League of Militant Atheists

955: 729: 849: 1184:(The Rural Godless) was produced. It was alleged to be so "popular" among the peasantry that it was 'read to tatters', and contradictorily it ceased publication in 1932. The supposedly popular nature of the atheist propaganda was also contradicted by cases of reported lynchings of antireligious propagandists and murder of LMG agitators. In a similar vein, in 1930, the LMG leadership advised that social surveys of believers in school classes where the majority of pupils were believers was harmful, and that such data should not, as a principle, be used. Another such anecdote can be found in the 1929 Moscow religion survey, in which 12,000 industrial workers were surveyed anonymously and only 3,000 returned the survey, of which 88.8% claimed to be atheists, and it was then declared that 90% of Moscow industrial workers were atheists. 921: 1019:

discussed their concerns in the early years. The League also had to address the issue of atheists in its membership who may have sympathized with the religious believers and who may have had doubts about what they were doing. In answer to these, the League adopted a policy that any League member who entered a church (to conduct antireligious work by checking on the strength of believers or numbering them) had to first receive local branch approval beforehand in order so that he did not give the impression that he was going to the church to pray. In contrast the League in Tashkent actually tried to translate the Quran into Uzbek so that more Muslims could read it, in hope that when Muslims were able to read what the Quran actually said, they would reject its content as fallacious.

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superstitions and of religious prejudices, organizing for this purpose special study circles and lectures on antireligious propaganda. The League had grown from 87,000 members in 1926 to 500,000 in 1929 and it reached a peak of 5,670,000 in 1931 (dropping to 5.5 million in 1932) (it had intended to get 17 million, however, as its target). It declined to 2 million in 1938, but rose again to 3.5 million in 1941. The Communist party at the time had 1.8 million members. Almost half of the LMG's membership, however, resided within the cities of Moscow and Leningrad and their metropolitan areas, which led to the LMG then creating 'cells' across the country in order to reach rural citizens for atheist propagation.

744: 1015:, the Soviet press, and other institutions for the purpose of its antireligious campaign. It criticized many public institutions (including the Communist Party) for failing to adequately attack religious belief and instructed them on how to be more effective. The People's Commisariat of Education was heckled and Glavnauka, the Chief Administration for Science and Scholarship was also singled out for criticism. A spokesperson for the latter tried to justify their behaviour to the LMG by claiming that they had reduced the total number of historical buildings under its protection (mostly ancient churches and monasteries) from 7000 to 1000, by destroying them. 876: 607:

religion, of having few workers and peasants in its ranks, of using archaeology instead of aggressively attacking religion, of being indifferent to transforming the school system into a fundamentally antireligious atmosphere and of opportunistically citing works by non-Marxist Western bourgeois atheists in publications. In response, Yaroslavsky claimed that they had supported antireligious education for years, but in contrast to the leftists who simply wanted to attack religion, he was working to replace the popular religious ideology with that of

1251:, while believers flocked to them in the thousands. In order to gain support for the war effort (both domestic and foreign), Stalin ended the antireligious persecution and the LMG was disbanded. Internal pressure to end the persecution came from the need to win the loyalty of religious Soviet citizens for the war effort, while external pressure came from the Allies, who would not support Stalin if he continued the campaign. Yaroslavsky turned his attention to other pursuits. In 1942, he even published a positive article about Orthodox writer 55: 702: 672: 611:. He also pointed out correctly that Lenin had used the works of the 18th century French atheists and other bourgeois atheists to assist in the campaign to disseminate atheism in the USSR. He admitted that the effect of their efforts up to that point was less than he had hoped, which he implicitly blamed on the Moscow branch for their lack of cooperation, lack of support from the party and some branches of the Komsomol, and a ban operating on their activities in Ukraine, as well as an inadequate finances. 906: 819: 717: 940: 891: 970: 989:

die away naturally and the leftist approach to attack all forms of religion as class enemies were both condemned as deviations from the party line. Yaroslavsky argued against the leftists (who had earlier criticized him) that if religion was simply a class phenomenon there would be no need to combat it if a classless society was truly being produced. He affirmed that an all-sided attack on religion was needed, but did not subscribe to the leftist deviation that had been condemned.

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conducted in the following years wherein a meeting would be organized under pressure at which believers who attended would be risking their social status and would often find themselves in a minority, which would allow for a vote to close the structure. The LMG would take advantage of rifts between different believers, including that between the Orthodox and Renovationists, in order to get either side to vote for the closure of each other's religious structures.

687: 1098: 834: 603:, Lunin and others). The 1926 All-Union Conference on Antireligious Propaganda voted in favour of Yaroslavsky's views on the antireligious campaign, but the debate still continued. The Moscow group argued that the antireligious struggle should be led only by the party and the industrial proletariat, as opposed to the whole nation which Yaroslavsky wanted to mobilize to conduct the antireligious campaign. 3421: 1274: 774: 789: 1157:' (The Antireligious) appeared in 1926, and reached 17,000 circulation in 1929 (it was a 130-page publication), 30,000 in 1930 and 27,000 in 1931. Its material was often repeated over different issues and it was more primitive in its scholarly material than it had been intended. It was reduced to 64 pages in 1940, and produced between 40,000 and 45,000 in 1940-41 before it was finally cancelled. 1063:

to adopt modern methods and were attracting youth. It determined therefore that the fight against religion needed to be pressed, although it still, as Yaroslavsky had said for years, warned against extreme antireligious ultra-left attacks. At the same meeting it demanded that no holidays should be allowed to coincide with important Church feast days; this policy was carried out in the same year.

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religious believers at the time of recruitment, while only 28% remained believers at the end of their service. This data may have ignored the phenomena of soldiers who hid their religious convictions during their service and thus have some inaccuracy. These experiences nevertheless played a role in the LMG's approach to combatting religion in the military in the following decade.

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religious beliefs. He called for patient and tactful individual work without offending the believers, but "re-educating" them. He claimed that religion had disappeared in some parts of the country but in other parts (especially in the newly annexed territories) it was strong, and he warned against starting brutal offensives in those areas.

