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eggs are large-sized and bluish green that may either contain various degrees of brown spotting or no markings. The eggs are generally laid once a day and incubation begins once the last egg is laid, and lasts from 14 to 20 days. The male generally provides the food for the female, as well as food for the young during the brooding stages. The female is more likely to incubate during at night, however. If the nest is destroyed or preyed upon, a new one is generally built, as they can have up to three broods during the reproductive season.
499:. The song starts softly, then increases in volume, and has a more measured delivery than that of the crissal thrasher. The song bouts have been compared to curve-billed thrashers, but are higher pitched and marked by clear intervals. The song is generally uttered from an exposed perch, and is generally heard either in the morning or in the evening, though it has been heard at night. Females also sing on occasion, in a manner similar to juvenile male LeConte's. Calls include a short whistle note
75:
477:
31:
50:
1281:
1269:
486:
This thrasher is a highly terrestrial bird, and is only seen flying when nest building or feeding its young. It runs at a surprisingly fast pace, even at speeds to outpace a trotting horse. When it does run, its tail is generally held upward, exposing its buffy crissum. LeConte's thrasher is a ground
467:
of grasses. Off-road vehicle use is a minor factor, while military operations conducted in the region have been considered, but not properly researched. However, there are apparent areas of suitable acreage for the thrasher that have not been utilized, and its population in undisturbed regions appear
391:
possess a sandy pale-gray color. The primaries and secondaries are grayish brown. The rectrices are of a darker gray brown that contrasts with the plumage. Lores and ear-coverts are a mottled gray brown. The throat is an off-whitish color of a darker stripe. The chest and belly is puffy gray, and the
532:
The singing season typically begins in mid-autumn and peaks around late
December and early January, when nest building begins. The nests are generally of a bulky build, with outer layer of twigs, a middle layer of twigs, grasses, and rootlets, and an inner layer of insulating materials such as fuzzy
549:
The egg dates generally range from
February to the end of May in California, and in the Sonoran region from December to April, though dates have been listed as early as late January and as late as the latter part of June. The clutch size ranges from 2 to 5 eggs, but the number is generally 3–4. The
523:
such as beetles, scorpions, spiders, grasshoppers, butterflies, moth larvae, and small lizards and snakes. Eggs are also part of its diet, including those of its own species. Plant consumption includes seeds and berries. The LeConte's conserve water as an adaptation to their arid habitat and obtain
537:
have been used when the general distance of nests off the ground are usually only half as low. Both sexes take part in nest building, although the participation of the male varies. Nest fidelity is generally observed with the species until one of the mates die. The territories of the nesting pairs
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The young are fed by both parents during the fledgling period, which can span from 12 to 20 days, and can be continued to be fed after for 15 to 18 days afterward, especially if the female is brooding the next clutch. At around 30 days old, the fledglings disperse, and may form small groups.
234:, where it blends in with the sandy soils. LeConte's thrashers are nonmigratory birds that reside in the same territory annually. Although the species has been decreasing in certain areas of its range, in particular California, it still is abundant enough to not be considered for
533:
plant seeds, leaves or flowers. Feathers and artificial material have been used as well, but these instances are rare. Dense and thorny shrubs such as the saltbush are preferred sites, although artificial sites such as abandoned vehicles and heights as high as 2.4 m with
241:
These birds are terrestrial and only fly occasionally. Both sexes are heavily involved in the nest building, incubating, and brooding process, though each alternates with primary responsibility of the tasks. LeConte's thrashers frequently compete with species such as the
420:, and where annual rainfall only averages 4 to 20 cm. The typical desert habitat consists of dunes, alluvial fans, and flat to gently rolling hills with shallow washes with sparse vegetation. The vegetation that it may utilize includes low vegetation such as
468:
to be more stable. Although the thrasher has relatively small numbers on a worldwide scale for a passerine, and has been listed as a species of concern in the state of
California, its large range overall justifies its status as least concern.
574:) while simultaneously disappearing into a bush head first in a slow motion. Their territories are most actively defended from early December to early February. Potential competitors for food and nesting sites include the
392:
vent and uppertail coverts are of a warmer tint in contrast to the palish chest and belly. The underwing is both gray and buff, with a brown-chestnut iris, a black-sickle shaped bill, and legs that are nearly black.
440:) to as high as 1,600 m, although 500 m above sea level is the average. It does not generally coexist with other thrashers due to its habitat, but does overlap breeding ranges and general habitat with the
387:
within the species. Their wings are typical of birds that are sedentary, as they are short and rounded. There are noted differences among the subspecies. The crown, back, shoulders, and rump of
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forager, and will dig small pits in leaf litter or soil to find its prey. It is a monogamous species, and generally seen in pairs, and juveniles may form small parties from two to eight birds.
396:
has a darker chest and underparts and a shorter tail. In its juvenile stages, the thrasher is darker brown, and its feathers looser and fluffy in appearance, especially on the vent.
