Binomial nomenclature - Knowledge (XXG)

4386: 728:, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified. In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is not the case for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another, unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family, or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera. 640: 627:, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species. This means the species a binomial name refers to can be clearly identified, as compared to the common names of species which are usually different in every language. However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can sometimes be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are " 57: 539: 4714: 44: 399: 4182: 1827: 1126: 4724: 410:

designate or label the species, and second, to be a diagnosis or description; however, these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible. In a simple genus, containing only two species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-word specific name; but as more species were discovered, the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for instance,

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is the harlequin ladybird in its black or melanic forms having four large orange or red spots. In botany, there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts, a "connecting term" (not part of the name) is needed to show the rank. Thus, the American black elder is

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A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial name). However, the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include:

714:

Because genus names are unique only within a nomenclature code, it is possible for homonyms (two or more species sharing the same genus name) to happen, and even the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least 1,258 instances of genus name duplication occur (mainly between zoology and

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The first part of the binomial, the genus name, is always written with an initial capital letter. Older sources, particularly botanical works published before the 1950s, used a different convention: if the second part of the name was derived from a proper noun, e.g., the name of a person or place, a

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sets out precise rules by which a personal name is to be converted to a specific epithet. In particular, names ending in a consonant (but not "er") are treated as first being converted into Latin by adding "-ius" (for a man) or "-ia" (for a woman), and then being made genitive (i.e. meaning "of that

683:

element is constant. Similarly, if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, the second part of the binomial name is retained as a trinomen (the third part of the new name). Thus, the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species

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Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a system for naming species. Implicitly, it includes a system for naming genera, since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name. In a classification system based on ranks, there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and

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The binomial name should generally be written in full. The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may

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Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature. These names had two separate functions. First, to

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but not certainly identified as this species". In molecular systematics papers, "cf." may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed to be related to a described species. For example, in a paper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish called darters, five

657:, tend to favor stability. For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), the second part of the binomial is kept the same (unless it becomes a homonym). Thus, there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera 1717:

In scholarly texts, at least the first or main use of the binomial name is usually followed by the "authority" – a way of designating the scientist(s) who first published the name. The authority is written in slightly different ways in zoology and botany. For names governed by the

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with the new genus if the specific epithet is an adjective modifying the genus name. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species).

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Linnaeus's trivial names introduced the important new idea that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label, meaning that the name no longer needed to be descriptive. Both parts could, for example, be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's

285:; the parentheses indicate that the species is now placed in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information. 1345:), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code: or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the only term common to the two codes. 705:

Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to

454:(1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words. The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician 186:) containing many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. Binomial nomenclature was introduced in order to provide succinct, relatively stable and verifiable names that could be used and understood internationally, unlike 1622:

The abbreviation "sp." is used when the actual specific name cannot or need not be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". These abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined). For example:

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McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W. F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012).

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Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P.

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organisms. Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules.

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in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary. In paleontology, it is typically used when the identification is not confirmed. For example,

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does not require the intermediate creation of a Latin form of a personal name, allowing the genitive ending to be added directly to the personal name. This explains the difference between the names of the plant

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Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in

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Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard's herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called

1991: 1282: 752: 205: 1455:", has been suggested, although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a published code for a different system of biotic nomenclature, which does not use ranks above species, but instead names 3380:

International code of zoological nomenclature, adopted by the XV International Congress of Zoology / Code international de nomenclature zoologique, adopté par le XVe Congrès international de zoologie

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Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who published the name and description for this species; 1758 is the year the name and original description were published (in this case, in the

2707: 2235: 999:. Latin nouns can have three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, and many Latin adjectives will have two or three different endings, depending upon the gender of the noun they refer to. The 1254:

Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within the purview of each nomenclatural code, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera (as is shown by examples of

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The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes /gathered by John Gerarde of London, Master in Chirurgerie; very much enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson, Citizen and Apothecarye of London

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undescribed putative species (Ozark, Sheltowee, Wildcat, Ihiyo, and Mamequit darters), notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive color patterns, were referred to as "

530:, whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece. Linnaeus's trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names, and eventually replaced them. 217:). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences in the terminology they use and their particular rules. 590:

Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide. A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as

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below the level of species. Ranks above genus (e.g., family, order, class) receive one-part names, which are conventionally not written in italics. Thus, the house sparrow,

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International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011

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recommends that the "original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work dealing with the taxon denoted by that name." For names governed by the

1690:(orangethroat darter). This view was supported to varying degrees by DNA analysis. The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as 2146: 1641:". (These abbreviations should not be confused with the abbreviations "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany), plurals "sspp." or "subspp.", referring to one or more 1266:

From the early 19th century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became

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The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names that the Codes of

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The second part of the name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically as a Latin word. It can have one of a number of forms:

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Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember. It corresponds to the noun-adjective form many

195: 110: 2847: 1921:. In zoology, the only formal rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply as three parts (a trinomen). Thus, one of the subspecies of the 1722:

the surname is usually written in full together with the date (normally only the year) of publication. One example of author citation of scientific name is: "

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In modern usage, the first letter of the generic name is always capitalized in writing, while that of the specific epithet is not, even when derived from a

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Ranks below species receive three-part names, conventionally written in italics like the names of species. There are significant differences between the

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When used with a common name, the scientific name often follows in parentheses, although this varies with publication. For example, "The house sparrow (

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The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the

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When the original name is changed, e.g., the species is moved to a different genus, both codes use parentheses around the original authority; the

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are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate. Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name

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take to indicate a species within a group (for example, 'brown bear' to refer to a particular type of bear), as well as the widespread system of

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Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate

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al nomenclature" is the technically correct term in zoology. A binomial name is also called a binomen (plural binomina) or binominal name.

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would have been used. The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually (if ever) the person who created the name; for example,

631:". Furthermore, within zoology or botany, each species name applies to only one species. If a name is used more than once, it is called a 3905: 238:. Often, after a species name is introduced in a text, the generic name is abbreviated to the first letter in subsequent mentions (e.g., 3956:

Near, T. J.; Bossu, C. M.; Bradburd, G. S.; Carlson, R. L.; Harrington, R. C.; Hollingsworth, P. R.; Keck, B. P.; Etnier, D. A. (2011).

3759: 3515: 2405: 2274: 4684: 3383:(in French and English). Vol. 1961 (1 ed.). London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. pp. 11, 148. 1874: 3813: 3713: 4750: 4550: 4110: 3647: 2756: 1697:

In some contexts, the dagger symbol ("†") may be used before or after the binomial name to indicate that the species is extinct.

816:, "tree". Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form. Thus coca (the plant from which cocaine is obtained) has the name 2864: 639: 2301:

Stearn, William T. (1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology".

1738: 266: 3022: 4755: 4596: 2243: 1852: 915: 1766:

L. – "L." is the standard abbreviation for "Linnaeus"; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name.

1619:, these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given. 653:

Stability. Although stability is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the

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Michener, Charles D. (1964). "The possible use of uninominal nomenclature to increase the stability of names in biology".

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The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case. An example is the binomial name of the lion, which is

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above), but cannot be used more than once within a single genus. The full binomial name must be unique within each code.

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for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the year of publication may be specified.

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Both codes consider the first part of the two-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (

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The second part of a binomial may be an adjective. If so, the form of the adjective must agree with the genus name in

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maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too.

474:) after a generic name (genus name) in a system of binomial nomenclature. Trivial names had already appeared in his 4689: 4247: 4186: 3050: 2813:

Cantino, P. D.; Bryant, H. D.; de Queiroz, K.; Donoghue, M. J.; Eriksson, T.; Hillis, D. M.; Lee, M. S. Y. (1999).

