553:'s energy conservation measures. On August 27, 1981, then CMHC president Ray Hession had written to the committee responsible for the National Building Code, warning of the "emergency" matter of moisture damage that is "potentially serious, possibly widespread and ... concerns matters of structural safety and public health." Hession wrote in a September 1981 letter to federal Deputy Minister of Energy, Mines, and Resources M.A. (Mickey) Cohen: "Nevertheless, I feel it equally important for us to collectively face up to the reality that construction practices associated with energy conservation measures do, in fact, increase the hazard of moisture-induced structural damage."
240:, upon which the British Columbia Building Code, and the Vancouver Building By-Law are based, had since the 1970s and early 1980s been progressively introducing changes to require greater sealing of exterior walls to prevent infiltration of moisture vapor from the interior of the building. In most Canadian winter climates, which are cold and dry, such vapor infiltrating into exterior wall insulation causes condensation and significantly reduced insulation performance, hence increased energy consumption. Although increased sealing can save energy, such sealing can prevent the walls from "breathing" and drying out during the warmer months.
341:. It undertook a study of 37 "problem" buildings which were defined as those in which a moisture problem within the walls, decks or exterior framing had resulted in damage requiring $ 10,000 or more to repair and incorporated a variety of materials in exterior wall components. Nine "control" buildings were also studied, those being defined as buildings which had not experienced moisture problems for at least five years. The recommendations, several of which would be echoed in later reports, included greater clarity in design strategies, improvement in details, envelope quality management protocol, training of trades in
20:
164:. With an average high summer temperature of 21–22 °C (70–72 °F), buildings dry out much less quickly (or not at all) compared to those in southern California or Mediterranean climates where average high summer temperatures reach 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). Building design in coastal British Columbia had provided greater protection from the damp and rainy climate than newer designs until this time, through the use of features such as overhanging roofs which protect the walls below from direct rain contact.
233:
experience and/or had a financial incentive to cut costs. The
Provincial and Vancouver Building Codes were amended in 1993 to require, as a condition of the building permit and the occupancy permit, that design professionals be engaged to perform this level of certification and oversight. However, application of this provision of the codes was frequently not enforced in many condominium projects; they were issued Building Permits under another section of the code that did not require Letters of Assurance.
135:"The evidence suggests that significant building envelope failures in British Columbia since the early 1980s ... is a result of numerous factors, including design features inappropriate for our climate; a reliance on face-sealed wall systems; a fundamental lack of awareness regarding the principles of enclosure design suitable for our climate; meaningful inspection at critical stages of construction; and a regulatory system which was unable to understand that failures were occurring and to redress them."
572:
278:, which are highly resistant to infiltration and exfiltration of water and moisture. Unlike more traditional materials, such as wood siding or cement-based stucco, a critical flaw of the new materials is that any water or moisture that penetrates into the system, either through cracks in the surface (caused by thermal expansion or damage), unsealed joints, or incorrect flashings, becomes trapped inside the wall, potentially causing deterioration, rot, and mold.
600:
192:
312:, who was appointed by the Province of B.C. to conduct two separate inquiries. The commissions' findings have been accepted as accurate and fair by many sectors of the related professions and the construction industry. To date they are the most extensive investigations and reports prepared on the issue. A private sector group was also established to facilitate discussion and building envelope research.
371:) was established. The commission's mandate was to inquire into then decade-old crisis of leaking condominiums. The Commission held public hearings from April 28 to May 20, 1998, which included presentations from condominium owners and representatives from different sectors of the residential construction industry and over 700 written submissions. The report was issued June 16, 1998.
108:
hired; they purchased the units either from a previous owner, a developer, or a developer/contractor. Typical repair costs are in the tens or even hundreds of thousands of dollars, resulting in significant hardship, bankruptcies, and lawsuits against the developers, contractors, architects, and others involved in the original construction and maintenance of the buildings.
