Lê Duẩn - Knowledge (XXG)

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greetings to the 4th National Congress. The Vietnamese leadership hoped that pro-Vietnamese elements would develop within the KCP. When Kampuchean radio announced Pol Pot's resignation, Lê Duẩn and the Vietnamese leadership took it seriously. During a meeting with the Soviet ambassador, Lê Duẩn told him that Pol Pot and Ieng Sary had been removed from the KCP leadership. The change was welcome to Vietnam, since the two were a "pro-Chinese sect conducting a crude and severe policy." Lê Duẩn added that "these were bad people ", but that Nuon Chea was "our man and is my personal friend." All-out confrontation was not planned and Lê Duẩn still believed that state-to-state relations could improve. He further noted that Kampuchea would eventually become like Laos, a

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in all fields was assured by the state and was implemented by permitting their participation in state affairs and in mass organisations. On paper, the organisations, to which almost all citizens belong, play an active role in government and have the right to introduce bills before the National Assembly. Lê Duẩn said that land ownership entailed a "struggle between the two roads – collective production and private production; large-scale socialist production and small scattered production." Since it was believed that collective ownership was the only alternative to capitalism, it was introduced without controversy by the country's leadership.

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situation: "It seems that no country so far in history has been in a situation such as ours. We must lead the peasantry and agriculture immediately to socialism, without waiting for a developed industry, though we know very well that without the strong impact of industry, agriculture cannot achieve large-scale production and new relations of agriculture cannot be consolidated... To proceed from small-scale production to large-scale production is a new one." According to Lê Duẩn, the key to socialism was not mechanisation and industrialisation but a new division of labour. He also believed that co-operatives needed to be not

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Vietnamese leadership' plan, or ideal, of establishing a Vietnamese-dominated Indochinese Federation. Vietnamese troops withdrew from the country in January, taking thousands of prisoners and civilian refugees. While the point of the Vietnamese attack had been to dampen the Kampuchean leadership's aggressive stance, it had the opposite effect – the Kampuchean leadership treated it as a major victory over Vietnam, matching their victory over the Americans. Kampuchea did not respond to diplomatic overtures and began another attack. Vietnam responded by promoting an uprising against Pol Pot's rule and invaded.

4186: 1045:(the head of government), was just as confused as Lê Duẩn's. In practice Lê Duẩn prioritised heavy industry: 21.4% of state investment was in heavy industry in the Second Five-Year Plan and 29.7 percent in the Third Five-Year Plan (1981–85). Light industry only received 10.5 and 11.5, respectively. From 1976 to 1978 industry grew, but from 1979 to 1980 industrial production fell substantially. During the Second Five-Year Plan industry grew just 0.1 percent. The 6th Plenum of the Central Committee criticised the policy that the state had to own everything. 1014: 4174: 316: 874:'s operational plan for the General Offensive/General Uprising involving attacks on ARVN and Republic of Vietnam Government installations throughout South Vietnam, which they believed would spark a spontaneous popular uprising among the South Vietnamese population forcing the US and its allies to depart. After having sidelined, and in some cases arrested, opponents of the plan, this would be adopted as the official strategy to win the war. The General Offensive/General Uprising would be launched during the 928: 1707: 1423:

did attack in 1979, but chose Vietnam as its target. He claimed that Vietnam had little time and that waiting would benefit China. He further claimed that Vietnam had established nine battalions of Khmer deserters and that it was seeking Sao Pheum to lead them. In fact, Sao Pheum had been dead for three months. Lê Duẩn still believed that Nuon Chea was a friend of Vietnam, despite his largely anti-Vietnam speech. Nuon Chea and Son Sen remained staunch Pol Pot supporters until the 1990s.

843:, in 1965 stating, "it is our policy that we will do our best to support you." Unlike Hồ, who wanted a peaceful resolution, Lê Duẩn was far more militant. He wanted, in his own words, "final victory". Howard Jones claimed Duẩn dismissed Hồ's position, as did the majority of the Politburo, calling him "naive". When Hồ called for the establishment of a neutral South Vietnamese state in 1963, Lê Duẩn responded by making overtures to the Chinese, who rejected the Soviet position of 1744: 1374:. The Vietnamese leadership was shocked by this unprovoked attack and counterattacked. Vietnam still sought improved relations and when Pol Pot, on 27 September 1977, announced the existence of the KCP, Vietnam sent a congratulatory note. In a conversation with the Soviet ambassador on 6 October, Lê Duẩn had no explanation for Kampuchea's actions. He described the leadership as "strongly nationalistic and under strong influence of Peking ." Lê Duẩn called Pol Pot a 1667: 1471:. The five most powerful Politburo members were all over the age of 70; Lê Duẩn was 74, Trường Chinh was 75, Phạm Văn Đồng was 76, Phạm Hùng was 70 and Lê Đức Thọ was 72. Lê Duẩn is believed to have been in bad health during this period; he had travelled to the Soviet Union on several occasions for medical treatment during the late-1970s and early 1980s. It was reported that Lê Duẩn did not lead the party delegates of the 5th National Congress to the 1720: 1627: 749:, a military general, Lê Duẩn tried to monopolise the decision-making process – this became even more evident following Hồ's death. In 1964, Hồ's health began to fail and Lê Duẩn, as his trusted underling, more visibly took on day-to-day decision-making responsibilities. Some analysts claim that by 1965 Hồ and Lê Duẩn had split and that "for all intents and purposes" Lê Duẩn had sidelined Hồ. Lê Duẩn, Lê Đức Thọ and 1323:

opinions, the "authentic internationalism and attitude" of the sides would strengthen their party-to-party relations. After reading reports by Võ Chí Công, Lê Duẩn probably concluded that "authentic internationalism" in Kampuchea was in trouble. At the time, the Vietnamese leadership hoped this situation would change, but privately they understood that the Kampuchean situation was different from the Lao situation.

1327: 348: 1119:. In reaction China invaded Vietnam. Vietnam leased several bases to the Soviet Union to protect its territory from China. It was rumored that one of China's demands for peace was the ending of Soviet assistance to Vietnam. In Asia Vietnam played a role similar to Cuba's in Latin America: it supported local revolutionary groups and was a headquarters for Soviet-style communism. Vietnam supported the 1254:. Lê Duẩn in a speech did not mention the Soviet Union by name, but noted that Vietnam had succeeded because of help from other socialist countries, meaning the Eastern bloc. Two agreements were signed, but no non-refundable aid agreement was made. No joint communique was issued and Lê Duẩn left earlier than planned. According to Anne Gilks, the Sino/Vietnamese alliance effectively ended with the 1614: 1456: 1487:) and followers of Trường Chinh were removed from the Politburo and the Central Committee. General Võ Nguyên Giáp was forced to leave the Politburo, though it was more to remove Giap as a figure of influence rather than for ideological reasons. Nguyễn Duy Trinh and Lê Thanh Nghị were removed from the Politburo because of their moderate stances, while Trần Quốc Hoàn, Lê Văn Lương and 1172: 1694: 1640: 3315: 608: 71: 1602:". "Comprador bourgeoisie" was their term for the bourgeois classes, which made a living by financial dealings and through transactions with Westerners. Lê Duẩn did not reveal that in addition to removing the comprador bourgeoisie and the feudal landlord classes from the South, he intended to obliterate the entire bourgeois class. 1575:, a temporary break from hardline socialist development. However, those who supported reforms saw subcontracting as another way of implementing socialism in agriculture, which was justified by the ideological tenet of the "three interests". That was an important ideological innovation and broke with Lê Duẩn's "two roads" theory. 1398:? This is no mystery to the world. The Pol Pot – Ieng Sary clique are only a cheap instrument of the bitterest enemy of peace and mankind. Their actions are leading to national suicide. This is genocide of a special type. Let us stop this self-genocide! Let us stop genocide at the hands of the Pol Pot – Ieng Sary clique! 1005:, a Politburo member and Chairman of the Committee for the Socialist Transformation of Agriculture, claimed it would be impossible to meet the targets set by the plan by 1980. An estimated 10,000 out of 13,246 socialist cooperatives, established during the plan, had collapsed in the South by 1980. Politburo member 863:(ARVN), but instead focus on many small attacks to demoralize the enemy. Lê Duẩn believed that the key to victory was for the PAVN to keep the initiative. He dismissed the possibility of an attack against North Vietnam by American forces, claiming that an attack on North Vietnam would be an attack on the entire 1198:(which China boycotted) he referred to the Soviet Union as a "second motherland". Because of his statement, China immediately began to cut its aid to North Vietnam. According to the first secretary at the Soviet embassy to China, the North Vietnamese saw the Chinese actions as an attack on them. At the 1680: 1578:

Lê Duẩn departed from Marxist–Leninist orthodoxy when it came to practical policy and stated that the country had to "carry out agricultural cooperation immediately, even before having built large industry." While he acknowledged that his view was heresy, Lê Duẩn insisted that Vietnam was in a unique

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as was his concept of "collective mastery" of society. The concept was Lê Duẩn's version of popular sovereignty that advocated an active role for the people so that they could become their own masters as well as masters of society, nature and the nation. It stated that the people's collective mastery