1780: 1330:"Binomial nomenclature" is the correct term for botany, although it is also used by zoologists. Since 1961, "binomi 944: 502:). The Bauhins' genus names were retained in many of these, but the descriptive part was reduced to a single word. 229: 1856: 1841: 4674: 4544: 4365: 2036: 1708: 1367:

The starting points, the time from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In

487: 443:, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia". The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels. 228:

in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist

4679: 3790: 3166: 2366: 1910:. Family names are normally based on genus names, although the endings used differ between zoology and botany. 1809: 1712: 1209: 895: 31: 2188: 2110:. It is written in italic form. Followed by the last name of the scientist who discovered it (Heinrich Benno 1473:

As noted above, there are some differences between the codes in how binomials can be formed; for example the

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requires names not published in the form required by the code to be corrected to conform to it, whereas the

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is neuter. Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) are

56: 4717: 4654: 4416: 4210: 4017:. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffordshire, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. pp. 114–115. 3548:. Successful Learning, Center for Development of Teaching and Learning, National University of Singapore. 2006: 1892: 1762: 1481:

does not. Another difference is in how personal names are used in forming specific names or epithets. The

1352:, the plant code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same (such a name is called a 564: 560: 298: 126: 4155: 3859: 1954: 1771: 1583:

then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/full stop). For example, a list of members of the genus

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may validly refer to either of the epithets in the binomial name, which can equally be referred to as a

307: 35: 1326:), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well as names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.g.: 952:

The first part of the name, which identifies the genus, must be a word which can be treated as a Latin

4461: 4373: 4341: 4309: 4269: 2147:"Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" 1981: 907: 482: 3406: 4649: 4604: 4586: 4524: 4357: 4261: 3378: 2980: 2011: 1599:". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more general use; for example, the bacterium 1381:

the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's

1214: 1142:(possessive) case. The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin, depending on the 1038: 886: 527: 3100: 2455: 4644: 4441: 4405: 4400: 3751: 2795: 2318: 1922: 1650: 1267: 1181: 1176: 1130: 996: 980: 961: 953: 862: 731: 725: 654: 628: 568: 70: 3679: 3672: 3232: 1200:

endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man (not the same one); had Hodgson been a woman,

4699: 4659: 4484: 4451: 4446: 4410: 4349: 4317: 4116: 4087: 4066: 4047: 4018: 3979: 3936: 3885: 3743: 3735: 3725: 3683: 3615: 3611: 3588: 3357: 3158: 3086: 2961: 2932: 2839: 2686: 2628: 2620: 2592: 2563: 2526: 2520: 2495: 2434: 2428: 2395: 2016: 1935: 1792: 1691: 1373: 939: 858: 845: 818: 671: 632: 624: 610: 460: 372:

was used to signify one term in a binomial expression in mathematics. In fact, the Latin word

277: 170: 156: 3707: 3667: 3504: 2680: 2584: 2389: 142:– distinguishes the species within the genus. For example, modern humans belong to the genus 4576: 4509: 4479: 4301: 4285: 3969: 3717: 3384: 3353: 3150: 2907: 2829: 2787: 2310: 2270: 1601: 1224: 1167: 1143: 1099: 544: 538: 476: 234: 4277: 3102:

Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua

4614: 4581: 4519: 4514: 4504: 4436: 4293: 4253: 3789:. Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University. Archived from 3413: 3154: 3060: 2708:"Hyacinthaceae – little blue bulbs (RHS Plant Trials and Awards, Bulletin Number 11)" 1383: 1233: 1212:, in honour of Hodgson. Rather than a person, the noun may be related to a place, as with 957: 854: 604: 261: 4540: 4494: 1527:

By tradition, the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics; for example,

4694: 4561: 4474: 4011: 3821: 3346: 2984: 2953: 1976: 1930: 1238: 1219: 767: 735: 644: 451: 423: 418: 175: 4126: 3653: 2738: 4744: 4669: 4639: 4566: 4469: 4333: 4325: 4233: 3929: 3046: 2872: 2747: 1611: 1291: 1166:

in the plural. The noun may be part of a person's name, often the surname, as in the

1139: 1000: 899: 891: 799: 789: 455: 402: 165: 86: 3755: 2236:"What's in a name? A history of taxonomy: Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy" 1564:. A capital was also used when the name is formed by two nouns in apposition, e.g., 405:(1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature 89:, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a 43: 4571: 3996: 3491: 3467: 3320: 2231: 2175: 2137: 1737:

the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted. The

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includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages (sometimes called "

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to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender; in this case,

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the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus first published

4634: 4499: 3434: 3209: 3003: 1826: 1125: 580: 576: 221: 85:

of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use

4181: 4081: 3958:"Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)" 1222:". Another use of genitive nouns is in, for example, the name of the bacterium 696:

element of the name is constant, as are its authorship and year of publication.