1413:Воинствующее безбожие в СССР за 15 лет. 1917-1932 : сборник / Центральный совет Союза воинствующих безбожников и Институт философии Коммунистической академии; под редакцией М. Енишерлова, А. Лукачевского, М. Митина. - Москва : ОГИЗ : Государственное антирелигиозное издательство, 1932. - 525, 2 с. : ил., портр. 287:!" The League had international connections; it was part of the International of Proletarian Freethinkers and later of the Worldwide Freethinkers Union. By the mid-1930s, the Communist regime considered socialism to have been 'built', and the League adopted a new slogan: "Struggle against religion is struggle for 1031:

international bourgeoisie... Special attention must be paid to the renovationist currents in Orthodoxy, Islam, Lamaism and other religions... These currents are but the disguises for more effective struggle against the Soviet power. By comparing ancient Buddhism, and ancient Christianity to communism, the

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Curtiss, The Russian Church, p. 205. N. Amosov, Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge utoroi piatiletki (M.: Gos. antir. izd., 1932) p. 11; Yaroslavsky, 'Zadachi antireligioznoi propagandy', Antireligioznik, no. 5 (May 1941) p. 2; Bol'shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 3rd edn, vol. 3 (Moscow 1970) p. 225;

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and class enemies of all kinds, including bishops, priests, and lay believers, who were arrested, shot and sent to labour camps. Churches were closed down, destroyed, converted to other uses. The League of Militant Atheists apparently adopted a five-year plan in 1932 aimed at the total eradication of

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The climate of the campaign against religion was changing in the late 1930s and early 1940s. The regime slowly became more moderate in its approach to religion. Yaroslavsky, in 1941 warned against condemning all religious believers, but said that there were many loyal Soviet citizens still possessing

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The non-serial LMG literature grew from 12 million printed pages in 1927 to 800 million in 1930 (making up at least 100 million pieces of printed antireligious literature). In 1941 sixty-seven books and brochures of antireligious propaganda were printed with a total circulation of 3.5 million copies.

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The congress resolutions stated that religious temples should be shut only with the agreement of the majority of the working populace. There were, however, no qualifications for this majority to include religious believers associated with the given religious structure. This allowed the practice to be

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The resolutions at the meeting called for local LMG branches to effect total public ostracism of the clergy. They ordered that priests should not be invited to private homes, donations to churches should be halted once and for all, and that trade unions should be pressured not to perform any work for

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There can be no doubt that the fact that the new state of the USSR led by the communist party, with a program permeated by the spirit of militant atheism, gives the reason why this state is successfully surmounting the great difficulties that stand in its way - that neither "heavenly powers" nor the

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The LMG alleged massive growth in the Central Asian republics in the 1930s. The Central Asian Muslims, who had a long history of encountering Christian missionaries attempting to convert them away from Islam, were considered to pose a special issue for LMG activists who were told by Yaroslavsky that

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argued that it was an oversimplification to treat religion solely as a kind of class exploitation to be attacked, forgetting the complex nature of religions, as well as the individual believers. The CPSU Central Committee supported Yaroslavsky's viewpoint on this issue, although this debate remained

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and scientific achievements, conducted so-called "individual work" (a method of sending atheist tutors to meet with individual believers to attempt to make them renounce their faith); most of the peasantry was unimpressed, and even the party apparatus regarded the League as meddling and inefficient.

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One of the main activities of the League of Militant Atheists was the publication of massive quantities of anti-religious literature, comprising regular journals and newspapers as well as books and pamphlets. The number of printed pages rose from 12 million in 1927 to 800 million in 1930. All these

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At its 1929 Congress, it admitted that there had been some growth in sectarian groups, but claimed that this was local rather than national phenomena. They said, however, that lay religious activists exceeded one million and that all of the religious communities including the old Orthodox had begun

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The League not only attacked religion but also attacked deviations from what it saw as the proper line to combat religion in the USSR and, in effect, set the 'proper' line to follow in this sphere for party membership. Early Marxist beliefs that religion would disappear with the coming of a tractor

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The debate on how to best exterminate religion was argued among the Soviet leadership, until in the late 1920s and early 1930s, when it was resolved by Stalin who condemned the extremes of both sides, and Yaroslavsky followed suit. The do-nothing approach of the rightists who thought religion would

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The problems that Yaroslavsky outlined in his response were addressed in 1929 at the second congress. The CPSU Central Committee delegated to the LMG full powers to launch a great antireligious attack with the objective of completely eliminating religion from the country, granting them the right to

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The league was a "nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism". It published newspapers, journals, and other materials that lampooned religion; it sponsored lectures and films; it organized demonstrations and parades; it set up antireligious museums; and

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The congress eliminated preferential treatment for different sects and declared unrelenting war against them, but contained the moderating statement to differentiate between the rank-and-file believers and the leadership, the latter of which were considered fully conscientious class enemies of the

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The League also printed antireligious textbooks. An 'Antireligious Textbook for Peasants' was produced between 1927 and 1931, with a circulation of 18,000 for the first edition and 200,000 for the sixth. A similar textbook for urban people was created in 1931, followed by a universal amalgamated

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He alleged that there were very few attempts to re-open churches and that this was a sign of the decline in religion. He branded those who tried to re-open churches as "former kulaks" and "falsifiers of figures". This report was contradicted, however, by the LMG's own figures (based on the 1937

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The League concerned itself with the issue of active believers who had infiltrated its own membership and who were trying to prove their loyalty to the regime or even undermine the antireligious work of the League. League members who suspected each other of harbouring religious beliefs secretly

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The League trained a massive number of antireligious propagandists and other workers. This work included lecture cycles. The League of Militant Atheists attempted to "control and exploit the Proletarian Freethinkers," a group founded by socialists in 1925, in order to diminish the influence of

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legislative and publicistic efforts were, however, only incidental to the events of the 1930s. During this period religion, was quite simply, to be eliminated by means of violence. With the end of NEP came the start of forced collectivisation in 1929, and with it the terror, which encompassed

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The congress also criticized the armed forces for failing to conduct adequate antireligious education among servicemen in the forces. The organization had set up cells in the armed forces in each unit beginning in 1927. In a study done on a unit in 1925, it was found that 60% of recruits were

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In 1929, when resolutions that would set the tone for intensive persecution of the next decade were set and Yaroslavsky's victory in the power struggle had been completed, there were a few last attacks made on Yaroslavsky and the organization for minimizing the class-enemy thesis in attacking

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by Andrew Sorokowski (1988), Smoloskyp Publishers and the National Committee to Commemorate the Millenium of Christianity in Ukraine, p. 206: "At the same time, the League of Militant Atheists and Party activists wrecked churches and harassed believers. No religion was spared in the general

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The LMG underwent great growth between 1929 and 1932, partly as a result of the requirement of Komsomol members to join it. The LMG's hold over the Komsomol is reflected in the latter's programme at its 10th congress that state 'The Komsomol patiently explains to the youth the harmfulness of

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A careless approach to the matter of antireligious propaganda among these people can call up memories of this oppression and be interpreted by the most backward and the most fanatical part of the Muslim population as a repeat of the past, when Christian missionaries reviled the Mohammedan

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All religions, no matter how much they 'renovate' and cleanse themselves, are systems of idea... profoundly hostile to the ideology of... socialism... Religious organizations... are in reality political agencies... of class groupings hostile to the proletariat inside the country and of the

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In November 1924, the Anti-Religious Commission of the All-Union Communist Party (b), and in December, the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee supported the project of creating an all-Union godless society. A special commission was set up to prepare for the congress of atheists.

