375:(CORE) came to Plaquemines Parish to run a voter registration drive for African Americans. About 45 members, both black and white, came to work in the parish and organize local people for voter registration classes, peaceful marches, and drives to register. In a short time, 300 CORE activists and local people were arrested for peaceful protest, but CORE leaders negotiated with the local sheriff and mayor to permit some actions. After training and concerted action, a number of local African Americans did succeed in registering to vote, although many were still prevented, on largely specious grounds for failing to answer questions about the state constitution. The movement also worked to get Seymourville and Dupont Annex included within the city boundaries; the city was trying to exclude these majority-black communities from being incorporated in order to prevent black votes from being counted for election of the city commission. Voting rights work took place in other nearby parishes as well; in October an African-American man was the first of his race to register to vote in
353:
through the city and attacked
African Americans on the streets. When the schools were reopened, Perez organized a boycott by white residents. His group made threats to whites who allowed their children to attend desegregated schools. Perez arranged for poor whites to attend a segregated private school without charge, and he helped to establish a new whites-only private school in New Orleans. The Roman Catholic Church supported desegregation, and integrated its parochial schools. The Archbishop of New Orleans,
307:
levee board lands for drilling. "As early as 1941, Perez's ties to companies involved in lucrative mineral leases were under investigation. In 1983, it was discovered that $ 80 million in oil royalties had been paid to Delta
Development Co., which Perez secretly owned. After Perez's death, the parish government sued his heirs, seeking restitution of $ 82 million in government funds. In 1987, the lawsuit was settled for $ 12 million.
408:
456:, a major thoroughfare in St. Bernard Parish, was named after him (it was formerly Goodchildren Drive). In 1999, the road was rededicated with the same name as an honor for the late Melvyn Perez, a long-time judge in St. Bernard Parish. (In 1978, nine years after Leander Perez's death, the Louisiana legislature had designated St. Bernard Parish as its own judicial district. Melvyn Perez served there.)
31:
390:
authorized federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration and elections in jurisdictions with historic under-representation of elements of the population. Expanded voter registration drives took place and, after 1965, African
Americans in Louisiana began to participate again in the political
278:
appearing on the rolls. Perez-endorsed candidates often won with 90% or more of the ballots. Those who appeared to vote were intimidated by Perez's enforcers. He sent large tough men into the voting booths to "help" people vote. Many voters were bribed. Perez testified that he bribed voters $ 2, $ 5,
306:
Starting in 1936, Perez diverted millions from government funds through illegal land deals. When he was a district attorney, he was the legal adviser to the
Plaquemines levee boards. He used this position to negotiate payoffs between corporations he set up and the big oil companies that leased the
403:
announced its plan to desegregate the New
Orleans parochial school system for the 1962–1963 school year. Perez led a movement to pressure businesses into firing any whites who allowed their children to attend the newly desegregated Catholic schools. Catholics in St. Bernard Parish boycotted one
352:
In 1960, while opposing desegregation of New
Orleans public schools, Perez spoke provocatively at a rally in the city. His speech is credited with catalyzing a mob assault on the school administration building by some 2,000 white men, who were fought off by police using fire hoses. The mob ran
419:
Perez described himself at one point as "a
Catholic, but not an Archbishop's Catholic." He eventually reconciled with the Catholic Church and was readmitted before his death after issuing a retraction, and through political leverage exercised by Democratic senator
265:
by ensuring laws were enacted on his fiat and rubber-stamped by the parish governing councils. Elections under Perez's reign were sometimes blatantly falsified, with voting records appearing in alphabetical order and names of national celebrities such as
212:
during the middle third of the 20th century. Officially, he served as a district judge, later as district attorney, and as president of the
Plaquemines Parish Commission Council. He was known for leading efforts to enforce and preserve
404:
school, which the archdiocese kept open without students for four months; it burned down in what was suspected as arson. In response, Archbishop Rummel excommunicated Perez and two other opponents of integration on April 16, 1962.
