886:, with most varieties growing poorly above 24 °C (75 °F); cool temperatures prompt better performance, with 16 to 18 °C (61 to 64 °F) being preferred and as low as 7 °C (45 °F) being tolerated. Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly. Temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds. After harvest, lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 °C (32 °F) and 96 percent humidity. The high water content of lettuce (94.9 percent) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant – it cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh. In spite of its high water content, traditionally grown lettuce has a low
819:. Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the US, of changing a variety's name from year to year. This practice is conducted for several reasons, the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a "new" variety, or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company. Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce, depending on the amount of variation allowed between types – a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time. Names also often changed significantly from country to country. Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable, a minor amount is used in the production of
1397:
Europe and Great
Britain, romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt. By the late 20th century, the preferred types began to change, with crisphead, especially iceberg, lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe. In the US, no one type predominated until the early 20th century, when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity. After the 1940s, with the development of iceberg lettuce, 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce. By the end of the century, other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production. Stem lettuce was first developed in China, where it remains primarily cultivated.
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302:(asparagus lettuce), is grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. In addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption. Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world. As of 2021, world production of lettuce and
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776:, and was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god "perform the sexual act untiringly". Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm (30 in) tall and resembled a large version of the modern
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more competitive initially, but can still be crowded later in the season, causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields. Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult. Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production. However, this has led to the development of
1411:
In the United States in 2022, lettuce was the main vegetable ingredient in salads, and was the most consumed among leaf vegetables; its market was about 20% of all vegetables, with
Romaine and iceberg having about equal sales. Some 85% of the lettuce consumed in the United States in 2022 was produced
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are increased by UV-C. Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases. Weeds can also be an issue, as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them, especially when directly seeded into the ground. Transplanted lettuce (started in flats and later moved to growing beds) is generally
807:
Due to its short lifespan after harvest, lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown. The early 20th century saw the development of new packing, storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase
1396:
Western Europe and North
America were the original major markets for large-scale lettuce production. By the late 1900s, Asia, South America, Australia and Africa became more substantial markets. Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce, with butterhead prevailing in northern
2172:
Due to the increase in food demand, the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation and animal or human excreta (i.e., manure or biosolids) as soil amendments is increasing. As such, so are the outbreaks of food-borne illnesses. Due to the overuse of antibiotics in farming, the number of
1948:
The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in
Western countries, due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves; Chinese "salads" are composed of cooked vegetables and are served hot or cold. Lettuce is also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western
859:
to individual spots, usually 20 to 36 cm (7.9 to 14.2 in) apart, in the garden after developing several leaves. Lettuce spaced farther apart receives more sunlight, which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves. Pale to white lettuce, such as the centers in some iceberg
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Today, the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves, although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds, which are made into an oil. Most lettuce is used in salads, either alone or with other greens, vegetables, meats and cheeses. Romaine lettuce is often used for
990:, remain viable the longest when stored at −20 °C (−4 °F); they are relatively short lived in storage. At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months. However, when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically, this life increases to a
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for the production of oil from its seeds. The plant was probably selectively bred by the
Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves, with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC. Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god
3700:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
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and smaller secondary roots. Some varieties, especially those found in the United States and
Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia.
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1182:, which help to protect it against pests. Certain varieties contain more than others, and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance.
803:
in the late 15th century. Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century, many varieties were developed in Europe, particularly
Holland. Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today.
2146:; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal or human feces. A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method, especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry, increased the uptake and survival rates of
671:") becomes bitter and unsaleable, plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity. Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves.
2057:, which multiplies in storage. However, despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready-to-eat lettuce products, a 2008 study found no incidents of food-borne illness related to listeriosis, possibly due to the product's short
3409:
Urban, L.; Chabane Sari, D.; Orsal, B.; Lopes, M.; Miranda, R.; Aarrouf, J. (2018). "UV-C light and pulsed light as alternatives to chemical and biological elicitors for stimulating plant natural defenses against fungal diseases".
651:, although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world. Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in). The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color spectrums, with some
725:(teardrop-shaped) dry fruits that do not open at maturity, measuring 3 to 4 mm long. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs. The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a
321:, who transformed it from a plant whose seeds were used to obtain oil into an important food crop raised for its succulent leaves and oil-rich seeds. Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans; the latter gave it the name
890:, with 237 liters (52 imp gal; 63 U.S. gal) of water required for each kilogram of lettuce produced. Hydroponic growing methods can reduce this water consumption by nearly two orders of magnitude.
658:
Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures, from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched, scalloped, frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties. Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main
1957:
plain or with other vegetables. Stem lettuce, widely consumed in China, is eaten either raw or cooked, the latter primarily in soups and stir-frys. Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of
4025:
Summerlin III, HN; Pola, CC; Chamakura, KR; et al. (2021). "Fate of enteric viruses during leafy greens (romaine lettuce) production using treated municipal wastewater and AP205 bacteriophage as a surrogate".
2188:
strains have affinity for
Romaine). But, unlike other vegetables which tend to be cooked, lettuce is eaten raw, thus food-borne outbreaks associated with it are more frequent and affect a larger number of people.
907:, a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves. This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in
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Oilseed—This type is grown for its seeds, which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking. It has few leaves, bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of
2576:
1425:
As described around 50 AD, lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil-and-vinegar dressing; however, smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw. During the 81–96 AD reign of
4237:
Gudda, FO; Waigi, MG; Odinga, ES; Yang, B; Carter, L; Gao, Y (September 2020). "Antibiotic-contaminated wastewater irrigated vegetables pose resistance selection risks to the gut microbiome".
2213:
1939:
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Iceberg/Crisphead—The most popular type in the United States. Iceberg lettuce is very heat-sensitive and was originally developed in 1894 for growth in the northern United States by
3644:
799:
provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces – head lettuce, loose-leaf lettuce, and romaine (or cos) lettuce. Lettuce was first brought to the
Americas from Europe by
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Summercrisp—Also called Batavian or French crisp, this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types. These lettuces tend to be larger, bolt-resistant and well-flavored.
