392:("SAW") pipe. There are two technologies that can be used to manufacture steel pipes of sizes larger than the steel pipes that can be produced by seamless and ERW processes. The two types of pipes produced through these technologies are longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) and spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) pipes. LSAW are made by bending and welding wide steel plates and most commonly used in oil and gas industry applications. Due to their high cost, LSAW pipes are seldom used in lower value non-energy applications such as water pipelines. SSAW pipes are produced by spiral (helicoidal) welding of steel coil and have a cost advantage over LSAW pipes, as the process uses coils rather than steel plates. As such, in applications where spiral-weld is acceptable, SSAW pipes may be preferred over LSAW pipes. Both LSAW pipes and SSAW pipes compete against ERW pipes and seamless pipes in the diameter ranges of 16”-24”.
171:
most often specified by the OD and wall thickness, but may be specified by any two of OD, inside diameter (ID), and wall thickness. Pipe is generally manufactured to one of several international and national industrial standards. While similar standards exist for specific industry application tubing, tube is often made to custom sizes and a broader range of diameters and tolerances. Many industrial and government standards exist for the production of pipe and tubing. The term "tube" is also commonly applied to non-cylindrical sections, i.e., square or rectangular tubing. In general, "pipe" is the more common term in most of the world, whereas "tube" is more widely used in the United States.
858:(IPS) is an older system still used by some manufacturers and legacy drawings and equipment. The IPS number is the same as the NPS number, but the schedules were limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10, inclusive, and indicates .375" wall thickness for NPS 12 and larger. XS is identical to SCH 80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and indicates .500" wall thickness for NPS 8 and larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, however it is never the same as SCH 160. XXS is in fact thicker than SCH 160 for NPS 1/8" to 6" inclusive, whereas SCH 160 is thicker than XXS for NPS 8" and larger.
108:
613:
625:
1163:
408:
1586:
fitting, So couplers and additional tubing will need to be installed on either side of the replacement fitting. Whereas with a soldered fitting, a defective joint can just be re-soldered, or heated and turned if a minor change is required, or heated and removed without requiring any of the tubing to be cut away. This also allows more expensive fittings like valves to be re-used if they are otherwise in good to new condition, something not possible if the fitting is crimped on.
1646:
50:
1536:, and solder is melted into the connection. When the solder cools, it forms a very strong bond which can last for decades. Solder-connected rigid copper is the most popular choice for water supply lines in modern buildings. In situations where many connections must be made at once (such as plumbing of a new building), solder offers much quicker and much less expensive joinery than compression or flare fittings. The term
1100:, or PTFE string, or by using a mechanical coupling. Process piping is usually joined by welding using a TIG or MIG process. The most common process pipe joint is the butt weld. The ends of pipe to be welded must have a certain weld preparation called an End Weld Prep (EWP) which is typically at an angle of 37.5 degrees to accommodate the filler weld metal. The most common pipe thread in North America is the
1218:
1305:
1249:
1041:. Small pipe is typically not heavy and can be lifted into place by the installation craft laborer. However, during a plant outage or shutdown, the small (small bore) pipe may also be pre-fabricated to expedite installation during the outage. After the pipe is installed it will be tested for leaks. Before testing it may need to be cleaned by blowing air or steam or flushing with a liquid.
914:. This code has the force of law in Canada and the US. Europe and the rest of the world has an equivalent system of codes. Pressure piping is generally pipe that must carry pressures greater than 10 to 25 atmospheres, although definitions vary. To ensure safe operation of the system, the manufacture, storage, welding, testing, etc. of pressure piping must meet stringent quality standards.
637:
894:. PIP comes in pressure ratings of 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), and 125 psi (860 kPa) and is generally available in diameters of 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 inches (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, and 61 cm).
194:
369:("ERW"), or Electric Fusion Welding ("EFW")). The weld flash can be removed from both inner and outer surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat-treated to make the seam less visible. Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than the seamless type, and can be cheaper to manufacture.
1204:
joints are also frequently used for frequent disassembly and assembly. Developed in the 1920s, these mechanical grooved couplings can operate up to 120 pounds per square inch (830 kPa) working pressures and available in materials to match the pipe grade. Another type of mechanical coupling is a
1154:
If frequent disconnection will be required, gasketed pipe flanges or union fittings provide better reliability than threads. Some thin-walled pipes of ductile material, such as the smaller copper or flexible plastic water pipes found in homes for ice makers and humidifiers, for example, may be joined
778:") and is based on inches (also frequently referred to as NB ("Nominal Bore")). The European version is called DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") and is based on millimetres. Designating the outside diameter allows pipes of the same size to be fit together no matter what the wall thickness.