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The LMG had reduced the number of religious communities of all faiths from 50,000 in 1930 to 30,000 by 1938 and 8,000 by 1941. The last figure includes, however, 7,000 communities in the annexed western territories (so that only 1,000 actually remained in the rest of the country).

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for differentiation between different religions, instead of genuine godlessness. It accused Yaroslavsky of attacking only the clergy rather than religion in general. Yaroslavsky protested this and affirmed that all religions were enemies of socialism including the

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The congress called on antireligious education to be instituted from the first-grade up in schools. Two years later, further calls would be made by leading antireligious propagandist N. Amosov to institute antireligious education among pre-school children.

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In addition to what is stated above, the 1929 LMA Congress also issued a number of other orders that would form the basis of the LMG's activities (as well as the character of the antireligious persecution throughout the country) in the following decade.

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schism in the Orthodox church, but that the methods of struggle against different religions should vary due to the large number of loyal Soviet citizens with religious beliefs who should be re-educated as atheists rather than treated as class enemies.

592: 591:) in April 1925 to form the All-Union League of the Godless at its first congress. Between 1925 and 1929 a power struggle took place in the new organization between Yaroslavsky and his followers, and the leadership of the former Moscow group ( 735: 1203:

A textbook produced by the LMG in 1934 admitted the existence of sincere believers among the intellectuals; however, Yaroslavsky in 1937 claimed that all scholars and scientists who believe in God were insincere deceivers and swindlers.

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by Charles E. Ziegler (2009), p. 77: "A League of the Militant Godless, aided by the Komsomol, organized atheist lectures, satirized religious holidays, published anti-religious posters and pamphlets, and confiscated church bells and

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It is our duty to destroy every religious world-concept... If the destruction of ten million human beings, as happened in the last war, should be necessary for the triumph of one definite class, then that must be done and it will be

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Forced Conversion under Atheistic Regimes: It might be added that the most modern example of forced "conversions" came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the

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consistently ran 50,000-70,000 copies per issue, however, it changed from a monthly to a fortnightly in 1929 and continued to produce until it was closed in 1932. Yaroslavsky's scholarly monthly for the LMG central committee

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The principal vehicle for atheist propaganda was the League of (Militant) Godless, or LMG, headed by E.M. Yaroslavsky, which operated under close Party supervision and often in conjunction with its youth organization, the

659:

The League of Militant Atheists sometimes took a violent approach to those who would not accept the League's message. For example, "bishops, priests, and lay believers" were "arrested, shot, and sent to labour camps."

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of many believers, especially village priests. By 1940, "over 100 bishops, tens of thousands of Orthodox clergy, and thousands of monks and lay believers had been killed or had died in Soviet prisons and the Gulag."

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Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.

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2378:

2368:

2295:

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2136:

2126:

2107:

2032:

2022:

1907:

1894:

1884:

1842:

1597:

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The Moscow group tended to support the leftist side of the debate on how to destroy religion (i.e. in favour of attacking religion in all of its forms rather than moderation), and in 1924 it attacked Yaroslavsky,

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The first congress of the organization, which took place in April 1925, decided to create a single all-union anti-religious society, called the "Union of Atheists". Well known members of the Communist Party and

1797: 396:, a periodical of the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists, began to be published. Along with periodicals in Russian, the League of Militant Atheists published periodicals in other languages: 273:

and by the Party's orders with regards to religion, the League aimed at exterminating religion in all its manifestations and forming an anti-religious scientific mindset among the workers. It propagated

283:", which was meant to tie in their atheist views with the Communist drive to 'build Socialism'. One of the slogans adopted at the 2nd congress proclaimed: "Struggle against religion is struggle for the 1871:/ гл. ред. О. Ю. Шмидт. - Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926-. - 26 см. Т. 52: Сознание - Стратегия. - 1947. - 472 с., 22 л. ил., портр., цв. ил. : ил., карты, портр., табл. / С. 334-335 2013:

I. Bobryshev, 'K perevooruzheniiu na odnom iz boevykh uchastkov', and Yaroslavsky, 'Nauchites pravil'no vladet' oruzhiem marxizma' — both in Antireligioznik, no. 9 (Sept. 1929), pp. 57 and 65 resp.

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from the homes of believers. Under the slogan, "the Storming of Heaven," the League of Militant Atheists pressed for "resolute action against religious peasants" leading to the mass arrest and

1039:

In 1932 the Second Plenum of the LMG Central Council was ordered by Stalin to adopt an antireligious five-year plan with the intention of eliminating the Church and its influence in the USSR.

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Tatiana A. Chumachenko. Edited and Translated by Edward E. Roslof. Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev years. ME Sharpe inc., 2002, p. 82.

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This congress received much larger coverage in the Soviet press than the previous congress, although it was overshadowed by the German Communist congress that occurred at the same time.

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it led a concerted effort telling Soviet citizens that religious beliefs and practices were wrong and harmful, and that good citizens ought to embrace a scientific, atheistic worldview.

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census) that found perhaps half the country still held religious beliefs, even if they had no structures to worship in any longer and they could no longer openly express their beliefs.

2117:

G. Struchkov, 'Antireligioznaia rabota v Krasnoi armii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie v SSSR za 15 let, M. Enisherlov, A Lukachevsky, M. Mitin (eds), M.: Gos. antirel., izd., 1932, p. 418

1050:" conducted by the Communists, with the LMG at the forefront of this campaign. Many priests were killed and imprisoned. Thousands of churches were closed, some turned into hospitals. 2545: 1026:

were obligated to join the League, and it directed all members of the CPSU to support the League's work. The extreme character of the line to be taken against religion is described:

3147: 875: 912: 3075: 2928: 3464: 3019: 818: 3469: 2314:

John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 205.

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Paul Froese. Forced Secularization in Soviet Russia: Why an Atheistic Monopoly Failed. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 43, No. 1 (Mar., 2004), pp. 35-50.

2228:

John Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, 1917-1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1953) p. 205; F Oleschuk, O zadachakh antireligioznoi propagandy (M.: 1937) p. 16.

265:), and educational institutions. By the beginning of 1941 it had about 3.5 million members from 100 ethnicities. It had about 96,000 offices across the country. Guided by 2952: 882: 470: 1312: 1135:

The enthusiasm of its new members was notably poor, however, as its dues were left unpaid and only a minority appeared to have great interest in antireligious work.