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855:. Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows. Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats, then
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Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth. Many insects are attracted to lettuce, including
1081:
The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as "cabbage" lettuce, because their heads are shorter, flatter, and more cabbage-like than romaine lettuces.
1408:
In the early 21st century, bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market, especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness.
897:
with each other, making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m (60 to 240 in) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with
2829:
674:
Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flower stalks up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high with small yellow blossoms. Like other members of the tribe
667:
Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generally lives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting. Because lettuce that flowers (through the process known as "
2618:
748:
tolerance, greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns. However, genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture.
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of lettuce is ongoing, with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and the United States to test modifications allowing greater
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Leaf—Also known as looseleaf, cutting or bunching lettuce, this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted. It is used mainly for salads.
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1067:/Stem—This type is grown for its seedstalk, rather than its leaves, and is used in Asian cooking, primarily Chinese, as well as stewed and creamed dishes.
780:. These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans. Around 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist
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of lettuce. Three types – leaf, head and cos or romaine – are the most common. There are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce, each including many varieties:
2568:
260:
351:, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. It can be plagued by numerous
4744:
3791:
Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce
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of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting.
4819:
4757:
2221:
3787:"Chapter IV. Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce"
3636:
2676:
Smith, Richard; Cahn, Michael; Daugovish, Oleg; Koike, Steven; Natwick, Eric; Smith, Hugh; Subbarao, Krishna; Takele, Etaferahu; Turin, Thomas.
812:, which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce, replacing the previously used method of ice-cooling in packing houses outside the fields.
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Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin
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3707:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
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content, and different leaf shapes and colors. Work in these areas continues through the present day. Scientific research into the
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to be grown commercially. Although China is the top world producer of lettuce, the majority of the crop is consumed domestically.
1058:
as "round lettuce", this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves, known for its sweet flavor and tender texture.
1051:. Today, it ships well, but is low in flavor and nutritional content, being composed of even more water than other lettuce types.
5067:
4079:"Impact of biosolids amendment and wastewater effluent irrigation on enteric antibiotic-resistant bacteria – a greenhouse study"
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1016:/Cos—Used mainly for salads and sandwiches, this type forms long, upright heads. This is the most often used lettuce in
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298:, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled. One variety,
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366:. Although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the
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lettuce, mainly with large romaine types, as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves.
721:, the style elongates to allow the stigmas, now coated with pollen, to emerge from the tube. The ovaries form compressed,
3911:
and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria During Fresh Produce Production (Romaine Lettuce) Using Municipal Wastewater Effluents"
2124:
strain, have been found in lettuce. The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations, including
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structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which can be white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce.
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is derived. By 50 AD, many types were described, and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings, including several
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244:
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1445:. Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups, sandwiches and wraps, while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked.
4876:
4832:
3748:
Hanning, I.B.; Johnson, M.G.; Ricke, S.C (December 2008). "Precut prepackaged lettuce: a risk for listeriosis?".
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66:
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Gajraj, Roger; Pooransingh, Shalini; Hawker, Jeremy; Olowokure, Babatunde (April 2012). "Multiple outbreaks of
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as irrigation for romaine lettuce have shown that the contamination levels of foliage, leachate, and soil with
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31:
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are a disease-causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers, which causes deformed leaves. Fungal diseases include
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in Europe, and by the mid-18th century, cultivars were described that can still be found in modern gardens.
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4723:
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1047:. It gets its name from the way it was transported in crushed ice, where the heads of lettuce looked like
389:. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including
4718:
4576:
3336:
Edwards, C. A. (May 1964). "The bionomics of swift moths. I.—The ghost swift moth, Hepialus humuli (L.)".
2049:
1935:
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823:; however, domestic lettuce's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco.
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2174:
2169:), respectively, were directly correlated with the presence of these organisms in the irrigation water.
2092:
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183:
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Koopman, Wim J.M.; Guetta, Eli; van de Wiel, Clemens C.M.; Vosman, Ben; van den Berg, Ronald G (1998).
2726:
2307:"Lettuce (with chicory) production in 2022; Countries/Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists"
1926:
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described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces.
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Heirloom Vegetable Gardening: A Master Gardener's Guide to Planting, Seed Saving and Cultural History
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in availability. During the 1950s, lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of
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61:
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931:. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as
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Mays, C; Garza, GL; Waite-Cusic, J; Radniecki, TS; Navab-Daneshmanda, Tala (1 December 2021).
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698:(which becomes the feathery "parachute" of the fruit), a corolla of five petals fused into a
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903:(wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves.
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736:: delayed bolting, larger seeds, larger leaves and heads, better taste and texture, a lower
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for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
4202:
4136:"Mini-Review: Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from Farm Animal-Associated Sources"
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3198:"Lactuca sativa 'Little Gem' | lettuce (Cos) 'Little Gem' Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening"
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The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through
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564:(meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name. The current word
5102:
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4307:
Davey, M. R.; Anthony, P.; Van Hooff, P.; Power, J. B.; Lowe, K. C. (2007). "Lettuce".
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1982:(table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), iceberg lettuce supplies 14
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mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179, and many early
48:
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O'Flaherty, E; Solimini, AG; Pantanella, F; De Giusti, M; Cummins, E (January 2019).
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2018:
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Lettuce is easy to grow, and as such has been a significant source of sales for many
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2683:. University of California Vegetable Research and Information Center. Archived from
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type, have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce. Viruses, including
409:
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4671:
4187:"Human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through irrigated lettuce"
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2014:
1971:
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1197:, which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves.
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varieties. There are also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves.
27:
Species of annual plant of the daisy family, most often grown as a leaf vegetable
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Butterhead—Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce, and traditionally in the
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1166:, also eat the plants. Lettuce contains several defensive compounds, including
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Fine Cooking in Season: Your Guide to Choosing and Preparing the Season's Best
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2309:. UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2024
599:, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of
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Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W.; Martin, Deborah L., eds. (2009).
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2010:
1991:
1950:
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1221:, which cause entire plants to rot and collapse. Bacterial diseases include
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3616:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. April 2023
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Lettuce appears in many medieval writings, especially as a medicinal herb.
