66:
118:
50:
34:
134:
391:
102:
86:
995:
351:
in Kīlauea's east rift zone. The lava lake at Halemaʻumaʻu returned in
December 2020, after Kīlauea's first eruption in over two years. The lava lake solidified after the eruption ended in May 2021, but returned again when eruptive activity at Halemaʻumaʻu resumed on September 29, 2021. Following the
227:
eruption of
Kilauea displayed cyclic behaviour with a period of 5–20 minutes; gas "pierced the surface" of the lake, and the lava rapidly drained back down the conduit before the onset of a new phase of lake activity. The behaviour observed is influenced by the combined effects of pressure within the
1047:
Swanson et al. (1979) "Ground deformation at Pu'u 'O'o. U.S. Geological Survey
Chronological narrative of the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea volcano". US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1056
1674:
1216:
778:(lava lake located within the summit caldera, confirmed for the first time in 1921, drained in 1938, and temporary lava pond in the Kituro cone on the SW flank, during the 1948 eruption)
352:
2021 eruption, three more occurred on
January 5, 2023; June 7, 2023; and September 10, 2023. As of January 2024, Halemaʻumaʻu is not erupting and the lava lake is no longer active.
244:
of bubbles within the conduit. The interactions of these effects can create either a steady-state recirculating lake, or a lake level that periodically rises and then falls.
215:, Antarctica. Lava lakes have been observed to exhibit a range of behaviours. A "constantly circulating, apparently steady-state" lava lake was observed during the
1863:
186:
atop a new vent that erupts lava continuously for a period of several weeks or more and slowly builds a crater progressively higher than the surrounding ground.
2345:
160:, or broad depression. The term is used to describe both lava lakes that are wholly or partly molten and those that are solidified (sometimes referred to as
498:(two lava lakes in both Benbow and Marum craters since around 1991; following an earthquake in December 2018 both lakes are buried under collapsed craters)
1327:
2068:
2005:
1888:
1738:
1713:
1624:
1546:
1520:
2206:
2181:
2136:
1688:
1302:
1763:
700:
517:
296:
1813:
Patrick, Matthew R.; Smellie, John L.; Harris, Andrew J. L.; Wright, Robert; Dean, Ken; Izbekov, Pavel; Garbeil, Harold; Pilger, Eric (2005).
252:
Persistent lava lakes are a rare phenomenon. Only a few volcanoes have hosted persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades:
2327:
360:
1934:
1788:
1256:
1109:
1081:
355:
Nyiragongo's lava lake has usually been the largest and most voluminous in recent history, reaching 700 meters wide in 1982, although
1242:
366:
In addition to the aforementioned persistent lava lakes, a certain number of occurrences of temporary lava lakes (sometimes called
898:
781:
488:
309:
42:
1217:"Ambrym volcano (Vanuatu) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 17 April-23 April 2019 (Continuing Activity)"
1012:
2280:
Howell, R. R.; R. M. C. Lopes (2007). "The nature of the volcanic activity at Loki: Insights from
Galileo NIMS and PPR data".
1959:
65:
1980:
1447:
1056:
Wolfe et al. (1988). "Geologic observations and chronology of eruptive events". US Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1463
398:
2350:
2030:
2374:
1867:
982:
177:
999:
347:
cone located on the east rift zone of the volcano. In May 2018, both of these lava lakes disappeared as a result of
24:
1960:"GC1QN4C Capelinhos Volcano [Faial] (Earthcache) in Arquipélago dos Açores, Portugal created by almeidara"
1501:
1477:
1428:
1334:
1197:
1144:
348:
2072:
2009:
1892:
1767:
1742:
1717:
1628:
1582:
1524:
740:
344:
224:
122:
2210:
2185:
2140:
2093:
Burton, Michael R. (2005). "Etna 2004–2005: An archetype for geodynamically-controlled effusive eruptions".
1692:
1506:
1482:
1433:
1306:
1202:
1149:
233:
521:
300:
1065:
Witham and
Llewellin (2006). "Stability of Lava Lakes". '+Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
586:
241:
1603:
2289:
2244:
2102:
1829:
1558:
1397:
908:
558:
204:
17:
2369:
826:
1545:
Michon, Laurent; Staudacher, Thomas; Ferrazzini, Valérie; Bachèlery, Patrick; Marti, Joan (2007).