1602:
is sometimes used due to its low cost, resistance to corrosion and solvents, and its ductility. Aluminium tube is more desirable than steel for the conveyance of flammable solvents, since it cannot create sparks when manipulated. Aluminium tubing can be connected by flare or compression fittings, or
1479:
to make it soft again; it is therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid copper tubing. It can be joined by any of the three methods used for rigid copper, and it is the only type of copper tubing suitable for flare connections. Soft copper is the most popular choice for refrigerant
1442:
In Canada, with respect to natural gas (NG) and propane (LP gas), black iron pipe (BIP) is commonly used to connect an appliance to the supply. It must however be marked (either painted yellow or yellow banding attached at certain intervals) and certain restrictions apply to which nominal pipe size
1560:
Crimped or pressed connections use special copper fittings which are permanently attached to rigid copper tubing with a powered crimper. The special fittings, manufactured with sealant already inside, slide over the tubing to be connected. Thousands of pounds-force per square inch of pressure are
1551:
use a soft metal or thermoplastic ring (the compression ring or "ferrule") which is squeezed onto the pipe and into the fitting by a compression nut. The soft metal conforms to the surface of the tubing and the fitting, and creates a seal. Compression connections do not typically have the long life
1177:
typically uses a "push-on" gasket style of pipe that compresses a gasket into a space formed between the two adjoining pieces. Push-on joints are available on most types of pipe. A pipe joint lubricant must be used in the assembly of the pipe. Under buried conditions, gasket-joint pipes allow for
1066:
motion. Some dampers are simply fluid dashpots, but other dampers may be active hydraulic devices that have sophisticated systems that act to dampen peak displacements due to externally imposed vibrations or mechanical shocks. The undesired motions may be process derived (such as in a fluidized bed
808:
Steel pipe has been produced for about 150 years. The pipe sizes that are in use today in PVC and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 20 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but
372:
There are a number of processes that may be used to produce ERW pipes. Each of these processes leads to coalescence or merging of steel components into pipes. Electric current is passed through the surfaces that have to be welded together; as the components being welded together resist the electric
170:
are usually interchangeable, but in industry and engineering, the terms are uniquely defined. Depending on the applicable standard to which it is manufactured, pipe is generally specified by a nominal diameter with a constant outside diameter (OD) and a schedule that defines the thickness. Tube is
1585:
The fittings are not re-usable. If a design change is required or if a joint is found to be defective or improperly crimped, the already installed fittings must be cut out and discarded. In addition, the cutting required to remove the fitting often will leave insufficient tubing to install the new
709:
inch (13 mm)—but it also had thick walls. As technology improved, thinner walls became possible, but the outside diameter stayed the same so it could mate with existing older pipe, increasing the inner diameter beyond half an inch. The history of copper pipe is similar. In the 1930s, the pipe
1021:
and the ends are capped (plastic) for protection. The pipe and pipe spools are delivered to a warehouse on a large commercial/industrial job and they may be held indoors or in a gridded laydown yard. The pipe or pipe spool is retrieved, staged, rigged, and then lifted into place. On large process
1589:
The cost of the tooling is very expensive. As of 2016, a basic toolkit required to sweat solder all the copper pipes of a typical single family residence, including fuel and solder, can be purchased for approximately $ 200. By contrast, the minimum cost of a basic powered crimping tool starts at
1016:
Pipe installation is often more expensive than the material and a variety of specialized tools, techniques, and parts have been developed to assist this. Pipe is usually delivered to a customer or jobsite as either "sticks" or lengths of pipe (typically 20 feet (6.1 m), called single random
996:
API 5L was changed in the second half of 2008 to edition 44 from edition 43 to make it identical to ISO 3183. It is important to note that the change has created the requirement that sour service, ERW pipe, pass a hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) test per NACE TM0284 in order to be used for sour
812:
Many different standards exist for pipe sizes, and their prevalence varies depending on industry and geographical area. The pipe size designation generally includes two numbers; one that indicates the outside (OD) or nominal diameter, and the other that indicates the wall thickness. In the early
1531:
are smooth, and easily slip onto the end of a tubing section. Both the male and female ends of the pipe or pipe connectors are cleaned thoroughly then coated with flux to make sure there is no surface oxide and to ensure that the solder will bond properly with the base metal. The joint is then
1465:
Copper tubing is most often used for supply of hot and cold water, and as refrigerant line in HVAC systems. There are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing is joined using flare connection, compression connection, or solder. Copper offers a high level of
605:
can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation.
1225:
Fittings are also used to split or join a number of pipes together, and for other purposes. A broad variety of standardized pipe fittings are available; they are generally broken down into either a tee, an elbow, a branch, a reducer/enlarger, or a wye. Valves control fluid flow and regulate
1276:
or "pig"; alternately the pipes or tubes may be chemically flushed using specialized solutions that are pumped through. In some cases, where care has been taken in the manufacture, storage, and installation of pipe and tubing, the lines are blown clean with compressed air or nitrogen.
785:
both methods give a nominal value for the OD that is rounded off and is not the same as the actual OD. For example, NPS 2 inch and DN 50 are the same pipe, but the actual OD is 2.375 inches or 60.33 millimetres. The only way to obtain the actual OD is to look it up in a reference
1049:
Pipes are usually either supported from below or hung from above (but may also be supported from the side), using devices called pipe supports. Supports may be as simple as a pipe "shoe" which is akin to a half of an I-beam welded to the bottom of the pipe; they may be "hung" using a
184:
such as elbows, tees, and so on, while tube may be formed or bent into custom configurations. For materials that are inflexible, cannot be formed, or where construction is governed by codes or standards, tube assemblies are also constructed with the use of tube fittings.
384:
around the tube. HFI is generally considered to be technically superior to "ordinary" ERW when manufacturing pipes for critical applications, such as for usage in the energy sector, in addition to other uses in line pipe applications, as well as for casing and tubing.
1552:
that sweat connections offer, but are advantageous in many cases because they are easy to make using basic tools. A disadvantage in compression connections is that they take longer to make than sweat, and sometimes require retightening over time to stop leaks.
1196:
Large above ground pipe typically uses a flanged joint, which is generally available in ductile iron pipe and some others. It is a gasket style where the flanges of the adjoining pipes are bolted together, compressing the gasket into a space between the pipe.
828:
B36.10M (Table 1) in the US, and BS 1600 and BS 1387 in the United
Kingdom. Typically the pipe wall thickness is the controlled variable, and the Inside Diameter (I.D.) is allowed to vary. The pipe wall thickness has a variance of approximately 12.5 percent.
316:
When steel pipes were introduced in 19th century, they initially were riveted, and later clamped with H-shaped bars (even though methods for making weldless steel tubes were known already in the 1870s), until by the early 1930s these methods were replaced by
373:
current, heat is generated which forms the weld. Pools of molten metal are formed where the two surfaces are connected as a strong electric current is passed through the metal; these pools of molten metal form the weld that binds the two abutted components.
1928:
Iron and Steel
Manufacture. A series of papers on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel; with reports on iron and steel in the Paris Exhibition of 1867 ... With numerous engravings. Reprinted from "Engineering." Revised and enlarged by the
357:. As the manufacturing process does not include any welding, seamless pipes are perceived to be stronger and more reliable. Historically, seamless pipe was regarded as withstanding pressure better than other types, and was often more available than
813:
twentieth century, American pipe was sized by inside diameter. This practice was abandoned to improve compatibility with pipe fittings that must usually fit the OD of the pipe, but it has had a lasting impact on modern standards around the world.
364:
Advances since the 1970s, in materials, process control, and non-destructive testing, allow correctly specified welded pipe to replace seamless in many applications. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam (usually by
544:, a federal regulation which limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water, as well as the permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to the water itself. In the US it is estimated that 6.5 million
698:
Pipe sizes can be confusing because the terminology may relate to historical dimensions. For example, a half-inch iron pipe does not have any dimension that is a half inch. Initially, a half inch pipe did have an inner diameter of
792:
the NPS size is the actual diameter in inches and the DN size is equal to NPS times 25 (not 25.4) rounded to a convenient multiple of 50. For example, NPS 14 has an OD of 14 inches or 355.60 millimetres, and is equivalent to DN
1474:
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard/rigid, it is carefully
1511:
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines. It is joined using a sweat, compression or crimped/pressed connection. Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use
1017:
length) or they are prefabricated with elbows, tees and valves into a prefabricated pipe spool . Typically, pipe smaller than 2 inches (5.1 cm) are not pre-fabricated. The pipe spools are usually tagged with a
376:
ERW pipes are manufactured from the longitudinal welding of steel. The welding process for ERW pipes is continuous, as opposed to welding of distinct sections at intervals. ERW process uses steel coil as feedstock.