2476: 1292: 905: 70: 3353: 2826: 2820: 2620: 701: 3039: 1387: 3123: 3007: 2814: 1810:А.Д. ЖАЛСАРАЕВ. РОССИЯ И БУДДИСТЫ БУРЯТИИ. 1917—2014. ЧАСТЬ 2 Взаимоотношения государственных органов России с буддистами Бурятии с 1917 г. по 2014 г. (часть 2) 1307: 1297: 1012: 3034: 3029: 3024: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 716: 2042:

Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival, by Christopher Marsh, page 47. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2011.

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The 1929 Congress called on public institutions to treat antireligious propaganda as an inseparable part of their work and to provide regular funding for it.

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Created in 1925, the League of the Militant Godless was the nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism.

1109:

In 1931, the LMG boasted that 10% of the nation's schoolchildren who were Young Pioneers or Komsomol members also concurrently held LMG memberships.

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The League of Militant Atheists aided the Soviet government in killing clergy and committed believers. The League also made it a priority to remove

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Under the LMG's guidance, 'Godless collective farms', were formed. Yaroslavsky in 1932 thought that the campaign would be successful, when he said:

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Most of LMG periodicals ceased to publish by September 1941. Its official disbandment date is unknown, but traced somewhere between 1941 and 1947.

1730:Судьбы христианского сектантства в Советской России (1917 — конец 1930-х годов) / Рецензенты д. и. н. В. С. Измозик, д. и. н. В. В. Молзинский. — 3183: 637:

In 1929, the Second Congress changed the society's name to The Union of Belligerent (or Militant) Atheists. At this Second Congress of Atheists,

3479: 2934: 2886: 795: 455: 3459: 3135: 2535: 1667: 1443: 1317: 833: 686: 1148:, grew from 28,000 in 1928 to 200,000 in 1931, dropped to 150,000 after 1932, climbed to 230,000 in 1938 and went down 155,000 in 1939. The 3279: 3141: 2469: 1347: 803: 284: 245: 115: 1001:(LMG) and he claimed that if religion was only rooted in ownership of property, it could not explain the growth of the renovationists. 3474: 2004:

Froese, Paul. "'I am an atheist and a Muslim': Islam, communism, and ideological competition." Journal of Church and State 47.3 (2005)

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It employed the powers given to it by the CPSU Central Committee at the 1929 congress to dictate orders to schools, universities, the

624:, came out on top despite the Moscow group's resistance in an effort to retain autonomy and the support for that group from the daily 3063: 3044: 2249: 2072: 1634: 1515: 1478: 1352: 997:

had made this claim) were ridiculed by the League. The popularity of religion among nationalistic intellectuals was pointed out by

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Antireligioznik, no. 3 (1932) p. 61. Also N. Amosov, 'Antireligioznoe vospitanie v deistvii', Voinstvuiuschee bezbozhie..., p. 299

1832:

Daniel Peris. Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless 1st Edition. / Cornell University Press, 1998/ p. 74

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Dennis J. Dunn. The Catholic Church and Russia: Popes, Patriarchs, Tsars, and Commissars. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004, p. 85.

1255:, describing his alleged hatred of the Germans. After the death of Yaroslavsky in 1943, the chairman of the organization became 647:, called for the extermination of religion "at the tip of the bayonet." There, Yaroslavsky also made the following declaration: 3395: 3365: 2505: 2146:

Amosov, N., Antireligioznaia rabota na poroge vtoroi piatiletki. Moscow: Gosudarskoe antireligioznoe izdatel'stvo, 1932, p. 30.

1793: 773: 54: 2510: 1697:"SOVIET LEADERS URGE ANTI-RELIGIOUS DRIVE; Society of Godless Congress Gets Warning That Foes of Regime Use Religion as Cloak" 1035:

are essentially trying to replace the communist theory by a cleansed form of religion, which therefore becomes more dangerous.

327:(The Godless at the Work-Bench, also known as "Bezbust") formed the like-minded Moscow Society of the Godless in August 1924. 3444: 3383: 3081: 2462: 3189: 2964: 1177:(Militant Atheism) in 1931 and it was published by the LMG central council. In 1932 it was swallowed up by Antireligioznik. 3401: 3377: 3165: 758: 3291: 3013: 750: 401: 255:

The league embraced workers, peasants, students, and intelligentsia. It had its first affiliates at factories, plants,

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University College London Institute of Archaeology Heritage Studies article on League and the Museums it established

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Keep, John L. H. (2005). "10: Captive minds: faith, science, history". In Litvin, Alter L; Keep, John L. H. (eds.).

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from 1923 to 1931. This magazine published mainly works translated from foreign languages. Since 1931, the magazine

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Paul Dixon, Religion in the Soviet Union, first published 1945 in Workers International News, and can be found at:

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Altnurme, Riho. "'Religious cults', particularly Lutheranism, in the Soviet Union in 1944-1949." Trames 6.1 (2002)

3323: 3299: 3267: 3111: 2916: 2892: 2850: 2552: 2520: 1866: 1607: 1400: 1302: 317:, played a significant role in the League's establishment, and had a wide network of correspondents and readers. 2359:

Theodore R. Weeks. Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945. John Wiley & Sons, 2011.

2713: 2688: 2630: 2515: 2489: 2186:

Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, p. 9

1327: 1322: 1047: 570: 356: 2305:

Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, Westview Press, 2003, 10.

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and others participated in the foundation of the organization and Yemelyan Yaroslavsky was elected chairman.

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Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. The Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, 2004, p. 40

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the churches in compliance with the policies in force. The party would adopt this resolution a year later.

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Sabrina Petra Ramet, Ed., Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. Cambridge University Press (1993). p. 5.

1140: 693: 374: 1747: 1256: 1138:

The League printed masses of antireligious literature. These would mock religious belief. The weekly

1131:

exhortations of all the priests in all the world can prevent its attaining its aims it has set itself.

3311: 3247: 3117: 3057: 2868: 2753: 2658: 2594: 2557: 2341:

Peter N. Stearns. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 278.

1771: 1244: 625: 535: 314: 270: 130: 3223: 3203: 2958: 2844: 2788: 2758: 2723: 2613: 1102: 1008: 708: 566: 344: 323: 180: 561:

By 1932, 10 anti-religious newspapers and 23 anti-religious magazines were published in the USSR.

3317: 3241: 3235: 2793: 2763: 2748: 2625: 1926:

Alfred McClung Lee, Elizabeth Briant Lee. The Fine Art of Propaganda. Octagon Books, 1972, p. 90.

1917:

John Koehler. The Soviet Union's Cold War against the Catholic Church. Pegasus Books, 2009, p. 6.