1022:
348:
Perez tried to control the activities of civil rights workers by prohibiting outsiders from entering
Plaquemines Parish via the bayou ferries, which were the chief way to cross rivers and enter the jurisdiction.
1015:
371:
Civil rights activists tried to work through the barriers to register
African-American voters and enable them to vote. In the summer of 1963, from July through August, activists of the
792:
he called in the apostolic delegate along with his top associates and threatened they had overstayed their visas, which would be revoked if Leander's excommunication was not lifted.
345:", among them the Citizens' Council of Greater New Orleans. Perez researched and wrote much of the legislation sponsored by Louisiana's Joint Legislative Committee on Segregation.
2344:
1008:
2359:
2354:
2409:
2314:
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774:
229:, on the east bank of Plaquemines Parish, to Roselius E. "Fice" Perez (died 1939) and the former Gertrude Solis (died 1944). The Perez and Solis families were
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364:, tried without success to pass grants-in-aid bills to provide state assistance to private schools that were founded to avoid desegregation, known as
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in order to register to vote. Subjective and discriminatory treatment by white registrars prevented most blacks from registering.
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46:
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1814:
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329:
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in New Orleans and after graduating in 1914, he began his law practice in New Orleans and in Plaquemines Parish.
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due to the state constitution passed at the turn of the century, which added requirements for payment of
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in New Orleans for his secondary education but he did not graduate from the school. He later enrolled at
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as a subfreshman and graduated from the university in 1912. In the fall of 1912, Perez was admitted to
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2299:
2156:
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1357:
2255:
2012:
1873:
1622:
1429:
1303:
1154:
161:
2324:
2195:
2084:
2058:
1963:
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1236:
1159:
1138:
924:
1586:
2068:
1989:
1868:
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1434:
1408:
1241:
1200:
928:
779:
749:"The Role of Archbishop Joseph F. Rummel in the Desegregation of Catholic Schools in New Orleans"
671:
333:, which ruled that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. Perez helped organize the
324:
320:
262:
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85:
1943:
1313:
436:
In 1917, Perez married Agnes Octave Chalin. They had four children; two sons and two daughters.
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2094:
809:
2151:
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1984:
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District judge, district attorney, and president of the Plaquemines Parish Commission Council
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2038:
2017:
1994:
1968:
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1118:
748:
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1758:
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1362:
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1100:
683:
407:
338:
271:
30:
1727:
2250:
2146:
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2089:
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1169:
1085:
421:
295:
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234:
197:
2293:
2190:
2004:
1999:
1958:
1922:
1783:
1722:
1699:
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1367:
1272:
1128:
1080:
449:, was written "to and people like him", criticizing Perez's segregationist ideology.
354:
315:
In the 1950s and 1960s, Perez gained attention as a nationally prominent opponent of
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342:
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1953:
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1190:
1123:
974:
729:
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In 1919, Judge Perez launched a reign of bought elections and strictly enforced
246:
902:(hardcover). Vol. 2. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Historical Association. .
1753:
1678:
1308:
1293:
1246:
1060:
658:. Photographs by Bob Adelman. New York, NY: Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
966:
566:
1449:
1444:
1210:
1095:
1090:
267:
209:
125:
357:, excommunicated Perez for his overt opposition to the church's teachings.
1773:
957:
877:
Loewen, James W. (1999). "Chapter 47: Let Us Now Praise Famous Thieves".
446:
424:. Perez received a requiem Mass at Holy Name of Jesus Christ Church at
1799:
627:
841:
The Big Lie: Hale Boggs, Lucille May Grace and Leander Perez in 1951
806:"Obits of the Perez Family of Plaquemines Parish Parish, Louisiana"
406:
862:(hardcover). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
1845:
1334:
1042:
1004:
724:
Havard, William C.; Heberle, Rudolf; Howard, Perry H. (1963).
