691:
22:
350:
937:) and that military equipment obtained from the program is used to protect civilians, not against them. Referring to the then-ongoing Ferguson unrest, Kirby suggested that police would be criticized regardless for not responding effectively if they did not have equipment from the 1033 Program, and claimed police were only using their equipment against "mass gang of criminals", not peaceful protestors.
452:
251:. The program was named the "1208 Program", after section 1208 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991, which outlined the program's use and authorized the transfer of military hardware from the DoD broadly to "federal and state agencies", but specifically "for use in counter-drug activities", as the legislation was passed in the context of the
944:, defended the 1033 Program as necessary for protecting police officers from violent or deadly assaults by individuals or anti-government groups viewing police as scapegoats. Rabinovich also stated that the transfer of retired MRAPs to police was a better use of the vehicles than selling them to foreign militaries or leaving them for scrap or disuse.
756:, alleged that the federal government is deliberately militarizing police through the 1033 Program to use them against minority communities. Responding to reports of missing weapons, Alessandra Soler, executive director of the ACLU of Arizona, opined that it "wasn't surprising" due to the lack of oversight and public transparency in the 1033 Program.
796:, Obama announced reviews of the use of military equipment, stating military equipment in police use "gives people a feeling like they are an occupying force as opposed to a part of the community there to protect them," and stating that "some equipment made for the battlefield is not appropriate for local police departments."
954:
dismissed criticisms of the 1033 Program as "superficial concerns" and suggested that Obama's limitations were only a concession to protestors. Similarly, FOP president James Pasco defended the 1033 Program as necessary for smaller police departments and noted the vehicles offered by the program were
134:
As of 2020, 8,200 local law enforcement agencies have participated in the 1033 Program, which has transferred $ 5.1 billion in military material from the DoD to law enforcement agencies since 1997. According to the DLA, material worth $ 449 million was transferred in 2013 alone. Though most
879:, stated that officials were conducting a review to determine if police deployed in Ferguson improperly used equipment purchased with the grants for riot suppression, which is not allowed. It was inconclusive from questioning how many times equipment was purchased with funds used to combat terrorism.
620:
told county supervisors he would auction off to balance the PCSO's budget. The state coordinator had appointed an office grants administrator in the PCSO to help Babeu "oversee and authorize military-surplus requisitions"; however, this also allowed the PCSO to approve their own requests with little
670:
were suspended from the 1033 Program for failing to account for some equipment transferred to them from the program. North
Carolina officials stated that 3,303 out of the 4,227 pieces of equipment obtained through the program are tactical items including automatic weapons and military vehicles, and
592:
Law enforcement agencies receiving items from the 1033 Program must declare the intended use for each item received, maintain an audit trail for each item, and conduct inventory checks for the DLA. Firearms, certain vehicles and other equipment must be returned to the
Defense Department after use.
469:
As of 2014, 8,000 law enforcement agencies participate in the 1033 Program. Police departments are responsible for paying for shipment and storage of material acquired, but do not pay for the donation. The largest number of requests come from small to mid-sized police departments who are unable to
374:
According to LESO, from 1997 until 2014, $ 5.1 billion in military hardware was transferred from the DoD to local
American law enforcement agencies, with materiel worth $ 449 million transferred in 2013 alone. About a third of the offered equipment was new. As of 2022, the total value of
275:
to allow the DoD to transfer "property... including small arms and ammunition... suitable for use by the agencies in law enforcement activities, including counter-drug and counter-terrorism activities", noting that "preference is given to counter-drug and counter-terrorism requests". It was signed
442:
Under the program, equipment is designated as either controlled or non-controlled property. Controlled property comprises military items, including weapons, and is supplied on a conditional basis; ownership remains with the DoD, and property must be returned when no longer in use. Non-controlled
378:
The most commonly obtained item from the 1033 Program is ammunition. Also commonly requested are supplies and non-combat equipment, including clothing, sandbags, medical supplies, sleeping bags, flashlights, containers, generators, and electrical wiring. The program offers a variety of military
2808:
340:
issued
Executive Order 14074, addressing police reform. Section 12 prohibited or limited to specific uses the transfer of a number of military items, including firearms of .50 caliber or greater, silencers, bayonets, vehicles without a commercial application, explosives, weaponized drones, and
363:
DLA Disposition
Services helps the DoD dispose of its "excess property... from air conditioners to vehicles, clothing to computers" via "transfer to other federal agencies, or donation to state and local governments and other qualified organizations", as well as by "sale of surplus property".