1337: 1252: 1167: 961: 855: 405: 340: 1434:

Sacred causes : the clash of religion and politics, from the Great War to the War on Terror

321:

appeared first in December 1922, and the following year a Moscow monthly for industrial workers

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The League occupied the leadership role in the antireligious campaign of the Communist Party.

587:

The Moscow group merged with the Society of Friends of the Godless Newspaper (associated with

511: 507: 474: 1831: 1568: 252:

youth movement, those without specific political affiliation, workers and military veterans.

3389: 3305: 3285: 3105: 2768: 2693: 2525: 931: 638: 550: 492: 459: 360: 2454: 372:, the Central Soviet of the League of Militant Atheists published the illustrated magazine 3425: 3347: 3253: 3177: 3171: 2904: 2838: 2703: 2698: 2420: 1279: 1154: 840: 496: 380: 256: 2589: 1684: 1553:

A Thousand Years of Christianity in Ukraine: An Encyclopedic Chronology by Osyp Zinkevych

656:

The Central Council chose Yaroslavsky as its leader; he occupied this post continuously.

1105:, in which you can see a group of industrial workers throwing Jesus Christ to the trash. 3093: 2982: 2970: 2783: 2567: 2540: 2449: 2219:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 10.

2155:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961), p. 8.

1162: 1046:

in the Soviet Union, there was a "government-sponsored program of forced conversion to

1032: 439: 424: 416: 348: 237: 1990:

Kolarz, Walter. Religion in the Soviet Union. St Martin’s Press, New York (1961) p. 7.

3438: 3273: 3259: 3069: 2798: 2778: 2673: 1503: 1432: 1404: 1357: 1043: 615: 575: 384:. The scientific society "Ateist" arose in 1921 in Moscow. It published the magazine 336: 32: 2261:

A Lukachevsky, '10 let zhurnala "Antireligioznik"', Bezbozh., no.2 (Feb. 1936) p. 8.

2051:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History, by Dilip Hiro. Penguin, 2009.

104:

The promotion of atheism and the extermination of religion in all its manifestations

3215: 2599: 2574: 1870: 1412: 1241: 994: 233: 24: 2444: 2062: 1624: 1551: 1473:. Totalitarian movements and political religions. Psychology Press. p. 153. 1468: 2862: 2678: 765: 531: 485: 36: 3420: 1273: 2733: 2728: 1342: 1269: 28: 1708: 1208:

religion, particularly Catholic Christianity, in Central and Eastern Europe.

71:

All-Union Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge

3209: 2922: 1611: 1453: 620: 288: 280: 266: 2272:

Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)

1970:

Leninskaia programma ateisticheskogo vospitaniia v deistvii (1917-1937 gg.)

1782: 244:

under influence of the ideological and cultural views and policies of the

2946: 2683: 1023: 927: 249: 2413: 2098:

Geoffrey Blainey; A Short History of Christianity; Viking; 2011; p.494"

292: 275: 261: 229: 20: 1191:

The anti-religious activists remove the large (5000 kg) bell from the

2743: 2387: 2385: 2291: 2289: 1981:'Stenogrammy Vtorogo plenuma TsS SVB', Antirelioznik, Moscow, p. 116. 1903: 1901: 1880: 1878: 810: 643: 386: 618:'s loyal aide in the secretariat and one of the founding editors of 279:

The League's slogan was "Struggle against religion is struggle for

2995: 1959:

Izuchenie sotsial'nykh kornei religii v SSSR' (M.: 1930) pp. 5-14.

1470:

Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium

1216: 1186: 1096: 248:

from 1925 to 1947. It consisted of party members, members of the

1539:

by Theodore R. Weeks, John Wiley & Sons, 1st edition, 2010:

1212: 2458: 2283:

A. Lukachevsky, Izuchenie sots, kor. rel., Moscow, 1930. p. 19.

1853: 1851: 1849: 1660:

Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

1626:

Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless

1583:

Childers, Barry. "The Plurality of Soviet Religious "Policy"".

1537:

Across the Revolutionary Divide: Russia and the USSR, 1861-1945

722:

language − Russian. Chicago. Amerikansky Bezbozhnik (newspaper)

291:", communism being the next stage after socialism according to 1200:

Up to 1940 there were about 2000 titles published every year.

1165:

began publishing a scholarly journal in the late 1920s called

2206: 2204: 2202: 1783:"DAS NEULAND", antireligiöse Zeitschrift in deutscher Sprache 3450:

Civic and political organizations based in the Soviet Union

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language − Russian. Moscow. Bezbozhny Krokodil (magazine)

2182: 2180: 19:"Militant atheism" redirects here. For other uses, see 3148:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

2400: 2398: 2064:

Religion and the Cultural Crisis in India and the West

1685:

http://www.marxist.com/religion-soviet-union170406.htm

1318:

Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Soviet Union

1303:

Persecution of Christians in the Warsaw Pact countries

1144:

reached 500,000 copies per issue in 1931. The monthly

313:(Godless, Atheist) (1922–1941), founded and edited by 150:

The fight against religion is the fight for socialism!

3076:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

2929:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2242:

A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin

223: 201: 173: 2000: 1998: 1996: 664:

Atheistic periodicals published in various languages

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Library of Congress articles on the Soviet archives

