270:
into a council of the government, she, with a few other of like birth, were selected as his advisers. She was naturally of gentle manners, and physically was rather short of stature, though inclined to stoutness. The daughter, Bernice, inherited her mother's grace of manner, and those qualities whereby all recognized her inheritance of birth and blood. Pākī was a fitting companion for Kōnia.
29:
127:
289:
Her foster daughter Liliʻuokalani said "I knew no other father or mother than my foster-parents, no other sister than
Bernice." Kōnia died during the influenza epidemic of Hawaii on July 2, 1857. The death of Pākī and Kōnia placed Liliʻuokalani under the charge of Bishop and Bernice. Kōnia's funeral
269:
She was one of nature's true noblewomen, such as were to be found in that then unenlightended country. She possessed the elements of a strong character and was a recognized force, not only in administration of her own affairs, but when the King, Kamehameha III., formed his first body of high chiefs
286:, soon to be the last monarch Liliʻuokalani. Kōnia was the main influence of her daughter's success as a musician during her early years. Before Lydia's schooling at Chiefs' Children's School, Kōnia had Lydia brought to her daily.
255:. She and Pākī did not attend the wedding, hoping that the Bernice would change her mind and marry Prince Lot. She and her husband later accepted their new son-in-law and are reconciled with Bernice on the advice of Princess
302:. In 1887, after the Mausoleum building became too crowded, the coffins belonging to members of the Kamehameha Dynasty including Kōnia's were moved to the newly built Kamehameha Tomb. The name "Konia" was inscribed on the
1944:
290:
was held on August 4, 1857 in Haleākala; it had been postponed for weeks due to the illnesses of the guests. Initially buried in the
Pohukaina Tomb located on grounds of
294:, her remains were later transported along with those of her husband and other royals in a midnight torchlight procession on October 30, 1865, to the newly constructed
334:
1767:
1939:
1949:
200:
1929:
1582:
1465:
247:
and married him in 1850, when
Bernice was 18 years old. She and her husband Pākī strongly opposed this union. The wedding had to be held by
327:
195:
had their residence there. The king finally transferred the seat of government to
Honolulu, Pākī and Konia accompanying him. By 1840, King
1680:
204:
1851:
162:
1615:
1500:
320:
295:
180:. Their marriage was one of the first western Christian ceremonies in the Hawaiian Islands. They married at the recently built
1924:
1840:
1934:
274:
Kōnia was a poet and singer in the ancient
Hawaiian tradition. In accordance with Hawaiian hānai tradition, she adopted
1632:
666:
72:
829:
1809:
1705:
1418:
1717:
1542:
1914:
1296:
252:
211:
142:
95:
354:
158:
126:
110:
1887:
1919:
1269:
1240:
256:
181:
1287:
244:
954:
1607:
1096:
1087:
521:
146:
1280:
1860:
1850:
Parker, David "Kawika" (2008). "Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the
Hawaiian Royalty".
1836:
1611:
1578:
1506:
1496:
1471:
1461:
1391:
396:
291:
90:
514:
1868:
1664:
275:
248:
138:
646:
188:
299:
218:, who was saved as an infant from a fire. She let her daughter be adopted (the Hawaiian
1600:
925:
382:
283:
196:
65:
1908:
1249:
834:*Paternity is in question as daughter and mother both claim Kalaniopuu as the father.
798:
673:
192:
1572:
1568:
1260:
963:
655:
236:
215:
203:
and established a legislature. She and her husband were both among members of the
161:
by his second wife, High
Chiefess Luahine Kahailiopua. Luahine was descended from
99:
945:
279:
229:
1830:
1813:
807:
224:
1864:
1832:
Palaces and Forts of the
Hawaiian Kingdom: From Thatch to American Florentine
1475:
977:
169:
83:
1510:
1455:
1490:
970:
374:
173:
49:
210:
On
December 19, 1831, in Honolulu, Kōnia and Pākī had a daughter, named
28:
934:
366:
262:
243:. Bernice had no affection for Prince Lot. Bernice fell in love with
125:
177:
53:
191:
when that was the capital, and the King and the Kuhina Nui,
1577:. Lee and Shepard, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
1492:
Emma : Hawaiʻiʼs remarkable queen : a biography
306:
side of the monument above her final resting place.