639:
found that the DoD "does not have management controls in place" to avert waste, abuse, and fraud in the 1033 Program, and identified "hundreds of millions of dollars in reported lost, damaged, or stolen excess property ... which contributed to reutilization program waste and inefficiency."
869:
835:
600:
is supposed to function as oversight after dispersion of equipment, headed and overseen by a state coordinator that is appointed by the state governor who must approve applications. The state coordinating agency is housed within a state agency that varies from state to state, such as the
235:(February – October 1944); the Surplus Property Board in the Office of War Mobilization and Reconversion (October 1944 – September 1945); and the Surplus Property Administration; as well as corporations like the Petroleum Reserves Corporation and the War Assets Corporation. The
627:
newspaper reported the misconduct, the DLA "announced agency-wide reforms", Babeu was ordered to "retrieve vehicles and other equipment his office distributed to non-police organizations", and 1033 Program weapons requisitions were temporarily suspended and audited nationwide.
914:
stated that the 1033 Program ultimately protects civilians and aids law enforcement across the U.S. in counterterrorism and anti-narcotic operations. He added that the DoD was diligent in deciding what equipment was sent to specific police departments.
2812:
1696:
443:
property, also known as general property, includes items like office equipment, first aid kits, and sleeping bags, and becomes the public property of the receiving agency. In 2019, non-controlled property accounted for 92% of transfers.
2809:"The Department of Defense Excess Property Program in Support of U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies: An Overview of DOD Authorities, Roles, Responsibilities, and Implementation of Section 1033 of the 1997 National Defense Authorization Act"
474:
between the DLA and the states participating in the program requires that police either use their received equipment within one year or return it. The rules allow police to dispose of or sell some goods after at least one year of use.
659:, was suspended after it failed to account for 20 of the 200 weapons it had received. The MCSO blamed the errors on outdated computers and tracking devices from when the weapons were transferred in the 1990s. According to Sheriff
341:
long-range acoustic devices. The order also increased application and certification requirements for law enforcement agencies seeking materiel. Section 12 applied to the 1033 Program and other federal equipment transfer programs.
674:
Fusion reported in August 2014 that a total of 184 state and local police departments had been suspended from the program for missing weapons and failure to comply with guidelines. Missing items included firearms and two
1610:
368:
809:, stated that the American government "has incentivized the militarization of local police precincts and helped municipal governments build what are essentially small armies." Paul's second Ferguson op-ed in
766:, criticized the 1033 Program for militarizing police and negatively affecting Black communities, and condemned the 2017 lifting of restrictions on the program as "exceptionally dangerous and irresponsible".
1249:
2337:
568:
In instances where school police departments fail to or do not directly attempt to acquire equipment from the 1033 Program, they often borrow such equipment from local and regional law enforcement through
2602:
1571:
1951:
1632:
470:
afford extra clothing, vehicles, and weapons. The program gives smaller police departments access to material that larger police departments are usually able to afford without federal assistance. A
299:
signed
Executive Order 13688, limiting and prohibiting the transfer of certain types of weapons and equipment to law enforcement agencies through the 1033 Program, including large-caliber weaponry,
202:, which uncovered mismanagement within LESO. Proponents of the program argue the equipment acquired from LESO protect police officers and civilians, may be necessary at any time in the event of a
1688:
2690:
1796:
1497:
1124:
1155:
2455:
2843:
834:
Representative Hank
Johnson urged the heads of the Armed Services Committees to adopt a moratorium on the transfer of certain items and to eliminate a section of the House version of the
648:
The DLA can suspend law enforcement agencies from the 1033 Program for failing to meet the program's standards and guidelines, including misuse or misplacement of transferred equipment.