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5031:
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2647:"New Directions in Salad Crops: New Forms, New Tools, and Old Philosophy"
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came from the variety of lettuce grown in the Roman papal gardens, while
355:, as well as insect and mammal pests, and fungal and bacterial diseases.
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Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves
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2735:. Vol. 19, 20 and 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
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easily within the species and with some other species within the genus
324:
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294:, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for
160:
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4372:
3905:
Summerlin III, HN; Pola, CC; McLamore, ES; et al. (20 May 2021).
4311:. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 59. Springer.
3109:(Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences"
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A lettuce surrounded by weeds, which have crowded it to the point of
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Little Gem—a dwarf, compact romaine lettuce, popular in the UK.
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Pathogens found on lettuce are not specific to lettuce (though some
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even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw, and older,
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The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control
2021:. Dark green varieties of lettuce also contain moderate amounts of
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Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored
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before a meal began. Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of
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1322:
1286:
1270:
1154:, which cut large holes in leaves. For example, the larvae of the
1151:
1131:
1123:
1088:
1023:
971:
963:
947:
939:
862:
830:
755:
737:
634:
622:
614:
551:
547:
408:
295:
78:
4134:
Xu, C; Kong, L; Liao, Y; Wu, Q; Liu, H; Wang, X (November 2022).
3793:. US Food and Drug Administration. 12 April 2012. Archived from
1875:
1228:
1147:
531:
common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.
528:
386:
4684:
4574:
3384:"Developing Multi-Species Insect Resistance in Romaine Lettuce"
582:
576:
519:
of domesticated lettuce. Lettuce is closely related to several
2133:
Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria
1979:
1519:
600:
337:. The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many
4384:
2181:, which has been found on lettuce irrigated with wastewater.
3487:
Koike, Steven T; Gladders, Peter; Paulus, Albert O. (2006).
2857:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
523:
species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to
2937:(1st ed.). New York: Penguin Press. pp. 124–131.
1373:
In 2022, world production of lettuce (report combined with
1055:
3671:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2033:, while micronutrients are contained in the leaf portion.
882:
of between 6.0 and 6.8. Heat generally prompts lettuce to
702:
or strap, and the reproductive parts. These include fused
3386:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
2400:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
2253:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
2065:
bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis.
763:, a descendant of some of the earliest cultivated lettuce
2725:
Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc; Strother, John L.
2029:. The edible spine and ribs of the lettuce plant supply
3464:. University of California. August 2007. Archived from
2815:
The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
2729:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1949:
countries, contributing to a range of dishes including
1158:
is a common pest of lettuce plants. Mammals, including
3822:
International Journal of Environmental Health Research
3637:"As Bagged Salad Kits Boom, Americans Eat More Greens"
2074:
species, which have not been linked to any outbreaks;
1231:
treatments may be used: Vàsquez et al. 2017 find that
2001:
In lettuce varieties with dark green leaves, such as
441:) family. The species was first described in 1753 by
2013:
contents are appreciable due to the presence of the
4583:
4028:
Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A
1911:
1899:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1835:
1822:
1809:
1796:
1783:
1762:
1741:
1728:
1715:
1698:
1682:
1665:
1648:
1631:
1596:
1575:
1540:
1516:
1498:
1488:
1472:
1458:
1453:
4285:
3704:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
3041:. University of Illinois Extension. Archived from
3820:associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce".
2458:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012).
2177:to antibiotics is increasing, one of these being
1774:
1587:
4326:Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, Williams Woys (2003).
3541:Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry
1077:—A group of lettuce types with red leaves.
2880:Subbarao, Krishna V.; Koike, Steven T. (2007).
3635:Charles, Dan; Aubrey, Allison (12 July 2016).
2596:
2594:
2360:"The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project"
2150:O157:H7. Scientific experiments using treated
1454:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1130:, which cause stunted growth and pale leaves;
587:, which derived from the Roman name. The name
3493:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 296.
3369:
3367:
3174:. Washington State University. Archived from
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2220:. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Archived from
1193:, which causes yellow, distorted leaves, and
8:
2958:Enochian, R.V.; Smith, F.J (November 1956).
2919:
2917:
2732:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2554:
2552:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2433:Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database
2102:), which have been found mainly in lettuce.
1448:
1110:, which cut seedlings off at the soil line;
3879:. Colorado State University. Archived from
2760:
2758:
2335:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
2061:, indigenous microflora competing with the
559:
541:
535:
322:
4571:
3667:United States Food and Drug Administration
3533:
3531:
2798:
2796:
2511:
2509:
1557:
1447:
1381:alone producing 55% of the total (table).
1254:
1138:, which create tunnels within the leaves;
1134:, which turn leaves gray-green or silver;
56:A field of iceberg lettuces in California
47:
38:
4210:
4161:
4151:
4110:
4001:
3970:O157:H7 Infiltration into Lettuce Tissue"
3936:
3926:
3124:
2886:Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Volume 2
2653:. Wiley. pp. 528–532. Archived from
2435:. University of Melbourne. Archived from
2301:
2299:
1986:and is a rich source (20% or more of the
1209:, which cause leaves to mold and die and
874:Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose,
843:annual, some varieties of lettuce can be
3608:
3606:
3604:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2464:. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
2165:(used by researchers as a surrogate for
2068:Other bacteria found on lettuce include
1384:Lettuce is the only member of the genus
1126:, which cause yellow, distorted leaves;
643:Lettuce's native range spreads from the
4397:
3900:
3898:
3067:Water Resources: An Integrated Approach
2882:"Lettuce Diseases: Ecology and Control"
2818:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 95.
2678:"Leaf Lettuce Production in California"
2528:The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories
2198:
1028:Romaine lettuce 'Forellenschluss' from
550:), an allusion to the white substance,
3974:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3781:
3779:
3317:from the original on 28 September 2021
3165:
3163:
3161:
2902:from the original on 28 September 2021
2849:
2847:
2832:from the original on 28 September 2021
2241:
2239:
1142:, which cut small holes in leaves and
1118:, which cause yellow, stunted plants;
686:or capitula) are composed of multiple
499:, the common wild or prickly lettuce.
