wayback Machine
1633:
1629:
1622:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1490:Caterpillar of
1488:
1479:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:, United States
1412:Polyphemus moth
1408:
1399:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1343:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1274:
1270:Sphinx ligustri
1266:
1257:
1245:
1236:
1221:
1209:
1201:Ralph Cifaretto
1049:the Caterpillar
1029:William Blake's
1022:
1012:, and in China
959:osteochondritis
950:dermatitis and
928:
875:cotton bollworm
850:
757:
729:
694:
676:tomato hornworm
656:
629:) and monarch (
627:Tyria jacobaeae
596:brown-tail moth
542:
496:
471:urticating hair
459:
396:
309:
212:
127:
92:
88:
59:Papilio machaon
56:Caterpillar of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3243:larvae walking
3239:3-D animation
3236:
3231:
3226:
3217:
3206:
3205:External links
3203:
3201:
3200:
3187:
3180:
3162:
3155:
3137:
3130:
3106:
3099:
3081:
3074:
3056:
3049:
3031:
3024:
3000:
2993:
2975:
2968:
2950:
2943:
2925:
2914:
2888:
2822:
2788:
2747:
2728:(6): 952–955.
2712:
2691:(3): 347–357.
2671:
2660:(6): 788–797.
2644:
2625:
2567:
2542:
2499:
2482:(4): 412–453.
2459:
2448:(2): 135–141.
2428:
2409:
2383:
2340:
2321:
2286:
2271:
2250:(5): 807–809.
2226:
2163:
2081:
2056:(3): 191–200.
2029:
2007:(1): 181–193.
1983:
1950:
1932:
1901:
1865:
1829:
1767:
1722:
1690:
1655:
1646:
1627:
1620:
1598:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1514:cabbage looper
1511:
1504:
1502:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1337:
1335:
1329:Ant tending a
1328:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1193:The Test Dream
1160:René Descartes
1132:Jan Swammerdam
1124:Francesco Redi
1045:Arthur Rackham
1021:
1018:
1001:environments.
991:conjunctivitis
967:kidney failure
961:, consumption
927:
924:
849:
846:
756:
753:
728:
725:
693:
690:
655:
652:
586:to death (See
541:
538:
495:
492:
458:
455:
423:geometrid moth
409:geometrid moth
395:
392:
391:
390:
387:
384:
379:the number of
377:
308:
305:
261:earth-measurer
216:Middle English
211:
208:
79:swamp milkweed
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3285:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3181:9781443804561
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3156:9781443804561
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3131:9780939923687
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3100:9789047422365
3096:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3075:9789047422365
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3050:9789047422365
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3025:9780939923687
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2994:9781443830676
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2969:9781443830676
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2944:9781316780978
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2767:(4): 1030–2.
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:(5734): 575.
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:Manduca sexta
2432:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2164:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2018:
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1333:caterpillar.
1268:
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1199:dreams that
1197:Tony Soprano
1187:The Sopranos
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1182:Betty Draper
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1092:King Richard
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871:monocultural
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143:insect order
135:larval stage
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3215:Insecta.pro
3198:, "The Fog"
2907:January 31,
1976:24 November
1894:24 November
1858:23 November
1560:Sericulture
1512:Prepupa of
1476:Dryas iulia
1119:Jan Goedart
1088:Shakespeare
805:herbivorous
799:caterpillar
797:spongy moth
737:Paper wasps
637:aposematism
594:. Example:
554:ornate moth
530:Geometridae
520:cryptically
503:Costa Rican
351:Hymenoptera
307:Description
253:Geometridae
223:catirpeller
177:eat insects
147:butterflies
145:comprising
139:Lepidoptera
3257:Categories
2882:2009-09-06
2816:2010-06-26
2808:(4): 208.
2619:2019-09-10
2587:(3): 267.
2561:2009-03-11
2493:2016-11-04
2403:2013-05-08
2157:2017-10-27
2075:2010-06-26
2023:2010-06-26
1944:2019-11-24
1592:2016-01-27
1566:References
1392:eucalyptus
1164:perception
1080:catepelose
948:urticarial
895:pesticides
883:pesticides
818:Eupithecia
811:, feed on
709:gregarious
644:papilionid
612:in defense
610:osmeterium
592:dermatitis
588:Lonomiasis
584:hemorrhage
494:Appearance
331:Larvae of
230:catepelose
185:horn moths
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130:-ər-pil-ər
2856:0025-729X
2114:CiteSeerX
1614:. Wiley.
1530:Geometrid
1396:São Paulo
1254:grapevine
1191:episode "
1140:Cartesian
1014:silkworms
939:Louisiana
935:Buck moth
891:agronomic
865:in Brazil
836:Noctuidae
786:hemolymph
727:Predators
648:osmeteria
619:sequester
570:silk moth
300:geometrid
257:geometrid
210:Etymology
189:ungulates
162:eruciform
2876:Archived
2872:26910462
2864:11837874
2810:Archived
2783:17221019
2742:17368636
2707:15772333
2636:Archived
2613:Archived
2609:86040007
2555:Archived
2553:. USGS.
2537:42604851
2529:16040699
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2420:Archived
2397:Archived
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2017:Archived
1970:Archived
1938:Archived
1888:Archived
1883:Newsweek
1852:Archived
1824:31748672
1707:Archived
1677:Archived
1638:Archived
1586:Archived
1538:See also
1438:, Canada
1420:Virginia
1398:, Brazil
1331:lycaenid
1189:season 5
1178:season 3
1072:Jeremiah
974:bleeding
920:silkworm
863:mahogany
861:damages
813:detritus
755:Behavior
742:Polistes
702:Lycaenid
534:bagworms
457:Defenses
448:Lebanese
381:stemmata
219:catirpel
158:sawflies
3196:Mad Men
2589:Bibcode
2509:Science
2370:3071846
2350:Ecology
2238:Lonomia
2221:3413071
2189:Bibcode
2106:Bibcode
2098:Science
1815:6868187
1794:Bibcode
1762:4854430
1742:Bibcode
1227:, near
1207:Gallery
1176:Mad Men
1166:of the
1076:Babylon
1062:of the
1058:In the
1010:bushmen
979:Lonomia
748:Polybia
575:Lonomia
550:cuckoos
419:In 2019
394:Fossils
359:prolegs
347:instars
290:branch.
269:prolegs
246:pilōsus
203:species
3273:Larvae
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572:genus
427:Eocene
367:suture
363:ocelli
355:sawfly
339:sawfly
259:means
242:pelose
238:cattus
2868:S2CID
2605:S2CID
2533:S2CID
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2374:S2CID
2366:JSTOR
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2140:S2CID
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1064:Bible
971:brain
777:pupal
562:venom
546:setae
516:mimic
451:amber
430:epoch
284:on a
265:Greek
199:pests
151:moths
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