586:
497:
the firm's qualifications and experience in the Lower
Mainland. These professionals were required to be retained by the owner/developer to provide the Letters of Assurance. Other municipalities in the region soon followed Vancouver's lead. It was recognized that the city's BES list was a temporary measure until a more permanent process was established.
520:
levy on new residential projects and in 2009 Rich
Coleman, the minister responsible for housing at the time, stated the program was no longer raising sufficient funds during the economic downturn to continue the program. In 1999 the B.C. government announced a provincial grant and tax relief program to assist homeowners affected by the crisis.
82:. Since the start of the crisis it has been commonplace to see occupied buildings draped in scaffolding and protective tarps as the problems were assessed and repaired. The crisis has caused, as a major public inquiry concluded: "a litany of horrific experiences, personal tragedies, and dashed dreams" endured by homeowners.
329:; a private sector research company; development and construction industry associations; trades unions; contractors and materials suppliers and associations; and financing and insurance agencies. (In 2003 BERC merged with the B.C. Building Envelope Council (BCBEC) and was renamed the Building Research Committee (BRC)).
94:
of buildings, usually through a weather barrier (e.g. building paper or air barrier membrane) that is designed to prevent water drops from passing through, but allow water vapour through. However, problems in design, installation, and damage during construction can allow water to penetrate the walls.
483:
enacted requirements for this construction technology in residential construction. (Masonry veneer walls typically have a similar type cavity but these are not limited to residential buildings). The
Vancouver Building By-Law included this requirement in its 1996 edition and the BC Building Code in
424:
At the height of the crisis in April 1999 the New Home
Warranty of British Columbia & Yukon, the main source of warrantees against construction defects for BC home buyers, collapsed. It was a voluntary warranty program created by the provincial residential construction industry in 1975. NHW had
261:
The building boom also attracted new and inexperienced workers unfamiliar with the construction trades in general and local practices in particular. Since the early 1980s, the majority of construction work has been performed by unskilled labour. Concern was voiced by representatives of industry and
257:
In many projects, developers and contractors established separate companies for each project. At the end of construction, the developer and/or contractor would be dissolved, thereby removing any legal recourse by those wishing to make a financial claim for defects in construction. These practices,
103:
of exterior wall cladding and sheathing, rusting in metal wall studs, rot in the wood structure, saturation of batt insulation, and development of mould and spores inside the walls and building interior. The construction failures ranged from minor to major failure of the structural integrity of the
519:
In 1998 the B.C. government initiated an interest-free loan program to assist homeowners with building envelope repairs. It was administered through the
Homeowner Protection Office and approved more than $ 670 million in loans from during its decade of operation. The loans were financed through a
496:
In 1995 (before the
Barrett Commission), the City of Vancouver established a list of "Building Envelope Specialists" (BES), comprising architectural and engineering firms deemed qualified to provide independent inspection and review of building envelope components, based on the city's perception of
111:
In total, approximately 45% of the 159,979 condominium strata units and 57% of the 700 school buildings constructed in B.C. between 1985 and 2000 were found to have envelope leak problems. It was reported in 2002 that 90% of 3–4 story units built have serious problems and that some have undergone
492:
One of the key recommendations of the
Barrett Commission was to require that "Any architect or engineer involved in Letters of Assurance and the field review process must have the qualifications, or sub-contract the building envelope design and review to a qualified Building Envelope Specialist".
452:
In 2010, the HPO merged with BC Housing. HPO later became known by its current name: Licensing and
Consumer Services. Under the Homeowner Protection Act, a new home warranty is mandatory. Every new home has a warranty for a period of 1 year for fit and finish, 2 years for mechanical components, 5
248:
Development pressures and lack of effective legal prevention of fee competition amongst design professionals contributed to significantly reduced professional fees paid to architects and engineers. In some cases less attention was therefore paid to careful detailing of the construction drawings,
107:
The majority of the buildings that have experienced these problems in
British Columbia are condominium buildings, although commercial properties and public schools have also been impacted. Many homeowners have been faced with correcting a problem they did not create, by a contractor they had not
461:
The City of Vancouver and other B.C. municipalities began to implement their own prescriptive requirements for building envelope design and construction in multi-unit residential buildings, even before the Barrett Commission's 1998 report was issued and the provincial government amended the B.C.