809:
same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards instead of steel.
1208:
When pipes join in chambers where other components are needed for the management of the network (such as valves or gauges), dismantling joints are generally used, in order to make mounting/dismounting easier.
3289:
489:
pipe or tubing may be utilized where iron is incompatible with the service fluid or where weight is a concern; aluminum is also used for heat transfer tubing such as in refrigerant systems.
1959:
1272:. This depends on the process that the pipe will be used for and the cleanliness needed for the process. In some cases the pipes are cleaned using a displacement device formally known as a
744:-inch (1.6 mm), so the internal diameter is only "nominal" rather than a controlling dimension. Newer pipe technologies sometimes adopted a sizing system as its own. PVC pipe uses the
676:
to be written on the pipe. Precautions must also be taken to prevent the introduction of counterfeit materials. As a backup to etching/labeling of the material identification on the pipe,
668:). The tests are stamped by the mill's QA/QC department and can be used to trace the material back to the mill by future users, such as piping and fitting manufacturers. Maintaining the
836:, but labels them with a metric Diameter Nominal (DN) instead of the imperial NPS. For NPS larger than 14, the DN is equal to the NPS multiplied by 25. (Not 25.4) This is documented by
305:
mills to make iron musket barrels. One of them, Henry
Osborne, developed a relatively effective process in 1817 with which he started to make iron gas tubes ca. 1820, selling some to
1503:
then compresses this bell-shaped end onto a male fitting. Flare connections are a labor-intensive method of making connections, but are quite reliable over the course of many years.
1205:
flareless tube fitting (Major brands include
Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker); this type of compression fitting is typically used on small tubing under 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter.
1443:(NPS) can be put through walls and buildings. With propane in particular, BIP can be run from an exterior tank (or cylinder) provided it is well protected from the weather, and an
1984:
2009:
1070:
Pipe hanger assembles are usually attached with pipe clamps. Possible exposure to high temperatures and heavy loads should be included when specifying which clamps are needed.
925:
of pipe, which would be all from the same heat and have been through the same heat treatment processes. The manufacturer performs these tests and reports the composition in a
734:-inch (28.58 mm) outside diameter. The outside diameter was the important dimension for mating with fittings. The wall thickness on modern copper is usually thinner than
586:(ABS), for example. In many countries, PVC pipes account for most pipe materials used in buried municipal applications for drinking water distribution and wastewater mains.
1385:
fuel, and is a popular choice in fire sprinkler systems due to its high heat resistance. In commercial buildings, steel pipe is used to convey heating or cooling water to
380:
The High
Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) welding process is used for manufacturing ERW pipes. In this process, the current to weld the pipe is applied by means of an
60:
1432:
or Anvil
International (formerly Grinnell) that hold the pipe joint together via a groove pressed or cut (a rarely used older practice), into the ends of the pipes.
1058:
type of devices called pipe hangers. Pipe supports of any kind may incorporate springs, snubbers, dampers, or combinations of these devices to compensate for
1856:
509:
steel alloys are used in high temperature and pressure piping in process and power facilities. When specifying alloys for new processes, the known issues of
291:, completed around the 25th century BC, included a temple with an elaborate drainage system including more than 380 m (1,247 ft) of copper piping.
911:
532:
now require that lead piping in residential or institutional installations be replaced with non-toxic piping or that the tubes' interiors be treated with
2172:
797:
Since the outside diameter is fixed for a given pipe size, the inside diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the pipe. For example, 2"
917:
Manufacturing standards for pipes commonly require a test of chemical composition and a series of mechanical strength tests for each heat of pipe. A
2150:
Oberg, Erik; Franklin D. Jones; Holbrook L. Horton; Henry H. Ryffel (2000). Christopher J. McCauley; Riccardo Heald; Muhammed Iqbal
Hussain (eds.).
1326:
959:
825:
760:
1955:
1561:
used to deform the fitting and compress the sealant against the inner copper tubing, creating a watertight seal. Advantages of this method are:
887:
is neither the inside nor outside diameter. Plastic tubing, such as PVC and CPVC, for plumbing applications also has different sizing standards.
1377:
pipe) was once the most popular choice for supply of water and flammable gases. Steel pipe is still used in many homes and businesses to convey
1030:
and other material lifts. They are typically temporarily supported in the steel structure using beam clamps, straps, and small hoists until the
768:
537:
554:
is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. Plastic materials include
756:
624:
3249:
1736:
1435:
Other variations of steel pipe include various stainless steel and chrome alloys. In high-pressure situations these are usually joined by
612:
2100:
921:
of pipe is all forged from the same cast ingot, and therefore had the same chemical composition. Mechanical tests may be associated to a
597:, usually for low-pressure applications such as gravity flow or drainage. Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or
1981:
2244:
2005:
937:. For critical applications, third party verification of these tests may be required; in this case an independent lab will produce a
2569:
2161:
2140:
1352:
94:
2185:
3299:
677:
336:
583:
1330:
559:
350:
275:, scaffolding, and support structures are often constructed from structural pipes, especially in an industrial environment.
1803:
1788:
2860:
1942:
1783:
1227:
1079:
953:
848:
752:
72:
983:
ISO 14692 (Petroleum and natural gas industries. Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping. Qualification and manufacture)
3023:
2825:
680:(PMI) is performed using a handheld device; the device scans the pipe material using an emitted electromagnetic wave (
366:
181:
1315:
76:
1872:
107:
2805:
2650:
2635:
774:
There are two common methods for designating pipe outside diameter (OD). The North
American method is called NPS ("
1853:
1334:
1319:
2910:
1721:
1286:
1273:
1178:
lateral movement due to soil shifting as well as expansion/contraction due to temperature differentials. Plastic
521:
31:
2640:
2279:
2077:
1604:
1436:
563:
130:
180:(or hosepipe) is usually portable and flexible. Pipe assemblies are almost always constructed with the use of
672:
between the alloy material and associated MTR is an important quality assurance issue. QA often requires the
656:
for piping are forged, metallurgical tests are performed to determine material composition by % of each
2845:
2840:
2491:
2471:
2152:
1818:
1676:
Plastic pipe fittings include PVC pipe fittings, PP / PPH pipe fitting mould, PE pipe and ABS pipe fitting.