3589:from the original on 18 December 2013
3579:"Lettuce Grows into A Processed Food"
3558:from the original on 26 December 2019
3458:"Lettuce: Integrated Weed Management"
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2649:. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.).
2645:Ryder, J.; Waycott, Williams (1993).
2374:from the original on 22 December 2015
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1970:Raw iceberg lettuce is 96% water, 3%
1429:, the tradition of serving a lettuce
603:, a center of lettuce farming in the
317:Lettuce was originally farmed by the
7:
4900:408d35f0-7ac6-471c-af8b-7c25592f2d29
3490:Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook
2339:from the original on 25 October 2011
2278:"Grilled lettuce with goats' cheese"
2047:that can survive on lettuce include
1365:UN Food and Agriculture Organization
835:A lettuce farm in the United Kingdom
2531:. Oxford University Press. p.
1235:activity, phenolic production, and
867:A transplanted bed of lettuce in a
706:that form a tube which surrounds a
503:also has many identified taxonomic
3681:from the original on 27 March 2024
3577:Fulmer, Melinda (19 August 2002).
3507:from the original on 30 April 2016
3338:Bulletin of Entomological Research
3105:"Phylogenetic relationships among
1185:Lettuce also suffers from several
534:The Romans referred to lettuce as
314:percent of which came from China.
25:
3960:Li, Haiping; Tajkarimi, Mehrdad;
3647:from the original on 3 April 2018
2855:"Vegetable of the Month: Lettuce"
2579:from the original on 16 June 2013
2478:from the original on 23 July 2016
2284:from the original on 17 July 2013
2108:bacteria, including the uncommon
795:also describe its uses. In 1586,
558:has become the genus name, while
370:of cultivated lettuce varieties.
5011:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:228239-1
4553:
4536:
4519:
4502:
4485:
4468:
4451:
4434:
4417:
4400:
4371:
4328:Encyclopedia of Food and Culture
3084:from the original on 5 June 2020
2621:from the original on 20 May 2021
2525:Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. (2002).
1998:in significant content (table).
1333:
1315:
1297:
1279:
944:A selection of lettuce cultivars
860:lettuce, contain few nutrients.
767:Lettuce was first cultivated in
554:, exuded by cut stems. The name
65:
3750:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease
3729:from the original on 9 May 2024
3544:. CRC Press. pp. 147–148.
2960:"House Packing Western Lettuce"
2358:Natural History Museum (2022).
1404:A lettuce plant that has bolted
956:is grown for its stem, used in
479:
469:
459:
3538:Simoons, Frederick J. (1991).
3297:Rana, M. K. (2 October 2017).
2601:Fine Cooking Magazine (2011).
1377:) was 27 million tonnes, with
1247:weeds in lettuce cultivation.
515:, which delineate the various
290:. It is most often grown as a
1:
4345:Weaver, William Woys (1997).
4048:10.1080/10934529.2021.1968231
3966:"Impact of Vacuum Cooling on
3462:UC Pest Management Guidelines
3428:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.057
2802:Katz and Weaver, pp. 375–376.
2777:. GMO Compass. Archived from
2727:"Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae"
2607:. Taunton Press. p. 28.
2575:. Missouri Botanical Garden.
2276:Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall.
5108:Crops originating from Egypt
4251:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114752
4212:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.022
3842:10.1080/09603123.2011.613114
2884:. In Pimentel, David (ed.).
2423:Porcher, Michael H. (2005).
1934:Percentages estimated using
445:in the second volume of his
373:Lettuce is a rich source of
4153:10.3390/antibiotics11111535
2764:Davey, et al., pp. 222–225.
2749:Harvard University Herbaria
1953:and meat dishes, soups and
1927:Link to USDA Database entry
1233:phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
1002:There are several types or
927:, to broaden the available
381:, and a moderate source of
5129:
4349:. Henry Holt and Company.
4103:10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100119
3871:Davis, J. G.; Kendall, P.
3303:. CRC Press. p. 173.
3113:American Journal of Botany
3070:. Routledge. p. 335.
2888:. CRC Press. p. 313.
2362:. Natural History Museum.
1974:, and contains negligible
1258:Lettuce production – 2022
1099:
29:
4330:. Vol. 2. Scribner.
4191:Environment International
3928:10.3389/fmicb.2021.660047
3643:. National Public Radio.
3350:10.1017/S000748530004935X
2745:Missouri Botanical Garden
2743:– via eFloras.org,
2053:, the causative agent of
1933:
1923:
1919:
1895:
1887:
1758:
1754:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1536:
1532:
1512:
1508:
1468:
1464:58 kJ (14 kcal)
1361:
1257:
979:, a lettuce variety from
329:, from which the English
213:
206:
189:
182:
62:Scientific classification
60:
55:
46:
41:
3525:Katz and Weaver, p. 378.
3287:Katz and Weaver, p. 375.
2995:Katz and Weaver, p. 377.
2933:Twilley, Nicola (2024).
2515:Katz and Weaver, p. 376.
1994:(20% DV), with no other
1102:List of lettuce diseases
429:(lettuce) genus and the
32:Lettuce (disambiguation)
4239:Environmental Pollution
3064:Holden, Joseph (2013).
1936:US recommendations
1045:Burpee Seeds and Plants
893:Lettuce varieties will
821:tobacco-free cigarettes
690:, each with a modified
583:
577:
3412:Scientia Horticulturae
3300:Vegetable Crop Science
3155:Davey, et al., p. 241.
2967:California Agriculture
2747:, St. Louis, MO &
2050:Listeria monocytogenes
1940:the National Academies
1449:Lettuce (iceberg, raw)
1405:
1168:sesquiterpene lactones
1097:
1032:
983:
969:
961:
945:
871:
836:
764:
717:. As the anthers shed
640:
632:
620:
619:Lettuce inflorescences
560:
542:
536:
417:
405:Taxonomy and etymology
323:
4389:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
3877:from Garden to Plate"
3818:Salmonella braenderup
3762:10.1089/fpd.2008.0142
3373:Bradley, pp. 129–132.