235:
Kōnia betrothed her daughter to Kīnaʻu's son Prince
116:
106:
89:
79:
59:
43:
35:
21:
1599:
1460:. David W. Forbes. Honolulu, Hawaii: Hui Hānai.
1945:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles
1574:Hawaii's story by Hawaii's queen, Liliuokalani
328:
8:
1706:The My Hero Project – Bernice Pauahi Bishop
1495:. Honolulu, Hawaii: Queen Emma Foundation.
335:
321:
313:
137:(c. 1808–1857) was a high chiefess of the
18:
1742:
1666:The Memoirs of Hon. Bernice Pauahi Bishop
1537:
1535:
265:merchant Gorham D. Gilman says of Kōnia:
1814:"The "Hale o Keawe" at Honaunau, Hawaii"
1658:
1656:
1531:
1446:
1892:Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership
1792:
1454:Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii (2013).
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1003:
1001:
976:
969:
967:
962:
953:
944:
942:
940:
938:
933:
922:
920:
910:
908:
906:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
860:
858:
839:
828:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
806:
795:
793:
791:
785:
783:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
723:
721:
703:
701:
681:
679:
672:
665:
654:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
615:
613:
611:
595:
593:
591:
585:
583:
581:
579:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
525:
520:
513:
511:
509:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
443:
441:
439:
433:
431:
429:
395:
381:
373:
365:
353:
7:
1754:
1940:Infectious disease deaths in Hawaii
1824:. London: E. A. Petherick: 159–161.
1685:state archives digital collections
14:
1950:Native Hawaiian women in politics
1818:Journal of the Polynesian Society
165:through her mother Kailipakalua.
157:She was the youngest daughter of
1835:. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.
1598:Julie Stewart Williams (1999) .
27:
16:Hawaiian princess (c. 1808–1857)
1930:Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
130:Kōnia in later life, late 1850s
1602:Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop
1:
296:Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla
1489:Kanahele, George S. (1999).
239:in the Hawaiian practice of
1859:. Honolulu: Alu Like, Inc.
1571:(Queen of Hawaii) (1898) .
214:after Kōnia's half sister,
170:Abner Kuhoʻoheiheipahu Pākī
1966:
1888:"Women with power 1840-70"
1669:. The Knickerbocker Press.
1663:Mary Hannah Krout (1909).
73:Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum
1886:Martin K.I. Christensen.
1810:Alexander, William DeWitt
1378:
1376:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1322:
1320:
1308:
1293:
1244:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1143:
1141:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1019:
1015:
1009:
974:
960:
951:
931:
914:
912:
904:
902:
886:
884:
864:
862:
846:
837:
826:
813:
811:
804:
789:
787:
777:
769:
767:
765:
763:
755:
753:
733:
729:
719:
715:
713:
711:
709:
697:
695:
693:
685:
683:
670:
663:
652:
650:
631:
629:
627:
619:
617:
609:
605:
603:
601:
589:
587:
577:
575:
555:
553:
529:
527:
518:
503:
501:
493:
485:
483:
465:
461:
459:
453:
449:
437:
435:
425:
423:
421:
419:
409:
407:
393:
391:
389:
387:
379:
371:
363:
361:
359:
253:Chiefs' Children's School
26:
1829:Judd, Walter F. (1975).
1681:"Konia, L office record"
1419:John William Pitt Kīnaʻu
187:Kōnia and Pākī lived at
141:. She was the mother of
168:She married High Chief
163:Keaweikekahialiiokamoku
1543:"The Funeral of Konia"
1097:Keaweaweʻulaokalani II
343:Kamehameha family tree
272:
131:
1925:Deaths from influenza
1874:on November 11, 2013.