157:
Leander H. Perez, III (grandson who was a son-in-law of
233:, an ethnic community descended from settlers from the
193:(July 16, 1891 – March 19, 1969) was an American
879:
Lies Across America: What Our Historic Sites Get Wrong
279:
and $ 10 to vote his way, depending on who they were.
286:
from voting within his domain, but most were already
775:"Minor: Netherlands scholar pens James Eastland bio"
379:
since the early years following disenfranchisement.
2243:
2209:
2175:
2129:
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2026:
1977:
1936:
1897:
1856:
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176:
168:
153:
145:
119:
109:
92:
72:
67:
44:
21:
843:(softcover). New Orleans, LA: Pelican Publishing.
391:system and exercise their constitutional rights.
649:Farmer, James (November 1963). Peck, Jim (ed.).
1016:
588:Crossing Border Street. A Civil Rights Memoir
526:. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 6–11.
8:
2345:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
555:"Civil Rights: The Continuing Confrontation"
1032:Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
323:to change, particularly following the 1954
319:, taking a leadership role in the southern
35:Perez in 1914 as Tulane Law School graduate
1853:
1842:
1342:
1331:
1050:
1039:
1023:
1009:
1001:
445:"What Color Are You", a 1966 folk song by
29:
18:
2360:People from Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
2355:People from St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
515:
513:
511:
2410:Latino conservatism in the United States
2315:American political bosses from Louisiana
360:His legislative ally, E. W. Gravolet of
2390:School segregation in the United States
465:
881:(hardcover). New York: The New Press.
679:
669:
956:. City of Winnfield. . Archived from
616:"A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography"
7:
965:Jeansonne, Glen (November 4, 2013).
937:] (Motion picture) (in Spanish).
697:Moore, Richard O. (March 16, 1964).
2370:Tulane University Law School alumni
2310:Hispanic and Latino American mayors
899:A Dictionary of Louisiana Biography
225:Perez was born in the community of
2335:American people of Spanish descent
14:
2405:20th-century American politicians
935:The Canary Islanders in Louisiana
773:Minor, Bill (February 18, 2016).
476:The Canary Islanders of Louisiana
386:ended legal segregation, and the
860:Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta
624:Louisiana Historical Association
523:Leander Perez: Boss of the Delta
485:Louisiana State University Press
726:The Louisiana Elections of 1960
753:Loyola University, New Orleans
592:University of California Press
586:Honigsberg, Peter Jan (2000).
282:Perez took action to suppress
1:
2400:20th-century American lawyers
341:"front organizations for the
103:Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
47:Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana
2395:20th-century American judges
2350:Politicians from New Orleans
2340:Louisiana state court judges
1577:Doris Lindsey Holland Rhodes
373:Congress for Racial Equality
251:Tulane University Law School
1572:Edgar G. "Sonny" Mouton Jr.
330:Brown v. Board of Education
2426:
2375:Citizens' Councils members
954:Louisiana Political Museum
747:Smestad, John Jr. (1994).
734:Louisiana State University
401:Archdiocese of New Orleans
243:Louisiana State University
1852:
1841:
1649:Kathleen Babineaux Blanco
1341:
1330:
1049:
1038:
996:FBI file on Leander Perez
930:Los canarios del Misisipi
896:Conrad, Glenn R. (1988).
411:Leander Perez's tomb, in
388:Voting Rights Act of 1965
208:parishes in southeastern
184:
63:
52:
40:
28:
2385:Catholics from Louisiana
2380:Lawyers from New Orleans
2365:Tulane University alumni
2235:Charles D. Lancaster Jr.
2049:Richard P. "Dick" Guidry
2009:Leonard R. "Pop" Hataway
1165:deLesseps Story Morrison
950:"Louisiana Hall of Fame"
858:Jeansonne, Glen (1977).
736:Studies. pp. 70–71.
520:Jeansonne, Glen (2006).
473:Din, Gilbert C. (1988).
384:Civil Rights Act of 1964
335:White Citizens' Councils
237:, Spain. Perez attended
221:Early life and education
2330:Louisiana Isleño people
1066:William C. C. Claiborne
839:Boulard, Garry (2001).