3222:Renna (3 July 2007).
2812:Hart, George (2005).
2110:Salmonella braenderup
2093:Yersinia kristensenii
2080:species, which cause
2003:romaine (also called
1562:Vitamins and minerals
1403:
1092:
1027:
998:Cultivars (varieties)
975:
967:
951:
943:
866:
834:
759:
638:
626:
618:
412:
353:nutrient deficiencies
344:Generally grown as a
3994:10.1128/AEM.02811-07
2986:Weaver, pp. 173–174.
2923:Weaver, pp. 172–173.
2715:Weaver, pp. 175–176.
2503:Weaver, pp. 170–172.
2439:on 16 September 2012
2152:municipal wastewater
1170:, and other natural
1120:tarnished plant bugs
1085:Cultivation problems
968:A butterhead lettuce
952:The lettuce variety
801:Christopher Columbus
742:genetic modification
30:For other uses, see
4203:2019EnInt.122..270O
4095:2021WRX....1300119M
4040:2021JESHA..56.1138S
3986:2008ApEnM..74.3138L
3834:2012IJEHR..22..150G
2087:Yersinia intermedia
1667:Pantothenic acid (B
1450:
1245:herbicide-resistant
878:-rich soils with a
851:are often grown in
789:Hildegard of Bingen
595:, another term for
546:meaning "dairy" in
423:is a member of the
4089:(100119): 100119.
3921:(660047): 660047.
3797:on 9 November 2012
3390:on 19 October 2013
3269:on 18 January 2017
3234:Tribune Publishing
2224:on 2 November 2012
2082:campylobacteriosis
2037:Food-borne illness
1901:Other constituents
1406:
1098:
1033:
984:
970:
962:
946:
872:
849:heirloom varieties
837:
797:Joachim Camerarius
765:
734:selective breeding
641:
633:
621:
568:, originally from
418:
5083:
5082:
4934:Open Tree of Life
4577:Taxon identifiers
4356:978-0-8050-4025-8
4337:978-0-684-80565-8
4318:978-3-540-36752-9
4299:978-1-60529-677-7
4034:(10): 1138–1144.
3714:978-0-309-48834-1
3583:Los Angeles Times
3310:978-1-351-65279-7
3224:"Iceberg lettuce"
3119:(11): 1517–1530.
2895:978-1-4200-5361-6
2614:978-1-60085-303-6
2471:978-0-19-954906-1
1946:
1945:
1891:
1890:
1371:
1370:
1367:
448:Species Plantarum
319:ancient Egyptians
271:
270:
264:
248:
228:
219:Lactusca scariola
16:(Redirected from
5120:
5076:
5075:
5063:
5062:
5050:
5049:
5040:
5039:
5027:
5026:
5014:
5013:
5001:
5000:
4988:
4987:
4975:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4942:
4941:
4929:
4928:
4916:
4915:
4903:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4880:
4879:
4867:
4866:
4864:NBNSYS0000004538
4854:
4853:
4841:
4840:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4802:
4801:
4789:
4788:
4779:
4778:
4766:
4765:
4753:
4752:
4740:
4739:
4727:
4726:
4714:
4713:
4701:
4700:
4688:
4687:
4675:
4674:
4662:
4661:
4652:
4651:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4572:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:from Wikispecies
4541:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4514:from Wikiversity
4507:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4381:
4376:
4375:
4360:
4341:
4322:
4309:Transgenic Crops
4303:
4291:
4278:Cited literature
4271:
4270:
4234:
4228:
4224:
4214:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4165:
4155:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3968:Escherichia coli
3962:Osburn, Bennie I
3957:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3915:Front. Microbiol
3909:Escherichia coli
3902:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3535:
3526:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3265:. Archived from
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3178:on 11 April 2012
3172:"Winter Lettuce"
3167:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3045:on 15 March 2012
3035:
3012:
3011:Bradley, p. 129.
3009:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2976:on 15 June 2013.
2975:
2969:. Archived from
2964:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2861:on 22 March 2012
2851:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2751:, Cambridge, MA.
2742:
2740:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2504:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2368:10.5519/qwv6u7j5
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2249:Lactuca serriola
2243:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2210:
1778:
1703:
1687:
1670:
1653:
1636:
1598:Vitamin A equiv.
1591:
1558:
1451:
1362:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1255:
1224:Botrytis cinerea
1075:Red leaf lettuce
900:Lactuca serriola
605:Byzantine period
586:
580:
572:, came from the
563:
545:
539:
527:, an aggressive
525:L. serriola
496:L. serriola
487:L. scariola
481:
477:L. scariola
471:
467:L. scariola
461:
457:Lactuca scariola
328:
313:
258:
252:L. scariola
238:
232:L. scariola
226:
195:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5079:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5045:
5043:
5035:
5030:
5022:
5017:
5009:
5004:
4996:
4991:
4983:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4945:
4937:
4932:
4924:
4921:Observation.org
4919:
4911:
4906:
4898:
4896:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4870:
4862:
4857:
4849:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4818:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4784:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4748:
4743:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4717:
4709:
4704:
4696:
4691:
4683:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4657:
4655:
4647:
4645:
4637:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4579:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4531:from Wikivoyage
4525:
4520:
4518:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4484:
4480:from Wikisource
4474:
4469:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4412:from Wiktionary
4406:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:sister projects
4391:
4377:
4370:
4367:
4357:
4344:
4338:
4325:
4319:
4306:
4300:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4024:
4023:
4019:
3980:(10): 3138–42.
3959:
3958:
3954:
3907:"Prevalence of
3904:
3903:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3883:on 5 March 2012
3870:
3869:
3865:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3684:
3682:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3619:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3510:
3508:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3365:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3259:Tesco Real Food
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3229:Chicago Tribune
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3169:
3168:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3126:10.2307/2446479
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3078:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3015:
3010:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2826:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2738:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2690:on 19 June 2012
2687:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2657:on 17 July 2012
2644:
2643:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2558:Weaver, p. 172.