231:
provided for the disposal of surplus government property. To deal with these disposals, numerous short-lived agencies were formed, such as the
Surplus War Property Administration in the
2064:
1730:
2785:
2482:
1461:
2992:
2572:
1831:
1530:
606:
2091:
284:
In
October 2014, the DLA Disposition Services first released information about the equipment distribution by county, in the wake of public scrutiny following reports that the
2276:
2122:
1594:
2183:
663:, the suspension did not affect the MCSO's acquisition of weaponry, as they could already afford them using anti-racketeering funding and confiscated narcotics proceeds.
2214:
632:
195:
2977:
1177:
2037:
265:, with the passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997, the 1208 Program was expanded to the 1033 Program. Section 1033 of the act amended
1890:
1367:
1241:
853:
828:
2341:
2754:
1211:
925:(FOP), defended the 1033 Program, stating that incidents requiring the use of 1033 Program equipment could occur anywhere in the U.S. (specifically highlighting
2982:
2594:
2541:
1563:
1977:
2987:
2149:
992:
849:
drafted legislation proposing to curb but not end the 1033 Program, and urged legislative armed services committee to suspend the transfer of some equipment.
1947:
498:
School police departments reported to have received weapons, equipment, and vehicles from the program (or returned them due to public backlash) include the
2720:
2245:
581:
1661:
2364:
1340:
891:
declined to review the program, stating that any review would follow an investigation by the Obama administration, while police lobbying efforts and the
635:
audit found incorrect or inadequate documentation in about three-quarters of the transactions analyzed, declaring LESO records unreliable. In 2005, the
2682:
1309:
682:
Investigative journalist Susan Katz
Keating reported in October 2017 that certain elements of the program were restored despite the compliance issues.
491:
have received equipment through the 1033 Program. The most oft-cited reasons for the acquisition of military equipment by school and campus police are
1788:
2628:
1489:
365:
1120:
763:
2007:
1867:
1147:
120:
2835:
2451:
1405:
2423:
2777:
2060:
1722:
1091:
285:
2956:
2391:
1633:"Advancing Effective, Accountable Policing and Criminal Justice Practices To Enhance Public Trust and Public Safety (Executive Order 14074)"
655:
police agencies have been suspended or terminated for failing to meet program standards and nine remain under suspension". One of them, the
513:
Colleges and universities whose campus police departments are reported to have received or returned equipment from the 1033 Program include
2478:
1457:
546:
503:
94:
1823:
2314:
876:
656:
70:
1519:
97:. The program legally requires the DoD to make various items of equipment available to local law enforcement, ranging from supplies to
2087:
907:
Numerous defenses of LESO and the 1033 Program have been made, primarily by DoD officials, law enforcement officials, and supporters.
865:
839:
602:
267:
562:
499:
2268:
2114:
636:
613:
538:
199:
2659:
2564:
2175:
2932:
2892:
2206:
1435:
1058:
918:
784:
criticisms of the 1033 Program were made by numerous American politicians over the course of 2014, during the Ferguson unrest.
578:
570:
46:
948:
753:
416:
375:
transfers since 1990 was $ 7.1 billion, based on original acquisition value, not accounting for depreciation of used items.
319:
179:
42:
2029:
1279:
554:
526:
353:
1894:
1371:
2750:
892:
857:
471:
2505:"Rifles, mine-resistant vehicles, robots: How Colorado police have used a federal program to stockpile military gear"
2533:
887:
organized the Senate's first hearing on the program, and federal officials faced bipartisan criticism. However, the
2962:
2912:
2875:
1973:
1038:
558:
424:
356:
292:. Federal records on the movement of military equipment to police were released to the public on 21 November 2014.