804:Beck, Darnell Brunner.
191:Leander Henry Perez Sr.
481:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
416:
1628:Barbara Boggs Sigmund
1608:Carlos Roberto Flores
1557:Charles W. DeWitt Jr.
1175:Edward Douglass White
410:
377:West Feliciana Parish
366:segregation academies
45:District Attorney of
1915:Catherine D. Kimball
1719:Theodore "Ted" Jones
1710:Virginia deGravelles
1358:William J. Jefferson
925:Morales, Manuel Mora
652:Louisiana Story 1963
630:on November 23, 2009
487:. pp. 133–135.
159:State Representative
135:American Independent
2320:Louisiana Democrats
2059:Rose McConnell Long
1949:Felix Edward Hébert
1879:Samuel B. Nunez Jr.
1754:Melvin "Kip" Holden
1705:Charles deGravelles
1633:Francis C. Thompson
1618:Eddie J. Jordan Jr.
1562:Dudley A. Guglielmo
1237:J. Bennett Johnston
1139:Gillis William Long
973:. New Orleans, LA:
2167:Kaliste Saloom Jr.
2069:Harvey Peltier Jr.
1990:Leonard J. Chabert
1455:Francis Grevemberg
1409:Wade O. Martin Jr.
1242:Melinda Schwegmann
1201:Mary Evelyn Parker
780:The Clarion-Ledger
626:. . Archived from
417:
325:U.S. Supreme Court
321:Massive Resistance
149:Agnes Octave Perez
86:Dalcour, Louisiana
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2162:Braxton Moody III
2152:Sam Houston Jones
2110:Charles A. Marvin
2064:Robert "Bob" Mann
2034:J. Marshall Brown
1985:Charles C. Barham
1910:Lucille May Grace
1884:William Nungesser
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1825:Patrick F. Taylor
1613:Mary Flake Flores
1506:Harry Connick Sr.
1353:Jefferson Caffery
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1278:T. Harry Williams
1134:Allen J. Ellender
909:978-0-940984-37-0
888:978-1-56584-344-8
869:978-0-8071-0191-9
850:978-1-56554-868-8
812:on March 31, 2012
705:on August 3, 2014
699:"Louisiana Diary"
601:978-0-520-22147-5
533:978-1-6047-3637-3
494:978-0-8071-1383-7
454:Judge Perez Drive
440:Legacy and honors
426:Loyola University
413:Metairie Cemetery
362:Pointe à la Hache
339:white supremacist
302:Illegal oil deals
284:African-Americans
239:Holy Cross School
188:
187:
2417:
2271:Richard Zuschlag
2227:Quentin Dastugue
2137:Boysie Bollinger
2039:John Bel Edwards
2018:Raymond Strother
1995:Marty J. Chabert
1969:Billy Montgomery
1889:Risley C. Triche
1864:Rodney Alexander
1854:
1843:
1669:W. Fox McKeithen
1445:Nathan Burl Cain
1414:Victor H. Schiro
1394:Robert F. Kennon
1389:Wiley W. Hilburn
1343:
1332:
1299:Jimmy Fitzmorris
1232:Murphy J. Foster
1119:A. Leonard Allen
1051:
1040:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1002:
985:
983:
981:
961:
960:on July 3, 2009.
938:
913:
892:
873:
854:
822:
821:
819:
817:
808:. Archived from
801:
795:
794:
789:
787:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
744:
738:
737:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
701:. Archived from
694:
688:
687:
681:
677:
675:
667:
665:
663:
657:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
612:
606:
605:
590:. Berkeley, CA:
583:
577:
576:
574:
573:
551:
545:
544:
542:
540:
517:
506:
505:
503:
501:
470:
428:in New Orleans.