2557:
2550:
2543:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2195:
2167:enteric viruses
2127:Giardia lamblia
2039:
1968:
1929:
1924:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1804:
1791:
1779:
1749:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1660:
1651:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1592:
1563:
1552:
1547:
1528:
1523:
1484:
1479:
1423:
1418:
1394:
1334:
1332:
1316:
1314:
1298:
1296:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1104:
1087:
1000:
958:Chinese cooking
888:water footprint
829:
778:romaine lettuce
761:Romaine lettuce
754:
682:(also known as
627:Mature lettuce
613:
597:romaine lettuce
517:cultivar groups
451:. Synonyms for
407:
311:
306:was 27 million
267:
202:
197:
191:
178:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5089:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5064:
5060:wfo-0000128816
5051:
5041:
5028:
5015:
5002:
4989:
4976:
4966:
4962:Lactuca sativa
4953:
4949:Lactuca_sativa
4943:
4930:
4917:
4904:
4894:
4881:
4868:
4855:
4842:
4829:
4816:
4803:
4790:
4780:
4767:
4754:
4741:
4728:
4715:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4630:
4620:
4615:Lactuca sativa
4605:
4589:
4587:
4585:Lactuca sativa
4581:
4580:
4575:
4568:
4567:
4550:
4533:
4516:
4499:
4497:from Wikibooks
4482:
4465:
4463:from Wikiquote
4448:
4431:
4414:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4365:External links
4363:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4342:
4336:
4323:
4317:
4304:
4298:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4229:
4177:
4126:
4069:
4017:
3952:
3894:
3863:
3828:(2): 150–155.
3808:
3775:
3756:(6): 731–746.
3740:
3713:
3692:
3658:
3627:
3600:
3569:
3550:
3527:
3518:
3499:
3479:
3468:on 7 July 2012
3449:
3401:
3375:
3363:
3344:(1): 147–160.
3328:
3309:
3289:
3280:
3246:
3214:
3202:www.rhs.org.uk
3189:
3170:Miles, Carol.
3157:
3148:
3095:
3076:
3056:
3013:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2950:
2943:
2925:
2913:
2894:
2872:
2843:
2824:
2804:
2792:
2781:on 11 May 2012
2766:
2754:
2717:
2701:
2668:
2632:
2613:
2590:
2571:Lactuca sativa
2560:
2548:
2541:
2517:
2505:
2489:
2470:
2450:
2415:
2404:on 8 June 2012
2396:Lactuca sativa
2385:
2350:
2331:Lactuca sativa
2320:
2295:
2268:
2257:on 5 June 2012
2235:
2216:Lactuca sativa
2197:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2038:
2035:
1996:micronutrients
1967:
1964:
1944:
1943:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:domestically.
1393:
1390:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1203:powdery mildew
1187:viral diseases
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1022:
1021:
1011:
999:
996:
828:
825:
817:seed companies
810:vacuum cooling
753:
750:
680:inflorescences
612:
609:
570:Middle English
501:L. sativa
453:L. sativa
421:Lactuca sativa
406:
403:
292:leaf vegetable
286:of the family
279:Lactuca sativa
269:
268:
266:
265:
249:
229:
214:
211:
210:
204:
203:
198:
193:Lactuca sativa
187:
186:
180:
179:
175:L. sativa
172:
170:
166:
165:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
95:
94:
89:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5125:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5086:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4650:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4565:from Wikidata
4564:
4563:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4528:Travel guides
4517:
4513:
4512:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4483:
4479:
4478:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4449:
4446:from Wikinews
4445:
4444:
4432:
4428:
4427:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4380:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3693:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3557:
3553:
3551:0-8493-8804-X
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3506:
3502:
3500:0-12-373675-7
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3402:
3389:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3329:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3099:
3096:
3083:
3079:
3077:9780203489413
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3057:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2944:9780735223288
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2825:1-134-28424-1
2821:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2542:0-19-863121-9
2538:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2416:
2403:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2269:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2162:bacteriophage
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2077:Campylobacter
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2031:dietary fiber
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:beta-carotene
2016:
2012:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:carbohydrates
1965:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1650:Riboflavin (B
1647:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1602:beta-Carotene
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:Dietary fiber
1497:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1476:Carbohydrates
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1444:
1443:Caesar salads
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1305:United States
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:Aster yellows
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:Caesar salads
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
997:
995:
993:
989:
988:cryogenically
982:
978:
974:
966:
959:
955:
950:
942:
938:
936:
935:
930:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
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902:
901:
896:
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877:
870:
865:
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826:
824:
822:
818:
813:
811:
805:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
783:
779:
775:
770:
769:ancient Egypt
762:
758:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
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697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
665:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
645:Mediterranean
639:Lettuce seeds
637:
630:
629:inflorescence
625:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
557:
553:
549:
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526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
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502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
478:
474:
468:
464:
458:
454:
450:
449:
444:
443:Carl Linnaeus
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:
422:
415:
411:
404:
402:
400:
399:
394:
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388:
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365:
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212:
209:
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196:
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188:
185:
184:Binomial name
181:
177:
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159:
156:
155:
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149:
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119:
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109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:Tracheophytes
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
68:
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5085:
4584:
4560:
4543:
4526:
4509:
4492:
4475:
4458:
4441:
4429:from Commons
4424:
4407:
4386:
4346:
4327:
4308:
4287:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4146:(11): 1535.