232:
90:
2504:
2145:
984:
2716:
2237:
922:
888:
455:
326:
258:
In 1995, the Law Enforcement Support Office was created within the DLA to work exclusively with law enforcement.
236:
2338:"'From warfighter to crimefighter' – the US 1033 program, and the risk of corruption and misuse of public funds"
1919:
1755:
773:
Casey Delehanty and colleagues, larger 1033 Program transfers are associated with increased killings by police.
1924:
1760:
1665:
964:
690:
542:
534:
530:
187:
109:
105:
26:
2368:
1336:
1313:
793:
723:
522:
484:
459:
1014:
2924:
2624:
1050:
860:, the director of the National Tactical Officers Association, and two DoD employees. Their heads, Reps.
727:
550:
21:
1999:
1859:
1401:
612:
In 2010, a police detective was appointed as Arizona's state coordinator; this reportedly allowed the
1689:"The Pentagon gave nearly half a billion dollars of military gear to local law enforcement last year"
911:
896:
739:
735:
623:
330:
228:
124:
50:
38:
792:
ordered a review of the 1033 Program and police use of acquisitions from the program. Following the
1637:
930:
514:
308:
82:
54:
2921:
2479:"Fusion Investigates: How did America's police departments lose loads of military-issued weapons?"
1080:
1047:
671:
that the remainder is not used in combat and includes sleeping bags, containers, and generators.
239:
was the latest to operate and was abolished in 1949, when the Surplus Property Act was repealed.
831:
subcommittee "Oversight and Investigations" hearing to examine the program, which was postponed.
718:
Public, scholarly, and political criticism of LESO and the 1033 Program increased following the
2928:
2888:
1054:
2306:
1602:
1171:
574:
436:
248:
247:
The predecessor of the 1033 Program was created in 1990 under the administration of President
172:
2298:
2509:
884:
817:
743:
412:
396:
384:
304:
300:
128:
86:
30:
2299:"Davis acquires mine-resistant war vehicle while some complain of militarization of police"
2269:"University of California, Berkeley Campus Police Will Not Be Allowed To Buy Armored Truck"
2115:"University of California, Berkeley Campus Police Will Not Be Allowed To Buy Armored Truck"
616:
to amass over $ 7 million worth of military equipment between 2010 and 2012, which Sheriff
2595:"Obama administration bans some military-style assault gear from local police departments"
804:
719:
707:
518:
492:
432:
289:
191:
820:
suggested that "Congress would seek to better train police to use transferred equipment".
16:
U.S. Department of Defense division and program transferring military equipment to police
934:
781:
770:
667:
211:
160:
190:
concerns; by American citizens following the use of 1033 Program equipment during the
2971:
2651:
951:
926:
488:
408:
400:
388:
322:
207:
136:
2884:
1427:
947:
In 2017, while announcing Trump's roll-back of 1033 Program limitations to the FOP,
391:
and high-caliber firearms. Among the military weapons (as highlighted by media) are
349:
271:
846:
789:
759:
731:
703:
699:
315:
296:
262:
252:
168:
148:
116:
2061:"LAUSD Police Arsenal Includes Armored Vehicle, Grenade Launchers, Chief Confirms"
593:
Per the DLA, "For security reasons information is not subject to public review".