117:
2262:
2118:
1845:
1653:
1574:
945:
792:
465:
336:
70:
1328:"Pit crater structure and processes governing persistent activity at Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua"
1281:
2323:
1236:
904:
616:
200:
2297:
2252:
2110:
1938:
1837:
1792:
1566:
1405:
1260:
1113:
1085:
634:
599:
305:
38:
1815:"First recorded eruption of Mount Belinda volcano (Montagu Island), South Sandwich Islands"
1027:
1004:
49:
890:
750:
474:
375:
278:
240:
reservoir. Superimposed upon this is the effect of bubbles rising through the liquid, and
157:
2161:
1675:"Inspección del interior del cráter activo del volcán Turrialba del 29 de junio del 2017"
2293:
2248:
2106:
1833:
1562:
1401:
1163:
1917:
1385:
976:
957:
758:
712:
533:
356:
287:
33:
363:, being 1,000 meters wide in 1670. The lava lake at Masaya came back in January 2016.
2363:
2122:
1409:
873:
707:
695:
677:
575:
512:
292:
236:
of gas bubbles within the conduit and, potentially, exsolution of bubbles within the
2034:
1849:
1578:
374:, depending on their size and nature) have also been observed and are listed in the
183:
when lava pours into a crater or broad depression and partially fills the crater; or
133:
2266:
867:
798:
725:
666:
550:
449:
256:
212:
106:
1984:
1451:
2301:
812:(in 1964, during the 1963–1967 eruption which led to the formation of the island)
933:
775:
720:
603:
545:
454:
314:
260:
1496:
1472:
1423:
1361:
1192:
1139:
1841:
1814:
1649:
840:
788:
764:
737:
647:
622:
592:
482:
462:
332:
274:
229:
220:
216:
138:
137:
Aerial view of a lava lake atop the Kūpaʻianahā vent on the east rift zone of
126:
110:
101:
85:
74:
195:
Lava lakes occur in a variety of volcanic systems, ranging from the basaltic
962:
950:
938:
921:
884:
854:
832:
822:
640:
538:
208:
2257:
2232:
2114:
2031:"Inspired by Iceland stories: Tell us the story of your visit to Iceland"
1570:
860:
609:
570:
442:
437:
266:
196:
58:
54:
1388:(1994). "Permanent lava lakes: Observed facts and induced mechanisms".
815:
809:
683:
653:
579:
505:
359:
is believed to have hosted an even larger lava lake at the time of the
340:
318:
94:
2354:
915:
846:
802:
746:
501:
495:
470:
382:
List of volcanoes having displayed past or present lava lake activity
325:
282:
153:
90:
78:
2056:
From
Raindrops to Volcanoes: Adventures With Sea Surface Meteorology
877:
768:
670:
660:
563:
237:
132:
116:
100:
84:
64:
48:
32:
829:
volcanic complex (last observation of lava lake activity in 1964)
149:
432:
Persistent or near-persistent lava lakes during recent decades
690:
Lava lake activity suggested by satellite remote-sensing data
385:
2346:
Lava lake in
Nyiragongo Volcano crater. Video on France 24 TV
2313:
2311:
2033:. Stories.inspiredbyiceland.com. 2011-05-26. Archived from
743:
crater (1983-2018, collapsed during the 2018 Puna eruption)
129:. The crater is about 820 ft (250 m) in diameter.
20:, lakes of water that form in a volcanic crater or caldera.
1164:"Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake"
1764:"Eruption volcanique, activité éruptive du volcan Nabro"
1547:"Global Volcanism Program : Fournaise, Piton de la"
402:
328:
disappeared after a large eruption in
December 2018.
223:, Hawaiʻi. By contrast, a lava lake at the 1983–1984
1625:"Global Volcanism Program : Lengai, Ol Doinyo"
2006:"Global Volcanism Program : Vestmannaeyjar"
2320:Volcanism on Io : a comparison with Earth
2231:Kutterolf, S.; Freundt, A.; Peréz, W. (2008).