4143:
4139:
4129:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4031:
4027:
4020:
3977:
3973:
3967:
3955:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3885:. Retrieved
3881:the original
3874:
3873:"Preventing
3866:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3799:. Retrieved
3795:the original
3790:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3703:
3695:
3683:. Retrieved
3674:
3661:
3649:. Retrieved
3640:
3630:
3618:. Retrieved
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3540:
3521:
3509:. Retrieved
3489:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3466:the original
3461:
3452:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:the original
3378:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3321:28 September
3319:. Retrieved
3299:
3292:
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3267:the original
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3227:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:
3192:
3180:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3151:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3066:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3043:the original
2991:
2982:
2971:the original
2966:
2953:
2934:
2928:
2904:. Retrieved
2885:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2859:the original
2834:. Retrieved
2814:
2807:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:the original
2769:
2739:24 September
2737:. Retrieved
2731:
2720:
2692:. Retrieved
2685:the original
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2655:the original
2650:
2623:. Retrieved
2603:
2581:. Retrieved
2570:
2563:
2527:
2520:
2480:. Retrieved
2460:
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2437:the original
2432:
2426:
2418:
2406:. Retrieved
2402:the original
2395:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2330:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2286:. Retrieved
2271:
2259:. Retrieved
2255:the original
2248:
2226:. Retrieved
2222:the original
2215:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2122:Norwalk-like
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:(species of
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2048:
2040:
2015:provitamin A
2004:
2000:
1969:
1960:lettuce soup
1947:
1905:
1900:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1542:
1518:
1474:
1439:
1424:
1410:
1407:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1355:
1350:
1236:
1227:, for which
1222:
1215:lettuce drop
1207:downy mildew
1195:mosaic virus
1189:, including
1184:
1144:caterpillars
1140:flea beetles
1105:
1080:
1001:
985:
976:
932:
922:
916:
912:
908:
898:
892:
873:
857:transplanted
845:overwintered
838:
814:
806:
786:
766:
731:
684:flower heads
673:
666:
657:
642:
592:
588:
565:
555:
533:
524:
520:
500:
494:
489:is itself a
486:
483:integrifolia
482:
476:
472:
466:
462:
456:
452:
446:
424:
420:
419:
413:
396:
390:
372:
363:
356:
343:
330:
316:
284:annual plant
278:
277:
273:
272:
256:integrifolia
255:
251:
235:
231:
223:
217:
192:
190:
174:
173:
161:
124:
111:
98:
85:
36:
18:Leaf lettuce
4846:NatureServe
4771:iNaturalist
4609:Wikispecies
4409:Definitions
4379:Food portal
4197:: 270–280.
4140:Antibiotics
4083:Water Res X
3422:: 452–459.
3207:14 November
3088:12 November
2378:17 December
2118:calicivirus
2114:hepatitis A
2055:listeriosis
1988:Daily Value
1633:Thiamine (B
1128:leafhoppers
934:L. tatarica
913:L. serriola
853:cold frames
827:Cultivation
611:Description
105:Angiosperms
5092:Categories
4980:Plant List
4656:Calflora:
4460:Quotations
4292:. Rodale.
4245:: 114752.
3511:10 January
3273:16 January
2482:10 January
2193:References
2173:pathogens
2105:Salmonella
2059:shelf life
2042:Food-borne
2017:compound,
1837:Phosphorus
1610:zeaxanthin
1251:Production
1240:resistance
1237:B. cinerea
1211:bottom rot
1180:glycosides
1164:groundhogs
1156:ghost moth
1136:leafminers
1100:See also:
977:Prajzerica
918:L. saligna
911:, such as
869:polytunnel
678:, lettuce
676:Cichorieae
653:variegated
574:Old French
509:subspecies
431:Asteraceae
398:Salmonella
288:Asteraceae
151:Asteraceae
4985:gcc-89778
4737:200024117
4724:200024117
4511:Resources
4267:218679107
4064:237282172
3614:"Lettuce"
3436:0304-4238
3358:1475-2670
3255:"Lettuce"
3039:"Lettuce"
2906:6 October
2836:6 October
2775:"Lettuce"
2651:New Crops
2625:6 October
2425:"Sorting
2179:AR E.coli
2175:resistant
2071:Aeromonas
2045:pathogens
2011:vitamin A
1992:vitamin K
1990:, DV) of
1966:Nutrition
1955:stir-frys
1951:bean curd
1850:Potassium
1824:Manganese
1811:Magnesium
1743:Vitamin K
1730:Vitamin E
1717:Vitamin C
1700:Folate (B
1684:Vitamin B
1219:gray mold
1172:phenolics
1116:nematodes
1112:wireworms
1004:cultivars
992:half-life
929:gene pool
924:L. virosa
782:Columella
746:herbicide
727:dispersal
712:bipartite
694:called a
513:varieties
473:integrata
435:sunflower
414:L. sativa
379:vitamin A
375:vitamin K
368:gene pool
357:L. sativa
339:varieties
236:integrata
169:Species:
141:Asterales
75:Kingdom:
5044:VASCAN:
5032:Tropicos
4946:PalDat:
4851:2.159167
4812:10209453
4799:228239-1
4646:BioLib:
4594:Wikidata
4259:32417582
4221:30449627
4172:36358190
4121:34585133
4056:34427159
4012:18344328
3964:(2008).
3947:34093474
3887:26 March
3858:27881973
3850:21916661
3801:19 April
3770:18847382
3727:Archived
3723:30844154
3685:28 March
3679:Archived
3669:(2024).
3645:Archived
3620:16 April
3587:Archived
3562:22 March
3556:Archived
3505:Archived
3444:90436989
3420:Elsevier
3315:Archived
3182:26 March
3143:21680311
3082:Archived
3049:25 March
2900:Archived
2865:26 March
2830:Archived
2694:11 April
2661:11 April
2619:Archived
2583:27 March
2577:Archived
2476:Archived
2372:Archived
2343:27 March
2337:Archived
2313:16 April
2282:Archived
2143:Shigella
2099:Yersinia
2063:Listeria
1984:calories
1906:Quantity
1831:0.125 mg
1771:Quantity
1765:Minerals
1694:0.042 mg
1678:0.091 mg
1661:0.025 mg
1644:0.041 mg
1584:Quantity
1578:Vitamins
1435:poaching
1427:Domitian
1421:Culinary
1363:Source:
1267:millions
1263:Country
1191:big vein
1176:flavonol
1174:such as
1108:cutworms
1071:lettuce.