151:—the items most commonly requested by law enforcement through the program include
135:
media attention is placed on the materiel acquired from the 1033 Program—such as
115:
Precedent legislation of the 1033 Program's concept has existed since the end of
1595:"Trump to restore program sending surplus military weapons, equipment to police"
861:
824:
749:
451:
415:
rounds, and were no longer made available as of 1999. Vehicle offerings include
1275:
730:
in 2020, when police used vehicles and equipment acquired from the program for
695:
660:
617:
156:
144:
140:
2310:
1974:"Report: School Districts Are Receiving Free Military Gear From The Pentagon"
1606:
1428:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 (1996 - H.R. 3230)"
800:
651:
DLA public affairs chief Kenneth MacNevin stated in 2012 that "more than 30
337:
203:
856:
reviewed the program and interviewed four witnesses: the president of the
2936:
2896:
1062:
404:
152:
98:
1212:"Pinal Sheriff's Office stockpiles, prepares to sell military equipment"
652:
463:
392:
380:
164:
2340:. Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists. Archived from
2207:"Ohio State University Acquires Military-Style Armored Truck (PHOTO)"
1242:"Pentagon defends program supplying military gear to Ferguson police"
676:
597:
78:
34:
1564:"Trump expected to lift ban on military gear to local police forces"
838:, passed earlier in 2014, that would expand equipment transfers to
689:
507:
450:
428:
348:
183:
127:
purposes. In 1997, usage was expanded into other areas, including
20:
2683:"How Police Unions Stopped Congress From 'Militarization' Reform"
178:
LESO and the 1033 Program have been criticized by the media, the
899:, and support for changing or ending the 1033 Program dwindled.
875:
Brian Kamoie, assistant administrator for grant programs at the
420:
399:; however, according to the DoD, the bayonets are repurposed as
123:
permitted the transfer of DoD resources to law enforcement for
2036:. KPBS Public Broadcasting. Associated Press. September 2014.
364:
Availability of surplus equipment has been facilitated by the
1370:. US Government Defense Logistics Agency. n.d. Archived from
1121:"Most Popular Items in the Defense Department's 1033 Program"
1458:"The Pentagon Finally Details its Weapons-for-Cops Giveaway"
2625:"Obama sets new limits on police use of military equipment"
2030:"San Diego School Police To Return 18-Ton Military Vehicle"
2000:"On Campus, Grenade Launchers, M-16s, and Armored Vehicles"
1860:"On Campus, Grenade Launchers, M-16s, and Armored Vehicles"
1824:"The Pentagon Is Giving Grenade Launchers to Campus Police"
734:, which is prohibited, as opposed to their intended use in
318:
rolled back Executive Order 13688, effective immediately.
2778:"Lawmaker drafting bill to demilitarize local police 108"
2238:"Campus Police Are Stocking Up on Military-Grade Weapons"
1081:"Military & Civilian Resources: Doing More With Less"
333:, and said the president would do so by executive order.
276:
into law by President Bill Clinton on 23 September 1996.
2565:"Obama orders review of police use of military hardware"
2424:"MCSO missing nine weapons from Pentagon's 1033 program"
2236:
Kingkade, Tyler; Svokos, Alexandra (15 September 2014).
288:
used materiel acquired from the 1033 Program during the
1337:"How America's Police Became an Army: The 1033 Program"
1148:"Pentagon weaponry in St. Louis County: Updated Column"
596:
A state coordinating agency in each U.S. state except
2836:"Answering the critics of MRAPs and the 1033 Program"
2717:"Washington Bails on Demilitarization After Ferguson"
2059:
Pamer, Melissa; Romero, Lynette (15 September 2014).
2088:"Military Rifles, Armor Sent to Texas School Police"
1789:"Pentagon Rethinks Giving MRAPs, Bayonets to Police"
1490:"Obama bans some military equipment sales to police"
1276:"Fraternal Order of Police defends 'militarization'"
2807:House armed services committee (13 November 2014).
1520:"Recommendations Pursuant to Executive Order 13688"
813:
did not mention the demilitarization of the police.
2913:
2876:
2776:Mario Trujillo and Jesse Byrnes (14 August 2014).
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1039:
607:California Governor's Office of Emergency Services
1948:"Police forces pick up surplus military supplies"
842:, the largest law enforcement agency in the U.S..
633:Department of Defense Office of Inspector General
1660:DLA Disposition Services Public Affairs (n.d.).
706:to survey a crowd of protestors during the 2014
573:, such as the shared use of an MRAP between the
506:, and at least ten school police departments in
359:officers with military equipment during training
2563:Steve Holland; Andrea Shalal (24 August 2014).