1390:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
589:(small temporary lava pond in Dolomieu crater)
1935:"Global Volcanism Program : Nyamuragira"
928:Lava lake activity on other planetary bodies
8:
2207:"Global Volcanism Program : Fernandina"
2139:. Volcano.si.edu. 2013-01-03. Archived from
1891:. Volcano.si.edu. 2013-01-03. Archived from
1714:"Global Volcanism Program : Tungurahua"
1650:"Etnatao: Ol Doinyo Lengai Volcano Tanzania"
1303:"Global Volcanism Program : Nyiragongo"
180:enough lava to partially fill the crater; or
2322:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
2182:"Global Volcanism Program : Stromboli"
2137:"Global Volcanism Program : Ardoukôba"
2069:"Global Volcanism Program : Tolbachik"
602:(only active volcano in the world emitting
105:Satellite picture showing the lava lake of
2353:, video footage of lava lake in Vanuatu's
1521:"Global Volcanism Program : Karthala"
1110:"Global Volcanism Program : Erta Ale"
335:had two persistent lava lakes: one in the
30:Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
2256:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1889:"Global Volcanism Program : Savai'i"
1789:"Global Volcanism Program : Michael"
2233:"Global Volcanism Program : Pacaya"
1689:"Global Volcanism Program : Telica"
1082:"Global Volcanism Program : Erebus"
1076:
1074:
420:
176:from one or more vents in a crater that
1864:"Global Volcanism Program : Heard"
1739:"Global Volcanism Program : Tofua"
1019:
701:Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands
528:Recent intermittent lava lake activity
1234:
1187:
1185:
1104:
1102:
1009:Volcano Hazards Program Photo Glossary
979:– solidified lava lake in a pit crater
1356:
1354:
1134:
1132:
1130:
927:
731:
689:
628:
527:
485:(the largest one in the past century)
431:
7:
2237:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
1259:. Volcanoes.usgs.gov. Archived from
172:Lava lakes can form in three ways:
1766:. Activolcans.info. Archived from
14:
2209:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
2184:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
2162:"Izu-Oshima Volcano Observatory"
2071:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
2008:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1983:. volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1937:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1866:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1791:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1741:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1716:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1691:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1627:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1523:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1450:. volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1305:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1112:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
1084:. Volcano.si.edu. Archived from
998: This article incorporates
993:
782:Democratic Republic of the Congo
637:(possibly in 1971 and 1999–2000)
489:Democratic Republic of the Congo
389:
310:Democratic Republic of the Congo
156:, contained in a volcanic vent,
43:Democratic Republic of the Congo
23:For places named Lava Lake, see
1656:from the original on 2021-12-19
1333:. Eps.mcgill.ca. Archived from
1028:"VHP Photo Glossary: Lava lake"
1013:United States Geological Survey
761:(during the 1905–1911 eruption)
629:Unconfirmed lava lake activity
2318:Davies, Ashley Gerard (2007).
339:vent cavity within the summit
121:Aerial view of a lava lake in
1:
1677:. rsn.ucr.ac.cr. 4 July 2017.
1241:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2302:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.022
2095:Geophysical Research Letters
1551:Geophysical Research Letters
1410:10.1016/0377-0273(94)90015-9
217:1969–1971 Mauna Ulu eruption
148:are large volumes of molten
2351:Into the mouth of a volcano
2058:, Dover Publications, 1967.
983:Types of volcanic eruptions
663:(possibly in 2004 and 2006)
89:Lava lake in Marum crater,
2391:
1604:"Terre et Volcans News v4"
22:
15:
1842:10.1007/s00445-004-0382-6
715:, South Sandwich Islands
343:, and another within the
288:Masaya volcano, Nicaragua
199:lake in Ethiopia and the
1606:. Terreetvolcans.free.fr
1502:Global Volcanism Program
1478:Global Volcanism Program
1429:Global Volcanism Program
1366:www.volcanodiscovery.com
1198:Global Volcanism Program
1145:Global Volcanism Program
732:Past lava lake activity
16:Not to be confused with
1822:Bulletin of Volcanology
1652:. YouTube. 2010-02-11.