1049:icebergs
876:nitrogen
631:in fruit
455:include
282:) is an
208:Synonyms
147:Family:
131:Asterids
118:Eudicots
42:Lettuce
5113:Lactuca
5098:Lettuce
5073:1099606
5037:2710604
4885:NTFlora
4833:MoBotPF
4750:7403263
4494:Recipes
4387:Lettuce
4199:Bibcode
4163:9686710
4112:8452883
4091:Bibcode
4036:Bibcode
4003:2394940
3982:Bibcode
3938:8172605
3875:E. coli
3830:Bibcode
3733:21 June
3651:5 April
3641:NPR.org
3593:30 June
3472:3 April
3394:5 April
3239:22 June
3135:2446479
3107:Lactuca
2785:3 April
2443:2 April
2427:Lactuca
2408:2 April
2280:. BBC.
2261:2 April
2228:2 April
2186:E. coli
2156:E. coli
2148:E. coli
2138:O157:H7
2023:calcium
1976:protein
1883:0.15 mg
1805:0.41 mg
1785:Calcium
1750:24.1 μg
1737:0.18 mg
1544:Protein
1392:Markets
1386:Lactuca
1375:chicory
1160:rabbits
1095:bolting
1065:Celtuce
1030:Austria
1014:Romaine
981:Croatia
954:celtuce
909:Lactuca
905:Celtuce
793:herbals
752:History
723:obovate
704:anthers
688:florets
669:bolting
661:taproot
649:Siberia
589:romaine
584:laitues
566:lettuce
556:Lactuca
537:lactuca
521:Lactuca
491:synonym
426:Lactuca
392:E. coli
364:Lactuca
360:crosses
335:herbals
331:lettuce
325:lactuca
304:chicory
300:celtuce
274:Lettuce
227:(Moris)
162:Lactuca
157:Genus:
137:Order:
79:Plantae
5024:106151
4993:PLANTS
4939:515700
4897:NZOR:
4838:263870
4776:122976
4711:156510
4685:468144
4639:166624
4623:APDB:
4600:Q83193
4353:
4334:
4315:
4296:
4265:
4257:
4219:
4170:
4160:
4119:
4109:
4062:
4054:
4010:
4000:
3945:
3935:
3856:
3848:
3768:
3721:
3711:
3548:
3497:
3442:
3434:
3356:
3307:
3141:
3133:
3074:
2941:
2892:
2822:
2611:
2539:
2468:
2429:Names"
2288:17 May
2160:AP205
2136:E.coli
2120:and a
2084:; and
1915:95.6 g
1863:Sodium
1857:141 mg
1724:2.8 mg
1626:277 μg
1623:299 μg
1607:lutein
1527:0.14 g
1490:Sugars
1460:Energy
1338:
1320:
1302:
1284:
1271:tonnes
1152:snails
1132:thrips
1124:aphids
921:, and
719:pollen
715:stigma
700:ligule
696:pappus
578:letues
561:sativa
505:groups
463:sativa
383:folate
349:annual
312:
308:tonnes
296:salads
261:G.Beck
224:sativa
5103:Crops
5068:WoRMS
4998:LASA3
4972:11574
4969:PFI:
4908:NZPCN
4825:36607
4807:IRMNG
4783:IPA:
4763:21360
4706:EUNIS
4698:LACSA
4672:3RTC5
4659:10034
4649:41651
4626:99979
4477:Texts
4426:Media
4263:S2CID
4060:S2CID
3854:S2CID
3440:S2CID
3263:Tesco
3131:JSTOR
2974:(PDF)
2963:(PDF)
2688:(PDF)
2681:(PDF)
1912:Water
1870:10 mg
1844:20 mg
1792:18 mg
1711:29 μg
1618:25 μg
1551:0.9 g
1504:1.2 g
1494:2.0 g
1483:3.0 g
1431:salad
1379:China
1351:World
1341:Spain
1323:India
1291:15.0
1287:China
1148:slugs
895:cross
841:hardy
738:latex
708:style
692:calyx
552:latex
548:Latin
439:aster
416:seeds
346:hardy
254:var.
245:Godr.
241:Gren.
234:var.
222:var.
125:Clade
112:Clade
99:Clade
86:Clade
5047:3268
5006:POWO
4957:PfaF
4926:6934
4913:3353
4877:4236
4872:NCBI
4820:ITIS
4794:IPNI
4786:9437
4758:GRIN
4745:GBIF
4693:EPPO
4634:APNI
4562:Data
4545:Taxa
4443:News
4351:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4313:ISBN
4294:ISBN
4255:PMID
4217:PMID
4168:PMID
4117:PMID
4052:PMID
4008:PMID
3943:PMID
3889:2012
3846:PMID
3803:2012
3766:PMID
3735:2024
3719:PMID
3709:ISBN
3687:2024
3653:2018
3622:2024
3595:2012
3564:2020
3546:ISBN
3513:2016
3495:ISBN
3474:2012
3432:ISSN
3396:2012
3354:ISSN
3323:2021
3305:ISBN
3275:2017
3241:2011
3209:2022
3184:2012
3139:PMID
3090:2019
3072:ISBN
3051:2012
2939:ISBN
2908:2020
2890:ISBN
2867:2012
2838:2020
2820:ISBN
2787:2012
2741:2012
2696:2012
2663:2012
2627:2020
2609:ISBN
2585:2012
2537:ISBN
2484:2016
2466:ISBN
2445:2012
2410:2012
2380:2015
2345:2010
2315:2024
2290:2013
2263:2012
2230:2012
2158:and
2140:and
2090:and
2027:iron
2025:and
1978:and
1876:Zinc
1818:7 mg
1798:Iron
1416:Uses
1356:27.1
1345:1.0
1327:1.2
1309:3.3
1229:UV-C
1217:and
1205:and
1178:and
1162:and
1150:and
1122:and
1114:and
884:bolt
710:and
529:weed
511:and
493:for
480:var.
475:and
470:var.
460:var.
395:and
387:iron
385:and
377:and
310:, 53
243:and
5055:WFO
5019:RHS
4890:594
4859:NBN
4732:FoC
4719:FNA
4680:EoL
4667:CoL
4247:doi
4243:264
4226:PDF
4207:doi
4195:122
4158:PMC
4148:doi
4107:PMC
4099:doi
4044:doi
4032:566
3998:PMC
3990:doi
3933:PMC
3923:doi
3838:doi
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