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beginning in 1986 as Lê Duẩn and his supporters began the effort to open the economy. According to reports, after the Congress Lê Duẩn suffered a heart attack and was hospitalized in the Soviet Union. He remained General Secretary until on 10 July 1986 he died of natural causes in Hanoi at age 79. He

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that Vietnamese troops would withdraw when the conflict had been won by the communists. The entry of Vietnamese troops led many Vietnamese officials to believe that Khmer Rouge officials had begun "to fear something". In a conversation with Phạm Hùng, Lê Duẩn told him that despite some differences in

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stated that Sino/Vietnamese relations had deteriorated because they held different principles. Hua insisted that China could not help Vietnam because of its own economic difficulties and differences in principles. Lê Duẩn countered that the only difference was how they viewed the Soviet Union and the

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Relations between the two countries further deteriorated following the China/US rapprochement. The North Vietnamese, who were still fighting the Americans, felt betrayed. At the CPV Politburo meeting on 16 July 1971, the North Vietnamese agreed that Chinese policy towards the United States was like a

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Vietnam developed little during the war years; industry was nearly non-existent in both North and South and both countries were dependent on foreign donor countries. Worse, the country's critical agricultural infrastructure had been badly damaged. The South had roughly 20,000 bomb craters, 10 million

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in August 1968, both of which were repulsed, with the PAVN and VC again suffering large casualties. After the failure of these attacks, COSVN issued Directive 55 on 5 April 1969 to all of its subordinate units: "Never again and under no circumstances are we going to risk our entire military force for

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At the 3rd National Congress, Lê Duẩn called for the establishment of a South Vietnamese people's front. The Central Committee supported the proposal. A Central Committee resolution stated that "The common task of the Vietnamese revolution at present is to accelerate the socialist revolution in North

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Vietnam sent 13 divisions into the country on 25 December 1978, with an estimated 150,000 soldiers supported by heavy artillery and air power. Kampuchea attempted a conventional defense, but this tactic led to the loss of half of its army within two weeks. The defeats prompted much of the Kampuchean

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mastery" but in practice opposed it. For instance, party cadres who presented the peasants' demands for higher prices for their products at the National Congress were criticised by Lê Duẩn. His ideas of collective mastery were hierarchical: "Management by the state aims at ensuring the right of the

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Lê Duẩn's report to the 5th National Congress was a biting self-criticism of his leadership and the party's management. He criticised political and economic corruption and the gerontocracy itself. The 5th Central Committee contained only one member under 60. During this period the Central Committee

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and the Soviet leadership in general. In a meeting with the Soviet ambassador in September, Lê Duẩn said that Vietnam intended "to solve fully this question by the beginning of 1979." Lê Duẩn did not believe that China would retaliate because it would have to send its forces by sea, although China

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crossed the Vietnamese border, withdrawing on 5 March after a two-week campaign which devastated northern Vietnam and briefly threatened Hanoi. Both China (40,000) and Vietnam (over 20,000) suffered heavy losses. Peace talks broke down in December 1979 and both China (400,000) and Vietnam (600,000)

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At the beginning these changes had little practical effect, possibly due to opposition by the planners and confusion or fear among cadres. From 1981 to 1984 agricultural production grew substantially, but the government did not use this opportunity to increase production of such crucial farm inputs

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After the war, per-capita income stood at US$ 101; it decreased to $ 91 in 1980 and then increased to $ 99 by 1982, according to United Nations figures. Phạm Văn Đồng admitted that per-capita income "had not increased compared to what it was ten years ago". Physical health declined and malnutrition

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At the 1957 May Day parade, Trường Chinh was still seated as the country's second most powerful figure. Lê Duẩn was gradually able to place his supporters, notably Lê Ðức Thọ, in top positions and outmaneuver his rivals. He visited Moscow in November 1957 and received approval for his war plans. In

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of 1955 to 1975, Lê Duẩn took an aggressive posture, seeing attack as the key to victory. When South Vietnam was reunited with North Vietnam in 1976 and the party was restructured, Lê Duẩn became General Secretary of the Party. Lê Duẩn and his associates were overly optimistic about the future. The

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Until the 6th plenum, the planners prevailed. That plenum condemned the old ways and promised that from then on the economy would be governed by "objective laws". The roles of the plan and the market were openly discussed for the first time and the roles of the family and the private economy were

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With the increased involvement of the United States military in 1965, the North's military strategy was forced to change. As Lê Duẩn noted in a letter to Nguyễn Chí Thanh, the war would become "fiercer and longer". He believed the fundamentals of the conflict had not changed; the South Vietnamese

770:. This policy continued until reunification. In the aftermath of the war, a power struggle began between Lê Duẩn's pro-Soviet and its rival pro-Chinese factions. Former rivals Lê Duẩn and Lê Đức Thọ formed a coalition and purged the pro-Chinese faction. Their first victims were Hoàng Văn Hoan and 438:, a Party organ, from 1951 until 1954. During the 1950s Lê Duẩn became increasingly aggressive towards South Vietnam and called for reunification through war. By the mid-to-late 1950s Lê Duẩn had become the second-most powerful policy-maker within the Party, eclipsing former party First Secretary 1543:

Lê Duẩn was a nationalist and during the war he claimed that the "nation and socialism were one". He stressed the importance of building socialism politically, economically and culturally and of defending the socialist fatherland. Ideologically, he was often referred to as a pragmatist. He often

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Lê Duẩn promised the Vietnamese people in 1976 that each family would own a radio set, refrigerator and TV within ten years; he seemed to believe he could easily integrate the South Vietnamese consumer society with agrarian North Vietnam. In 1976 the 4th National Congress declared Vietnam would

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as Premier, President of the Presidium and President of the Assembly of the People's Representative, respectively. In turn, KCP sent a congratulatory message to the PRGRSV on its seventh anniversary. On 21 September 1976 a Vietnamese women's delegation visited Kampuchea and the KCP sent public

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At the 5th National Congress, Lê Duẩn reaffirmed Vietnam's relations with the USSR. He stated, "Solidarity and co-operation with the USSR: such is the corner stone of the external policy of our Party and of our State." He further noted that their alliance was "a guarantee of the victory of the

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and to invade in 1975, instead of 1976 as previously planned, because they believed an earlier Vietnamese unification would put Vietnam in a stronger position against Chinese and Soviet influence. In his victory speech, Lê Duẩn stated: "Our party is the unique and single leader that organised,

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During Lê Duẩn's China visit in June 1973, Zhou told him that North Vietnam should adhere to the Paris Peace Accords. Following the signing, Lê Thanh Nghị stated that the direction of Vietnam's communism was directly linked to its relations with the Soviet Union. The Chinese opposed immediate

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On 31 December 1977, Kampuchea broke relations with Vietnam, stating that the "aggressor forces" from Vietnam sent had to be withdrawn. This was needed to "restore the friendly atmosphere between the two countries." While they accused Vietnam of aggression, the real problem all along was the

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were officially supported by the Party. Lê Duẩn endorsed the reforms at the 1982 5th National Congress. Lê Duẩn talked about the need to strengthen both the central planned economy and the local economy at once. In his report Lê Duẩn admitted that the Second Five-Year Plan had been a failure

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Lê Thanh unsuccessfully visited China in August 1975 to seek aid. On 22–28 September, Lê Duẩn and Lê Thanh visited China in a second attempt. During the visit the Vietnamese wanted to assure the Chinese they were interested in maintaining good relations with both China and the Soviet Union.

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Lê Duẩn visited the Soviet Union in October 1975. The result of the visit was an official communique, which stated that the Soviets would send qualified experts to the country to educate and train economic, scientific, technical and cultural personnel. The Soviet Union gave Vietnam economic

415:(the future Communist Party of Vietnam) in 1930. He was imprisoned in 1931 and released in 1937. From 1937 to 1939, he climbed the party ladder. He was rearrested in 1939, this time for fomenting an uprising in the South. Lê Duẩn was released from jail following the successful Communist-led 1214:

was "against the interests of Vietnam". Later, in November, Phạm asked the Chinese to cancel Nixon's visit; the Chinese refused. The North Vietnamese began to doubt China and they hid information about North Vietnam's next planned military offensive. The Sino/US rapprochement did not hurt

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but "organically connected, through the process of production itself, with other cooperatives and with the state economic sector." Vietnam could achieve this through state intervention and control. He saw the economy as one whole directed by the state and not many parts intertwined.

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attacked lower-level cadres for the failure of the socialist agriculture transformation. The collectivisation process led to an abrupt drop in food production in 1977 and 1978, leading the 6th Plenum of the Central Committee to completely overhaul the Party's agricultural policies.

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Before the 5th Central Committee Plenum, Lê Duẩn believed that Vietnam was in a perilous position, although no talk of reforms followed. Beginning in 1979, Lê Duẩn acknowledged that economic policy mistakes had been made by the national Party and State leadership.