146: 136: 124: 108: 100: 92: 84: 76: 66: 2414:Letters from Moscow, Gleb Yakunin and Lev Regelson 1431: 1508:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 1313:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 1180:From 1928 to 1932, a journal for peasants named 1629:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 2. 1399:This article includes content derived from the 1293:Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions 824:language − Russian, German, Esperanto. Moscow. 2827:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 2821:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 2274:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. pp 130-34 1679: 1677: 1675: 1438:(1st U.S. ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 515: 378:and the scientific and methodological journal 3008:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 2815:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 2470: 1308:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union 1298:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 1013:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 211: 189: 161: 61:Членский билет Союза воинствующих безбожников 8: 3130:Violence against Hindus in independent India 1972:. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo LGU, 1973. p. 112. 1821:И. П. Цамерян, М. И. Шахнович. Атеизм в СССР 1728:Крапивин М. Ю., Лейкин А. Я., Далгатов А. Г. 1323:Persecution of Buddhists in the Soviet Union 42: 3465:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union 3342:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 2857:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1940:. University of Cambridge. pp. 14–15. 1742: 1740: 584:unresolved at the Union that came in 1925. 446: 431:− transcription: "Khudasyzlyar") − in Uzbek 3470:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians 2477: 2463: 2455: 1425: 1423: 53: 41: 2977:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 1388:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990) 1333:Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR 1800:. / У истоков массового атеизма./ С. 326 1748:"СОЮЗ ВОИНСТВУЮЩИХ БЕЗБОЖНИКОВ СССР это" 1383:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964) 1378:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941) 1373:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 1368:USSR anti-religious campaign (1917–1921) 1240:An answer to this report was found when 443: 184:'The League of Militant Godless'), also 2941:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 1419: 1403:, 1969–1978, which is partially in the 667: 2887:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 1734:: С-Петербургского университета, 2003. 1259:, who led it until its disbandment. 1011:, the trade unions, the Komsomol, the 984:Authority on antireligious methodology 3136:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 7: 1938:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union 1247:. Churches were re-opened under the 913:Revolution and the Church (magazine) 175:Soyúz Voínstvuyushchikh Bezbózhnikov 3280:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 3230:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 3142:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 2935:Christianization of the Sámi people 1936:Ramet, Sabrina (10 November 2005). 1348:Soviet Orientalist studies in Islam 1328:Persecution of Buddhists in Vietnam 634:mobilize all public organizations. 463: 246:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 116:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 3485:Anti-Christian sentiment in Russia 1585:Florida State University Libraries 1101:1929 cover of the Soviet magazine 14: 3455:Organizations established in 1925 3124:Violence against Muslims in India 3118:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 3064:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 1353:Soviet anti-religious legislation 898:Derevenskiy Bezbozhnik (magazine) 826:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm (magazine) 736:Voyovnichny Bezvirnik (newspaper) 3419: 1662:Cornell University Press, 1998, 1288:Antisemitism in the Soviet Union 1272: 1195:central Kiev USSR (now Ukraine). 968: 953: 938: 919: 904: 889: 874: 862: 847: 832: 817: 802: 787: 772: 757: 742: 727: 715: 700: 685: 670: 163:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников 48:Сою́з Вои́нствующих Безбо́жников 3396:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 3366:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 975:language − Lithuanian. Kaunas. 749:language − Ukrainian. Kharkiv. 3384:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 3354:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 3088:Communist Romanian persecution 2067:. Intercultural Publications. 1867:Большая советская энциклопедия 1608:Большая советская энциклопедия 960:language − Georgian. Tbilisi. 881:language − Armenian. Yerevan. 709:Bezbozhnik u Stanka (magazine) 447: 1: 3480:Persecution by atheist states 3402:2024 Istanbul church shooting 3378:Christchurch mosque shootings 3166:Religious violence in Nigeria 3160:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 962:Mebrdzoli Ughmerto (magazine) 947:Bezbożnik Wojujący (magazine) 856:Yunyye Bezbozhniki (magazine) 366:In addition to the newspaper 59:Membership card of the league 3460:Religion in the Soviet Union 3292:War crimes in the Kosovo War 3082:Communist Polish persecution 2953:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 2881:Crusades against schismatics 911:language − Russian. Moscow. 896:language − Russian. Moscow. 854:language − Russian. Moscow. 839:language − Russian. Moscow. 809:language − Russian. Moscow. 794:language − Yiddish. Moscow. 764:language − German. Kharkiv. 734:language − Ukrainian. Kiev. 707:language − Russian. Moscow. 692:language − Russian. Moscow. 677:language − Russian. Moscow. 236:organization of workers and 977:Laisvoji mintis (newspaper) 945:language − Polish. Moscow. 932:Erdem ba Shazhan (magazine) 224: 202: 174: 158:League of Militant Atheists 43:League of Militant Atheists 16:Soviet Russian organization 3501: 1430:Burleigh, Michael (2007). 1363:Tatar Union of the Godless 841:Antireligioznik (magazine) 779:language − Tatar. Moscow. 500: 18: 3475:Russian atheism activists 3416: 3324:South Thailand insurgency 3300:Walisongo school massacre 3268:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 2917:Expulsion of the Moriscos 2893:European wars of religion 2061:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 1772:Фән һәм дин / فەن هەم دین 1541:"Antireligious Campaigns" 1401:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 554: 516: 478: 428: 420: 409: 212: 190: 162: 52: 47: 2714:Extrajudicial punishment 1794:Вопросы Научного Атеизма 1193:St Volodymyr's Cathedral 796:Der Apikoires (magazine) 571:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 357:Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich 203:Óbshchestvo Bezbózhnikov 3407:Crocus City Hall attack 3154:Persecution of Tibetans 2911:French Wars of Religion 2833:Yellow Turban Rebellion 1526:Burleigh (2007), p. 49. 