914:
Lovette, I. J.; Arbogast, B. S.; Curry, R. L.; Zink, R. M.; Botero, C. A.; Sullivan, J. P.; Talaba, A. L.; Harris, R. B.; Rubenstein, D. R.; Ricklefs, R. E.; Bermingham, E. (2012).
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The song is a large, prolonged outpouring of warbled phrases that can be repeated two or several times and can be heard from considerable distances, which is typical of the genus
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and the fledgling dispersals. Males may give a visual display to intruding males by employing a head down position, showing off their crissum (the undertail
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and central and southern
Arizona, and is a resident species throughout its range. It resides in some of the harshest climates in its region, including the
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thrashers, in particular the sickle-shaped bill, longer legs and smaller wings indicated its adaption to a preference to running and digging for food.
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336:(such as a darker crown and lighter flanks), but is not justified by biochemical or morphological grounds. One study suggested that the
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what they need from their food. While they generally do not have to drink, there has been one recorded instance of such an event.
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as separate species, and treated as a separate species by other authors. and a name of
Vizcaino thrasher if it becomes official.
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LeConte's thrasher weighs from 55 to 75 g (1.9 to 2.6 oz) and are 24.5–29 cm (9.6–11.4 in), and there is no
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620:. However, when 11 brown-headed cowbird eggs were placed in the thrasher's nest in an experiment, they were accepted.
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These birds defend their territory year-round, but males are generally less territorial in the summer months during
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602:. They may share the same nesting shrub or tree with their competitors, such as the loggerhead shrike.
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structure of the LeConte's is consistent with both its geographic distribution and genetics, with the
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980:"Evolutionary Patterns of Morphometrics, Allozymes, and Mitochondrial DNA in Thrashers (Genus
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280:(Lawrence, 1851) – range is from southwestern United States (south central and eastern
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The thrasher has had its population decline in certain regions of its range, notably the
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may be adjacent to one another due to food sources, although conflicts are rarely had.
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This bird ranges from
California as far west as the San Joaquin Valley through southern
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30:
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regions. Major reasons for its decline include urbanization, cultivation of land for
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54:
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8. Le Conte's
Thrasher (San Joaquin Valley Population) (Toxostoma lecontei lecontei)
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632:
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916:"Phylogenetic relationships of the mockingbirds and thrashers (Aves: Mimidae)"
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827:"AOU Classification Committee – North and Middle America Proposal Set 2015-A"
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Some of the predators of the eggs, young, and adults of this species include
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group. The similarities with these three species contrasted with other
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Zink, Robert M.; Blackwell, Rachelle C.; Rojas-Soto, Octavio (1999).
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436:. The range of altitude spans as low as 80 m below sea level (in
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895:(in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Ecología y Cambio Climático
612:. LeConte's thrasher has been recorded being victimized by the
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636:
351:
The two closest living relatives of LeConte's thrasher, the
1149:
Birds of the Salton Sea: Status, Biogeography, and
Ecology
463:, oil and gas development, and fire with the increase of
1025:"The Birds of North America Online: Le Conte's Thrasher"
511:, along with the double-noted whistling distress call.
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McCaskie, Guy; Patten, Michael; Unitt, Philip (2003).
1304:
1152:. University of California Press. pp. 259–60.
272:
1125:. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 454–5.
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692:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22711121A131112198.en
545:LeConte's thrasher illustration from Merriam, 1895
344:in Baja California acting as a barrier initiating
254:, as well as being potential prey for the latter.
379:Leconte's thrasher illustration from Baird, 1905
332:only exhibits minor differences in plumage from
1119:Corman, Troy E.; Wise-Gervais, Cathryn (2005).
1215:. California State University Stanislaus. 2006
890:"Capítulo 15 Filogeografía de aves mexicanas"
8:
1245:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. p. 15
978:Zink, Robert M.; Dittmann, Donna L. (1999).
1627:Endemic birds of Southwestern North America
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849:"Species Limits in the Le Conte's Thrasher"
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444:in the higher desert regions of its range.
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328:by some authors, however. A proposed race
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772:. Yale University Press. pp. 238–9.
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1637:Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley
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616:in a least one instance, but not by the
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270:who eventually became president of the
1093:. Bureau of Land Management California
1662:Taxa named by George Newbold Lawrence
923:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
519:The diet is omnivorous, and includes
292:) to northwestern Mexico (north east
7:
324:still is treated as a subspecies of
1612:IUCN Red List least concern species
1213:Endangered Species Recovery Program
678:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
801:"Le Conte's or Vizcaino Thrasher)"
262:LeConte's thrasher is named after
14:
310:; west coast of Baja California.
1279:
1267:
73:
834:American Ornithological Society
667:BirdLife International (2018).