1089:
891:
166:
3366:
3309:
3038:
3008:
2339:
2237:
1517:
1476:
956:
range – now ISO 3183. E.g.: API 5L Grade B – now ISO L245 where the number indicates yield strength in MPa
933:, both of which are referred to by the acronym MTR. Material with these associated test reports is called
302:
154:
3351:
3304:
3060:
3003:
2988:
2460:
1808:
1261:
880:
389:
38:
1590:
around $ 1800, and can be as high as $ 4000 for the better brands with a complete set of crimping dies.
1162:
1062:, or to provide vibration isolation, shock control, or reduced vibration excitation of the pipe due to
407:
3050:
2619:
2527:
2429:
2197:
1763:
1746:
1548:
1401:
1128:
1105:
1101:
541:
514:
636:
3402:
3381:
3239:
2880:
2476:
1731:
1390:
1156:
602:
598:
510:
123:
1926:
497:
systems; copper may be used where heat transfer is desirable (i.e. radiators or heat exchangers).
260:
Delivery of bulk solids, in a food or process plant from one point to another point in the process
3335:
3234:
2993:
2958:
2855:
2835:
2730:
2705:
2506:
2399:
2269:
1768:
1696:
1109:
681:
555:
224:
3156:
820:(NPS) and schedule (SCH). Pipe sizes are documented by a number of standards, including API 5L,
664:(MTR). These tests can be used to prove that the alloy conforms to various specifications (e.g.
2097:
548:(pipes that connect water mains to home plumbing) installed before the 1930s are still in use.
465:
Typically metallic piping is made of steel or iron, such as unfinished, black (lacquer) steel,
3412:
3371:
3294:
2983:
2830:
2815:
2735:
2715:
2680:
2533:
2496:
2394:
2230:
2157:
2136:
1956:"Potable Water Pipe Condition Assessment For a High Rise Condominium in The Pacific Northwest"
1909:
1893:
1752:
1701:
1059:
871:
862:
837:
833:
817:
775:
764:
745:
693:
545:
340:
288:
485:. Iron based piping is subject to corrosion if used within a highly oxygenated water stream.
3376:
3141:
2950:
2900:
2725:
2645:
2604:
2564:
2324:
2289:
2205:
1793:
1741:
1630:
manufacturing. Connections are generally made using specialized gasket or O-ring fittings.
1409:
1093:
1037:
An example of a tool used for installation for a small plumbing pipe (threaded ends) is the
875:
for residential plumbing follows an entirely different size system in
America, often called
661:
657:
551:
474:
3407:
3204:
3080:
3070:
2770:
2720:
2710:
2690:
2670:
2594:
2486:
2409:
2384:
2104:
2054:
1988:
1860:
1813:
1582:
The fittings used are harder to find and cost significantly more than sweat type fittings.
1386:
1144:
1136:
1023:
720:-inch (1.6 mm) wall thickness. Consequently, a 1-inch (25 mm) copper pipe had a
665:
533:
470:
354:
295:
264:
1108:(NPTF) version. Other pipe threads include the British Standard Pipe Thread (BSPT), the
1067:
reactor) or from a natural phenomenon such as an earthquake (design basis event or DBE).
2201:
1088:, using threaded pipe and fittings; sealing the connection with a pipe thread compound,
751:
Pipe sizes are specified by a number of national and international standards, including
3244:
3214:
3209:
3161:
3095:
2925:
2920:
2745:
2740:
2584:
2522:
2466:
2414:
2349:
2294:
2209:
1686:
1627:
1619:
1516:
to go around corners or around obstacles. If heated and allowed to slowly cool, called
1027:
855:
660:
in the piping, and the results are recorded in a material test report, also known as a
381:
230:
198:
1645:
1400:
Steel pipe is sometimes joined using threaded connections, where tapered threads (see
3396:
3361:
3325:
3194:
3131:
2800:
2700:
2609:
2501:
2481:
2309:
2304:
1943:
https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/publications/documents/samples/30011_excerpt.pdf
1758:
1726:
1706:
1691:
1492:
1460:
1243:
1190:
1132:
1113:
832:
In the rest of Europe pressure piping uses the same pipe IDs and wall thicknesses as
567:
529:
284:
254:
176:
271:
Additionally, pipes are used for many purposes that do not involve conveying fluid.
3254:
3171:
3111:
3090:
3085:
2998:
2973:
2915:
2895:
2885:
2870:
2810:
2795:
2765:
2750:
2685:
2665:
2614:
2559:
2424:
2404:
2334:
1992:
1823:
1773:
1495:
require that the end of a tubing section be spread outward in a bell shape using a
1217:
1140:
1031:
884:
669:
579:
571:
524:, but is no longer permitted for new potable water piping installations due to its
482:
466:
416:
330:
310:
306:
2173:"Thermoplastics at Work: A Comprehensive Review of Municipal PVC Piping Products"
388:
Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW, or
3199:
3176:
3151:
3136:
3028:
2905:
2890:
2875:
2820:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2760:
2755:
2675:
2660:
2434:
2374:
1711:
1421:
1404:) are cut into the end of the tubing segment, sealant is applied in the form of
1378:
1304:
1248:
1148:
1038:
876:
802:
798:
673:
502:
298:
1571:
It is cleaner in both appearance and the materials used to make the connection.
1424:. Beyond domestic or light commercial settings, steel pipe is often joined by
1420:
tape), and it is then threaded into a corresponding threaded fitting using two
1291:
Pipe is widely used in the fabrication of handrails, guardrails, and railings.
3259:
3146:
3126:
3013:
2978:
2940:
2935:
2780:
2655:
2419:
2379:
1833:
1520:, then rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed without cracking.
1063:
432:
412:
219:
267:
are constructed from plate, not pipe owing to their wall thickness and size).
157:
applications; hollow pipe is far stiffer per unit weight than solid members.
3264:
3121:
3116:
3055:
2589:
2554:
2517:
2389:
2354:
2319:
2314:
2284:
1828:
1716:
1623:
1599:
1528:
1448:
1429:
1405:
1253:
1201:
1186:
1120:
396:
214:
844:
2448 and BS 1387) and ISO 65:1981, and it is often called DIN or ISO pipe.