1088:Keaweaweʻulaokalani I
667:Kalākua Kaheiheimālie
267:
201:Hawaiian Constitution
184:on December 5, 1828.
143:Bernice Pauahi Bishop
129:
96:Bernice Pauahi Bishop
1853:Tales of Our Hawaiʻi
1795:, p. 13, 18-26.
1772:The Hawaiian Gazette
1631:Barrere, Dorothy B.
135:Laura Kanaholo Kōnia
1935:House of Kamehameha
1745:, pp. 159–161.
1640:Alii Mahele Indices
1247:Alexander Liholiho
259:on August 2, 1851.
245:Charles Reed Bishop
212:Bernice Pauahi Pākī
207:from 1840 to 1851.
120:Kahailiopua Luahine
1608:Kamehameha Schools
1425:Keolaokalani Davis
522:Kekuiapoiwa Liliha
284:Analea Keohokālole
278:, the daughter of
147:Kamehameha Schools
132:
1768:"Royal Mausoleum"
1687:. state of Hawaii
1633:"Kahailiopua (w)"
1584:978-0-548-22265-2
1523:
1522:
1467:978-0-9887278-2-3
1435:
1434:
1392:Albert Kamehameha
1281:Ruth Keʻelikōlani
1270:Victoria Kamāmalu
1099:
1090:
257:Victoria Kamāmalu
182:Kawaiahaʻo Church
145:, the founder of
139:Kingdom of Hawaii
124:
123:
1957:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1875:
1873:
1867:. Archived from
1858:
1846:
1825:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1774:. March 10, 1899
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1549:. August 8, 1857
1539:
1515:
1514:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1451:
1095:
1086:
946:Elizabeth Kīnaʻu
830:Pauli Kaʻōleiokū
351:
350:
337:
330:
323:
314:
280:Caeser Kapaʻakea
230:Elizabeth Kīnaʻu
159:Pauli Kaʻōleiokū
111:Pauli Kaʻōleiokū
69:October 30, 1865
31:
19:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1871:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1503:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1298:
1289:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1248:
956:
948:
928:
924:
841:
835:
832:
801:
797:
676:
660:
658:
383:Kekuʻiapoiwa II
344:
341:
312:
276:Lydia Kamakaeha
228:Kaʻahumanu II,
205:House of Nobles
155:
98:
75:
70:
68:
64:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1881:
1880:External links
1878:
1877:
1876:
1847:
1841:
1826:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1785:
1759:
1757:, p. 157.
1747:
1743:Alexander 1894
1735:
1724:. July 4, 1857
1722:The Polynesian
1709:
1698:
1672:
1652:
1623:
1616:
1590:
1583:
1560:
1547:The Polynesian
1530:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1501:
1481:
1466:
1457:Hawaii's story
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:Bernice Pauahi
1294:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1273:Kaʻahumanu IV
1267:
1265:
1256:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
981:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
961:
959:
952:
950:
943:
941:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:Kamehameha III
921:
918:
916:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
856:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
844:
843:
838:
836:
833:
827:
825:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
805:
803:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
757:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
699:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
687:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
671:
669:
664:
662:
653:
651:
649:
644:
642:
640:
638:
635:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
621:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
563:
562:
560:
557:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
507:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
434:
432:
430:
427:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
392:
390:
388:
386:
380:
378:
372:
370:
364:
362:
360:
358:
349:
346:
345:
342:
340:
339:
332:
325:
317:
311:
308:
300:Nuʻuanu Valley
292:ʻIolani Palace
222:tradition) to
199:had a written
197:Kamehameha III
154:
151:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
93:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