609:dialectical materialism 353:Ivan Skvortsov-Stepanov 3360:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 3336:Maspero demonstrations 3184:Huế Phật Đản shootings 1623:Peris, Daniel (1998). 1196: 1182:Derevenskii bezbozhnik 1174:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm 1161:textbook. LMG member, 1133: 1124: 1106: 1042:Under the doctrine of 1037: 679:Bezbozhnik (newspaper) 654: 539: 393:Voinstvuiuschii ateizm 191:О́бщество безбо́жников 186:Society of the Godless 96:Volunteer organisation 3445:Atheist organizations 3330:Boko Haram insurgency 2989:Pontic Greek genocide 2899:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 2709:Extrajudicial killing 2486:Religious persecution 1569:The History of Russia 1190: 1128: 1119: 1100: 1028: 781:Fen-em-Din (magazine) 694:Bezbozhnik (magazine) 649: 627:Komsomol'skaia Pravda 303:Origins and formation 131:Emel'ian Yaroslavskii 88:Between 1941 and 1947 3312:September 11 attacks 3248:1984 anti-Sikh riots 3112:Rawalpindi massacres 3058:White Terror (Spain) 2869:Massacre at Ayyadieh 2754:Population cleansing 1796:. Выпуск 18. 1975./ 1171:. It was changed to 883:Anastvats (magazine) 751:Bezvirnik (magazine) 315:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 271:communist propaganda 208:Union of the Godless 3224:Bangladesh genocide 3204:Cultural Revolution 3196:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 2959:Circassian genocide 2845:Rhineland massacres 2759:Population transfer 2724:Forced displacement 2536:Jehovah's Witnesses 1150:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 1103:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 1022:All members of the 1009:Soviet Armed Forces 926:language − Buryat. 567:Anatoly Lunacharsky 345:Anatoly Lunacharsky 324:Bezbozhnik u Stanka 44: 3318:2002 Gujarat riots 3242:Cambodian genocide 3236:Lebanese Civil War 3014:Soviet persecution 2851:Jerusalem massacre 2764:Sectarian violence 2749:Political violence 2419:2009-08-16 at the 1701:The New York Times 1338:Political religion 1197: 1107: 766:Neuland (magazine) 542:) – in Azerbaijani 525:Bezbożnik wojujący 517:"მებრძოლი ათეისტი" 341:Nadezhda Krupskaya 240:that developed in 225:Soyúz Bezbózhnikov 213:Сою́з Безбо́жников 3432: 3431: 3372:Rohingya genocide 3100:Direct Action Day 3052:Šahovići massacre 3002:Armenian genocide 2996:Assyrian genocide 2883:(13th–15th cent.) 2877:(12th–16th cent.) 2875:Northern Crusades 2719:Forced conversion 2669:Cultural genocide 2664:Communal violence 2546:post–Cold War era 2531:Eastern Orthodoxy 1948:religion by 1937. 1668:978-0-8014-3485-3 1445:978-0-06-058095-7 1249:German occupation 811:Ateist (magazine) 508:Mebrdzoli Ateisti 412:) − in Ukrainian, 222: 200: 183: 172: 154: 153: 3492: 3424: 3423: 3390:2020 Delhi riots 3306:Kosheh massacres 3286:Bosnian genocide 3106:1946 Bihar riots 2769:Social cleansing 2694:Ethnic cleansing 2479: 2472: 2465: 2456: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2252: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1933: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1886: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1759: 1744: 1735: 1733: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1670: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1620: 1614: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1580: 1574: 1564: 1558: 1549: 1543: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1437: 1427: 1282: 1277: 1276: 1257:Fyodor Oleshchuk 1163:I. A. Shpitsberg 972: 957: 942: 923: 908: 893: 878: 866: 851: 836: 821: 806: 791: 776: 761: 746: 731: 719: 704: 689: 674: 641:, the editor of 639:Nikolai Bukharin 556: 519: 518: 502: 501:"Эрдэм ба шажан" 493:Erdem ba Shazhan 480: 465: 450: 449: 445: 430: 422: 411: 361:Nikolai Bukharin 257:collective farms 227: 217: 215: 214: 205: 195: 193: 192: 179: 177: 167: 165: 164: 57: 45: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3489: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3418: 3412: 3348:Yazidi genocide 3254:Revival Process 3190:Thích Quảng Đức 3178:Buddhist crisis 3172:Istanbul pogrom 3040:1970–1987 3035:1958–1964 3030:1928–1941 3025:1921–1928 3020:1917–1921 2905:Goa Inquisition 2839:Battle of Tours 2829:(c.550–c. 1200) 2823:(c. 324–c. 491) 2803: 2704:Ethnic violence 2699:Ethnic conflict 2647: 2646: 2645: 2492: 2483: 2441: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2421:Wayback Machine 2412: 2408: 2403: 2396: 2390: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2287: 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3132:(1947–ongoing) 3127: 3126:(1947–ongoing) 3121: 3120:(1947–ongoing) 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3094:Noakhali riots 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2991: 2983:Greek genocide 2980: 2974: 2971:Adana massacre 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835:(c.184–c. 205) 2830: 2824: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2784:State religion 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2689:Discrimination 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2641:Zoroastrianism 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2568:Untouchability 2565: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490:discrimination 2484: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2439:External links 2437: 2435: 2434: 2424: 2406: 2394: 2381: 2371: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2285: 2276: 2263: 2253: 2238:Robert Service 2230: 2221: 2212: 2198: 2188: 2176: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2129: 2119: 2110: 2100: 2091: 2073: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2025: 2015: 2006: 1992: 1983: 1974: 1961: 1952: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1897: 1887: 1874: 1859: 1845: 1835: 1824: 1813: 1802: 1786: 1775: 1764: 1736: 1720: 1703:. 1929-06-13. 1688: 1671: 1658:Daniel Peris, 1651: 1635: 1615: 1600: 1590: 1575: 1559: 1544: 1528: 1519: 1496: 1479: 1459: 1444: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1267: 1264: 1229: 1226: 1094: 1091: 1055: 1052: 1033:Renovationists 985: 982: 981: 980: 974: 967: 965: 959: 952: 950: 944: 937: 935: 925: 918: 916: 910: 903: 901: 895: 888: 886: 880: 873: 871: 868: 861: 859: 853: 846: 844: 838: 831: 829: 823: 816: 814: 808: 801: 799: 793: 786: 784: 778: 771: 769: 763: 756: 754: 748: 741: 739: 733: 726: 724: 721: 714: 712: 706: 699: 697: 691: 684: 682: 676: 669: 665: 662: 559: 558: 557:) – in Bashkir 543: 528: 521: 504: 489: 482: 467: 466:) - in Yiddish 452: 432: 413: 349:Pyotr Krasikov 337:Old Bolsheviks 307:The newspaper 304: 301: 295:ideology. 