1362:
1360:
1358:
829:United States House Committee on Armed Services
2534:"The rhetorical power of "support our troops""
1308:Law Enforcement Support Office (LESO) (n.d.).
379:weapons and equipment to police, ranging from
210:, and are not heavy military weaponry such as
112:(DLA), which is itself a division of the DoD.
2993:Riots and civil disorder in the United States
2477:Daniel Rivero, Jorge Rivas (26 August 2014).
1483:
1481:
1479:
940:Police officer Steve Rabinovich, writing for
119:. The modern program arose in 1990, when the
8:
2710:
2708:
2652:"Rand Paul: We Must Demilitarize the Police"
1176:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2715:McMorris-Santoro, Evan (24 November 2014).
2417:
2415:
2413:
1664:. DLA Disposition Services. Archived from
1312:. DLA Disposition Services. Archived from
2744:
2742:
2740:
2738:
1889:DLA Disposition Services (22 July 2014).
1723:"Emotions run high in Ferguson, Missouri"
1716:
1714:
1402:"US police go military with 1033 program"
868:(D-Wash.), worked on a compromise of the
2957:Law Enforcement Support Office Home Page
2751:"Push to demilitarize cops in lame duck"
2452:"1033 Program in Eastern North Carolina"
2445:
2443:
2441:
2176:"Campus Police Acquire Military Weapons"
1687:Ingraham, Christopher (14 August 2014).
1015:"What is the federal LESO/1033 Program?"
764:NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund
108:, which is a subordinate command of the
2978:Military logistics of the United States
2868:
2363:Law Enforcement Support Office (n.d.).
1976:. Talking Points Memo. September 2014.
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
976:
870:2015 National Defense Authorization Act
836:2015 National Defense Authorization Act
33:offerings. Pictured in the slide are a
2392:"Police in combat gear stir criticism"
1980:from the original on 15 September 2014
1169:
29:brochure promoting the 1033 Program's
2834:Rabinovich, Steve (4 November 2014).
2788:from the original on 25 November 2014
2757:from the original on 12 November 2014
2723:from the original on 25 November 2014
2693:from the original on 27 November 2014
2458:from the original on 19 February 2015
2279:from the original on 1 September 2016
2248:from the original on 17 February 2016
2217:from the original on 2 September 2017
2169:
2167:
2125:from the original on 1 September 2016
2040:from the original on 15 December 2014
1954:from the original on 20 February 2015
1853:
1851:
1849:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:from the original on 9 September 2014
1782:
1780:
1778:
1750:
1748:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1252:from the original on 29 November 2014
995:from the original on 22 February 2018
7:
2983:Law enforcement in the United States
2846:from the original on 5 December 2014
2631:from the original on 1 November 2019
2317:from the original on 7 December 2017
2205:Stuart, Hunter (18 September 2013).
2186:from the original on 2 December 2017
2152:from the original on 2 December 2017
2146:"Military Hardware for College Cops"
2094:from the original on 2 December 2017
2067:from the original on 3 December 2017
2010:from the original on 2 December 2017
1870:from the original on 2 December 2017
1834:from the original on 2 December 2017
1282:from the original on 2 December 2014
1269:
1267:
1235:
1233:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1127:from the original on 15 January 2015
1114:
1112:
1097:from the original on 4 February 2015
504:Los Angeles School Police Department
73:(DoD) responsible for managing the "
47:Richland County Sheriff's Department
2988:Race and crime in the United States
2662:from the original on 15 August 2014
2605:from the original on 25 August 2019
2575:from the original on 24 August 2014
2544:from the original on 5 October 2017
2485:from the original on 27 August 2014
2144:Grasgreen, Allie (25 August 2014).
1733:from the original on 26 August 2014
1729:. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
1699:from the original on 15 August 2014
1574:from the original on 27 August 2017
1500:from the original on 28 August 2017
1408:from the original on 18 August 2014
1343:from the original on 15 August 2014
1158:from the original on 28 August 2017
877:Federal Emergency Management Agency
71:United States Department of Defense
2918:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2881:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
2450:Ramey, Elisse (24 November 2014).