71:
66:Pohukaina Tomb
63:August 4, 1857
61:
57:
56:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1962:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1617:0-87336-057-5
1613:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:Liliʻuokalani
1564:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:0-8248-2234-X
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1420:
1393:
1383:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1352:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1271:
1262:
1258:Lot Kapuāiwa
1251:
1250:Kamehameha IV
1242:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1179:
1163:
1161:
1148:
1146:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
982:
979:
972:
965:
958:
949:Kaʻahumanu II
947:
936:
927:
919:
917:
857:
854:
852:
850:
848:
845:
831:
809:
800:
799:Kamehameha II
782:
779:
775:
773:
771:
761:
759:
758:
731:
727:
725:
717:
707:
705:
700:
691:
689:
688:
675:
668:
657:
648:
636:
633:
625:
623:
622:
607:
599:
597:
564:
561:
559:
558:
523:
516:
508:
505:
499:
497:
495:
491:
489:
488:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
445:
428:
417:
415:
413:
411:
405:
403:
402:
398:
384:
376:
368:
356:
352:
348:
347:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
318:
316:
315:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
287:
285:
281:
277:
271:
266:
264:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
152:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
100:Liliʻuokalani
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
74:
67:
62:
58:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1915:1800s births
1895:. Retrieved
1891:
1869:the original
1852:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1803:Bibliography
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1721:
1712:
1701:
1691:December 22,
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1665:
1645:December 19,
1643:. Retrieved
1639:
1626:
1601:
1593:
1573:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1491:
1484:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1288:Charles Reed
1261:Kamehameha V
923:Kauikeaouli
659:(The Great)
656:Kamehameha I
355:Kalaniʻōpuʻu
303:
288:
273:
268:
261:
240:
237:Lot Kapuāiwa
234:
223:
219:
216:Kalanipauahi
209:
186:
167:
156:
134:
133:
47:July 2, 1857
1920:1857 deaths
1793:Parker 2008
1275:(1855–1863)
1264:(1863–1872)
1253:(1854–1863)
971:Laura Kōnia
929:(1825–1854)
840:Kahailiopua
824:Keouawahine
802:(1819–1824)
677:(1819–1832)
661:(died 1819)
397:Kānekapōlei
310:Family tree
22:Laura Kōnia
1909:Categories
1897:2009-11-24
1842:0870152165
1526:References
1241:Queen Emma
978:Abner Pākī
957:Kekūanaōʻa
674:Kaʻahumanu
647:Keōpūolani
249:the Cookes
225:Kuhina-nui
193:Kekāuluohi
84:Abner Pākī
1865:309392477
1755:Judd 1975
1636:(reprint)
1476:869268731
796:Liholiho
241:hoʻopalau
1812:(1894).
1778:June 28,
1728:June 26,
1553:June 26,
1511:40890919
808:Kamāmalu
515:Kīwalaʻō
174:Honolulu
50:Honolulu
1610:Press.
842:Luahine
304:waikiki
298:in the
189:Lahaina
102:(hānai)
39:c. 1808
1863:
1839:
1718:"Died"
1614:
1581:
1509:
1499:
1474:
1464:
1442:Notes:
1299:Bishop
1290:Bishop
964:Pauahi
955:Mataio
935:Kalama
367:Kalola
263:Boston
117:Mother
107:Father
80:Spouse
60:Burial
1872:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
375:Keōua
220:hānai
178:Oʻahu
91:Issue
54:Oʻahu
1861:OCLC
1837:ISBN
1780:2010
1730:2013
1693:2010
1647:2014
1612:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1555:2013
1507:OCLC
1497:ISBN
1472:OCLC
1462:ISBN
282:and
153:Life
44:Died
36:Born
399:(w)
385:(w)
377:(k)
369:(w)
357:(k)
251:at
172:at
1911::
1890:.
1820:.
1816:.
1770:.
1720:.
1683:.
1655:^
1638:.
1606:.
1545:.
1534:^
1505:.
1470:.
232:.
176:,
149:.
52:,
1900:.
1845:.
1822:3
1782:.
1732:.
1695:.
1649:.
1620:.
1587:.
1557:.
1513:.
1478:.
336:e
329:t
322:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