1507:Smithsonian Institution
1483:Smithsonian Institution
1434:Smithsonian Institution
1203:Smithsonian Institution
1170:. BBC News. 3 July 2019
1150:Smithsonian Institution
207:, Chile, to the unique
1557:(21). Volcano.si.edu.
1000:public domain material
522:South Sandwich Islands
301:South Sandwich Islands
142:
130:
114:
98:
82:
79:Hawaiʻi, United States
62:
46:
2054:Duncan C. Blanchard,
587:Piton de la Fournaise
136:
120:
104:
88:
68:
52:
36:
2258:10.1029/2007GC001791
2115:10.1029/2005GL022527
1924:, éd. Arthaud, 1951.
1571:10.1029/2007GL031248
1257:"HVO Kilauea Status"
1030:. Volcanoes.usgs.gov
403:adding missing items
125:, east rift zone of
41:in a molten state. (
2294:2007Icar..186..448H
2249:2008GGG.....9.2S02K
2107:2005GeoRL..32.9303B
1834:2005BVol...67..415P
1563:2007GeoRL..3421301M
1402:1994JVGR...63....3T
2375:Volcanic landforms
1067:vol. 158 p.321–332
918:(in 2000 and 2001)
887:(in 1986 and 1989)
793:Surtseyan eruption
680:(possibly in 2012)
650:(possibly in 1999)
401:; you can help by
349:increased activity
324:The lava lakes at
143:
131:
115:
99:
83:
63:
47:
39:Nyiragongo Volcano
2329:978-0-521-85003-2
1221:Volcano Discovery
968:
967:
905:Fernandina Island
419:
418:
201:basaltic andesite
162:frozen lava lakes
69:The lava lake of
2382:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2260:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:. Geocaching.com
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1581:. Archived from
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1282:"USGS Volcanoes"
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1024:
1016:
997:
996:
600:Ol Doinyo Lengai
421:
414:
411:
393:
392:
386:
361:Spanish conquest
331:For many years,
306:Mount Nyiragongo
248:Notable examples
123:Pu’u ’Ō’ō crater
55:Erta Ale Volcano
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2359:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1922:Cratères en feu
1918:Tazieff, Haroun
1916:
1907:
1898:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1266:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1223:. 17 April 2019
1215:
1214:
1210:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1003:
994:
991:
973:
891:Aeolian Islands
518:Saunders Island
415:
409:
406:
390:
384:
376:following table
297:Saunders Island
250:
193:
170:
31:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
2388:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2341:
2340:External links
2338:
2336:
2335:
2328:
2307:
2288:(2): 448–461.
2272:
2223:
2198:
2173:
2153:
2128:
2085:
2060:
2047:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1951:
1926:
1905:
1880:
1855:
1828:(5): 415–422.
1805:
1780:
1755:
1730:
1705:
1680:
1666:
1641:
1616:
1595:
1537:
1512:
1488:
1464:
1439:
1415:
1377:
1350:
1319:
1294:
1273:
1248:
1208:
1181:
1155:
1126:
1098:
1070:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1018:
990:
987:
986:
985:
980:
972:
969:
966:
965:
960:
954:
953:
948:
942:
941:
936:
930:
929:
925:
924:
919:
912:
911:
902:
895:
894:
888:
881:
880:
871:
864:
863:
858:
851:
850:
844:
837:
836:
830:
825:, part of the
819:
818:
813:
806:
805:
796:
785:
784:
779:
772:
771:
765:Savai'i Island
762:
759:Mount Matavanu
755:
754:
744:
734:
733:
729:
728:
723:
717:
716:
713:Montagu Island
710:
704:
703:
698:
692:
691:
687:
686:
681:
674:
673:
664:
657:
656:
651:
644:
643:
638:
631:
630:
626:
625:
620:
613:
612:
607:
596:
595:
593:Réunion Island
590:
583:
582:
573:
567:
566:
561:
555:
554:
548:
542:
541:
536:
530:
529:
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479:
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446:
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440:
434:
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429:
428:
425:
417:
416:
396:
394:
383:
380:
326:Ambrym volcano
322:
321:
312:
303:
290:
285:
272:
270:
264:
249:
246:
192:
189:
188:
187:
184:
181:
169:
166:
29:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2355:Marum volcano
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2213:on 2012-10-16
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2188:on 2013-03-31
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2143:on 2012-10-25
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2075:on 2013-01-22
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2037:on 2012-07-15
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2012:on 2012-11-05
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1987:on 2014-04-23
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1941:on 2010-05-25
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1895:on 2012-10-07
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1870:on 2013-03-31
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1795:on 2013-03-26
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1770:on 2013-03-28
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1745:on 2013-03-31
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1720:on 2012-10-23
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1695:on 2013-03-31
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1631:on 2012-10-14
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1585:on 2013-03-31
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1527:on 2012-10-18
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1454:on 2014-08-26
1453:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:(1–2): 3–11.
1395:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1340:on 2016-03-04
1336:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1309:on 2013-03-31
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1263:on 2012-03-08
1262:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1116:on 2013-02-17
1115:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1088:on 2006-07-08
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
988:
984:
981:
978:
975:
974:
970:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
913:
910:
906:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
872:
869:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
852:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:
827:Klyuchevskaya
824:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
804:
800:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
773:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
735:
730:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
709:
708:Mount Belinda
706:
705:
702:
699:
697:
696:Mount Michael
694:
693:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
581:
577:
576:Grande Comore
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
513:Mount Michael
511:
510:
507:
503:
502:Ambrym Island
500:
497:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
461:
460:
457:, Antarctica
456:
453:
451:
448:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
430:
426:
423:
422:
413:
404:
400:
397:This list is
395:
388:
387:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
353:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
320:
316:
313:
311:
307:
304:
302:
298:
294:
293:Mount Michael
291:
289:
286:
284:
280:
276:
273:
271:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
254:
253:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
234:decompression
231:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:lava lake at
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
185:
182:
179:
175:
174:
173:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
140:
135:
128:
124:
119:
112:
108:
103:
96:
92:
87:
80:
76:
72:
67:
60:
56:
53:Lava lake at
51:
44:
40:
37:Lava lake at
35:
26:
19:
2319:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:the original
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:the original
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2156:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:the original
2131:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2077:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2063:
2055:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2035:the original
2025:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2000:
1989:. Retrieved
1985:the original
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1929:
1921:
1897:. Retrieved
1893:the original
1883:
1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
1858:
1825:
1821:
1808:
1797:. Retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1768:the original
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1708:
1697:. Retrieved
1693:the original
1683:
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:the original
1554:
1550:
1540:
1529:. Retrieved
1525:the original
1515:
1500:
1497:"Villarrica"
1491:
1476:
1467:
1456:. Retrieved
1452:the original
1442:
1427:
1418:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1342:. Retrieved
1335:the original
1322:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1276:
1265:. Retrieved
1261:the original
1251:
1225:. Retrieved
1220:
1211:
1196:
1193:"Nyiragongo"
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1143:
1118:. Retrieved
1114:the original
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1066:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1032:. Retrieved
1022:
1008:
992:
946:Janus Patera
868:Mount Mihara
799:Faial Island
791:(in 1958, a
726:Heard Island
667:Tofua Island
619:(small lake)
551:Tanna Island
466:Halemaʻumaʻu
450:Mount Erebus
407:
371:
367:
365:
354:
337:Halemaʻumaʻu
330:
323:
263:, Antarctica
257:Mount Erebus
251:
194:
171:
161:
145:
144:
107:Mount Erebus
71:Halemaʻumaʻu
18:crater lakes
1386:Tazieff, H.