285:five-year plan 269:principles of 238:intelligentsia 210:(Russian: 188:(Russian: 160:(Russian: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 128: 125: 122: 121: 119: 118: 112: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3497: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 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2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2779:State atheism 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2674:Deprogramming 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626:Protestantism 2624: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:LDS or Mormon 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2475: 2473: 2468: 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1776: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636:9780801434853 1632: 1628: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1516:0-393-02030-4 1513: 1509: 1505: 1504:Richard Overy 1500: 1497: 1493: 1482: 1480:9780415351096 1476: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1406: 1405:public domain 1402: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1358:State atheism 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1225: 1221: 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Buryat 498: 494: 490: 488:" − in German 487: 483: 476: 472: 468: 461: 457: 456:Der Apikoires 453: 448:"Фән һәм дин" 444:"فەن هەم دین" 441: 437: 433: 426: 418: 414: 407: 403: 399: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 388: 383: 382: 377: 376: 371: 370: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332: 328: 326: 325: 320: 316: 312: 311: 302: 300: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 272: 268: 264: 263: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 242:Soviet Russia 239: 235: 234:antireligious 231: 226: 220: 209: 204: 198: 187: 182: 176: 170: 159: 149: 145: 141: 135: 132: 129: 123: 117: 114: 113: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 69: 65: 56: 51: 46: 38: 34: 33:State atheism 30: 26: 22: 3276:(1991–2001) 3256:(1984–1989) 3216:Famen Temple 3206:(1966–1976) 3016:(1922–1991) 2985:(1913–1922) 2521:Christianity 2511:Baháʼí Faith 2427: 2409: 2374: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2256: 2241: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2191: 2169: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2132: 2122: 2113: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2078:. Retrieved 2063: 2056: 2047: 2038: 2028: 2018: 2009: 1986: 1977: 1969: 1964: 1955: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1890: 1862: 1838: 1827: 1816: 1805: 1798:М. М. Шейман 1789: 1778: 1767: 1756:. Retrieved 1754:(in Russian) 1751: 1727: 1723: 1712:. Retrieved 1700: 1691: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1640:. Retrieved 1625: 1618: 1603: 1593: 1584: 1578: 1567: 1562: 1552: 1547: 1536: 1531: 1522: 1507: 1499: 1490: 1484:. Retrieved 1469: 1462: 1433: 1398: 1397: 1261: 1242:Nazi Germany 1239: 1235: 1231: 1222: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1181: 1179: 1172: 1166: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1041: 1038: 1029: 1021: 1017: 1006: 1003: 995:Leon Trotsky 991: 987: 658: 655: 650: 642: 636: 632: 626: 619: 613: 605: 588: 586: 580: 563: 560: 451:) − in Tatar 429:"Худасызляр" 421:"Xudasizlar" 391: 385: 379: 373: 367: 365: 333: 329: 322: 318: 308: 306: 297: 260: 254: 207: 185: 157: 155: 138:Volunteers 25:Antireligion 3362:(2014–2017) 3350:(2014–2017) 3344:(2013–2016) 3282:(1992–1996) 3244:(1975–1979) 3238:(1975–1990) 3144:(1948–1980) 3090:(1945–1989) 3084:(1945–1989) 3078:(1941–1945) 3072:(1939–1945) 3060:(1936–1975) 3045:legislation 3010:(1917–1990) 3004:(1915–1923) 2998:(1914–1924) 2979:(1912–1913) 2967:(1862–1877) 2949:(1857–1858) 2943:(1789–1801) 2931:(1683–1922) 2925:(1673–1829) 2919:(1609–1614) 2913:(1562–1598) 2907:(1561–1812) 2901:(1526–1791) 2895:(1522–1712) 2889:(1500–1526) 2865:(1184–1908) 2863:Inquisition 2774:Segregation 2739:Intolerance 2679:Desecration 2621:Neopaganism 2614:Persecution 2580:Persecution 2563:Persecution 2526:Catholicism 2087:Communists. 1557:onslaught." 1228:Disbandment 999:Lukachevsky 593:Galaktionov 536:Azerbaijani 486:Das Neuland 410:"Безвірник" 37:New Atheism 3439:Categories 2859:(643–1526) 2734:Iconoclasm 2729:Hate crime 2659:Censorship 2553:Falun Gong 1758:2022-02-03 1714:2021-05-05 1642:2017-02-01 1486:2017-02-01 1394:References 1343:Red Terror 1253:Dostoevsky 1146:Bezbozhnik 1141:Bezbozhnik 1093:Activities 589:Bezbozhnik 581:Bezbozhnik 540:"Аллаhсыз" 479:"Անաստված" 436:Fen-em-Din 375:Bezbozhnik 369:Bezbozhnik 319:Bezbozhnik 310:Bezbozhnik 228:), was an 29:Antitheism 3210:Four Olds 2923:Test Acts 2789:Terrorism 2631:Rastafari 2585:Ahmadiyya 1709:0362-4331 1612:Социализм 1566:Compare: 1535:Compare: 1510:, p. 271 1492:Komsomol. 621:Kommunist 597:Polidorov 555:"Аллаһыҙ" 471:Anastvats 406:Ukrainian 402:Bezvirnik 289:communism 281:socialism 267:Bolshevik 230:atheistic 219:romanized 197:romanized 169:romanized 142:3,500,000 85:Dissolved 77:Formation 67:Successor 3426:Religion 2947:Utah War 2817:(64–313) 2794:Violence 2684:Domicide 2636:Yazidism 2558:Hinduism 2516:Buddhism 2497:By group 2417:Archived 1752:terme.ru 1506:(2006), 1454:76829103 1266:See also 1024:Komsomol 547:Allakhyz 532:Allahsyz 512:Georgian 475:Armenian 339:such as 262:kolkhozy 250:Komsomol 109:Location 3180:(1963) 2937:(1700s) 2652:Methods 2609:Judaism 2600:Sunnism 2590:Shi'ism 2506:Atheism 2080:14 July 1573:icons." 1078:state. 1048:atheism 551:Bashkir 460:Yiddish 293:Marxist 276:atheism 147:Remarks 126:Founder 101:Purpose 21:Atheism 3409:(2024) 3398:(2023) 3392:(2020) 3386:(2019) 3380:(2019) 3338:(2011) 3320:(2002) 3314:(2001) 3308:(2000) 3302:(2000) 3294:(1999) 3288:(1995) 3270:(1990) 3262:(1989) 3250:(1984) 3226:(1971) 3218:(1966) 3212:(1966) 3198:(1963) 3192:(1963) 3186:(1963) 3174:(1955) 3162:(1950) 3138:(1948) 3114:(1947) 3108:(1946) 3102:(1946) 3096:(1946) 3066:(1933) 3054:(1924) 2973:(1909) 2961:(1864) 2955:(1860) 2871:(1191) 2853:(1099) 2847:(1096) 2808:Events 2744:Pogrom 2595:Sufism 2248: 2244:p 136 2071: 1945:kulaks 1707: 1666: 1633: 1514: 1477: 1452: 1442: 1168:Ateist 1122:faith. 644:Pravda 616:Stalin 514:: 497:Buryat 387:Ateist 35:, and 2841:(732) 2575:Islam 1217:exile 652:done. 440:Tatar 425:Uzbek 417:Uzbek 206:) or 2488:and 2246:ISBN 2082:2016 2069:ISBN 1732:СПб. 1705:ISSN 1664:ISBN 1631:ISBN 1512:ISBN 1475:ISBN 1450:OCLC 1440:ISBN 569:and 232:and 181:lit. 156:The 93:Type 80:1925 2799:War 2432:68. 2392:67. 2379:66. 2369:68. 2296:63. 2196:61. 2174:60. 2023:55. 1908:54. 1895:53. 1885:50. 549:" ( 534:" ( 510:" ( 495:" ( 473:" ( 458:" ( 438:" ( 404:" ( 3441:: 2397:^ 2384:^ 2288:^ 2240:, 2201:^ 2179:^ 2137:59 2127:58 2108:56 2084:. 2033:64 1995:^ 1900:^ 1877:^ 1869:/ 1848:^ 1843:51 1750:. 1739:^ 1699:. 1674:^ 1645:. 1610:. 1598:52 1489:. 1448:. 1422:^ 1408:. 930:. 630:. 599:, 595:, 553:: 538:: 499:: 477:: 462:: 442:: 427:: 423:; 419:: 408:: 359:, 355:, 351:, 347:, 343:, 216:, 194:, 178:, 166:, 31:, 27:, 23:, 2478:e 2471:t 2464:v 1761:. 1717:. 1587:. 1456:. 1415:; 1153:' 993:( 545:" 530:" 523:" 506:" 491:" 484:" 469:" 454:" 434:" 400:" 259:( 221:: 199:: 171:: 39:.

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Knowledge (XXG)

League of Militant Atheists

Index