174:
Both "pipe" and "tube" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a
3330:
3018:
2364:
2344:
2299:
2274:
2253:
1895:
Cyclopædia of useful arts & manufactures, ed. by C. Tomlinson. 9 divs
1798:
1018:
986:
590:
525:
506:
494:
486:
459:
440:
272:
209:
17:
193:
3269:
3166:
3075:
2963:
2865:
2695:
2599:
2579:
2455:
1608:
1425:
1382:
1269:
1124:
1085:
1055:
962:
SA106 Grade B (Seamless carbon steel pipe for high temperature service)
910:"B31" code series such as B31.1 or B31.3 which have their basis in the
801:
pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2"
594:
498:
444:
424:
358:
318:
3290:
International
Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)
2055:"Material Test Report FAQ: MTR Frequently Asked Questions And Answers"
1995:, January 26, 2011. Retrieved from TheStar.com website, Jan. 26, 2011.
3356:
3065:
3033:
2539:
2512:
2369:
2359:
1778:
1417:
1265:
1051:
816:
In North America and the UK, pressure piping is usually specified by
653:
490:
202:
150:
146:
142:
134:
127:
112:
2073:
540:, " there is no safe level of lead ". In 1991 the US EPA issued the
353:
over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell in a process called
2968:
2930:
2574:
2544:
1533:
1444:
1370:
1247:
1231:
1216:
1161:
1097:
478:
452:
436:
428:
406:
192:
106:
1565:
A correctly crimped connection should last as long as the tubing.
3045:
2850:
2439:
2329:
2131:
Nayyar, Mohinder L. (2000). "A1". In Nayyar, Mohinder L. (ed.).
1413:
1394:
1183:
1179:
1166:
A HDPE ring main that has been joined with an Electrofusion Tee.
971:
965:
907:
821:
448:
2226:
1640:
1540:
is sometimes used to describe the process of soldering pipes.
1428:, or by use of mechanical couplings made by companies such as
1298:
992:
ASTM A795 (Steel pipe specifically for fire sprinkler systems)
841:
575:
138:
43:
59:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
684:) and receives a reply that is spectrographically analyzed.
536:. According to a senior researcher and lead expert with the
2222:
847:
Japan has its own set of standard pipe sizes, often called
339:
of hot alloyed metal is one of the most prominent process.
1854:
ISO – Pipe, Tube and Fittings Standards and Specifications
1451:
is in place when the pipe is to be installed underground.
968:
A312 (Seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel pipe)
890:
Agricultural applications use PIP sizes, which stands for
2107:
Piping Technology and Products, (retrieved February 2012)
2028:
2026:
335:
There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture.
263:
The construction of high pressure storage vessels (large
239:
High-temperature or high-pressure manufacturing processes
236:
Casing for concrete pilings used in construction projects
133:, used mainly to convey substances which can flow —
1657:
948:
Some widely used pipe standards or piping classes are:
790:
For pipe sizes of NPS 14 inch (DN 350) and greater
648:
Traceability and positive material identification (PMI)
395:
Tubing for flow, either metal or plastic, is generally
68:
1466:
resistance to corrosion, but is becoming very costly.
989:(Carbon steel pipe for structural or low pressure use)
1622:
pipes are used for specialized applications, such as
520:
Lead piping is still found in old domestic and other
423:
Pipe is made out of many types of material including
1982:
Porter: Gravy Train Cuts Mean More Lead In Our Water
1574:
No open flame is used during the connection process.
153:
and masses of small solids. It can also be used for
3344:
3318:
3278:
3223:
3185:
3104:
2949:
2628:
2448:
2260:
783:
For pipe sizes less than NPS 14 inch (DN 350),
253:Delivery of fluids, either gaseous or liquid, in a
1958:. GSG Group Inc., Community Engineering Services.
1568:It takes less time to complete than other methods.
1256:buildup, reducing the inner diameter considerably.
2190:Opflow Magazine, American Water Works Association
2156:(26th ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc.
865:(DIPS), which generally has larger ODs than IPS.
493:tubing is popular for domestic water (potable)
343:are generally manufactured in such a fashion.
710:was designated by its internal diameter and a
257:from one point to another point in the process
227:transporting gas or liquid over long distances
2238:
2040:
2038:
57:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1333:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
912:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC)
2245:
2231:
2223:
1626:liquids, medical or laboratory wastes, or
1260:The inside of pipes can be cleaned with a
1353:Learn how and when to remove this message
566:(FRP), reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP),
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
941:(CMTR), and the material will be called
771:10255 in the United Kingdom and Europe.
3300:Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)
2135:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1846:
608:
1873:"Egyptian Pharaoh Had Copper Plumbing"
630:High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipes
576:cross-linked high-density polyethylene
538:Canadian Environmental Law Association
1638:Plastic pipes used in manufacturing.
1119:Copper pipes are typically joined by
7:
3250:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
1737:List of equations in fluid mechanics
1331:adding citations to reliable sources
902:The manufacture and installation of
349:(SMLS) is formed by drawing a solid
321:, which is still widely used today.
283:The first known use of pipes was in
2044:AWWA M45 Fiberglass Pipe Design 1.1
1034:are attached or otherwise secured.
618:Carbon Steel Pipe in a storage yard
2210:10.1002/j.1551-8701.2007.tb02753.x
27:Tubular section or hollow cylinder
25:
2570:Push-to-pull compression fittings
1962:from the original on May 21, 2013
1484:air conditioners and heat pumps.
197:Pipe installation on a street in
126:, usually but not necessarily of
1644:
1303:
1264:, if they are contaminated with
1200:Mechanical grooved couplings or
678:positive material identification
635:
623:
611:
48:
2080:from the original on 2012-08-26
2012:from the original on 2016-04-21
1234:articles discuss them further.
763:B36.10M and B36.19M in the US,
584:acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
122:is a tubular section or hollow
2186:"Sealing Our Buried Lifelines"
1804:Reinforced thermoplastic pipes
1556:Crimped or pressed connections
980:ASTM D2239 (Polyethylene Pipe)
939:certified material test report
929:and the mechanical tests in a
560:chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
1:
2171:Rahman, Shah (October 2004).
1789:Plastic pressure pipe systems
1084:Pipes are commonly joined by
458:, from which comes the word '
3310:World Plumbing Council (WPC)
2861:Reduced pressure zone device
1784:Piping and plumbing fittings
1228:piping and plumbing fittings
1080:Piping and plumbing fittings
1022:jobs the lift is made using
906:is tightly regulated by the
517:must be taken into account.