1591:, Lê Duẩn talked about perfecting socialism in the North by eliminating private ownership and the last vestiges of capitalism and of the need to initiate socialist transformation in the South where, the party, according to Lê Duẩn, would focus on abolishing the 1095:

assistance and supported several national economic projects on most favoured terms. The communique stated that cooperation was within the "frameworks of multilateral cooperation of socialist countries." Such a statement would normally have meant membership in

442:. By 1960 he was officially the second-most powerful Party member, after Party chairman Hồ. Throughout the 1960s Hồ's health declined and Lê Duẩn assumed more of his responsibilities. On 2 September 1969 Hồ died and Lê Duẩn became the most powerful figure in 5216: 813:(equivalent to a mayor) from 1978 to 1985. Several of Lê Duẩn's relatives were appointed to offices in the propaganda and culture sector. However, with the exception of Mai Chí Thọ none of these figures reached the pinnacles of power in Vietnamese politics. 4903: 1653: 658:

By 1958, Lê Duẩn ranked second only to Hồ in the party hierarchy, although Trường Chinh remained powerful. Lê Duẩn was a party man and never held a post in the government. He made a brief, secret visit to South Vietnam in 1958, writing a report,

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he had espoused continued, but Lê Duẩn was first among equals. The Central Committee's first resolution following Hồ's death pledged to uphold the collective leadership. Lê Duẩn chaired Hồ's funeral committee and gave the event's final speech.

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From the beginning the party leadership had split into pro-Soviet, pro-Chinese and moderate factions. Under Hồ the party had followed a policy of neutrality between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in the aftermath of the

651:. This rivalry focused on the issue of land reform in the North. Lê Duẩn remained neutral, allowing him to act as the First Secretary (head of the Communist Party) on Hồ's behalf in late 1956. In 1957, he was given a seat in the Politburo. 5281: 5276: 1001:(COMECON) and loans from international agencies of the capitalist world. The 4th National Congress made it clear that agriculture would be socialised; however, during the Second Five-Year Plan the socialisation measures went so badly that 1202:'s 45th anniversary, instead of a communique by Hồ Chí Minh, Phạm Văn Đồng and Lê Duẩn as had happened at the 44th anniversary, the Vietnamese Central Committee offered official greetings, but without signatures from top-level officials. 1386:"The Pol Pot – Ieng Sary clique have proved themselves to be the most disgusting murderers in the later half of this century. Who are behind these hangmen whose hands are smeared with the blood of the Kampuchean people, including the 907:. PRGRSV-ruled South Vietnam did not last long, however, and in 1976 the reunified Socialist Republic of Vietnam was established. Lê Duẩn purged South Vietnamese who had fought against the North, imprisoning up to 300,000 people in 5246: 5241: 5081: 3429:Řád Klementa Gottwalda – za budování socialistické vlasti (zřízen vládním nařízením č. 14/1953 Sb. ze dne 3. února 1953, respektive vládním nařízením č. 5/1955 Sb. ze dne 8. února 1955): Seznam nositelů (podle matriky nositelů) 5226: 5221: 830:

After the Sino–Soviet split, the Vietnamese Communist leadership divided into pro-China and pro-Soviet factions. From 1956 to 1963, Lê Duẩn played a moderating role between the two factions, but with the death of Diệm and the

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and instructed the southern communists to stop fighting in the name of religious sects. Throughout the year, the party had been split by factional rivalry between party boss Trường Chinh and President Hồ, who was supported by

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Vietnam relented in 1978, seeking economic aid to fund the Second Five-Year Plan. In 1978 Lê Duẩn and Phạm Văn Đồng signed a 25-year Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Cooperation with the USSR. Under Soviet protection, Vietnam

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December 1957, Hồ told the 13th Plenary Session of a "dual revolution"; Trường Chinh became responsible for the socialist transformation of the north, while Lê Duẩn focused on planning the offensive in the south.

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on December 1978, after a series of failed diplomatic attempts, due to the constant attacks on Vietnamese villages near the border murdering thousands. They went with the invasion, overthrowing the Chinese-backed

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By the late-1960s, Hồ's declining health had weakened his position within the leadership. While Hồ was still consulted on important decisions, Lê Duẩn dominated the Party. When Hồ died on 2 September 1969, the

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Regardless of his health, the Lê Duẩn/Lê Đức Thọ clique still retained considerable power during the 5th National Congress; they were able to fill the 5th Central Committee, the 5th Secretariat and the

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was established. Lê Duẩn claimed that the Việt Cộng would "rally 'all patriotic forces' to overthrow the Diệm government and thus ensure 'conditions for the peaceful reunification of the Fatherland'".

774:. While the Politburo made decisions through consensus, Lê Duẩn, through his post as General Secretary, was the most powerful figure and was able to increase his power via his alliance with Lê Đức Thọ, 1556:

masses to be the collective masters of the country. How then will the state manage its affairs so as to ensure this right of collective mastery?" His answer to this problem was managerial and statist.

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were thereafter regularly attacked by their allies. By 1976, while it appeared that Kampuchea/Vietnam relations were normalizing, private suspicions within the respective leaderships grew. Lê Duẩn,

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He became the General Secretary in 1960, officially becoming the main personality in the party after Hồ Chí Minh. After Hồ's death, Lê Duẩn took over the leadership of North Vietnam. Throughout the

4835: 4504: 4458: 990:"urn to full account existing heavy industry capacity and build many new industrial installations, especially in the machine industry, so as to support primary agriculture and light industry". 4691: 4499: 5027: 5022: 5092: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5017: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4140: 1195: 1143: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 4633: 4623: 4618: 4613: 1513: 932: 3898:

Stern, Lewis M. (1987). "The Vietnamese Communist Party in 1986: Party Reform Initiatives, the Scramble towards Economic Revitalization and the Road to the Sixth National Congress".

1230:. However, the core issue for the Chinese was to minimize Vietnam's cooperation with the Soviets. Increasing Soviet/Vietnamese cooperation left China ambivalent about reunification. 1062:

as fertilizer, pesticide and fuel, nor of consumer goods. By the end of Lê Duẩn's rule, in 1985–1986, inflation had reached over 100% annually, complicating economic policy-making.

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began a major build-up of forces along the border. Sporadic fighting on the border occurred throughout the 1980s and China threatened to force Vietnam's exit from Kampuchea.

672: 619:, which indirectly split Vietnam into North and South, Lê Duẩn was responsible for reorganising the combatants who had fought in South and Central Vietnam. In 1956, he wrote 557: 381: 377: 85: 4780: 4775: 4873: 4868: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4848: 1273:) condemned COMECON. China halted all economic development projects between May and July 1978. During this period total Chinese aid to Vietnam amounted to $ 300 million. 4853: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4701: 4696: 663:, in which he stated that the North Vietnamese had to do more to assist the southern fighters. The Central Committee decided to initiate the revolution in January 1959. 4843: 5206: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4863: 4858: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 969: 4737: 4727: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 1480: 976:(1976-1979) and China (1979) led to an abrupt decline in the standard of living; monthly per capita income in the North declined from $ 82 in 1976 to $ 58 in 1980. 1222:

document claimed that China hindered the eventual reunification, while Chinese documents claimed that the source of the conflict was Vietnamese policy towards the

1428: 840: 734:(all of whom were influential figures in the country's politics during and after the war) often shared dinner with him. In 1963, Hồ purportedly corresponded with 4479: 1528:

In 1929, Lê Duẩn married Lê Thị Sương (1910-2008). They had four children from the marriage: daughters (Lê Tuyết Hồng, Lê Thị Cừ, Lê Thị Muội) and son (Lê Hãn).

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was treated well by the Chinese. This policy further damaged relations. China and Vietnam drifted further apart; eventual Chinese aid did not improve relations.

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claimed, after being sent into exile, that the Congress also purged several party members. Indeed, three former ambassadors lost their Central Committee seats.

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and his supporters seized control of KCP in 1973, KCP/VCP relations deteriorated sharply. North Vietnamese formations that were active in Kampuchea during the

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he was not Hồ's original choice for the post; his preferred candidate was Võ Nguyên Giáp, but since Lê Duẩn was supported by the influential Lê Đức Thọ, the

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Subcontracting co-operatives to peasants became the norm by the late 1970s and was legalised in 1981. For conservatives, that policy was similar to that of

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complete its socialist transformation within twenty years. This optimism proved unfounded; instead Vietnam staggered from one economic crisis to another.