1287:21 December
1005:"Lava lake"
977:Kīlauea Iki
934:Loki Patera
776:Nyamuragira
721:Mawson Peak
604:carbonatite
546:Mount Yasur
455:Ross Island
315:Mount Yasur
261:Ross Island
242:coalescence
228:reservoir,
203:volcano of
2370:Lava lakes
2364:Categories
2217:2013-08-15
2192:2013-08-15
2167:2014-02-20
2147:2013-08-15
2079:2013-08-15
2041:2013-08-15
2016:2013-08-15
1991:2014-04-21
1966:2013-08-15
1945:2013-08-15
1899:2013-08-15
1874:2013-08-15
1799:2013-08-15
1774:2013-08-15
1749:2013-08-15
1724:2013-08-15
1699:2013-08-15
1660:2013-08-15
1635:2013-08-15
1610:2013-08-15
1589:2013-08-15
1531:2013-08-15
1458:2014-09-03
1371:2016-11-07
1344:2013-08-15
1313:2013-08-15
1267:2013-08-15
1120:2013-08-15
1092:2013-08-15
1034:2013-08-15
989:References
874:Izu Ōshima
789:Capelinhos
751:Big Island
648:Tungurahua
623:Costa Rica
559:Villarrica
553:, Vanuatu
483:Nyiragongo
475:Big Island
399:incomplete
372:lava pools
368:lava ponds
279:Big Island
269:, Ethiopia
230:exsolution
213:Mt. Erebus
209:phonolitic
205:Villarrica
152:, usually
146:Lava lakes
111:Antarctica
2123:130560874
1140:"Kīlauea"
922:Guatemala
909:Galápagos
901:(in 1995)
899:La Cumbre
885:Stromboli
870:(in 1986)
857:(in 1978)
855:Ardoukôba
843:(in 1974)
835:, Russia
833:Kamchatka
823:Tolbachik
741:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
641:Nicaragua
617:Turrialba
539:Nicaragua
427:Location
345:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
225:Puʻu ʻŌʻō
191:Behaviors
168:Formation
25:Lava Lake
1850:54187857
1654:Archived
1579:55281591
1473:"Masaya"
1448:"Ambrym"
1424:"Ambrym"
1362:"Masaya"
1237:cite web
1168:BBC News
971:See also
893:, Italy
861:Djibouti
849:, Italy
610:Tanzania
571:Karthala
443:Ethiopia
438:Erta Ale
410:May 2012
267:Erta Ale
197:Erta Ale
154:basaltic
141:volcano.
59:Ethiopia
2290:Bibcode
2267:3130048
2245:Bibcode
2103:Bibcode
1981:"Fayal"
1830:Bibcode
1559:Bibcode
1398:Bibcode
1227:3 April
816:Iceland
810:Surtsey
747:Hawaiʻi
738:Kīlauea
684:Eritrea
654:Ecuador
580:Comoros
506:Vanuatu
471:Hawaiʻi
463:Kīlauea
424:Volcano
341:caldera
333:Kīlauea
319:Vanuatu
283:Hawaiʻi
275:Kīlauea
221:Kīlauea
139:Kīlauea
127:Kīlauea
95:Vanuatu
75:Kīlauea
2326:
2282:Icarus
2265:
2121:
1848:
1577:
1174:3 July
916:Pacaya
847:Sicily
803:Azores
635:Telica
534:Masaya
496:Ambrym
357:Masaya
178:erupts
158:crater
91:Ambrym
2263:S2CID
2243:(2).
2119:S2CID
2101:(9).
1846:S2CID
1818:(PDF)
1575:S2CID
1338:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
1002:from
878:Japan
769:Samoa
678:Nabro
671:Tonga
661:Tofua
606:lava)
564:Chile
238:magma
2324:ISBN
1289:2020
1243:link
1229:2024
1176:2019
958:Pele
841:Etna
232:and
150:lava
2298:doi
2286:186
2253:doi
2111:doi
1838:doi
1567:doi
1406:doi
405:.
370:or
219:of
164:).
73:at
2366::
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2284:.
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2251:.
2239:.
2235:.
2117:.
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1920:,
1908:^
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1836:.
1826:67
1824:.
1820:.
1573:.
1565:.
1555:34
1553:.
1549:.
1505:.
1499:.
1481:.
1475:.
1432:.
1426:.
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1394:63
1392:.
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1235:{{
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1201:.
1195:.
1184:^
1166:.
1148:.
1142:.
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1073:^
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963:Io
951:Io
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2241:9
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2195:.
2170:.
2150:.
2125:.
2113::
2105::
2082:.
2044:.
2019:.
1994:.
1969:.
1948:.
1902:.
1877:.
1852:.
1840::
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1123:.
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1037:.
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749:(
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412:)
408:(
113:.
97:.
61:.
45:)
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