218:) is a pale bird found in the
1:
769:Wrens, Dippers, and Thrashers
318:American Ornithologists Union
1632:Fauna of the Colorado Desert
274:. There are two subspecies:
1647:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert
1122:Arizona Breeding Bird Atlas
943:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.009
605:They are rarely victims of
1678:
1240:"Bird Songs of California"
220:southwestern United States
825:Tweit, Robert C. (2015).
685:: e.T22711121A131112198.
558:Predators and competitors
316:has been proposed by the
264:Dr. John Lawrence LeConte
203:LeConte's thrasher range
202:
193:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1642:Fauna of the Yuma Desert
226:. It prefers to live in
1657:Birds described in 1851
627:, greater roadrunners,
1084:"LeConte's Thrasher -
766:Brewer, David (2001).
592:black-throated sparrow
546:
483:
380:
544:
479:
378:
346:allopatric speciation
1276:at Wikimedia Commons
618:brown-headed cowbird
576:northern mockingbird
288:, and south central
244:northern mockingbird
935:2012MolPE..63..219L
442:California thrasher
353:California thrasher
40:Conservation status
24:LeConte's thrasher
1589:Toxostoma-lecontei
1472:le-contes-thrasher
1361:Toxostoma_lecontei
1336:Toxostoma lecontei
1306:Toxostoma lecontei
1286:Toxostoma lecontei
1274:Toxostoma lecontei
1086:Toxostoma lecontei
671:Toxostoma lecontei
629:antelope squirrels
600:greater roadrunner
547:
484:
481:Toxostoma lecontei
457:San Joaquin Valley
418:San Joaquin Valley
381:
330:T.c. macmillanorum
252:greater roadrunner
215:Toxostoma lecontei
210:LeConte's thrasher
179:Toxostoma lecontei
1599:
1598:
1571:Open Tree of Life
1298:Taxon identifiers
1272:Media related to
779:978-0-300-09059-8
584:loggerhead shrike
408:and southwestern
400:Range and habitat
385:sexual dimorphism
248:loggerhead shrike
230:with very little
222:and northwestern
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1284:Data related to
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570:surrounding the
465:invasive species
357:crissal thrasher
308:Rosalia thrasher
306:(Anthony, 1897)
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161:T. lecontei
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614:bronzed cowbird
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342:Vizcaíno Desert
338:phylogeographic
294:Baja California
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16:Species of bird
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1288:at Wikispecies
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394:T.l. arenicola
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322:T.l. arenicola
314:T.l. arenicola
304:T.l. arenicola
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334:T.l. lecontei
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55:Least Concern
45:
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36:
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27:
22:
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1217:. Retrieved
1212:
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955:the original
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438:Death Valley
434:Mojave yucca
430:cholla cacti
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1558:Neotropical
1532:NatureServe
1480:iNaturalist
1330:Wikispecies
698:12 November
596:cactus wren
588:house finch
535:smoke trees
371:Description
1606:Categories
1584:Xeno-canto
1249:28 January
1219:28 January
1097:28 January
964:2015-09-04
899:28 January
856:The Condor
651:References
610:parasitism
598:, and the
521:arthropods
282:California
236:vulnerable
232:vegetation
1622:Toxostoma
1617:Thrashers
982:Toxostoma
803:. Avibase
647:species.
501:suuuweeee
497:Toxostoma
461:livestock
449:Coachella
365:Toxostoma
155:Species:
148:Toxostoma
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1537:2.103738
1524:22711121
1498:11164895
1387:22711121
1382:BirdLife
1321:Q3181161
1315:Wikidata
951:21867766
836:: 32–34.
807:14 March
528:Breeding
472:Behavior
455:and the
453:Imperial
426:creosote
422:saltbush
416:and the
361:lecontei
355:and the
326:lecontei
258:Taxonomy
238:status.
186:Lawrence
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1462:5231703
1369:Avibase
1011:4089682
991:The Auk
931:Bibcode
876:1370231
641:coyotes
607:cowbird
568:coverts
564:molting
509:pooh-ip
505:hew-eep
290:Arizona
228:deserts
143:Genus:
137:Mimidae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1576:410208
1563:lecthr
1511:178645
1469:GNAB:
1444:EURING
1436:lecthr
1410:lecthr
1400:117018
1349:lecoth
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572:cloaca
432:, and
406:Nevada
298:Sonora
224:Mexico
188:, 1851
1550:55419
1493:IRMNG
1485:14892
1449:10750
1431:eBird
1423:57MNW
1407:BOW:
1243:(PDF)
1091:(PDF)
1007:JSTOR
987:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
919:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
872:JSTOR
852:(PDF)
830:(PDF)
645:snake
266:, an
1545:NCBI
1519:IUCN
1506:ITIS
1457:GBIF
1395:BOLD
1251:2015
1221:2015
1154:ISBN
1127:ISBN
1099:2015
947:PMID
901:2015
809:2015
774:ISBN
700:2021
683:2018
637:dogs
515:Diet
491:Song
410:Utah
286:Utah
250:and
117:Aves
1418:CoL
1356:ADW
1345:ABA
999:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