412:

Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti

3721: 3541: 2344: 1907: 1674: 1642: 1572:. In current usage, the second part is never written with an initial capital. 1110: 659: 584: 3747: 3592: 2912: 2895: 4629: 4624: 4489: 4192: 4144:

Plant Names: A Guide for Horticulturists, Nurserymen, Gardeners and Students

3974: 3957: 3388: 2834: 2077:

The modern notation was resisted by some, partly because writing names like

1461: 1341:), the second part of the name is a "specific name". In the botanical code ( 877: 861:. Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia, their names often use 771: 616: 357: 225: 4664: 3983: 3162: 2843: 2619:

Russell, Peter J.; Wolfe, Stephen L.; Hertz, Paul E.; Starr, Cecie (2007).

414:("plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a 2896:"The problem of hemihomonyms and the on-line hemihomonyms database (HHDB)" 738:") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or 520:, an English botanist and gardener. A bird in the parrot family was named 17: 3709:

Scientific Writing and Communication in Agriculture and Natural Resources

3271: 1753: 1646: 1353: 1305: 30:"Latin name" redirects here. For personal names in the Roman Empire, see 4197: 3931:

Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico

1545:." When handwritten, a binomial name should be underlined; for example, 351: 340: 4609: 4115:. Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 2799: 2343:. Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Archived from 2322: 2035:

Some sources say that both John Tradescant the Younger and his father,

1723: 1403:

Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICNafp

1378: 1309: 1012: 867: 598: 254: 82: 3608:

Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentations and Reports

4151: 4086:(4th ed.). The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 3348:

Guide to reference and information sources in the zoological sciences

3237: – A New Plant from Lower Devonian of Southeastern Yunnan China" 2391:

University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology

1368: 975: 971: 926: 920: 739: 665: 447: 415: 291: 4063:

Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning

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Plant Names Simplified: Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning

2314: 918:

or other re-orderings of existing names. Thus the name of the genus

2958:

Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum

323:

does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.

3739: 3433:. International Union of Microbiological Societies. Archived from 2184: 2179: 2107: 1629: 1456: 1313: 1124: 931: 763: 638: 537: 397: 345: 131: 55: 42: 1748:

also requires the person who made the change to be given. In the

1686:" because they had been viewed as related to, but distinct from, 1360:, the animal code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomen 302:

L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used for "Linnaeus".

224:

such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are

4202: 1796:(Linnaeus, 1758) – the original name given by Linnaeus was 1534: 985: 144: 4206: 3894:

from a late Quaternary cave deposit in northern Matanzas, Cuba"

3137:

as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States"

2185:"Glossary | International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" 1992:

List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names

1808:

does not require the name of the person who changed the genus (

1283:

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

1146:

of the noun. Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are

753:

List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names

311:(L.) Rothm." – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species 206:

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

1820: 1657: 935: 914:

Other sources. Some binomial names have been constructed from

3039: 3031: 3023: 2059: 2049: 1775:(L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell 835: 803: 164:

introduction of this system of naming species is credited to

4080:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999).

3377:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961).

1519:

is more protective of the form used by the original author.

884:

Names of people (often naturalists or biologists). The name

439:, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed 134:

to which the species belongs, whereas the second part – the

34:. For the practice of rendering names in a Latin style, see 1537:

different from that used in the normal text; for example, "

1011:("domestic") simply means "associated with the house". The 281:(Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus was 3668:"Linnaean Nomenclature of Plants, Animals, & Bacteria" 2048:

The ending "-on" may derive from the neuter Greek ending -

1486:

person or persons"). This produces specific epithets like

938:. For example, Ratcliffe described a number of species of 3587:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. xix. 2589:

Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications

2485: 2483: 2460:. Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers and the 2142:

Chapter 2, Article 5. Principle of Binominal Nomenclature

366:, Latin for 'name'). In Medieval Latin, the related word 3997: