League of Militant Atheists

966: 740: 860: 1195:(The Rural Godless) was produced. It was alleged to be so "popular" among the peasantry that it was 'read to tatters', and contradictorily it ceased publication in 1932. The supposedly popular nature of the atheist propaganda was also contradicted by cases of reported lynchings of antireligious propagandists and murder of LMG agitators. In a similar vein, in 1930, the LMG leadership advised that social surveys of believers in school classes where the majority of pupils were believers was harmful, and that such data should not, as a principle, be used. Another such anecdote can be found in the 1929 Moscow religion survey, in which 12,000 industrial workers were surveyed anonymously and only 3,000 returned the survey, of which 88.8% claimed to be atheists, and it was then declared that 90% of Moscow industrial workers were atheists. 932: 1030:

discussed their concerns in the early years. The League also had to address the issue of atheists in its membership who may have sympathized with the religious believers and who may have had doubts about what they were doing. In answer to these, the League adopted a policy that any League member who entered a church (to conduct antireligious work by checking on the strength of believers or numbering them) had to first receive local branch approval beforehand in order so that he did not give the impression that he was going to the church to pray. In contrast the League in Tashkent actually tried to translate the Quran into Uzbek so that more Muslims could read it, in hope that when Muslims were able to read what the Quran actually said, they would reject its content as fallacious.

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superstitions and of religious prejudices, organizing for this purpose special study circles and lectures on antireligious propaganda. The League had grown from 87,000 members in 1926 to 500,000 in 1929 and it reached a peak of 5,670,000 in 1931 (dropping to 5.5 million in 1932) (it had intended to get 17 million, however, as its target). It declined to 2 million in 1938, but rose again to 3.5 million in 1941. The Communist party at the time had 1.8 million members. Almost half of the LMG's membership, however, resided within the cities of Moscow and Leningrad and their metropolitan areas, which led to the LMG then creating 'cells' across the country in order to reach rural citizens for atheist propagation.

755: 1026:, the Soviet press, and other institutions for the purpose of its antireligious campaign. It criticized many public institutions (including the Communist Party) for failing to adequately attack religious belief and instructed them on how to be more effective. The People's Commisariat of Education was heckled and Glavnauka, the Chief Administration for Science and Scholarship was also singled out for criticism. A spokesperson for the latter tried to justify their behaviour to the LMG by claiming that they had reduced the total number of historical buildings under its protection (mostly ancient churches and monasteries) from 7000 to 1000, by destroying them. 887: 618:

religion, of having few workers and peasants in its ranks, of using archaeology instead of aggressively attacking religion, of being indifferent to transforming the school system into a fundamentally antireligious atmosphere and of opportunistically citing works by non-Marxist Western bourgeois atheists in publications. In response, Yaroslavsky claimed that they had supported antireligious education for years, but in contrast to the leftists who simply wanted to attack religion, he was working to replace the popular religious ideology with that of

1262:, while believers flocked to them in the thousands. In order to gain support for the war effort (both domestic and foreign), Stalin ended the antireligious persecution and the LMG was disbanded. Internal pressure to end the persecution came from the need to win the loyalty of religious Soviet citizens for the war effort, while external pressure came from the Allies, who would not support Stalin if he continued the campaign. Yaroslavsky turned his attention to other pursuits. In 1942, he even published a positive article about Orthodox writer 66: 713: 683: 622:. He also pointed out correctly that Lenin had used the works of the 18th century French atheists and other bourgeois atheists to assist in the campaign to disseminate atheism in the USSR. He admitted that the effect of their efforts up to that point was less than he had hoped, which he implicitly blamed on the Moscow branch for their lack of cooperation, lack of support from the party and some branches of the Komsomol, and a ban operating on their activities in Ukraine, as well as an inadequate finances. 917: 830: 728: 951: 902: 981: 1000:

die away naturally and the leftist approach to attack all forms of religion as class enemies were both condemned as deviations from the party line. Yaroslavsky argued against the leftists (who had earlier criticized him) that if religion was simply a class phenomenon there would be no need to combat it if a classless society was truly being produced. He affirmed that an all-sided attack on religion was needed, but did not subscribe to the leftist deviation that had been condemned.

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conducted in the following years wherein a meeting would be organized under pressure at which believers who attended would be risking their social status and would often find themselves in a minority, which would allow for a vote to close the structure. The LMG would take advantage of rifts between different believers, including that between the Orthodox and Renovationists, in order to get either side to vote for the closure of each other's religious structures.

698: 1109: 845: 614:, Lunin and others). The 1926 All-Union Conference on Antireligious Propaganda voted in favour of Yaroslavsky's views on the antireligious campaign, but the debate still continued. The Moscow group argued that the antireligious struggle should be led only by the party and the industrial proletariat, as opposed to the whole nation which Yaroslavsky wanted to mobilize to conduct the antireligious campaign. 3432: 1285: 785: 800: 1168:' (The Antireligious) appeared in 1926, and reached 17,000 circulation in 1929 (it was a 130-page publication), 30,000 in 1930 and 27,000 in 1931. Its material was often repeated over different issues and it was more primitive in its scholarly material than it had been intended. It was reduced to 64 pages in 1940, and produced between 40,000 and 45,000 in 1940-41 before it was finally cancelled. 1074:

to adopt modern methods and were attracting youth. It determined therefore that the fight against religion needed to be pressed, although it still, as Yaroslavsky had said for years, warned against extreme antireligious ultra-left attacks. At the same meeting it demanded that no holidays should be allowed to coincide with important Church feast days; this policy was carried out in the same year.

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religious believers at the time of recruitment, while only 28% remained believers at the end of their service. This data may have ignored the phenomena of soldiers who hid their religious convictions during their service and thus have some inaccuracy. These experiences nevertheless played a role in the LMG's approach to combatting religion in the military in the following decade.

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religious beliefs. He called for patient and tactful individual work without offending the believers, but "re-educating" them. He claimed that religion had disappeared in some parts of the country but in other parts (especially in the newly annexed territories) it was strong, and he warned against starting brutal offensives in those areas.

1424:Воинствующее безбожие в СССР за 15 лет. 1917-1932 : сборник / Центральный совет Союза воинствующих безбожников и Институт философии Коммунистической академии; под редакцией М. Енишерлова, А. Лукачевского, М. Митина. - Москва : ОГИЗ : Государственное антирелигиозное издательство, 1932. - 525, 2 с. : ил., портр. 298:!" The League had international connections; it was part of the International of Proletarian Freethinkers and later of the Worldwide Freethinkers Union. By the mid-1930s, the Communist regime considered socialism to have been 'built', and the League adopted a new slogan: "Struggle against religion is struggle for 1042:

international bourgeoisie... Special attention must be paid to the renovationist currents in Orthodoxy, Islam, Lamaism and other religions... These currents are but the disguises for more effective struggle against the Soviet power. By comparing ancient Buddhism, and ancient Christianity to communism, the

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Curtiss, The Russian Church, p. 205. N. Amosov, Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge utoroi piatiletki (M.: Gos. antir. izd., 1932) p. 11; Yaroslavsky, 'Zadachi antireligioznoi propagandy', Antireligioznik, no. 5 (May 1941) p. 2; Bol'shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 3rd edn, vol. 3 (Moscow 1970) p. 225;

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and class enemies of all kinds, including bishops, priests, and lay believers, who were arrested, shot and sent to labour camps. Churches were closed down, destroyed, converted to other uses. The League of Militant Atheists apparently adopted a five-year plan in 1932 aimed at the total eradication of

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The climate of the campaign against religion was changing in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The regime slowly became more moderate in its approach to religion. Yaroslavsky, in 1941 warned against condemning all religious believers, but said that there were many loyal Soviet citizens still possessing

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The non-serial LMG literature grew from 12 million printed pages in 1927 to 800 million in 1930 (making up at least 100 million pieces of printed antireligious literature). In 1941 sixty-seven books and brochures of antireligious propaganda were printed with a total circulation of 3.5 million copies.

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The congress resolutions stated that religious temples should be shut only with the agreement of the majority of the working populace. There were, however, no qualifications for this majority to include religious believers associated with the given religious structure. This allowed the practice to be

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The resolutions at the meeting called for local LMG branches to effect total public ostracism of the clergy. They ordered that priests should not be invited to private homes, donations to churches should be halted once and for all, and that trade unions should be pressured not to perform any work for

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There can be no doubt that the fact that the new state of the USSR led by the communist party, with a program permeated by the spirit of militant atheism, gives the reason why this state is successfully surmounting the great difficulties that stand in its way - that neither "heavenly powers" nor the

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The LMG alleged massive growth in the Central Asian republics in the 1930s. The Central Asian Muslims, who had a long history of encountering Christian missionaries attempting to convert them away from Islam, were considered to pose a special issue for LMG activists who were told by Yaroslavsky that

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argued that it was an oversimplification to treat religion solely as a kind of class exploitation to be attacked, forgetting the complex nature of religions, as well as the individual believers. The CPSU Central Committee supported Yaroslavsky's viewpoint on this issue, although this debate remained

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and scientific achievements, conducted so-called "individual work" (a method of sending atheist tutors to meet with individual believers to attempt to make them renounce their faith); most of the peasantry was unimpressed, and even the party apparatus regarded the League as meddling and inefficient.

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One of the main activities of the League of Militant Atheists was the publication of massive quantities of anti-religious literature, comprising regular journals and newspapers as well as books and pamphlets. The number of printed pages rose from 12 million in 1927 to 800 million in 1930. All these

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At its 1929 Congress, it admitted that there had been some growth in sectarian groups, but claimed that this was local rather than national phenomena. They said, however, that lay religious activists exceeded one million and that all of the religious communities including the old Orthodox had begun

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The League not only attacked religion but also attacked deviations from what it saw as the proper line to combat religion in the USSR and, in effect, set the 'proper' line to follow in this sphere for party membership. Early Marxist beliefs that religion would disappear with the coming of a tractor

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The debate on how to best exterminate religion was argued among the Soviet leadership, until in the late 1920s and early 1930s, when it was resolved by Stalin who condemned the extremes of both sides, and Yaroslavsky followed suit. The do-nothing approach of the rightists who thought religion would

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The problems that Yaroslavsky outlined in his response were addressed in 1929 at the second congress. The CPSU Central Committee delegated to the LMG full powers to launch a great antireligious attack with the objective of completely eliminating religion from the country, granting them the right to

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The league was a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism". It published newspapers, journals, and other materials that lampooned religion; it sponsored lectures and films; it organized demonstrations and parades; it set up antireligious museums; and

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The congress eliminated preferential treatment for different sects and declared unrelenting war against them, but contained the moderating statement to differentiate between the rank-and-file believers and the leadership, the latter of which were considered fully conscientious class enemies of the

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The League also printed antireligious textbooks. An 'Antireligious Textbook for Peasants' was produced between 1927 and 1931, with a circulation of 18,000 for the first edition and 200,000 for the sixth. A similar textbook for urban people was created in 1931, followed by a universal amalgamated

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He alleged that there were very few attempts to re-open churches and that this was a sign of the decline in religion. He branded those who tried to re-open churches as "former kulaks" and "falsifiers of figures". This report was contradicted, however, by the LMG's own figures (based on the 1937

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The League concerned itself with the issue of active believers who had infiltrated its own membership and who were trying to prove their loyalty to the regime or even undermine the antireligious work of the League. League members who suspected each other of harbouring religious beliefs secretly

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The League trained a massive number of antireligious propagandists and other workers. This work included lecture cycles. The League of Militant Atheists attempted to "control and exploit the Proletarian Freethinkers," a group founded by socialists in 1925, in order to diminish the influence of

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legislative and publicistic efforts were, however, only incidental to the events of the 1930s. During this period religion, was quite simply, to be eliminated by means of violence. With the end of NEP came the start of forced collectivisation in 1929, and with it the terror, which encompassed

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The congress also criticized the armed forces for failing to conduct adequate antireligious education among servicemen in the forces. The organization had set up cells in the armed forces in each unit beginning in 1927. In a study done on a unit in 1925, it was found that 60% of recruits were

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In 1929, when resolutions that would set the tone for intensive persecution of the next decade were set and Yaroslavsky's victory in the power struggle had been completed, there were a few last attacks made on Yaroslavsky and the organization for minimizing the class-enemy thesis in attacking

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by Andrew Sorokowski (1988), Smoloskyp Publishers and the National Committee to Commemorate the Millenium of Christianity in Ukraine, p. 206: "At the same time, the League of Militant Atheists and Party activists wrecked churches and harassed believers. No religion was spared in the general

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The LMG underwent great growth between 1929 and 1932, partly as a result of the requirement of Komsomol members to join it. The LMG's hold over the Komsomol is reflected in the latter's programme at its 10th congress that state 'The Komsomol patiently explains to the youth the harmfulness of

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A careless approach to the matter of antireligious propaganda among these people can call up memories of this oppression and be interpreted by the most backward and the most fanatical part of the Muslim population as a repeat of the past, when Christian missionaries reviled the Mohammedan

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All religions, no matter how much they 'renovate' and cleanse themselves, are systems of idea... profoundly hostile to the ideology of... socialism... Religious organizations... are in reality political agencies... of class groupings hostile to the proletariat inside the country and of the

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In November 1924, the Anti-Religious Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (b), and in December, the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee supported the project of creating an all-Union godless society. A special commission was set up to prepare for the congress of atheists.

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The LMG had reduced the number of religious communities of all faiths from 50,000 in 1930 to 30,000 by 1938 and 8,000 by 1941. The last figure includes, however, 7,000 communities in the annexed western territories (so that only 1,000 actually remained in the rest of the country).

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for differentiation between different religions, instead of genuine godlessness. It accused Yaroslavsky of attacking only the clergy rather than religion in general. Yaroslavsky protested this and affirmed that all religions were enemies of socialism including the

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The congress called on antireligious education to be instituted from the first-grade up in schools. Two years later, further calls would be made by leading antireligious propagandist N. Amosov to institute antireligious education among pre-school children.

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In addition to what is stated above, the 1929 LMA Congress also issued a number of other orders that would form the basis of the LMG's activities (as well as the character of the antireligious persecution throughout the country) in the following decade.

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schism in the Orthodox church, but that the methods of struggle against different religions should vary due to the large number of loyal Soviet citizens with religious beliefs who should be re-educated as atheists rather than treated as class enemies.

603: 602:) in April 1925 to form the All-Union League of the Godless at its first congress. Between 1925 and 1929 a power struggle took place in the new organization between Yaroslavsky and his followers, and the leadership of the former Moscow group ( 746: 1214:

A textbook produced by the LMG in 1934 admitted the existence of sincere believers among the intellectuals; however, Yaroslavsky in 1937 claimed that all scholars and scientists who believe in God were insincere deceivers and swindlers.

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by Charles E. Ziegler (2009), p. 77: "A League of the Militant Godless, aided by the Komsomol, organized atheist lectures, satirized religious holidays, published anti-religious posters and pamphlets, and confiscated church bells and

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It is our duty to destroy every religious world-concept... If the destruction of ten million human beings, as happened in the last war, should be necessary for the triumph of one definite class, then that must be done and it will be

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Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the

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consistently ran 50,000-70,000 copies per issue, however, it changed from a monthly to a fortnightly in 1929 and continued to produce until it was closed in 1932. Yaroslavsky's scholarly monthly for the LMG central committee

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The principal vehicle for atheist propaganda was the League of (Militant) Godless, or LMG, headed by E.M. Yaroslavsky, which operated under close Party supervision and often in conjunction with its youth organization, the

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The League of Militant Atheists sometimes took a violent approach to those who would not accept the League's message. For example, "bishops, priests, and lay believers" were "arrested, shot, and sent to labour camps."

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of many believers, especially village priests. By 1940, "over 100 bishops, tens of thousands of Orthodox clergy, and thousands of monks and lay believers had been killed or had died in Soviet prisons and the Gulag."

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Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.

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The Moscow group tended to support the leftist side of the debate on how to destroy religion (i.e. in favour of attacking religion in all of its forms rather than moderation), and in 1924 it attacked Yaroslavsky,

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The first congress of the organization, which took place in April 1925, decided to create a single all-union anti-religious society, called the "Union of Atheists". Well known members of the Communist Party and

1808: 407:, a periodical of the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists, began to be published. Along with periodicals in Russian, the League of Militant Atheists published periodicals in other languages: 284:

and by the Party's orders with regards to religion, the League aimed at exterminating religion in all its manifestations and forming an anti-religious scientific mindset among the workers. It propagated

294:", which was meant to tie in their atheist views with the Communist drive to 'build Socialism'. One of the slogans adopted at the 2nd congress proclaimed: "Struggle against religion is struggle for the 1882:/ гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. - Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926-. - 26 см. Т. 52: Сознание - Стратегия. - 1947. - 472 с., 22 л. ил., портр., цв. ил. : ил., карты, портр., табл. / С. 334-335 2024:

I. Bobryshev, 'K perevooruzheniiu na odnom iz boevykh uchastkov', and Yaroslavsky, 'Nauchites pravil'no vladet' oruzhiem marxizma' — both in Antireligioznik, no. 9 (Sept. 1929), pp. 57 and 65 resp.

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from the homes of believers. Under the slogan, "the Storming of Heaven," the League of Militant Atheists pressed for "resolute action against religious peasants" leading to the mass arrest and

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In 1932 the Second Plenum of the LMG Central Council was ordered by Stalin to adopt an antireligious five-year plan with the intention of eliminating the Church and its influence in the USSR.

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Tatiana A. Chumachenko. Edited and Translated by Edward E. Roslof. Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev years. ME Sharpe inc., 2002, p. 82.

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This congress received much larger coverage in the Soviet press than the previous congress, although it was overshadowed by the German Communist congress that occurred at the same time.

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it led a concerted effort telling Soviet citizens that religious beliefs and practices were wrong and harmful, and that good citizens ought to embrace a scientific, atheistic worldview.

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census) that found perhaps half the country still held religious beliefs, even if they had no structures to worship in any longer and they could no longer openly express their beliefs.

2128:

G. Struchkov, 'Antireligioznaia rabota v Krasnoi armii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie v SSSR za 15 let, M. Enisherlov, A Lukachevsky, M. Mitin (eds), M.: Gos. antirel., izd., 1932, p. 418

1061:" conducted by the Communists, with the LMG at the forefront of this campaign. Many priests were killed and imprisoned. Thousands of churches were closed, some turned into hospitals. 2556: 1037:

were obligated to join the League, and it directed all members of the CPSU to support the League's work. The extreme character of the line to be taken against religion is described:

3158: 886: 923: 3086: 2939: 3475: 3030: 829: 3480: 2325:

John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 205.

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Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50.

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John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 16.

276:), and educational institutions. By the beginning of 1941 it had about 3.5 million members from 100 ethnicities. It had about 96,000 offices across the country. Guided by 2963: 893: 481: 1323: 1146:

The enthusiasm of its new members was notably poor, however, as its dues were left unpaid and only a minority appeared to have great interest in antireligious work.

2487: 1303: 916: 81: 3364: 2837: 2831: 2631: 712: 3050: 1398: 3134: 3018: 2825: 1821:А.Д. ЖАЛСАРАЕВ. РОССИЯ И БУДДИСТЫ БУРЯТИИ. 1917—2014. ЧАСТЬ 2 Взаимоотношения государственных органов России с буддистами Бурятии с 1917 г. по 2014 г. (часть 2) 1318: 1308: 1023: 3045: 3040: 3035: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 727: 2053:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.

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The 1929 Congress called on public institutions to treat antireligious propaganda as an inseparable part of their work and to provide regular funding for it.

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Created in 1925, the League of the Militant Godless was the nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism.

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In 1931, the LMG boasted that 10% of the nation's schoolchildren who were Young Pioneers or Komsomol members also concurrently held LMG memberships.

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The League of Militant Atheists aided the Soviet government in killing clergy and committed believers. The League also made it a priority to remove

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Under the LMG's guidance, 'Godless collective farms', were formed. Yaroslavsky in 1932 thought that the campaign would be successful, when he said:

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Most of LMG periodicals ceased to publish by September 1941. Its official disbandment date is unknown, but traced somewhere between 1941 and 1947.

1741:Судьбы христианского сектантства в Советской России (1917 — конец 1930-х годов) / Рецензенты д. и. н. В. С. Измозик, д. и. н. В. В. Молзинский. — 3194: 648:

In 1929, the Second Congress changed the society's name to The Union of Belligerent (or Militant) Atheists. At this Second Congress of Atheists,

3490: 2945: 2897: 806: 466: 3470: 3146: 2546: 1678: 1454: 1328: 844: 697: 1159:, grew from 28,000 in 1928 to 200,000 in 1931, dropped to 150,000 after 1932, climbed to 230,000 in 1938 and went down 155,000 in 1939. The 3290: 3152: 2480: 1358: 814: 295: 256: 126: 1012:(LMG) and he claimed that if religion was only rooted in ownership of property, it could not explain the growth of the renovationists. 3485: 2015:

Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)

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It employed the powers given to it by the CPSU Central Committee at the 1929 congress to dictate orders to schools, universities, the

635:, came out on top despite the Moscow group's resistance in an effort to retain autonomy and the support for that group from the daily 3074: 3055: 2260: 2083: 1645: 1526: 1489: 1363: 1008:

had made this claim) were ridiculed by the League. The popularity of religion among nationalistic intellectuals was pointed out by

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Antireligioznik, no. 3 (1932) p. 61. Also N. Amosov, 'Antireligioznoe vospitanie v deistvii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie..., p. 299

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Daniel Peris. Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless 1st Edition. / Cornell University Press, 1998/ p. 74

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Dennis J. Dunn. The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, p. 85.

1266:, describing his alleged hatred of the Germans. After the death of Yaroslavsky in 1943, the chairman of the organization became 658:, called for the extermination of religion "at the tip of the bayonet." There, Yaroslavsky also made the following declaration: 3406: 3376: 2516: 2157:

Amosov, N., Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge vtoroi piatiletki. Moscow: Gosudarskoe antireligioznoe izdatel'stvo, 1932, p. 30.

1804: 784: 65: 2521: 1708:"SOVIET LEADERS URGE ANTI-RELIGIOUS DRIVE; Society of Godless Congress Gets Warning That Foes of Regime Use Religion as Cloak" 1046:

are essentially trying to replace the communist theory by a cleansed form of religion, which therefore becomes more dangerous.

338:(The Godless at the Work-Bench, also known as "Bezbust") formed the like-minded Moscow Society of the Godless in August 1924. 3455: 3394: 3092: 2473: 3200: 2975: 1188:(Militant Atheism) in 1931 and it was published by the LMG central council. In 1932 it was swallowed up by Antireligioznik. 3412: 3388: 3176: 769: 3302: 3024: 761: 412: 266:

The league embraced workers, peasants, students, and intelligentsia. It had its first affiliates at factories, plants,

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University College London Institute of Archaeology Heritage Studies article on League and the Museums it established

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Keep, John L. H. (2005). "10: Captive minds: faith, science, history". In Litvin, Alter L; Keep, John L. H. (eds.).

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from 1923 to 1931. This magazine published mainly works translated from foreign languages. Since 1931, the magazine

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Paul Dixon, Religion in the Soviet Union, first published 1945 in Workers International News, and can be found at:

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Altnurme, Riho. "'Religious cults', particularly Lutheranism, in the Soviet Union in 1944-1949." Trames 6.1 (2002)

3334: 3310: 3278: 3122: 2927: 2903: 2861: 2563: 2531: 1877: 1618: 1411: 1313: 328:, played a significant role in the League's establishment, and had a wide network of correspondents and readers. 2370:

Theodore R. Weeks. Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

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Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, p. 9

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Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, 10.

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and others participated in the foundation of the organization and Yemelyan Yaroslavsky was elected chairman.

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Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2004, p. 40

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the churches in compliance with the policies in force. The party would adopt this resolution a year later.

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Sabrina Petra Ramet, Ed., Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press (1993). p. 5.

1151: 704: 385: 1758: 1267: 1149:

The League printed masses of antireligious literature. These would mock religious belief. The weekly

1142:

exhortations of all the priests in all the world can prevent its attaining its aims it has set itself.

3322: 3258: 3128: 3068: 2879: 2764: 2669: 2605: 2568: 2352:

Peter N. Stearns. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 278.

1782: 1255: 636: 546: 325: 281: 141: 3234: 3214: 2969: 2855: 2799: 2769: 2734: 2624: 1113: 1019: 719: 577: 355: 334: 191: 572:

By 1932, 10 anti-religious newspapers and 23 anti-religious magazines were published in the USSR.

3328: 3252: 3246: 2804: 2774: 2759: 2636: 1937:

Alfred McClung Lee, Elizabeth Briant Lee. The Fine Art of Propaganda. Octagon Books, 1972, p. 90.

1928:

John Koehler. The Soviet Union's Cold War against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books, 2009, p. 6.

1348: 1263: 1178: 972: 866: 416: 351: 1445:

Sacred causes : the clash of religion and politics, from the Great War to the War on Terror

332:

appeared first in December 1922, and the following year a Moscow monthly for industrial workers

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The League occupied the leadership role in the antireligious campaign of the Communist Party.

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The Moscow group merged with the Society of Friends of the Godless Newspaper (associated with

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youth movement, those without specific political affiliation, workers and military veterans.

3400: 3316: 3296: 3116: 2779: 2704: 2536: 942: 649: 561: 503: 470: 371: 2465: 383:, the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists published the illustrated magazine 3436: 3358: 3264: 3188: 3182: 2915: 2849: 2714: 2709: 2431: 1290: 1165: 851: 507: 391: 267: 2600: 1695: 1564:

A Thousand Years of Christianity in Ukraine: An Encyclopedic Chronology by Osyp Zinkevych

667:

The Central Council chose Yaroslavsky as its leader; he occupied this post continuously.

1116:, in which you can see a group of industrial workers throwing Jesus Christ to the trash. 3104: 2993: 2981: 2794: 2578: 2551: 2460: 2230:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 10.

2166:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961), p. 8.

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in the Soviet Union, there was a "government-sponsored program of forced conversion to

1043: 450: 435: 427: 359: 248: 2001:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 7.

3449: 3284: 3270: 3080: 2809: 2789: 2684: 1514: 1443: 1415: 1368: 1054: 626: 586: 395:. The scientific society "Ateist" arose in 1921 in Moscow. It published the magazine 347: 43: 2272:

A Lukachevsky, '10 let zhurnala "Antireligioznik"', Bezbozh., no.2 (Feb. 1936) p. 8.

2062:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.

115:

The promotion of atheism and the extermination of religion in all its manifestations

3226: 2610: 2585: 1881: 1423: 1252: 1005: 244: 35: 2455: 2073: 1635: 1562: 1484:. Totalitarian movements and political religions. Psychology Press. p. 153. 1479: 2873: 2689: 776: 542: 496: 47: 3431: 1284: 2744: 2739: 1353: 1280: 39: 1719: 1219:

religion, particularly Catholic Christianity, in Central and Eastern Europe.

82:

All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge

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Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)

1981:

Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)

1793: 255:

under influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the

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Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.494"

303: 286: 272: 240: 31: 1202:

The anti-religious activists remove the large (5000 kg) bell from the

2754: 2398: 2396: 2302: 2300: 1992:'Stenogrammy Vtorogo plenuma TsS SVB', Antirelioznik, Moscow, p. 116. 1914: 1912: 1891: 1889: 821: 654: 397: 629:'s loyal aide in the secretariat and one of the founding editors of 290:

The League's slogan was "Struggle against religion is struggle for

3006: 1970:

Izuchenie sotsial'nykh kornei religii v SSSR' (M.: 1930) pp. 5-14.

1481:

Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium

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from 1925 to 1947. It consisted of party members, members of the

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by Theodore R. Weeks, John Wiley & Sons, 1st edition, 2010:

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A. Lukachevsky, Izuchenie sots, kor. rel., Moscow, 1930. p. 19.

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Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

1637:

Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

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Childers, Barry. "The Plurality of Soviet Religious "Policy"".

1548:

Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945

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language − Russian. Chicago. Amerikansky Bezbozhnik (newspaper)

302:", communism being the next stage after socialism according to 1211:

Up to 1940 there were about 2000 titles published every year.

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began publishing a scholarly journal in the late 1920s called

2217: 2215: 2213: 1794:"DAS NEULAND", antireligiöse Zeitschrift in deutscher Sprache 3461:

Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union

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language − Russian. Moscow. Bezbozhny Krokodil (magazine)

2193: 2191: 30:"Militant atheism" redirects here. For other uses, see 3159:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

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Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West

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http://www.marxist.com/religion-soviet-union170406.htm

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Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union

1314:

Persecution of Christians in the Warsaw Pact countries

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reached 500,000 copies per issue in 1931. The monthly

324:(Godless, Atheist) (1922–1941), founded and edited by 161:

The fight against religion is the fight for socialism!

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Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

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Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2253:

A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin

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Atheistic periodicals published in various languages

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Library of Congress articles on the Soviet archives

157: 147: 135: 119: 111: 103: 95: 87: 77: 2425:Letters from Moscow, Gleb Yakunin and Lev Regelson 1442: 1519:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 1324:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 1191:From 1928 to 1932, a journal for peasants named 1640:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 2. 1410:This article includes content derived from the 1304:Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions 835:language − Russian, German, Esperanto. Moscow. 2838:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 2832:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 2285:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. pp 130-34 1690: 1688: 1686: 1449:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 526: 389:and the scientific and methodological journal 3019:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 2826:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 2481: 1319:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union 1309:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 1024:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 222: 200: 172: 72:Членский билет Союза воинствующих безбожников 8: 3141:Violence against Hindus in independent India 1983:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. p. 112. 1832:И. П. Цамерян, М. И. Шахнович. Атеизм в СССР 1739:Крапивин М. Ю., Лейкин А. Я., Далгатов А. Г. 1334:Persecution of Buddhists in the Soviet Union 53: 3476:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union 3353:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 2868:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1951:. University of Cambridge. pp. 14–15. 1753: 1751: 595:unresolved at the Union that came in 1925. 457: 442:− transcription: "Khudasyzlyar") − in Uzbek 3481:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians 2488: 2474: 2466: 1436: 1434: 64: 52: 2988:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 1399:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990) 1344:Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR 1811:. / У истоков массового атеизма./ С. 326 1759:"СОЮЗ ВОИНСТВУЮЩИХ БЕЗБОЖНИКОВ СССР это" 1394:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964) 1389:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941) 1384:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 1379:USSR anti-religious campaign (1917–1921) 1251:An answer to this report was found when 454: 195:'The League of Militant Godless'), also 2952:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 1430: 1414:, 1969–1978, which is partially in the 678: 2898:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 1745:: С-Петербургского университета, 2003. 1270:, who led it until its disbandment. 1022:, the trade unions, the Komsomol, the 995:Authority on antireligious methodology 3147:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7: 1949:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union 1258:. Churches were re-opened under the 924:Revolution and the Church (magazine) 186:Soyúz Voínstvuyushchikh Bezbózhnikov 3291:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 3241:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 3153:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 2946:Christianization of the Sámi people 1947:Ramet, Sabrina (10 November 2005). 1359:Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam 1339:Persecution of Buddhists in Vietnam 645:mobilize all public organizations. 474: 257:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 127:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3496:Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia 1596:Florida State University Libraries 1112:1929 cover of the Soviet magazine 25: 3466:Organizations established in 1925 3135:Violence against Muslims in India 3129:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 3075:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 1364:Soviet anti-religious legislation 909:Derevenskiy Bezbozhnik (magazine) 837:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm (magazine) 747:Voyovnichny Bezvirnik (newspaper) 3430: 1673:Cornell University Press, 1998, 1299:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 1283: 1206:central Kiev USSR (now Ukraine). 979: 964: 949: 930: 915: 900: 885: 873: 858: 843: 828: 813: 798: 783: 768: 753: 738: 726: 711: 696: 681: 174:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников 59:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников 3407:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 3377:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 986:language − Lithuanian. Kaunas. 760:language − Ukrainian. Kharkiv. 3395:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 3365:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 3099:Communist Romanian persecution 2078:. Intercultural Publications. 1878:Большая советская энциклопедия 1619:Большая советская энциклопедия 971:language − Georgian. Tbilisi. 892:language − Armenian. Yerevan. 720:Bezbozhnik u Stanka (magazine) 458: 18:League of the Militant Godless 1: 3491:Persecution by atheist states 3413:2024 Istanbul church shooting 3389:Christchurch mosque shootings 3177:Religious violence in Nigeria 3171:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 973:Mebrdzoli Ughmerto (magazine) 958:Bezbożnik Wojujący (magazine) 867:Yunyye Bezbozhniki (magazine) 377:In addition to the newspaper 70:Membership card of the league 3471:Religion in the Soviet Union 3303:War crimes in the Kosovo War 3093:Communist Polish persecution 2964:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 2892:Crusades against schismatics 922:language − Russian. Moscow. 907:language − Russian. Moscow. 865:language − Russian. Moscow. 850:language − Russian. Moscow. 820:language − Russian. Moscow. 805:language − Yiddish. Moscow. 775:language − German. Kharkiv. 745:language − Ukrainian. Kiev. 718:language − Russian. Moscow. 703:language − Russian. Moscow. 688:language − Russian. Moscow. 247:organization of workers and 988:Laisvoji mintis (newspaper) 956:language − Polish. Moscow. 943:Erdem ba Shazhan (magazine) 235: 213: 185: 169:League of Militant Atheists 54:League of Militant Atheists 27:Soviet Russian organization 3512: 1441:Burleigh, Michael (2007). 1374:Tatar Union of the Godless 852:Antireligioznik (magazine) 790:language − Tatar. Moscow. 511: 29: 3486:Russian atheism activists 3427: 3335:South Thailand insurgency 3311:Walisongo school massacre 3279:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 2928:Expulsion of the Moriscos 2904:European wars of religion 2072:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 1783:Фән һәм дин / فەن هەم دین 1552:"Antireligious Campaigns" 1412:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 565: 527: 489: 439: 431: 420: 223: 201: 173: 63: 58: 2725:Extrajudicial punishment 1805:Вопросы Научного Атеизма 1204:St Volodymyr's Cathedral 807:Der Apikoires (magazine) 582:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 368:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 214:Óbshchestvo Bezbózhnikov 3418:Crocus City Hall attack 3165:Persecution of Tibetans 2922:French Wars of Religion 2844:Yellow Turban Rebellion 1537:Burleigh (2007), p. 49. 620:dialectical materialism 364:Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov 3371:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 3347:Maspero demonstrations 3195:Huế Phật Đản shootings 1634:Peris, Daniel (1998). 1207: 1193:Derevenskii bezbozhnik 1185:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm 1172:textbook. LMG member, 1144: 1135: 1117: 1053:Under the doctrine of 1048: 690:Bezbozhnik (newspaper) 665: 550: 404:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm 202:О́бщество безбо́жников 197:Society of the Godless 107:Volunteer organisation 3456:Atheist organizations 3341:Boko Haram insurgency 3000:Pontic Greek genocide 2910:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 2720:Extrajudicial killing 2497:Religious persecution 1580:The History of Russia 1201: 1139: 1130: 1111: 1039: 792:Fen-em-Din (magazine) 705:Bezbozhnik (magazine) 660: 638:Komsomol'skaia Pravda 314:Origins and formation 142:Emel'ian Yaroslavskii 99:Between 1941 and 1947 3323:September 11 attacks 3259:1984 anti-Sikh riots 3123:Rawalpindi massacres 3069:White Terror (Spain) 2880:Massacre at Ayyadieh 2765:Population cleansing 1807:. Выпуск 18. 1975./ 1182:. It was changed to 894:Anastvats (magazine) 762:Bezvirnik (magazine) 326:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 282:communist propaganda 219:Union of the Godless 3235:Bangladesh genocide 3215:Cultural Revolution 3207:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 2970:Circassian genocide 2856:Rhineland massacres 2770:Population transfer 2735:Forced displacement 2547:Jehovah's Witnesses 1161:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 1114:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 1033:All members of the 1020:Soviet Armed Forces 937:language − Buryat. 578:Anatoly Lunacharsky 356:Anatoly Lunacharsky 335:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 55: 3329:2002 Gujarat riots 3253:Cambodian genocide 3247:Lebanese Civil War 3025:Soviet persecution 2862:Jerusalem massacre 2775:Sectarian violence 2760:Political violence 2430:2009-08-16 at the 1712:The New York Times 1349:Political religion 1208: 1118: 777:Neuland (magazine) 553:) – in Azerbaijani 536:Bezbożnik wojujący 528:"მებრძოლი ათეისტი" 352:Nadezhda Krupskaya 251:that developed in 236:Soyúz Bezbózhnikov 224:Сою́з Безбо́жников 3443: 3442: 3383:Rohingya genocide 3111:Direct Action Day 3063:Šahovići massacre 3013:Armenian genocide 3007:Assyrian genocide 2894:(13th–15th cent.) 2888:(12th–16th cent.) 2886:Northern Crusades 2730:Forced conversion 2680:Cultural genocide 2675:Communal violence 2557:post–Cold War era 2542:Eastern Orthodoxy 1959:religion by 1937. 1679:978-0-8014-3485-3 1456:978-0-06-058095-7 1260:German occupation 822:Ateist (magazine) 519:Mebrdzoli Ateisti 423:) − in Ukrainian, 233: 211: 194: 183: 165: 164: 16:(Redirected from 3503: 3435: 3434: 3401:2020 Delhi riots 3317:Kosheh massacres 3297:Bosnian genocide 3117:1946 Bihar riots 2780:Social cleansing 2705:Ethnic cleansing 2490: 2483: 2476: 2467: 2444: 2440: 2434: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2304: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2279: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2145: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2069: 2063: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1903: 1897: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1840: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1755: 1746: 1744: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1681: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1631: 1625: 1616: 1610: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1569: 1560: 1554: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1512: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1448: 1438: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1268:Fyodor Oleshchuk 1174:I. A. Shpitsberg 983: 968: 953: 934: 919: 904: 889: 877: 862: 847: 832: 817: 802: 787: 772: 757: 742: 730: 715: 700: 685: 652:, the editor of 650:Nikolai Bukharin 567: 530: 529: 513: 512:"Эрдэм ба шажан" 504:Erdem ba Shazhan 491: 476: 461: 460: 456: 441: 433: 422: 372:Nikolai Bukharin 268:collective farms 238: 228: 226: 225: 216: 206: 204: 203: 190: 188: 178: 176: 175: 68: 56: 21: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3359:Yazidi genocide 3265:Revival Process 3201:Thích Quảng Đức 3189:Buddhist crisis 3183:Istanbul pogrom 3051:1970–1987 3046:1958–1964 3041:1928–1941 3036:1921–1928 3031:1917–1921 2916:Goa Inquisition 2850:Battle of Tours 2840:(c.550–c. 1200) 2834:(c. 324–c. 491) 2814: 2715:Ethnic violence 2710:Ethnic conflict 2658: 2657: 2656: 2503: 2494: 2452: 2447: 2441: 2437: 2432:Wayback Machine 2423: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2329: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2281:Vorontsov, I., 2280: 2276: 2270: 2266: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2183: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1979:Vorontsov, I., 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1887: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1684: 1668: 1664: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1576: 1572: 1561: 1557: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1513: 1509: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1457: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1407: 1291:Religion portal 1289: 1282: 1279: 1256:invaded in 1941 1241: 1224:religious icons 1166:Antireligioznik 1106: 1067: 997: 990: 984: 975: 969: 960: 954: 945: 935: 926: 920: 911: 905: 896: 890: 881: 878: 869: 863: 854: 848: 839: 833: 824: 818: 809: 803: 794: 788: 779: 773: 764: 758: 749: 743: 734: 731: 722: 716: 707: 701: 692: 686: 677: 531:) – in Georgian 492:) – in Armenian 475:"דער אפיקוירעס" 426:"Xudasizlar" ( 392:Antireligioznik 316: 150: 138: 131: 73: 71: 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3509: 3507: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385:(2016–ongoing) 3380: 3379:(2014–ongoing) 3374: 3368: 3367:(2014–ongoing) 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3343:(2009–ongoing) 3338: 3337:(2004–ongoing) 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243:(1971–ongoing) 3238: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3186: 3180: 3179:(1953–ongoing) 3174: 3168: 3167:(1950–ongoing) 3162: 3161:(1949–ongoing) 3156: 3150: 3144: 3143:(1947–ongoing) 3138: 3137:(1947–ongoing) 3132: 3131:(1947–ongoing) 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3105:Noakhali riots 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3002: 2994:Greek genocide 2991: 2985: 2982:Adana massacre 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2846:(c.184–c. 205) 2841: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795:State religion 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2700:Discrimination 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2652:Zoroastrianism 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2579:Untouchability 2576: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501:discrimination 2495: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2450:External links 2448: 2446: 2445: 2435: 2417: 2405: 2392: 2382: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2296: 2287: 2274: 2264: 2249:Robert Service 2241: 2232: 2223: 2209: 2199: 2187: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2140: 2130: 2121: 2111: 2102: 2084: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2036: 2026: 2017: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1908: 1898: 1885: 1870: 1856: 1846: 1835: 1824: 1813: 1797: 1786: 1775: 1747: 1731: 1714:. 1929-06-13. 1699: 1682: 1669:Daniel Peris, 1662: 1646: 1626: 1611: 1601: 1586: 1570: 1555: 1539: 1530: 1507: 1490: 1470: 1455: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1278: 1275: 1240: 1237: 1105: 1102: 1066: 1063: 1044:Renovationists 996: 993: 992: 991: 985: 978: 976: 970: 963: 961: 955: 948: 946: 936: 929: 927: 921: 914: 912: 906: 899: 897: 891: 884: 882: 879: 872: 870: 864: 857: 855: 849: 842: 840: 834: 827: 825: 819: 812: 810: 804: 797: 795: 789: 782: 780: 774: 767: 765: 759: 752: 750: 744: 737: 735: 732: 725: 723: 717: 710: 708: 702: 695: 693: 687: 680: 676: 673: 570: 569: 568:) – in Bashkir 554: 539: 532: 515: 500: 493: 478: 477:) - in Yiddish 463: 443: 424: 360:Pyotr Krasikov 348:Old Bolsheviks 318:The newspaper 315: 312: 306:ideology. 296:five-year plan 280:principles of 249:intelligentsia 221:(Russian: 199:(Russian: 171:(Russian: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 139: 136: 133: 132: 130: 129: 123: 121: 117: 116: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3508: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3285:Yugoslav Wars 3283: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3271:Big Excursion 3269: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081:The Holocaust 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976:Dungan Revolt 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2790:State atheism 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2685:Deprogramming 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2637:Protestantism 2635: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:LDS or Mormon 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 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1801: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1735: 1732: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1649: 1647:9780801434853 1643: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1574: 1571: 1566: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527:0-393-02030-4 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Richard Overy 1511: 1508: 1504: 1493: 1491:9780415351096 1487: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1416:public domain 1413: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:State atheism 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1110: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1065:1929 Congress 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1055:state atheism 1051: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1001: 994: 989: 982: 977: 974: 967: 962: 959: 952: 947: 944: 940: 939:Verkhneudinsk 933: 928: 925: 918: 913: 910: 903: 898: 895: 888: 883: 876: 871: 868: 861: 856: 853: 846: 841: 838: 831: 826: 823: 816: 811: 808: 801: 796: 793: 786: 781: 778: 771: 766: 763: 756: 751: 748: 741: 736: 729: 724: 721: 714: 709: 706: 699: 694: 691: 684: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 656: 651: 646: 642: 640: 639: 634: 633: 628: 625:Yaroslavsky, 623: 621: 615: 613: 612:Kostelovskaia 609: 605: 601: 596: 593: 588: 587:Renovationist 583: 579: 573: 563: 559: 555: 552: 548: 544: 540: 538:" – in Polish 537: 533: 524: 520: 516: 514:) – in Buryat 509: 505: 501: 499:" − in German 498: 494: 487: 483: 479: 472: 468: 467:Der Apikoires 464: 459:"Фән һәм дин" 455:"فەن هەم دین" 452: 448: 444: 437: 429: 425: 418: 414: 410: 409: 408: 406: 405: 400: 399: 394: 393: 388: 387: 382: 381: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 343: 339: 337: 336: 331: 327: 323: 322: 313: 311: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 288: 283: 279: 275: 274: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 253:Soviet Russia 250: 246: 245:antireligious 242: 237: 231: 220: 215: 209: 198: 193: 187: 181: 170: 160: 156: 152: 146: 143: 140: 134: 128: 125: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 67: 62: 57: 49: 45: 44:State atheism 41: 37: 33: 19: 3287:(1991–2001) 3267:(1984–1989) 3227:Famen Temple 3217:(1966–1976) 3027:(1922–1991) 2996:(1913–1922) 2532:Christianity 2522:Baháʼí Faith 2438: 2420: 2385: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2330: 2321: 2312: 2290: 2282: 2277: 2267: 2252: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2202: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2143: 2133: 2124: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2089:. Retrieved 2074: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2039: 2029: 2020: 1997: 1988: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1955: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1901: 1873: 1849: 1838: 1827: 1816: 1809:М. М. Шейман 1800: 1789: 1778: 1767:. Retrieved 1765:(in Russian) 1762: 1738: 1734: 1723:. Retrieved 1711: 1702: 1670: 1665: 1657: 1651:. Retrieved 1636: 1629: 1614: 1604: 1595: 1589: 1578: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1518: 1510: 1501: 1495:. Retrieved 1480: 1473: 1444: 1409: 1408: 1272: 1253:Nazi Germany 1250: 1246: 1242: 1233: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1192: 1190: 1183: 1177: 1170: 1160: 1156: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1052: 1049: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1017: 1014: 1006:Leon Trotsky 1002: 998: 669: 666: 661: 653: 647: 643: 637: 630: 624: 616: 599: 597: 591: 574: 571: 462:) − in Tatar 440:"Худасызляр" 432:"Xudasizlar" 402: 396: 390: 384: 378: 376: 344: 340: 333: 329: 319: 317: 308: 271: 265: 218: 196: 168: 166: 149:Volunteers 36:Antireligion 3373:(2014–2017) 3361:(2014–2017) 3355:(2013–2016) 3293:(1992–1996) 3255:(1975–1979) 3249:(1975–1990) 3155:(1948–1980) 3101:(1945–1989) 3095:(1945–1989) 3089:(1941–1945) 3083:(1939–1945) 3071:(1936–1975) 3056:legislation 3021:(1917–1990) 3015:(1915–1923) 3009:(1914–1924) 2990:(1912–1913) 2978:(1862–1877) 2960:(1857–1858) 2954:(1789–1801) 2942:(1683–1922) 2936:(1673–1829) 2930:(1609–1614) 2924:(1562–1598) 2918:(1561–1812) 2912:(1526–1791) 2906:(1522–1712) 2900:(1500–1526) 2876:(1184–1908) 2874:Inquisition 2785:Segregation 2750:Intolerance 2690:Desecration 2632:Neopaganism 2625:Persecution 2591:Persecution 2574:Persecution 2537:Catholicism 2098:Communists. 1568:onslaught." 1239:Disbandment 1010:Lukachevsky 604:Galaktionov 547:Azerbaijani 497:Das Neuland 421:"Безвірник" 48:New Atheism 3450:Categories 2870:(643–1526) 2745:Iconoclasm 2740:Hate crime 2670:Censorship 2564:Falun Gong 1769:2022-02-03 1725:2021-05-05 1653:2017-02-01 1497:2017-02-01 1405:References 1354:Red Terror 1264:Dostoevsky 1157:Bezbozhnik 1152:Bezbozhnik 1104:Activities 600:Bezbozhnik 592:Bezbozhnik 551:"Аллаhсыз" 490:"Անաստված" 447:Fen-em-Din 386:Bezbozhnik 380:Bezbozhnik 330:Bezbozhnik 321:Bezbozhnik 239:), was an 40:Antitheism 3221:Four Olds 2934:Test Acts 2800:Terrorism 2642:Rastafari 2596:Ahmadiyya 1720:0362-4331 1623:Социализм 1577:Compare: 1546:Compare: 1521:, p. 271 1503:Komsomol. 632:Kommunist 608:Polidorov 566:"Аллаһыҙ" 482:Anastvats 417:Ukrainian 413:Bezvirnik 300:communism 292:socialism 278:Bolshevik 241:atheistic 230:romanized 208:romanized 180:romanized 153:3,500,000 96:Dissolved 88:Formation 78:Successor 3437:Religion 2958:Utah War 2828:(64–313) 2805:Violence 2695:Domicide 2647:Yazidism 2569:Hinduism 2527:Buddhism 2508:By group 2428:Archived 1763:terme.ru 1517:(2006), 1465:76829103 1277:See also 1035:Komsomol 558:Allakhyz 543:Allahsyz 523:Georgian 486:Armenian 350:such as 273:kolkhozy 261:Komsomol 120:Location 3191:(1963) 2948:(1700s) 2663:Methods 2620:Judaism 2611:Sunnism 2601:Shi'ism 2517:Atheism 2091:14 July 1584:icons." 1089:state. 1059:atheism 562:Bashkir 471:Yiddish 304:Marxist 287:atheism 158:Remarks 137:Founder 112:Purpose 32:Atheism 3420:(2024) 3409:(2023) 3403:(2020) 3397:(2019) 3391:(2019) 3349:(2011) 3331:(2002) 3325:(2001) 3319:(2000) 3313:(2000) 3305:(1999) 3299:(1995) 3281:(1990) 3273:(1989) 3261:(1984) 3237:(1971) 3229:(1966) 3223:(1966) 3209:(1963) 3203:(1963) 3197:(1963) 3185:(1955) 3173:(1950) 3149:(1948) 3125:(1947) 3119:(1946) 3113:(1946) 3107:(1946) 3077:(1933) 3065:(1924) 2984:(1909) 2972:(1864) 2966:(1860) 2882:(1191) 2864:(1099) 2858:(1096) 2819:Events 2755:Pogrom 2606:Sufism 2259: 2255:p 136 2082: 1956:kulaks 1718: 1677: 1644: 1525: 1488: 1463: 1453: 1179:Ateist 1133:faith. 655:Pravda 627:Stalin 525:: 508:Buryat 398:Ateist 46:, and 2852:(732) 2586:Islam 1228:exile 663:done. 451:Tatar 436:Uzbek 428:Uzbek 217:) or 2499:and 2257:ISBN 2093:2016 2080:ISBN 1743:СПб. 1716:ISSN 1675:ISBN 1642:ISBN 1523:ISBN 1486:ISBN 1461:OCLC 1451:ISBN 580:and 243:and 192:lit. 167:The 104:Type 91:1925 2810:War 2443:68. 2403:67. 2390:66. 2380:68. 2307:63. 2207:61. 2185:60. 2034:55. 1919:54. 1906:53. 1896:50. 560:" ( 545:" ( 521:" ( 506:" ( 484:" ( 469:" ( 449:" ( 415:" ( 3452:: 2408:^ 2395:^ 2299:^ 2251:, 2212:^ 2190:^ 2148:59 2138:58 2119:56 2095:. 2044:64 2006:^ 1911:^ 1888:^ 1880:/ 1859:^ 1854:51 1761:. 1750:^ 1710:. 1685:^ 1656:. 1621:. 1609:52 1500:. 1459:. 1433:^ 1419:. 941:. 641:. 610:, 606:, 564:: 549:: 510:: 488:: 473:: 453:: 438:: 434:; 430:: 419:: 370:, 366:, 362:, 358:, 354:, 227:, 205:, 189:, 177:, 42:, 38:, 34:, 2489:e 2482:t 2475:v 1772:. 1728:. 1598:. 1467:. 1426:; 1164:' 1004:( 556:" 541:" 534:" 517:" 502:" 495:" 480:" 465:" 445:" 411:" 270:( 232:: 210:: 182:: 50:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

League of Militant Atheists

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