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in 1970, the Khmer leadership remained skeptical. On the orders of Võ Chí Công two regiments were sent into Kampuchea. Võ Chí Công promised Khmer leader

1037:". In another section of the report, Lê Duẩn stated that light industry would be prioritised ahead of heavy industry. The position of Phạm Văn Đồng, the 552:

in 1930. Lê Duẩn was imprisoned the next year. He was released six years later, in 1937. From 1937 to 1939 he advanced in the party hierarchy and at the

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told Lê Duẩn that the Soviets would lie to them to improve its relationship with the United States. According to Zhou this policy was enacted following

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Vietnam whilst at the same time stepping up the National People's Democratic Revolution in South Vietnam." On 20 December 1960, three months later, the

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and rejected key Soviet foreign policies. Despite continued pressure from the Soviets to join COMECON, Vietnam declined. Instead Vietnam joined the

4603: 4598: 1099:, but Vietnam was not a member, wanting to establish its sovereignty. Phạm Văn Đồng snubbed the Soviet ambassador during the anniversary of the 5135: 1588: 899:

controlled and governed the entire struggle of the Vietnamese people from the first day of the revolution." In his speech he congratulated the

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in 1979, though was short-lived and remained inconclusive. From then on, Vietnam maintained a closer alliance with the Soviet Union and joined

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Lê Duẩn stated that during the transition to socialism, priority would be given to heavy industry "on the basis of developing agriculture and

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on 7 January 1979. This had a serious impact on relations between Vietnam and China, with Vietnam responding with a period of deportation of

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on 7 April 1907 (although some sources cite 1908) to a poor family with 5 children. Locals from his generation say that Duan's parents were

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with their own supporters. Several moderates and old companions of Hồ Chí Minh as well as pro-Chinese communists (labelled dismissively as

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Having won the war and defeated Republic of Vietnam, Lê Duẩn's mood in April 1975 was optimistic. As one Central Committee member put it,

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to stress Vietnam's uniqueness, most notably in agriculture. Lê Duẩn's view of socialism was statist, highly centralised and managerial.

1134:

Lê Duẩn's foreign policy was criticised by Hoàng Văn Hoan, who accused him of sacrificing the country's sovereignty. A delegation led by

4303: 4148: 1142:, the holiday that celebrated the establishment of North Vietnam after the August Revolution and met with Lê Duẩn. Lê Duẩn attended the 783: 946:

refugees, 362,000 war invalids, 1,000,000 widows, 880,000 orphans, 250,000 drug addicts, 300,000 prostitutes and 3 million unemployed.

4484: 3496: 3428: 2256: 779: 4514: 5170: 5130: 5125: 4082: 4063: 4044: 4021: 4000: 3946: 3888: 3869: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3772: 3749: 3711: 3688: 3669: 3650: 3631: 3612: 3593: 3572: 3553: 3534: 3515: 3473: 3454: 882:

would prove to be a military defeat, but a strategic success. Despite the failure of the offensive, the North Vietnamese launched a

493:; his successor was initially Trường Chinh. Lê Duẩn was also known as Lê Dung, and was known in public as "anh Ba" (third brother). 1491:

were removed because of their alignment with Trường Chinh. In their place Lê Duẩn and Lê Đức Thọ appointed military men, including

1432: 537:

during the 1920s. Through his job, he came into contact with several communist activists. In this period, he educated himself to a

693:

Lê Duẩn was picked for the post. He was considered a safe choice because of his time in prison during the French rule, his thesis

5140: 1507:

was disrupted by factional infighting between pragmatists and conservatives. This struggle would lead to economic reform called

5306: 980: 860: 455: 435: 4155: 591:'s position in the South became increasingly tenuous by the early to mid-1950s and in 1953 Lê Duẩn was replaced by his deputy 3764: 1552: 1475:

because of his deteriorating health. Lê Duẩn looked both feeble and old; he had problems reading his report to the Congress.

1042: 894:

By July 1974, following the cut-off of U.S aid to South Vietnam, the North Vietnamese leadership had decided to abrogate the

722:

leader even though the latter remained its chairman. However, Hồ continued to influence North Vietnam's governance: Lê Duẩn,

718:

Lê Duẩn was officially named First Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1960, thereby succeeding Hồ as the party's

1075: 560:. He was imprisoned again the following year for fomenting an uprising. After five years he was released, shortly after the 4554: 1418:

On 15 June 1978, the VCP Politburo sent a request to the Soviet Union to allow a delegation headed by Lê Duẩn to meet with

392:. From the mid-1960s (when Hồ's health was failing) until his own death in 1986, he was the top decision-maker in Vietnam. 1088: 987:"Concentrate the forces of the whole country to achieve a leap forward in agriculture; vigorously develop light industry". 283: 1301: 1116: 459: 5291: 5286: 4377: 4286: 4280: 3622:

Joint Committee on Southeast Asia of the American Council of Learned Societies; Social Science Research Council (1988).

1343: 1330:

The Ba Chuc massacre was perpetrated by the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army during one of their attacks on Vietnam in 1978

964: 959: 731: 1239: 1166: 1500: 1311: 1147: 1104: 1013: 940: 908: 891:

just such an offensive. On the contrary, we should endeavor to preserve our military potential for future campaigns."

802: 514: 400: 396: 259: 255: 1839: 1378:

while claiming that Ieng Sary was "a fierce nationalist and pro-Chinese." He erroneously believed that Nuon Chea and

1288: 968:, an estimated 6,000,000 Vietnamese were suffering from malnutrition, leading the government to request aid from the 787: 4419: 4347: 1710: 1314:

in 1955. The Kampuchean movement was the weakest of the three. When the Vietnamese began formal military aid to the

4178: 4122: 3247: 2220:

Nguyen, Lien-Hang (2006). "The War Politburo: North Vietnam's Diplomatic and Political Road to the Tet Offensive".

1503:

strengthened Lê Đức Thọ. The Lê Duẩn/Lê Đức Thọ clique thereafter had a clear majority within the 5th Secretariat.

1307: 775: 320: 134: 4395: 3782:

Kiernan, Ben (2006). "External and Indigenous Sources of Khmer Rouge Ideology". In Westad, Odd A.; Sophie (eds.).

927: 4317: 4232: 3958: 3331: 1683: 1038: 592: 549: 412: 1656: 1512:

was temporarily succeeded by Trường Chinh, who himself died and was replaced by Nguyễn Văn Linh at the December

1258:. Relations with China further deteriorated; several leading pro-Chinese communists were purged from the party. 510: 347: 4431: 4425: 1199: 735: 698: 564:, in which the Indochinese Communist Party took power. Following his release, he became a trusted associate of 4099: 3900: 903:(PRGRSV), the underground South Vietnamese government established in 1969, for liberating South Vietnam from 871: 746: 169: 1560: 1215:

Sino/Vietnamese relations in the long run, because the Soviet Union also eventually reconciled with the US.

832: 4365: 4335: 4274: 4262: 1488: 648: 157: 4341: 4268: 1492: 916: 4407: 1120: 767: 293: 48:

in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the

1472: 1131:

echoed Lê Duẩn's sentiments and said "Vietnam can count on the solidarity and the support of the USSR."

915:'s property (the Chinese who live in Vietnam), setting off a mass exodus and humanitarian disaster (see 758: 616: 389: 5165: 2824: 2335: 1545: 1206:"torpedo" directed against North Vietnam. Zhou was told by Phạm Văn Đồng and Lê Duẩn that US President 627:

in 1956. Although "The Road to the South" was formally accepted, its implementation waited until 1959.

525:. The son of a railway clerk, he became active in revolutionary politics as a young man. He received a 4527: 4353: 4311: 4220: 1496: 870:

In 1967, despite the opposition of some party leaders, Lê Duẩn and his militant group adopted General

835:, he became considerably more radical. The Chinese continued to support them throughout the war, with 5201: 5196: 1363: 1080: 844: 638:

in August 1956 to guide the revolutionary struggle in South Vietnam. The same month he traveled from

623:, calling for revolution to achieve reunification. His thesis became the blueprint for action at the 518: 471: 4383: 4371: 4329: 4256: 4238: 4132: 1706: 1310:(KCP) was established alongside the Vietnamese and Laotian parties following the dissolution of the 1002: 798: 727: 439: 123: 5175: 5160: 4323: 2849: 2828: 1572: 1508: 1371: 1339: 1282: 1006: 895: 887: 572: 479: 423: 368: 4401: 4359: 1743: 951:"Now nothing more can happen. The problems we face now are trifles compared to those in the past." 771: 3979: 3921: 1844: 1447:. The struggle between the Khmer Rouge and the PRK ended only with Vietnam's withdrawal in 1989. 1427:

leadership to evacuate to the western region of the country. On 7 January 1979, the PAVN and the

1100: 806: 580: 464: 1218:

Chinese and North Vietnamese documents state that relations between them worsened in 1973–75. A

1084: 86:

First Secretary of Worker's Party of Vietnam and General Secretary of Communist Party of Vietnam

4389: 4226: 778:

and Võ Nguyên Giáp. Together with Lê Đức Thọ, Lê Duẩn controlled personnel appointments in the

478:. China carried out an invasion on the Vietnamese northern border which was to be known as the 407:

as Lê Văn Nhuận. Little is known about his family and childhood. He first came in contact with

4078: 4059: 4040: 4017: 3996: 3942: 3884: 3865: 3844: 3825: 3806: 3787: 3768: 3745: 3726: 3707: 3684: 3665: 3662:

Collateral Damage: Sino – Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino – Vietnamese Alliance

3646: 3627: 3608: 3589: 3568: 3549: 3530: 3511: 3492: 3469: 3450: 2277: 2252: 1759: 1747: 1531:

In 1950, Lê Duẩn remarried to Nguyễn Thụy Nga (1925-2018). They had three children: daughter (

1517: 1460: 1367: 1183:

During the Vietnam War, the Chinese claimed that the Soviet Union would betray North Vietnam.