232:
Design professionals were not required to perform these extensive reviews during construction, and developers not wishing to incur extra fees would not engage them to do so. This left the obligation for correct interpretation and construction to the developers or builders, who either lacked the
128:
region on Vancouver Island, experienced a construction boom in the multi-family condominium market. This attracted developers, design aesthetics, designers, contractors, workers, and new building technologies from climates that were quite different than the coastal region of B.C. which supports
406:
The commission's findings were published in two volumes in January and March 2000. Among its recommendations was 100% compensation up to $ 25,000 per unit for repairs, with costs to be shared equally between the provincial and federal governments and the B.C. condominium construction industry.
374:
In total 82 specific recommendations were made, including changes to zoning regulations, building codes, provincial law, federal law, financing, contractor licensing, and requirements of design professionals; and establishment of a Compensation Fund for reconstruction and a provincial Homeowner
228:
Prior to 1993 in B.C., architects and engineers were not required to certify that the design met the requirements of the building codes, review the quality of construction, or certify that the construction had been performed in accordance with the codes, permitted drawings, and specifications,
474:
is the weather-facing surface of an exterior wall that stands off from the moisture-resistant surface of the main wall. There is a gap or cavity between the outermost layer, or rainscreen, and the main wall which prevents infiltration of moisture into the main wall assembly and allows air to
528:
The enormity of the crisis has been felt at all levels of government. Locally, the large tarps over buildings being repaired came to be known as "B.C. flags". In 1999 B.C. Premier Glen Clark called on the federal government to offer tax relief on repairs. In 2005 and 2006 the
63:. In B.C. alone an estimated $ 4 billion in damage has occurred to over 900 buildings and 31,000 individual housing units built between the late 1980s and early 2000s, establishing it as the most extensive and most costly reconstruction of housing stock in Canadian history.
425:
a monopoly in B.C. until National Home Warranty of Alberta entered the B.C. market in the late 1990s. Neither program was subject to provincial regulations beyond the Corporations Act. In 1998 approximately 60% of all new housing units were carrying warranty protection.
320:
In 1995 the BERC was established through an initiative of CMHC to act as a coordinating agency for the research of building envelope problems in B.C.. Participants included agencies of the federal, provincial, and municipal agencies; professional associations;
151:
that each year experiences months-long periods of cool, damp, overcast, and rainy weather. Greater Vancouver receives over 161 rainy days per year and rainfall between 1,153 and 2,477 millimetres (45.4–97.5 in) per year, approximately double that of
511:) developed a formal designation: the Building Envelope Professional (BEP). A joint accreditation process and procedures manual for BEPs was created and the municipalities' lists of BES were discarded as they transferred recognition to the BEP list.
104:
building. Some buildings became unhealthy to occupants. Most of these buildings are low-rise, 3–4 story buildings constructed of wood-frame construction, as well as some with steel, concrete, and metal stud construction types, including highrises.
218:. Roof overhangs were included in the calculation of FSR, and because this reduced the amount of permitted floor space, they were often removed from designs. The disappearance of roof overhangs resulted in walls being exposed directly to rainfall.
249:
noticeably in envelope details for flashing and sealing of joints and edge conditions at windows and doors. The previously normal practice of the architects monitoring of the construction trades on a building project was reduced or eliminated.
560:), seeking damages. (In 2007, the court refused to certify the suit.) In July 2006, federal Human Resources Minister Diane Finley wrote that the government couldn't even "consider" a review while the government was being sued by some owners.
188:, stucco wall cladding, open walkways, arched windows, and complex cladding joints, all of which provided more opportunities for water penetration and acted, as several studies would confirm, as key contributors to water infiltration.