1893:. LESO. p. 69. Archived from
1613:from the original on 13 April 2018
1464:from the original on 18 March 2018
1438:from the original on 9 August 2016
1400:Walker, Richard (15 August 2014).
1335:Wofford, Taylor (13 August 2014).
1044:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
840:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
603:Alaska Department of Public Safety
403:, while the grenade launchers use
14:
2681:David Weigel (27 November 2014).
2422:Cassidy, Megan (27 August 2014).
2336:Daniela Guzman (29 August 2014).
2174:Bauman, Dan (21 September 2014).
2004:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1864:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1858:Bauman, Dan (11 September 2014).
1562:Johnson, Kevin (28 August 2017).
1090:. Domestic Preparedness Journal.
910:DoD press secretary Rear Admiral
854:House Committee on Armed Services
563:University of Louisiana at Monroe
500:San Diego Unified School District
366:reduced American presence in Iraq
2784:. Capitol Hill Publishing Corp.
2749:Lillis, Mike (1 November 2014).
2390:Dennis Wagner (20 August 2014).
2365:"State Coordinator Contact List"
2086:Noll, Scott (5 September 2014).
1536:from the original on 16 May 2017
1146:Rupp, David Mastio, and Kelsey.
657:Maricopa County Sheriff's Office
637:Government Accountability Office
539:Florida International University
200:Government Accountability Office
2811:. U.S. Congress. Archived from
2267:Kingkade, Tyler (6 July 2012).
2113:Kingkade, Tyler (6 July 2012).
1593:Jackman, Tom (27 August 2017).
579:University of California, Davis
196:DoD Office of Inspector General
1721:Kara Dansky (19 August 2014).
1488:Korte, Gregory (18 May 2015).
63:Law Enforcement Support Office
55:Butler County Sheriff's Office
1:
1210:Dennis Wagner (19 May 2012).
769:According to a 2017 study by
614:Pinal County Sheriff's Office
555:Central Washington University
527:University of Central Florida
354:Los Angeles Police Department
314:On 28 August 2017, President
2650:Rand Paul (14 August 2014).
2639:– via www.reuters.com.
893:2014 United States elections
762:, associate director of the
666:Law enforcement agencies in
495:responses and cost savings.
39:Dale County Sheriff's Office
883:In September 2014, Senator
3009:
1527:Obama White House Archives
559:University of Texas System
425:armored personnel carriers
336:On 25 May 2022, President
325:announced the move at the
286:Ferguson Police Department
233:Office of War Mobilization
91:United States Armed Forces
77:", which transfers excess
69:) is a division under the
2842:. Praetorian Group, Inc.
1898:(powerpoint presentation)
923:Fraternal Order of Police
889:House Judiciary Committee
752:, senior counsel for the
694:A police officer wearing
489:campus police departments
485:school police departments
483:As of 2014, more than 20
456:M577 command post carrier
327:Fraternal Order of Police
237:War Assets Administration
198:in 2003; and by the U.S.
1925:Defense Logistics Agency
1761:Defense Logistics Agency
1218:. Gannett, azcentral.com
989:Defense Logistics Agency
965:Militarization of police
872:instead of a moratorium.
543:Arizona State University
535:Florida State University
531:University of California
479:School and campus police
110:Defense Logistics Agency
106:DLA Disposition Services
95:law enforcement agencies
27:Defense Logistics Agency
2532:C.K. (4 October 2017).
1891:"1033 Program Overview"
794:2015 Baltimore protests
523:Hinds Community College
502:Police Department, the
472:memorandum of agreement
460:Tampa Police Department
431:, and various types of
295:In May 2015, President
121:U.S. federal government
2963:Current LESO Home Page
929:in the small towns of
803:, writing an op-ed in
710:
547:University of Maryland
466:
417:light utility vehicles
360:
104:LESO is a division of
58:
2367:. DLA. Archived from
2006:. 11 September 2014.