1135: 1128: 859:

and PAVN offensives. The communist commanders in the South were to avoid large attacks on the

856: 852: 561: 416: 303: 750: 3971: 3956:

Trung, Thai Quang (September 1982). "The Fifth Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party".

3913: 2229: 1154: 810: 530: 526: 404: 263: 4214: 1732: 1467:

By the time of the 5th National Congress, the party leadership had turned into a veritable

1630: 1626: 1419: 1356: 1227: 1223: 1150: 1018: 723: 675:

by Hồ in 1959, at the January plenum of the Central Committee and was elected to the post

33: 1532: 334: 3447:

Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina Conflict, 1956–1962

1346:, Trường Chinh and Phạm Văn Đồng sent messages congratulating the ascension of Pol Pot, 1127:

defense of the motherland and the socialist edification of our people." Soviet official

4520: 4011: 3702:

From People's War to People's Rule: Insurgency, Intervention and the Lessons of Vietnam

3700: 3643:

Death of a Generation: How the Assassinations of Diem and JFK prolonged the Vietnam War

3583: 1784: 1736: 1672: 1568: 1405: 1255: 1191: 1034: 1026: 864: 702: 411:

in the 1920s through his work as a railway clerk. Lê Duẩn was a founding member of the

3157: 1780: 5190: 3485: 3319: 2331: 1347: 1247: 1207: 997:

The Vietnamese leadership expected to reach these targets with economic aid from the

883: 879: 738: 596: 443: 431: 408: 1326: 790:(PAVN), the General Logistics Department of the PAVN and the Ministry of Transport. 686: 3417: 1725: 1468: 1139: 1054: 4292: 911:(not including "dissidents detained in the many prisons of Vietnam") and captured 643: 3859: 4244: 4115: 3881:

Revolution, Reform and Regionalism in Southeast Asia: Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

1652: 1595: 1455: 1436: 1391: 1387: 1315: 1265: 904: 565: 467: 450: 385: 109: 1431:

entered Phnom Penh. On the following day, a pro-Vietnamese state, known as the

1194:'s departure from Vietnam in 1965. Lê Duẩn did not accept this view and at the 5217:

General secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

3784:

The Third Indochina War: Conflict between China, Vietnam and Cambodia, 1972–79

1395: 1375: 1187: 1176: 1171: 1108: 983:(1976–80), which was initiated at the 4th National Congress, were as follows; 912: 836: 522: 475: 458:(1976–1980) failed and left the Vietnamese economy in crisis. He endorsed the 49: 3993:

The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History

2233: 1599: 1592: 1440: 1351: 1319: 823: 794: 786:, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the General Political Directorate of the 588: 373: 3466:

The Vietnam War From the Other Side: The Vietnamese Communists' Perspective

2600: 2598: 3325: 1580: 1251: 1234:

reunification and to that end, began making economic agreements with the

719: 3983: 3935:

Collective Leadership and Factionalism: an Essay on Ho Chi Minh's Legacy

3925: 3742:

Southeast Asia: a Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

875: 793:

To strengthen their hold on power, Lê Duẩn and Lê Đức Thọ established a

376:

politician. He rose in the party hierarchy in the late 1950s and became

5262:

Members of the 1st Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party

2281: 1619: 1379: 1335: 1096: 998: 973: 741:

in the hope of achieving a negotiated peace. Together with Lê Đức Thọ,

677: 538: 483: 37: 17: 5282:

Members of the 5th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

5277:

Members of the 4th Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

2336:"Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death" 801:

was appointed Minister of Communications and Transport; in April 1982

27:

Former General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1907–1986)

5272:

Members of the 3rd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

5267:

Members of the 2nd Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

1484: 1270: 901:

Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam

639: 427: 3917: 3975: 3803:

Behind the Bamboo Curtain: China, Vietnam and the World Beyond Asia

753:"progressively tried to neutralise Hồ Chí Minh" and Phạm Văn Đồng. 607: 70: 4510:

Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration

3508:

China's War With Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions and Implications

3196:"Dòng cảm tưởng của Tổng bí thư về nhà lãnh đạo kiệt xuất Lê Duẩn" 1679: 1499:

and General Đồng Sĩ Nguyên. The appointment of Nguyễn Đức Tâm and

1454: 1325: 1170: 1012: 931:

Inflation in retail prices in Vietnam since unification until the

926: 809:, friend of Lê Đức Thọ, was Chairman of the People's Committee of 606: 584: 534: 490: 489:

Lê remained General Secretary until his death in 1986. He died in

279: 3723:

Why Vietnam invaded Cambodia: Political Culture and Causes of War

3565:

Victory at Any Cost: The Genius of Viet Nam's Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap

3318:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1236:

Provisional Revolutionary (Communist) Government of South Vietnam

5257:

Members of the 5th Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam

5252:

Members of the 4th Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam

1809: 1807: 1805: 1699: 1645: 1359:, and value its relationship with Vietnam and the Soviet Union. 5247:

Members of the 3rd Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

5242:

Members of the 2nd Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

4144: 1261:

Lê Duẩn visited China from 20 to 25 November 1977 to seek aid.

1123:

of Afghanistan and received $ 3 million a day in military aid.

5237:

Members of the 5th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

5232:

Members of the 4th Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam

1788: 1559:

Lê Duẩn's concept of "collective mastery" was featured in the

1250:

stated that both superpowers acted as imperialists and sought

5227:

Members of the 3rd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

5222:

Members of the 2nd Politburo of the Workers' Party of Vietnam

2869: 2867: 1551:

In one of his own works, Lê Duẩn talked about "the right of

3389: 3387: 3385: 3372: 3370: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3273: 3271: 3269: 2585: 2583: 941:

Economic history of Vietnam § Subsidy phase: 1976-1986

993:"irtually complete socialist transformation in the South". 2409: 2407: 1390:, who have been almost wiped out as an ethnic group, the 384:(VCP) at the 3rd National Congress in 1960. He continued 3008: 3006: 2993: 2991: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2358: 2356: 2203: 2201: 2949: 2947: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2639: 2637: 2176: 2174: 2026: 2024: 1409:, the party newspaper and the largest paper in Vietnam 805:, a protégé of Lê Duẩn, became Minister of Transport. 3585:

U.S. Containment Policy and the Conflict in Indochina

1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 2065: 2063: 1975: 1973: 1960: 1958: 1945: 1943: 1941: 577:

Secretary of the Regional Committee of South Vietnam

5153: 5118: 5109: 5003: 4994: 4912: 4834: 4766: 4682: 4673: 4666: 4584: 4577: 4537: 4472: 4441: 4302: 4205: 4194: 4123:

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam

2604: 382:

Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam

342: 327: 309: 299: 289: 269: 238: 233: 213: 194: 175: 163: 151: 129: 117: 102: 84: 61: 3699: 3624:Postwar Vietnam: Dilemmas in Socialist Development 3484: 3527:Southeast Asia in the Twentieth Century: a Reader 2276:. General Research Corporation. pp. 98–108. 426:(1946-1954), Lê Duẩn was an active revolutionary 1029:, the leadership's position was muddled. In his 970:United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization 855:" and he continued to advocate a combination of 372:; 7 April 1907 – 10 July 1986) was a Vietnamese 4515:National Political Publishing House – The Truth 1813: 1384: 214:Secretary of the Party Committee in Cochinchina 1429:Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation 1296:Vietnamese invasion and occupation of Cambodia 4156: 3822:Divided We Fall: How Disunity Leads to Defeat 2703: 2691: 2679: 8: 691:Head of the Party Organisational Department, 529:education before working as a clerk for the 131:Secretary of the Central Military Commission 4100:Bibliography: Writings by and about Lê Duẩn 2873: 2334:; Denney, Stephen (October–November 1982). 1913: 1535:) and sons (Lê Kiên Thành, Lê Kiên Trung). 1269:United States. Following his visit, China ( 743:Head of the Party Organisational Department 5115: 5113: 5000: 4679: 4670: 4581: 4202: 4163: 4149: 4141: 4104: 958:increased under Lê Duẩn, according to the 69: 58: 3761:Ho Chi Minh: The Missing Years, 1919–1941 3405: 3393: 3248:"Phu nhân cố Tổng bí thư Lê Duẩn từ trần" 3096: 2667: 2616: 2589: 2574: 2425: 2141: 2129: 2117: 1825: 972:. Lê Duẩn's policies and the war against 395:He was born into a lower-class family in 98:10 September 1960 – 10 July 1986 4495:Commission for Information and Education 4010:Van, Canh Nguyen; Cooper, Earle (1983). 3376: 3361: 3349: 3301: 3277: 3182: 3158:"Vietnam ambivalent on Le Duan's legacy" 2550: 2538: 2521: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2362: 2318: 2306: 2165: 2153: 2054: 2042: 2003: 1991: 1877: 1781:"Vietnam ambivalent on Lê Duẩn's legacy" 1366:attacked several Vietnamese villages in 1074: 583:in 1946, but was reassigned to head the 3626:. Southeast Asia Program Publications. 2294: 2081: 1771: 1445:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 5136:Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneer Organization 3725:. Chicago: Stanford University Press. 3706:. University of North Carolina Press. 3683:. University of North Carolina Press. 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3012: 2997: 2982: 2965: 2953: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2207: 1901: 1889: 1762:of Moscow, was named in honor of him. 1021:growth in Vietnam from 1976 until 1985 999:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 878:holiday in January/February 1968. The 3144: 3132: 3120: 3108: 2655: 2643: 2628: 2192: 2180: 2105: 2093: 1865: 1838:Lien-Hang Nguyen (14 February 2017). 797:. For instance Lê Đức Thọ's brother, 671:Lê Duẩn was informally chosen as the 630:In 1956 Lê Duẩn was appointed to the 546:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 367: 7: 5302:Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War 4073:Zemtsov, Ilya; Farrar, John (2007). 4037:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 4033:Vietnam's Economic Policy since 1975 3968:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 3939:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 3910:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 2799: 2787: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2715: 2030: 851:regime's unpopularity remained its " 501:Lê Duẩn was born as Lê Văn Nhuận in 5312:Recipients of the Lenin Peace Prize 3418:1982: Granma Archives Index – LANIC 2069: 2015: 1979: 1964: 1949: 1932: 661:The Path to Revolution in the South 4056:Vietnam: a Global Studies Handbook 4013:Vietnam under Communism, 1975–1982 3289: 3222:"Tình yêu thương của hai người mẹ" 2811: 2562: 2509: 1111:, moves the Soviet Union opposed. 841:President of the People's Republic 25: 5322:People of the Sino-Vietnamese War 5297:People of the First Indochina War 5171:Socialist-oriented market economy 5131:Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union 4480:Commission for External Relations 4075:Gorbachev: The Man and the System 3324:Cima, Ronald J. (December 1987). 2274:The General Offensives of 1968–69 1287:On 17 February 1979, the Chinese 5317:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 5212:People of the Annam Protectorate 4184: 4172: 3801:Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2006). 3313: 1840:"Who Called the Shots in Hanoi?" 1742: 1731: 1718: 1705: 1692: 1678: 1665: 1651: 1638: 1625: 1612: 1587:In his victory speech after the 568:, the lead figure of the party. 346: 314: 3879:St. John, Ronald Bruce (2006). 1382:harbored pro-Vietnamese views. 1071:Relations with the Eastern Bloc 861:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 585:Central Office of South Vietnam 544:Lê Duẩn became a member of the 460:Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia 436:Central Office of South Vietnam 5207:People from Quảng Trị province 3765:University of California Press 3491:. Cambridge University Press. 1598:and the last "remnants of the 1433:People's Republic of Kampuchea 1146:and later met with Gorbachev. 1079:Lê Duẩn and Trường Chinh with 714:Political infighting and power 1: 5141:Vietnam People's Armed Forces 4464:Central Inspection Commission 3805:. Stanford University Press. 3698:Lomperis, Timothy J. (1996). 3664:. Columbia University Press. 3588:. Stanford University Press. 2850:"Chinese invasion of Vietnam" 2222:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 1435:(PRK), was established, with 1144:27th Communist Party Congress 1138:, visited Vietnam during its 1089:Socialist Republic of Romania 625:11th Central Committee Plenum 44:, but is often simplified to 4490:Mass Mobilization Commission 3858:Shane-Armstrong, R. (2003). 3759:Quinn-Judge, Sophie (2002). 3603:Europa Publications (2002). 1561:1980 Vietnamese Constitution 1443:as General Secretary of the 1157:attended Lê Duẩn's funeral. 965:International Herald Tribune 780:Ministry of Internal Affairs 709:General Secretary leadership 673:First Secretary of the party 388:'s policy of ruling through 209:1951 – 10 July 1986 190:1951 – 10 July 1986 4459:Central Military Commission 3991:Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). 3959:Contemporary Southeast Asia 3864:. University of Wisconsin. 3839:Sawinski, Diane M. (2001). 3721:Morris, Stephen J. (1999). 3645:. Oxford University Press. 3582:Duiker, William J. (1994). 3525:Christie, Clive J. (1998). 3449:. McFarland & Company. 3334:. Constitutional Evolution. 2251:. Penguin. pp. 544–5. 1589:1976 parliamentary election 1312:Indochinese Communist Party 1105:International Monetary Fund 5338: 4180:Communist Party of Vietnam 4077:. Transaction Publishers. 4054:Woods, L. Shelton (2002). 3933:Trung, Thai Quang (2002). 3679:Lien-Hang, Nguyen (2012). 1779:Le, Quynh (14 July 2006). 1308:Kampuchean Communist Party 1299: 1280: 1164: 938: 736:South Vietnamese President 587:from 1951 until 1954. The 548:in 1928. He cofounded the 321:Communist Party of Vietnam 31: 4129: 4120: 4112: 4107: 3744:. Vol. 2. ABC-CLIO. 3563:Currey, Cecil B. (2005). 3544:Corfield, Justin (2008). 3483:Brocheux, Pierre (2007). 3332:Federal Research Division 2704:Zemtsov & Farrar 2007 2692:Zemtsov & Farrar 2007 2680:Zemtsov & Farrar 2007 2272:Hoang, Ngoc Lung (1978). 1684:Order of Klement Gottwald 1403:An editorial featured in 784:State Planning Commission 697:and his strong belief in 550:Indochina Communist Party 476:ethnic Chinese Hoa people 413:Indochina Communist Party 354: 229: 218: 202: 183: 140: 91: 80: 68: 4108:Party political offices 3883:. Taylor & Francis. 3841:Vietnam War: Biographies 3820:Rothrock, James (2006). 3605:Far East and Australasia 3487:Ho Chi Minh: a Biography 3464:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 3445:Ang, Cheng Guan (1997). 3327:Vietnam: A Country Study 2605:Europa Publications 2002 2340:The Indochina Newsletter 2247:Karnow, Stanley (1991). 1711:Gold Medal of the Nation 1302:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 1289:People's Liberation Army 788:People's Army of Vietnam 699:Vietnamese reunification 634:. He was ordered by the 632:secretariat of the party 615:In the aftermath of the 4528:The Communist Newspaper 4500:Organisation Commission 3901:Southeast Asian Affairs 3786:. New York: Routledge. 3660:Khoo, Nicholas (2011). 2234:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.4 1600:feudal landlord classes 1200:Chinese Communist Party 1167:China–Vietnam relations 1031:Fourth Political Report 833:Gulf of Tonkin incident 603:The "Road to the South" 531:Vietnam Railway Company 75:Official portrait, 1978 5307:People of the Cold War 4442:Decision-making bodies 3740:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). 3641:Jones, Howard (2003). 3567:. Potomac Books, Inc. 3546:The History of Vietnam 1464: 1412: 1370:, most notably in the 1331: 1180: 1091: 1022: 979:The main goals of the 936: 917:Vietnamese boat people 612: 575:Lê Duẩn served as the 562:1945 August Revolution 519:metal scrap collectors 409:revolutionary thoughts 4914:Inspection Commission 4031:Võ, Nhân Trí (1990). 3406:Van & Cooper 1983 3394:Van & Cooper 1983 3097:Van & Cooper 1983 2852:. Global Security.org 2668:Van & Cooper 1983 2617:Van & Cooper 1983 2607:, pp. 1419–1420. 