355:Joseph F. Rummel
257:Political career
195:Democratic Party
99:
82:
80:
68:Personal details
57:
33:
19:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2275:
2239:
2217:Avery Alexander
2205:
2171:
2157:John Mamoulides
2142:Randy K. Haynie
2125:
2100:Noble Ellington
2073:
2054:John S. Hunt II
2044:John B. Fournet
2022:
1973:
1932:
1893:
1848:
1829:
1805:Foster Campbell
1788:
1764:Donald G. Kelly
1759:James A. Joseph
1732:
1695:Diana E. Bajoie
1683:
1674:Cecil J. Picard
1664:Donald E. Hines
1659:Sylvan Friedman
1637:
1603:Robert W. Bates
1591:
1582:Virginia Shehee
1540:
1531:Richard Stalder
1521:Raymond Laborde
1516:Carolyn Huntoon
1479:
1418:
1377:
1363:Jeannette Knoll
1337:
1318:
1282:
1268:John H. Overton
1251:
1215:
1179:
1143:
1107:
1101:Russell B. Long
1045:
1034:
1029:
992:
979:
977:
967:"Leander Perez"
964:
948:
945:
923:
920:
910:
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857:
851:
838:
835:
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828:Further reading
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395:Excommunication
313:
304:
288:disenfranchised
272:Charlie Chaplin
259:
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133:
121:
120:Other political
110:Political party
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2256:Marion Edwards
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2147:Richard Ieyoub
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2127:
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2123:
2122:and Jock Scott
2116:Albin Provosty
2114:Scott family:
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2090:Buddy Caldwell
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2024:
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2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:Angelo Roppolo
2010:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
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1912:
1907:
1905:James H. Brown
1901:
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1874:Charlton Lyons
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1728:Sean O'Keefe
1654:Charlie Cook
1587:Jack Wardlaw
1536:Billy Tauzin
1465:Henson Moore
1460:John Hainkel
1373:Buddy Roemer
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1071:Jimmie Davis
978:. Retrieved
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122:affiliations
98:(1969-03-19)
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2305:1969 deaths
2300:1891 births
2201:Dave Norris
2186:Jimmy Dimos
1954:E. L. Henry
1869:Randy Ewing
1715:Hunt Downer
1552:Billy Boles
1511:Mike Foster
1496:John Breaux
1491:John Alario
1470:Joe Sampite
1435:Kenny Bowen
1263:Speedy Long
1191:Louis Berry
1124:Lindy Boggs
980:October 27,
975:64 Parishes
758:October 28,
730:Baton Rouge
709:January 16,
662:October 21,
539:January 22,
263:segregation
247:Baton Rouge
215:segregation
206:St. Bernard
202:Plaquemines
2325:Dixiecrats
2294:Categories
2261:Paul Hardy
2231:James Gill
1944:Fred Baden
1815:Walter Lee
1810:Chris John
1679:Vic Stelly
1314:Ed Renwick
1309:Iris Kelso
1294:Cat Doucet
1061:Hale Boggs
572:2023-10-04
500:January 9,
461:References
292:poll taxes
177:Profession
114:Democratic
79:1891-07-16
2266:Ron Gomez
2095:Juba Diez
1450:Bill Dodd
1399:Harry Lee
1211:Gus Weill
1096:Huey Long
1091:Earl Long
682:ignored (
672:cite book
567:0040-781X
452:In 1970,
268:Babe Ruth
210:Louisiana
154:Relations
59:1924–1969
55:In office
2182:Jim Beam
1774:Bob Odom
1076:Pap Dean
943:Websites
927:(2006).
918:AV Media
786:June 20,
447:Bob Lind
169:Children
1800:Al Ater
816:May 29,
231:Isleños
227:Dalcour
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933:[
833:Books
656:(PDF)
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982:2022
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883:ISBN
864:ISBN
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818:2011
788:2019
760:2006
711:2015
684:help
664:2022
636:2010
596:ISBN
563:ISSN
559:Time
541:2024
528:ISBN
502:2011
489:ISBN
382:The
204:and
139:1968
130:1948
93:Died
73:Born
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