3305:Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)
3024:Instant hot water dispenser
2826:Piping and plumbing fitting
2184:Rahman, Shah (April 2007).
1914:. Knight & Lacey. 1842.
1189:are also often joined with
367:Electric resistance welding
71:, discuss the issue on the
3429:
2651:Backflow prevention device
2636:Atmospheric vacuum breaker
1458:
1284:
1241:
1151:, or elastomeric sealing.
1077:
977:ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
861:Another old system is the
691:
522:water distribution systems
328:
160:In common usage the words
36:
29:
2911:Thermostatic mixing valve
2116:Rahman (2007), pp. 12–17.
2032:Rahman (2004), pp. 56–61.
2006:"Saltwire | Halifax"
1722:Hollow structural section
1447:-type of protection from
1287:Hollow structural section
1274:Pipeline Inspection Gauge
32:Hollow structural section
30:For structural pipe, see
2641:Automatic bleeding valve
2280:Compatibility (chemical)
2177:Underground Construction
1925:KOHN, Ferdinand (1873).
1603:it can be welded by the
1393:(VAV) devices, or other
927:mill traceability report
564:fibre reinforced plastic
447:. In the past, wood and
242:The petroleum industry:
2846:Pressure-balanced valve
2841:Pressure vacuum breaker
2550:Pipe (fluid conveyance)
2492:Drain-waste-vent system
2472:Chemical drain cleaners
1544:Compression connections
1406:thread sealing compound
1090:Polytetrafluoroethylene
892:Plastic Irrigation Pipe
462:') were commonly used.
3367:Template:Public health
3039:water recycling shower
3009:Hot water storage tank
2340:Onsite sewage facility
1257:
1222:
1167:
863:Ductile Iron Pipe Size
682:x-ray fluorescence/XRF
589:Pipe may be made from
420:
248:Oil refinery equipment
205:
115:
3352:Fire sprinkler system
3061:Tankless water heater
3004:Garbage disposal unit
2989:Electric water boiler
2461:British Standard Pipe
2098:Pipe Support Hardware
1809:Sprayed in place pipe
1262:tube cleaning process
1251:
1220:
1165:
881:domestic water system
419:included wooden pipes
410:
196:
110:
39:Pipe (disambiguation)
3051:Storage water heater
2620:Water heat recycling
2528:National Pipe Thread
2430:Water supply network
2153:Machinery's Handbook
1954:Robles, PE, Daniel.
1932:. William MacKenzie.
1892:Cyclopaedia (1852).
1764:Pipe and tube bender
1747:National Pipe Thread
1578:Disadvantages are:
1549:Compression fittings
1524:Soldered connections
1402:National Pipe Thread
1327:improve this section
1221:Copper pipe fittings
1157:compression fittings
1129:compression fittings
1102:National Pipe Thread
931:material test report
542:Lead and Copper Rule
515:sensitization effect
390:Submerged Arc Welded
299:Birmingham gunmakers
77:create a new article
69:improve this article
37:For other uses, see
3382:Template:Wastewater
3240:Hydrostatic testing
2881:Rooftop water tower
2477:Compression fitting
2202:2007Opflo..33d..12R
1980:Porter, Catherine.
1911:Mechanics' Magazine
1391:variable air volume
1213:Fittings and valves
1187:gas and water pipes
974:C76 (Concrete Pipe)
642:Plastic (PVC) pipes
603:Reinforced concrete
337:Centrifugal casting
3336:Waterborne disease
3235:Hydronic balancing
2994:Evaporative cooler
2959:Accessible bathtub
2856:Radiator (heating)
2836:Pressure regulator
2731:Double check valve
2706:Concentric reducer
2507:Garden Hose Thread
2400:Thermal insulation
2270:Air gap (plumbing)
2103:2011-12-27 at the
1987:2012-10-23 at the
1859:2010-09-09 at the
1769:Pipeline transport
1697:Double-walled pipe
1656:. You can help by
1258:
1223:
1168:
1114:fire hose coupling
1110:garden hose thread
556:polyvinyl chloride
546:lead service lines
421:
341:Ductile iron pipes
206:
116:
111:Drain pipe of the
3390:
3389:
3372:Template:Sewerage
3319:Health and safety
3295:NSF International
3105:Specialized tools
2984:Drinking fountain
2951:Plumbing fixtures
2831:Plug (sanitation)
2816:Nipple (plumbing)
2736:Eccentric reducer
2716:Coupling (piping)
2681:Chemigation valve
2534:Nominal Pipe Size
2497:Ductile iron pipe
2395:Thermal expansion
2076:. Gizmology.net.
1753:Nominal Pipe Size
1702:Ductile iron pipe
1674:
1673:
1493:Flare connections
1488:Flare connections
1363:
1362:
1355:
1143:may be joined by
1060:thermal expansion
834:Nominal Pipe Size
818:Nominal Pipe Size
776:Nominal Pipe Size
746:Nominal Pipe Size
694:Nominal Pipe Size
289:Pyramid of Sahure
105:
104:
97:
79:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3420:
3377:Template:Toilets
3142:Flare-nut wrench
2901:Submersible pump
2726:Dielectric union
2646:Automatic faucet
2605:Thread seal tape
2565:Plastic pipework
2325:Hydrostatic loop
2290:Drain (plumbing)
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2213:
2180:
2167:
2146:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2042:
2033:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1869:
1863:
1851:
1794:Plastic pipework
1742:MS Pipe, MS Tube
1669:
1666:
1648:
1641:
1412:(also known as
1410:thread seal tape
1389:, air handlers,
1358:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1307:
1299:
1175:
1174:
1173:Underground pipe
1094:Thread seal tape
877:Copper Tube Size
840:10255 (formerly
743:
742:
738:
733:
732:
728:
725:
719:
718:
714:
708:
707:
703:
662:Mill Test Report
658:chemical element
639:
627:
615:
475:galvanized steel
265:pressure vessels
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
52:
51:
44:
21:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3340:
3314:
3282:
3280:
3274:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3205:Pressure sensor
3187:
3181:
3157:Plumber's snake
3100:
3081:Water dispenser
3071:Washing machine
2945:
2771:Flushing trough
2721:Diaphragm valve
2711:Condensate pump
2691:Circulator pump
2671:Butterfly valve
2624:
2595:Solvent welding
2487:Crimp (joining)
2444:
2410:Trap (plumbing)
2385:Surface tension
2262:
2256:
2251:
2221:
2216:
2183:
2170:
2164:
2149:
2143:
2133:Piping Handbook
2130:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:Wayback Machine
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2074:"Notes on Pipe"
2072:William Johns.