2590:Van & Cooper 1983 2575:Van & Cooper 1983 2426:Van & Cooper 1983 2142:Van & Cooper 1983 2130:Van & Cooper 1983 2118:Van & Cooper 1983 1514:6th National Congress 1473:Hồ Chí Minh Mausoleum 1458: 1439:as head of state and 1329: 1300:Further information: 1174: 1165:Further information: 1078: 1053:enhanced and certain 1016: 981:Second Five-Year Plan 933:6th National Congress 930: 759:collective leadership 695:The Road to the South 683:3rd National Congress 621:The Road to the South 610: 554:2nd National Congress 497:Early life and career 456:Second Five-Year Plan 390:collective leadership 5013:Provisional: 1930–35 3377:JCSA & SSRC 1988 3362:JCSA & SSRC 1988 3350:JCSA & SSRC 1988 3302:JCSA & SSRC 1988 3278:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2539:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2498:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2486:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2474:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2462:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2450:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2438:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2414:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2399:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2387:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2375:JCSA & SSRC 1988 2363:JCSA & SSRC 1988 1814:Shane-Armstrong 2003 1451:Last years and death 1364:Democratic Kampuchea 1238:(PRGSV). PRGSV head 1161:Relations with China 1043:Council of Ministers 845:peaceful coexistence 472:Democratic Kampuchea 5292:Vietnamese atheists 5287:Vietnamese Marxists 5161:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4836:Military Commission 4667:Leadership sittings 4538:Steering committees 4505:Theoretical Council 3506:Chen, King (1987). 3304:, pp. 141–142. 3185:, pp. 111–112. 3135:, pp. 240–241. 3123:, pp. 239–240. 3111:, pp. 237–238. 3039:, pp. 106–107. 2829:Library of Congress 2577:, pp. 227–228. 1657:Order of José Martí 1573:New Economic Policy 1516:. He was buried at 1459:Lê Duẩn's grave in 1283:Sino-Vietnamese War 1196:23rd Party Congress 962:. According to the 896:Paris Peace Accords 617:1954 Geneva Accords 573:First Indochina War 480:Sino-Vietnamese War 424:First Indochina War 5110:Wider organisation 5093:13th: 2021–present 4982:13th: 2021–present 4758:13th: 2021–present 2249:Vietnam: A History 1845:The New York Times 1606:Honours and awards 1465: 1362:On 30 April 1977, 1332: 1181: 1101:October Revolution 1092: 1023: 960:Ministry of Health 937: 909:re-education camps 886:in May 1968 and a 613: 515:Quảng Trị Province 401:Annam Protectorate 397:Quảng Trị Province 260:Annam Protectorate 256:Quảng Trị Province 5184: 5183: 5149: 5148: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5005:Central Committee 4990: 4989: 4676:Central Committee 4662: 4661: 4586:National Congress 4578:National meetings 4573: 4572: 4550:Central Highlands 4348:Nguyễn Thanh Bình 4207:General Secretary 4197:Central Committee 4139: 4138: 4130:Succeeded by 3793:978-0-415-39058-3 3732:978-0-8047-3049-5 3254:. 27 October 2018 2825:"Vietnam – China" 2730:, pp. 69–70. 2718:, pp. 34–35. 2488:, p. 81, 87. 2464:, pp. 79–80. 2156:, pp. 55–56. 2144:, pp. 71–72. 2132:, pp. 70–71. 1760:Yasenevo District 1748:Lenin Peace Prize 1539:Political beliefs 1518:Mai Dich Cemetery 1461:Mai Dich Cemetery 1368:An Giang Province 1136:Vitaly Vorotnikov 1129:Mikhail Gorbachev 1117:invaded Kampuchea 1066:Foreign relations 857:guerrilla warfare 795:patronage network 768:Sino–Soviet split 558:Central Committee 417:August Revolution 378:General Secretary 369:[lēzʷə̂n] 358: 357: 338: 294:Mai Dịch Cemetery 16:(Redirected from 5329: 5166:Marxism–Leninism 5116: 5001: 4680: 4671: 4582: 4386:(Apr.–Jul. 2001) 4378:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 4338:(June–Dec. 1986) 4312:Nguyễn Duy Trinh 4304:Permanent Member 4287:Nguyễn Phú Trọng 4259:(Jul.–Dec. 1986) 4203: 4198: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4113:Preceded by 4105: 4088: 4069: 4050: 4027: 4016:. Hoover Press. 4006: 3987: 3952: 3929: 3894: 3875: 3854: 3835: 3816: 3797: 3778: 3755: 3736: 3717: 3705: 3694: 3675: 3656: 3637: 3618: 3599: 3578: 3559: 3540: 3521: 3510:. Hoover Press. 3502: 3490: 3479: 3460: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3336: 3335: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2986: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2877: 2874:Quinn-Judge 2002 2871: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2593: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2073: 2067: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1947: 1936: 1930: 1917: 1914:Quinn-Judge 2002 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1835: 1829: 1823: 1817: 1811: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1776: 1746: 1735: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1709: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1682: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1655: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1629: 1618: 1616: 1615: 1546:Marxism–Leninism 1410: 1372:Ba Chúc massacre 1306:The independent 1277:Chinese invasion 1155:Anatoly Dobrynin 888:Phase III attack 872:Nguyễn Chí Thanh 811:Hồ Chí Minh City 747:Nguyễn Chí Thanh 556:, he joined its 434:. He headed the 419:of August 1945. 405:French Indochina 371: 366: 350: 332: 319: 318: 317: 276: 264:French Indochina 252: 250: 234:Personal details 223: 207: 188: 166: 154: 145: 120: 105: 96: 73: 59: 21: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5187: 5186: 5185: 5180: 5145: 5097: 4996: 4986: 4908: 4830: 4762: 4675: 4658: 4569: 4555:Judicial Reform 4545:Anti-corruption 4533: 4468: 4437: 4414:Trần Quốc Vượng 4396:Trương Tấn Sang 4336:Nguyễn Văn Linh 4298: 4263:Nguyễn Văn Linh 4196: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4135: 4126: 4118: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4072: 4066: 4053: 4047: 4030: 4024: 4009: 4003: 3990: 3955: 3949: 3932: 3918:10.1355/seaa87t 3897: 3891: 3878: 3872: 3861:The Vietnam War 3857: 3851: 3838: 3832: 3824:. AuthorHouse. 3819: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3697: 3691: 3678: 3672: 3659: 3653: 3640: 3634: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3529:. I.B. Tauris. 3524: 3518: 3505: 3499: 3482: 3476: 3463: 3457: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3339: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2833: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2596: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2401:, pp. 1–2. 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2187: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2029: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1939: 1931: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1860: 1850: 1848: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1719: 1717: 1693: 1691: 1666: 1664: 1639: 1637: 1631:Gold Star Order 1613: 1611: 1608: 1541: 1526: 1501:Nguyễn Cơ Thạch 1489:Nguyễn Văn Linh 1453: 1420:Leonid Brezhnev 1411: 1402: 1357:socialist state 1304: 1298: 1285: 1279: 1228:Paracel Islands 1185:Chinese Premier 1169: 1163: 1151:Nikolai Ryzhkov 1121:Soviet invasion 1085:Elena Ceaușescu 1073: 1068: 1025:With regard to 1019:national income 943: 925: 884:Phase II attack 819: 716: 711: 685:. According to 669: 667:First Secretary 611:Lê Duẩn in 1951 605: 527:French colonial 499: 364: 315: 313: 310:Political party 278: 274: 254: 248: 246: 245: 244: 224: 219: 208: 203: 189: 184: 164: 152: 146: 141: 135:Communist Party 118: 103: 97: 92: 76: 64: 57: 34:Vietnamese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5079: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5007: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4726:8th: 1996–01 ( 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4674:Elected by the 4668: 4664: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4588: 4579: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4485:Central Office 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4438: 4436: 4435: 4434:(2024–present) 4429: 4426:Trương Thị Mai 4423: 4417: 4411: 4408:Đinh Thế Huynh 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4384:Trần Đình Hoan 4381: 4375: 4372:Phạm Thế Duyệt 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4295:(2024–present) 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4200: 4192: 4191: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4145: 4137: 4136: 4131: 4128: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4094:External links 4092: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4070: 4064: 4051: 4045: 4028: 4022: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3976:10.1355/cs4-2h 3953: 3947: 3930: 3895: 3889: 3876: 3870: 3855: 3849: 3836: 3830: 3817: 3811: 3798: 3792: 3779: 3773: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3712: 3695: 3689: 3676: 3670: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3600: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3522: 3516: 3503: 3498:978-1107622265 3497: 3480: 3474: 3461: 3455: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3421: 3410: 3398: 3381: 3379:, p. 138. 3366: 3364:, p. 137. 3354: 3352:, p. 141. 3337: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3280:, p. 140. 3265: 3239: 3228:. 8 April 2007 3213: 3202:. 5 April 2017 3187: 3175: 3164:. 14 July 2006 3149: 3147:, p. 350. 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3087:, p. 111. 3077: 3075:, p. 110. 3065: 3063:, p. 109. 3053: 3051:, p. 108. 3041: 3029: 3027:, p. 103. 3017: 3015:, p. 102. 3002: 3000:, p. 105. 2987: 2985:, p. 100. 2970: 2958: 2943: 2931: 2919: 2907: 2895: 2878: 2876:, p. 166. 2863: 2841: 2816: 2804: 2802:, p. 123. 2792: 2790:, p. 100. 2780: 2778:, p. 118. 2768: 2766:, p. 117. 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2706:, p. 291. 2696: 2694:, p. 285. 2684: 2682:, p. 277. 2672: 2670:, p. 230. 2660: 2658:, p. 244. 2648: 2646:, p. 243. 2633: 2631:, p. 242. 2621: 2619:, p. 229. 2609: 2594: 2592:, p. 228. 2579: 2567: 2565:, p. 107. 2555: 2543: 2526: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2367: 2352: 2332:Sagan, Ginetta 2323: 2321:, p. 291. 2311: 2309:, p. 354. 2299: 2287: 2264: 2258:978-0670842186 2257: 2239: 2212: 2210:, p. 357. 2197: 2195:, p. 240. 2185: 2183:, p. 213. 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2084:, p. 482. 2074: 2059: 2057:, p. 170. 2047: 2045:, p. 174. 2035: 2033:, p. 119. 2020: 2008: 2006:, p. 333. 1996: 1994:, p. 167. 1984: 1969: 1954: 1937: 1935:, p. 777. 1918: 1916:, p. 316. 1906: 1904:, p. 229. 1894: 1892:, p. 637. 1882: 1880:, p. 211. 1870: 1868:, p. 212. 1858: 1830: 1826:Lien-Hang 2012 1818: 1816:, p. 216. 