508:
387:
was established following collapse of the construction industry-run and financed New Home Warranty of British Columbia Inc. (NHWBC), the largest provider of new-home warranty coverage in B.C.. The commission had a mandate to:
484:
2006 for coastal climates. A 5-year scientific study on residential building envelopes in Vancouver was undertaken between 2001 and 2006. Its conclusions reported on the benefits of rainscreens in exterior wall assemblies.
289:. It did not cause water infiltration, but it is much more susceptible to deterioration from water and is less able to breathe than are plywood or boards, the standard sheathing material for the previous decades.
462:
Building Code. The two most significant items were requirements for rainscreen construction of exterior walls and professional certification of the design and implementation of the design in the construction.
415:
In the aftermath of the major revelations of the crisis, both before and after the Barrett Commissions' reports, the B.C. provincial government and Lower Mainland municipalities responded in a variety of ways.
432:. It was designed to protect homebuyers from and improve the quality of residential construction and established the Homeowner Protection Office (HPO), a provincial Crown corporation responsible for:
533:
made a commitment to provide financial aid to homeowners affected by the crisis. To date no financial assistance has been provided by the federal government. Former federal cabinet minister
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392:
determine the harm caused by the collapse of NHWBC to individual condo owners and the resulting financial and economic impact on B.C. consumers, the housing market and the economy;
1455:
1128:
The Renewal of Trust in Residential Construction - Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Chapter 3, III. Recommendations
184:. This design approach was heavily marketed and became a fashionable design motif. Common building elements of this time included roof parapets with no overhangs or
221:
The calculation of FSR from the outside of the building envelope, instead of from the centre or interior side of the wall, also tended to promote thinner walls and
436:
licensing builders and monitoring the provision of compulsory third party home warranty insurance which includes five year insurance against water penetration.
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Low-rise residential building undergoing repairs to correct apparent "leaky condo syndrome" in Vancouver's West Point Grey neighborhood, 2014.
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John Cummins alleged that the federal government was complicit, and attempted to cover up its complicity, in creating the crisis through the
112:
envelope repairs two and three times. In 2008 it was estimated the cost to repair the damage to schools alone would be nearly $ 400 million.
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1115:"The Renewal of Trust in Residential Construction - Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia"
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waged a publicly vocal seven-year legal action in the 2000s seeking compensation for repairs for her own leaking condominium.
507:
In 1999 a joint committee of the professional governing bodies for architects and engineers in the province (the AIBC and the
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1163:
66:
Similar infiltration problems have been reported in highrise buildings and schools, as well as in other climatic zones in
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labour about reduced training and government financial support for trades, training systems, and apprenticeship programs.
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review existing financial support programs for B.C. homeowners to see if they are adequate and if changes should be made;
557:
940:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Chapter Two, II. Building Codes
928:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Chapter Two, II. Building Codes
859:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Chapter Two, II. Building Codes
449:
By 2000 the HPO was involved with approximately 500 condominium buildings containing nearly 32,000 residential units.
306:
1485:
1297:
1045:, Malcolm Curtis in the Times-Colonist, 2004, posted on University of Waterloo Civil Engineering Department webpage
476:
1263:, Don Hazledon, ORNL Building Envelope Research Council, in Claddings Institute of New Zealand online publication
901:, Don Hazledon, ORNL Building Envelope Research Council, in Claddings Institute of New Zealand online publication
618:
775:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Chapter One, The Problem
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605:
530:
19:
1286:
Dark clouds keep rolling in on B.C.'s leaky condos, The Globe and Mail, November 15, 2008 & March 13, 2009
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Dark clouds keep rolling in on B.C.'s leaky condos, The Globe and Mail, November 15, 2008 & March 13, 2009
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systems. Open, uncovered walkways were excluded from the FSR, thus encouraging their inclusion in the design.