2071:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:Wayback Machine
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:Wayback Machine
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1814:Trap (plumbing)
1732:Hydraulic pipes
1707:Galvanized pipe
1682:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1654:needs expansion
1636:
1617:
1597:
1558:
1546:
1532:heated using a
1529:Solder fittings
1526:
1509:
1490:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1387:heat exchangers
1368:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1324:
1308:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1246:
1240:
1226:pressure. The
1215:
1172:
1171:
1145:solvent welding
1112:(GHT), and the
1082:
1076:
1047:
1014:
904:pressure piping
900:
740:
736:
735:
730:
726:
723:
721:
716:
712:
711:
705:
701:
700:
696:
690:
650:
643:
640:
631:
628:
619:
616:
534:phosphoric acid
471:stainless steel
405:
355:rotary piercing
333:
327:
296:Napoleonic Wars
281:
245:Oil well casing
191:
101:
90:
84:
81:
66:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3281:organizations
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3245:Leak detection
3242:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3215:Water metering
3212:
3210:Water detector
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Plumber wrench
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3096:Water softener
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:Vacuum ejector
2923:
2921:Vacuum breaker
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:Faucet aerator
2743:
2741:Expansion tank
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Sewage pumping
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2523:Leak detection
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2467:Cast iron pipe
2464:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2415:Venturi effect
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2350:Sanitary sewer
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2295:Drinking water
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2219:External links
2217:
2215:
2214:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2147:
2141:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2090:
2064:
2046:
2034:
2022:
1997:
1973:
1946:
1935:
1917:
1901:
1884:
1864:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:Cast iron pipe
1683:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1651:
1649:
1635:
1632:
1628:pharmaceutical
1620:Tempered glass
1616:
1613:
1596:
1595:Aluminium pipe
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1542:
1525:
1522:
1514:elbow fittings
1508:
1505:
1489:
1486:
1471:
1468:
1459:Main article:
1456:
1453:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1311:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1242:Main article:
1239:
1236:
1214:
1211:
1078:Main article:
1075:
1072:
1046:
1043:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
994:
993:
990:
984:
981:
978:
975:
969:
963:
957:
899:
896:
856:Iron pipe size
795:
794:
787:
692:Main article:
689:
686:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
634:
632:
629:
622:
620:
617:
610:
599:vitrified clay
552:Plastic tubing
530:building codes
404:
401:
382:induction coil
329:Main article:
326:
323:
280:
277:
269:
268:
261:
258:
251:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
231:Compressed air
228:
222:
217:
212:
199:Belo Horizonte
190:
187:
103:
102:
63:of the subject
61:worldwide view
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3425:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Template:HVAC
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Plumbing code
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:and standards
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:Control valve
3193:
3192:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Drain cleaner
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Hose coupling
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Closet flange
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Threaded pipe
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2502:Flare fitting
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Copper tubing
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Grade (slope)
2308:
2306:
2305:Friction loss
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2163:0-8311-2635-3
2159:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2142:0-07-047106-1
2138:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Panzergewinde
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1692:Copper tubing
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1652:This section
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:Copper tubing
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:pipe wrenches
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1346:
1343:February 2007
1336:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1312:This section
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1244:Tube cleaning
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:Electrofusion
1188:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:Plastic pipes
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:(NPT) or the
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1045:Pipe supports
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:pipe supports
1029:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
949:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
897:
895:
893:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
873:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
819:
814:
810:
806:
804:
800:
791:
788:
784:
781:
780:
779:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
695:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
609:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
568:polypropylene
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
414:
409:
402:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
383:
378:
374:
370:
368:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Seamless pipe
344:
342:
338:
332:
324:
322:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
301:tried to use
300:
297:
292:
290:
286:
285:Ancient Egypt
278:
276:
274:
266:
262:
259:
256:
255:process plant
252:
247:
244:
243:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
204:
200:
195:
188:
186:
183:
179:
178:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:cross-section
129:
125:
121:
114:
109:
99:
96:
88:
78:
74:
70:
64:
62:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
3255:Pipe marking
3228:and services
3224:Professions,
3172:Strap wrench
3112:Basin wrench
3091:Water heater
3086:Water filter
2999:Flush toilet
2974:Dehumidifier
2916:Trench drain
2896:Street elbow
2886:Safety valve
2871:Relief valve
2811:Needle valve
2796:Grinder pump
2766:Flow limiter
2751:Float switch
2686:Chopper pump
2666:Booster pump
2615:Tube bending
2560:Pipe support
2549:
2425:Water hammer
2405:Thermosiphon
2335:Neutral axis
2196:(4): 12–17.
2193:
2189:
2176:
2151:
2132:
2124:Bibliography
2112:
2093:
2082:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2049:
2014:. Retrieved
2000:
1993:Toronto Star
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1949:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1894:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1867:
1849:
1824:Tube beading
1774:Pipe support
1675:
1662:
1658:adding to it
1653:
1637:
1634:Plastic pipe
1618:
1598:
1577:
1559:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1513:
1510:
1507:Rigid copper
1500:
1496:
1491:
1482:split-system
1481:
1473:
1464:
1441:
1434:
1399:
1374:
1369:
1349:
1340:
1325:Please help
1313:
1295:Applications
1290:
1259:
1252:A pipe with
1224:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1118:
1083:
1069:
1048:
1036:
1015:
1012:Installation
997:service.
995:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
916:
903:
901:
889:
885:nominal size
869:
867:
860:
853:
846:
831:
815:
811:
807:
796:
789:
782:
773:
767:1600 and BS
750:
697:
670:traceability
651:
588:
580:polybutylene
572:polyethylene
550:
519:
483:ductile iron
467:carbon steel
464:
455:
422:
417:Philadelphia
394:
387:
379:
375:
371:
363:
346:
345:
334:
331:Tube drawing
315:
311:Samuel Clegg
307:gas lighting
293:
282:
270:
175:
173:
165:
161:
159:
119:
117:
91:
82:
58:
3200:Flow sensor
3188:and control
3186:Measurement
3177:Tap and die
3152:Pipe wrench
3137:Driving cap
3029:Laundry tub
2906:Tap (valve)
2891:Sewage pump
2876:Riser clamp
2821:Pinch valve
2791:Grease trap
2786:Globe valve
2776:Flushometer
2761:Floor drain
2756:Float valve
2676:Check valve
2661:Bleed screw
2435:Water table
2375:Storm sewer
2261:Fundamental
1966:December 3,
1712:Garden hose
1611:processes.