1801: 1785:BBC World News 1770: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1740: 1737:Order of Lenin 1715: 1714: 1713: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1673:Czechoslovakia 1662: 1661: 1660: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1607: 1604: 1540: 1537: 1525: 1522: 1452: 1449: 1400: 1297: 1294: 1281:Main article: 1278: 1275: 1256:Fall of Saigon 1240:Nguyễn Hữu Thọ 1212:visit to China 1192:Alexei Kosygin 1162: 1159: 1148:Soviet Premier 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1058:economically. 1035:light industry 1027:heavy industry 995: 994: 991: 988: 924: 921: 865:socialist camp 853:Achilles' heel 818: 815: 803:Đồng Sĩ Nguyên 799:Đinh Đức Thiện 776:Trần Quốc Hoàn 715: 712: 710: 707: 703:Hoàng Văn Hoan 668: 665: 649:Võ Nguyên Giáp 604: 601: 579:, at first in 498: 495: 356: 355: 352: 351: 344: 340: 339: 329: 325: 324: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 277:(aged 79) 271: 267: 266: 242: 240: 236: 235: 231: 230: 227: 226: 216: 215: 211: 210: 200: 199: 195:Member of the 192: 191: 181: 180: 176:Member of the 173: 172: 167: 161: 160: 158:Võ Nguyên Giáp 155: 149: 148: 138: 137: 127: 126: 121: 115: 114: 106: 100: 99: 89: 88: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 66: 65: 62: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5334: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073:12th: 2016–21 5071: 5069: 5068:11th: 2011–16 5066: 5064: 5063:10th: 2006–11 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:12th: 2016–21 4975: 4973: 4972:11th: 2011–16 4970: 4968: 4967:10th: 2006–11 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821:12th: 2016–21 4819: 4817: 4816:11th: 2011–16 4814: 4812: 4811:10th: 2006–11 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4753:12th: 2016–21 4751: 4749: 4748:11th: 2011–16 4746: 4744: 4743:10th: 2006–11 4741: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4420:Võ Văn Thưởng 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4324:Lê Thanh Nghị 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4281:Nông Đức Mạnh 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4233:Nguyễn Văn Cừ 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4221:Lê Hồng Phong 4219: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4084:9781412807173 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4065:9781576074169 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4046:9789813035546 4042: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4023:9780817978518 4019: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4004: 4002:9781851099610 3998: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3948:9789971988012 3944: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3890:9780415701846 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3871:9780737714333 3867: 3863: 3862: 3856: 3852: 3850:9780787648862 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3831:9781425911072 3827: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3812:9780804755023 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3774:9780520235335 3770: 3766: 3762: 3757: 3753: 3751:9781576077702 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3713:9780807845776 3709: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3692: 3690:9780807882696 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3671:9780231150781 3667: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3652:9780195052862 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3633:9780877271208 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3614:9781857431339 3610: 3607:. Routledge. 3606: 3601: 3597: 3595:9780804722834 3591: 3587: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3574:9781612340104 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3555:9780313341946 3551: 3547: 3542: 3538: 3536:9781860640636 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3517:9780817985721 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3475:9780700716159 3471: 3468:. Routledge. 3467: 3462: 3458: 3456:9780786404049 3452: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3411: 3408:, p. 26. 3407: 3402: 3399: 3396:, p. 25. 3395: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3321: 3320:public domain 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3292:, p. 63. 3291: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3201: 3200:vietnamnet.vn 3197: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183:Corfield 2008 3179: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3099:, p. 64. 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2968:, p. 99. 2967: 2962: 2959: 2956:, p. 98. 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2941:, p. 95. 2940: 2935: 2932: 2929:, p. 94. 2928: 2923: 2920: 2917:, p. 93. 2916: 2911: 2908: 2905:, p. 97. 2904: 2899: 2896: 2893:, p. 96. 2892: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2814:, p. 98. 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2754:, p. 98. 2753: 2748: 2745: 2742:, p. 97. 2741: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2553:, p. 48. 2552: 2551:St. John 2006 2547: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2524:, p. 45. 2523: 2522:St. John 2006 2518: 2515: 2512:, p. 81. 2511: 2506: 2503: 2500:, p. 81. 2499: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2479: 2476:, p. 80. 2475: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2452:, p. 78. 2451: 2446: 2443: 2440:, p. 82. 2439: 2434: 2431: 2428:, p. 62. 2427: 2422: 2419: 2416:, p. 88. 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319:Christie 1998 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307:Rothrock 2006 2303: 2300: 2297:, p. 33. 2296: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2168:, p. 70. 2167: 2166:Rothrock 2006 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154:Rothrock 2006 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2120:, p. 69. 2119: 2114: 2111: 2108:, p. 54. 2107: 2102: 2099: 2096:, p. 74. 2095: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2075: 2072:, p. 10. 2071: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055:Brocheux 2007 2051: 2048: 2044: 2043:Brocheux 2007 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2018:, p. 21. 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2004:Lomperis 1996 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992:Brocheux 2007 1988: 1985: 1982:, p. 75. 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1967:, p. 24. 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1952:, p. 19. 1951: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878:Sawinski 2001 1874: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1859: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1828:, p. 54. 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1524:Personal life 1523: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:5th Politburo 1476: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1457: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1348:Khieu Samphan 1345: 1344:Tôn Đức Thắng 1341: 1337: 1328: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Deng Xiaoping 1243: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208:Richard Nixon 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1178: 1175:Lê Duẩn with 1173: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1055:market prices 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007:Lê Thanh Nghị 1004: 1000: 992: 989: 986: 985: 984: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 966: 961: 955: 952: 947: 942: 934: 929: 922: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 892: 889: 885: 881: 880:Tet Offensive 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 825: 816: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 763: 760: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739:Ngô Đình Diệm 737: 733: 732:Phạm Văn Đồng 729: 725: 721: 713: 708: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 679: 674: 666: 664: 662: 656: 652: 650: 645: 641: 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 609: 602: 600: 598: 597:North Vietnam 595:and moved to 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 496: 494: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466: 461: 457: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432:South Vietnam 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 362: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 330: 326: 322: 312: 308: 305: 302: 298: 295: 292: 290:Resting place 288: 285: 281: 272: 268: 265: 261: 257: 241: 237: 232: 228: 222: 217: 212: 206: 201: 198: 193: 187: 182: 179: 174: 171: 170:Văn Tiến Dũng 168: 162: 159: 156: 150: 144: 139: 136: 132: 128: 125: 122: 116: 112: 111: 107: 101: 95: 90: 87: 83: 79: 72: 67: 60: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5126:Constitution 5119:Other organs 5058:9th: 2001–06 5053:8th: 1996–01 5048:7th: 1991–96 5043:6th: 1986–91 5038:5th: 1982–86 5033:4th: 1976–82 5028:3rd: 1960–76 5023:2nd: 1951–60 5018:1st: 1935–51 4962:9th: 2001–06 4957:8th: 1996–01 4952:7th: 1991–96 4947:6th: 1986–91 4942:5th: 1982–86 4937:4th: 1976–82 4932:3rd: 1960–76 4927:2nd: 1951–60 4922:1st: 1948–51 4806:9th: 2001–06 4801:7th: 1991–96 4796:6th: 1986–91 4791:5th: 1982–86 4786:4th: 1976–82 4781:3rd: 1960–76 4776:2nd: 1951–60 4738:9th: 2001–06 4722:7th: 1991–96 4717:6th: 1986–91 4712:5th: 1982–86 4707:4th: 1976–82 4702:3rd: 1960–76 4697:2nd: 1951–60 4692:1st: 1935–51 4526: 4519: 4366:Lê Khả Phiêu 4360:Đào Duy Tùng 4275:Lê Khả Phiêu 4257:Trường Chinh 4250: 4239:Trường Chinh 4133:Trường Chinh 4121: 4074: 4058:. ABC-CLIO. 4055: 4032: 4012: 3995:. ABC-CLIO. 3992: 3963: 3957: 3934: 3905: 3899: 3880: 3860: 3840: 3821: 3802: 3783: 3760: 3741: 3722: 3701: 3680: 3661: 3642: 3623: 3604: 3584: 3564: 3548:. ABC-CLIO. 3545: 3526: 3507: 3486: 3465: 3446: 3438:Bibliography 3424: 3413: 3401: 3357: 3326: 3309: 3297: 3285: 3256:. Retrieved 3251: 3242: 3230:. Retrieved 3225: 3216: 3204:. Retrieved 3199: 3190: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3161: 3152: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3080: 3068: 3056: 3044: 3032: 3020: 2961: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2854:. Retrieved 2844: 2832:. Retrieved 2819: 2807: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2624: 2612: 2570: 2558: 2546: 2541:, p. 5. 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2394: 2389:, p. 1. 2382: 2377:, p. 3. 2370: 2365:, p. 2. 2343:. 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