1088:Domestic Preparedness
728:George Floyd protests
693:
551:Ohio State University
454:
352:
212:armed combat vehicles
188:police militarization
24:
2396:The Arizona Republic
1830:. 5 September 2014.
624:The Arizona Republic
331:Nashville, Tennessee
329:(FOP) convention in
229:Surplus Property Act
51:Cadillac Gage Ranger
1920:"1033 Program FAQs"
1900:on 30 November 2014
1756:"1033 Program FAQs"
1693:The Washington Post
1668:on 18 November 2014
1638:US Federal Register
1460:. 3 December 2014.
1374:on 30 November 2014
1246:The Washington Post
931:Columbine, Colorado
921:, president of the
777:Political criticism
736:tactical operations
515:Columbia University
2941:September 23, 1996
2815:on 6 December 2014
2371:on 5 December 2014
2344:on 5 December 2014
2305:. 20 August 2014.
2303:The Sacramento Bee
2180:The New York Times
1404:. Deutsche Welle.
1368:"The 1033 Program"
1316:on 2 December 2014
1310:"1033 Program FAQ"
1067:September 23, 1996
895:rendered Congress
724:Baltimore protests
711:
467:
447:Police departments
361:
303:armored vehicles,
59:
2901:November 29, 1989
2689:. Bloomberg L.P.
2398:. Gannett Company
1946:Firozi, Paulina.
858:Police Foundation
726:in 2015, and the
621:oversight. After
582:Police Department
575:Davis, California
397:grenade launchers
385:bulletproof vests
305:grenade launchers
249:George H. W. Bush
173:electrical wiring
3000:
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1787:Nelson, Steven.
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1079:Poynton, Aaron.
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1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
985:"Shedding Light"
981:
949:Attorney General
919:Chuck Canterbury
885:Claire McCaskill
818:Claire McCaskill
771:social scientist
744:counterterrorism
740:drug enforcement
510:, among others.
320:Attorney General
274:
261:Under President
161:medical supplies
149:armored vehicles
129:counterterrorism
125:drug enforcement
31:military vehicle
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2658:. Time Warner.
2649:
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2634:
2632:
2627:. 18 May 2015.
2623:
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2601:. 18 May 2015.
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864:(R-Calif.) and
845:Representative
823:Representative
779:
720:Ferguson unrest
716:
708:Ferguson unrest
688:
646:
590:
577:police and the
519:Yale University
493:school shooting
481:
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369:and Afghanistan
347:
290:Ferguson unrest
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192:Ferguson unrest
137:service weapons
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2951:External links
2949:
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2929:H.R. 3230
2922:104–201 (text)
2905:
2889:H.R. 2461
2867:
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2687:Bloomberg News
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1274:Bruce, Becky.
1263:
1240:Lamothe, Dan.
1229:
1183:
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1055:H.R. 3230
1048:104–201 (text)
1031:
1006:
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960:
957:
935:Killeen, Texas
927:mass shootings
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668:North Carolina
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409:smoke grenades
401:utility knives
389:assault rifles
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1950:. USA Today.
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2569:Reuters.com
2462:26 November
2402:28 November
2375:28 November
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2090:. KHOU 11.
2044:28 November
1904:27 November
1727:CNN Opinion
1672:27 November
1432:GovTrack.us
1320:27 November
1286:24 November
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825:Buck McKeon
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2098:2 December
2071:2 December
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1838:2 December
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1131:15 January
1101:4 February
1065:, enacted
1019:Dover Post
971:References
912:John Kirby
866:Adam Smith
788:President
782:Bipartisan
696:body armor
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2863:Footnotes
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1737:23 August
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1578:28 August
1568:USA Today
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1504:28 August
1494:USA Today
1412:18 August
1378:16 August
1347:16 August
1162:22 August
1152:USA TODAY
942:PoliceOne
897:lame duck
801:Rand Paul
714:Criticism
686:Responses
588:Oversight
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