1470:Soft copper
1455:Copper pipe
1397:equipment.
1379:natural gas
1149:heat fusion
1039:pipe wrench
879:(CTS); see
803:Schedule 40
799:Schedule 80
674:heat number
503:chrome moly
413:water mains
325:Manufacture
294:During the
3403:Irrigation
3397:Categories
3260:Pipefitter
3147:Pipecutter
3127:Core drill
3014:Humidifier
2979:Dishwasher
2941:Zone valve
2936:Water tank
2781:Gate valve
2656:Ball valve
2629:Components
2449:Technology
2420:Wastewater
2380:Stormwater
2084:2012-08-13
2016:2016-04-20
1878:2022-11-06
1841:References
1834:Water pipe
1615:Glass pipe
1497:flare tool
1375:black iron
1366:Steel pipe
1281:Other uses
1193:fittings.
1064:earthquake
1054:, or with
582:(PB), and
433:fiberglass
220:Irrigation
155:structural
85:April 2012
3279:Industry
3265:Pipelayer
3122:Borescope
3117:Blowtorch
3056:Sump pump
2590:Soldering
2555:Pipe dope
2518:Hydronics
2390:Tap water
2355:Sewer gas
2320:Heat trap
2315:Greywater
2285:Corrosion
2059:Encompass
1829:Victaulic
1717:HDPE pipe
1665:June 2011
1624:corrosive
1600:Aluminium
1518:annealing
1501:flare nut
1480:lines in
1449:corrosion
1439:welding.
1430:Victaulic
1373:pipe (or
1314:does not
1254:limescale
1202:Victaulic
1121:soldering
943:certified
935:traceable
898:Standards
870:plumbing
652:When the
411:Historic
403:Materials
273:Handrails
225:Pipelines
215:Tap water
73:talk page
18:Lead pipe
3413:Plumbing
3345:See also
3331:Scalding
3019:Icemaker
2806:Manifold
2365:Sewerage
2345:Pressure
2300:Fuel gas
2275:Backflow
2263:concepts
2254:Plumbing
2179:: 56–61.
2101:Archived
2078:Archived
2010:Archived
1985:Archived
1960:Archived
1857:Archived
1799:Plumbing
1680:See also
1538:sweating
1477:annealed
1238:Cleaning
1137:crimping
1019:bar code
1007:AWWA M45
987:ASTM A36
591:concrete
562:(CPVC),
526:toxicity
507:titanium
495:plumbing
487:Aluminum
460:plumbing
441:concrete
397:extruded
309:pioneer
210:Plumbing
182:fittings
147:slurries
128:circular
124:cylinder
67:You may
3270:Plumber
3226:trades,
3167:Plunger
3076:Washlet
2964:Bathtub
2866:Reducer
2696:Cistern
2600:Swaging
2580:Sealant
2456:Brazing
2198:Bibcode
1609:heliarc
1426:welding
1383:propane
1335:removed
1320:sources
1270:fouling
1133:flaring
1125:brazing
1116:(NST).
1106:Dryseal
1092:(PTFE)
1086:welding
1074:Joining
1056:trapeze
868:Copper
739:⁄
729:⁄
715:⁄
704:⁄
595:ceramic
578:(PEX),
558:(PVC),
528:. Many
499:Inconel
456:plumbum
445:plastic
435:, many
425:ceramic
319:welding
303:rolling
279:History
233:systems
151:powders
135:liquids
3408:Piping
3357:Piping
3066:Urinal
3034:Shower
2540:O-ring
2513:Gasket
2370:Siphon
2360:Sewage
2160:
2139:
1929:author
1779:Piping
1418:Teflon
1266:debris
1232:valves
1052:clevis
1024:cranes
883:. Its
851:pipe.
805:pipe.
786:table.
666:316 SS
654:alloys
574:(PE),
570:(PP),
505:, and
491:Copper
481:, and
437:metals
361:pipe.
359:welded
351:billet
287:. The
203:Brazil
143:fluids
113:Louvre
2969:Bidet
2931:Valve
2575:Putty
2545:Oakum
2536:(NPS)
2530:(NPT)
2509:(GHT)
2463:(BSP)
1755:(NPS)
1749:(NPT)
1534:torch
1445:anode
1371:Steel
1155:with
1135:, or
1098:oakum
1028:hoist
1004:AWWA
1001:ACPA
688:Sizes
511:creep
479:brass
453:Latin
429:glass
415:from
139:gases
75:, or
3046:Sink
2851:Pump
2440:Well
2330:Leak
2158:ISBN
2137:ISBN
1968:2012
1819:Tube
1727:Hose
1499:. A
1414:PTFE
1395:HVAC
1318:any
1316:cite
1230:and
1184:HDPE
1182:and
1180:MDPE
1026:and
972:ASTM
966:ASTM
960:ASME
952:The
919:heat
908:ASME
872:tube
854:The
826:ASME
822:ANSI
793:350.
761:ASME
757:ANSI
755:5L,
513:and
449:lead
443:and
189:Uses
177:hose
167:tube
164:and
162:pipe
137:and
120:pipe
2206:doi
1660:.
1607:or
1605:TIG
1437:TIG
1416:or
1408:or
1381:or
1329:by
1268:or
954:API
923:lot
849:JIS
842:DIN
753:API
593:or
145:),
3399::
2204:.
2194:33
2192:.
2188:.
2175:.
2057:.
2037:^
2025:^
2008:.
1991:,
1159:.
1147:,
1139:.
1131:,
1127:,
1123:,
1096:,
945:.
838:EN
769:EN
765:BS
748:.
741:16
717:16
601:.
501:,
477:,
473:,
469:,
439:,
431:,
427:,
399:.
313:.
201:,
149:,
118:A
2246:e
2239:t
2232:v
2212:.
2208::
2200::
2166:.
2145:.
2087:.
2061:.
2019:.
1970:.
1898:.
1881:.
1667:)
1663:(
1356:)
1350:(
1345:)
1341:(
1337:.
1323:.
824:/
759:/
737:1
731:8
727:1
724:+
722:1
713:1
706:2
702:1
451:(
141:(
98:)
92:(
87:)
83:(
65:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