690:
1087:, Don Hazledon, Building Envelope Research Council, in Claddings Institute of New Zealand online publication
1056:
550:
173:
1219:
Hygrothermal Performance and Drying Potential of Wood Frame Rainscreen Walls in Vancouver’s Coastal Climate
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Work With What You Have -Traditional Building Design, BC Ministry of Forests, Lands, and National Resources
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A major contributing factor to the crisis was the increase in the use of cladding systems such as acrylic
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Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, Recommendation 15
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By-Law to include roof overhangs in the amount of permitted (buildable and salable) floor area, known as
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286:
282:
1429:
The Role of the Building Envelope Professional in the Aftermath of Vancouver’s Leaky Condominium Crisis
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The Role of the Building Envelope Professional in the Aftermath of Vancouver’s Leaky Condominium Crisis
647:
359:
Commission of Inquiry into the quality of condominium construction in the Province of British Columbia
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546:
148:
951:
666:, Chouinard, K. L. and Lawton, M. D., Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research
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Investigation of Ventilation Drying of Rainscreen Walls in the Coastal Climate of British Columbia
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912:
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79:
1435:
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504:(AIBC) launched its own specialty course Building Envelope Education Program for its members.
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mandatory registration of residential contractors with an approved warranty insurance provider
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153:
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1179:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia, C2-ii
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60:
56:
1221:, by Graham Finch, John Straube, and Brian Hubbs. National Building Envelope Council, 2007
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981:
145:
1377:
Feds tried to hide complicity in leaky condo crisis, The Vancouver Sun, November 10, 2005
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administering a no-interest repair loan programme available to some owners of leaky homes
281:
Another newer building material that contributed to the damage was the widespread use of
1389:
Court spurns leaky-condo owners' class-action suit, Vancouver Province, October 3, 2007.
402:’s programs in mortgage loan insurance and their relationship to financial institutions.
120:
There were several factors that brought about the crisis. Beginning in the 1980s, the
52:
1013:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia
998:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia
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Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction in British Columbia
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75:
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In 2005, a class action lawsuit was filed in B.C. Supreme Court against the CMHC (a
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1248:, David G. Kayll, P.Eng. Buildings VIII/Wall Design and Building Science—Practices
368:
309:
100:
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The City of Vancouver, the largest city in British Columbia, had also changed its
71:
44:
16:
Widespread leakage into Canadian residential buildings due to poor waterproofing
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Survey of Building Envelope Failures in the Coastal Climate of British Columbia
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Survey of Building Envelope Failures in the Coastal Climate of British Columbia
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Survey of Building Envelope Failures in the Coastal Climate of British Columbia
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Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia
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886:, New Zealand Parliament, Background Note 2002/10 06 November 2002, page 3
858:
385:
Commission of Inquiry into the Quality of Condominium Construction part II
1194:, Hua Ge and Ying Ye, in Oak Ridge National Laboratory online publication
996:
966:
774:
144:
The Lower Mainland and southern Vancouver Island regions have a moderate
833:. The Royal Society of New Zealand, 13 April 2002. Retrieved 2013-12-05
229:
including those relating to providing a weathertight building envelope.
1030:, Kevin D. Knight and Bryan J. Boyle, Ontario Association of Architects
67:
1313:
NDP urges PM to keep promise over leaky condos, CBC News, Feb 21, 2007
453:
years for building envelope, and 10 years for structural components.
271:
205:
40:
132:
A 1998 provincial commission of inquiry summarized the key factors:
1423:, New Zealand Parliament, Background Note 2002/10 06 November 2002
190:
185:
90:
The main physical problem is water infiltrating into the exterior
955:, National Research Council Construction Technology Update No. 41
337:
In 1996 the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation released its
195:
Suburban house showing 1980–90s post-modern design and materials
157:
821:, November 15, 2008 & March 13, 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-05
1206:
Rainscreens can soak up repair costs, Metro News, July 3, 2008
983:
Interim Report of the Project Committee on New Home Warranties
664:
Rotting wood framed apartments -- not just a Vancouver problem
651:, Conceptual Reference Database for Building Envelope Research
176:, which featured building styles and forms reminiscent of the
349:
systems, and guidance for maintaining exterior wall systems.
39:, is an ongoing construction, financial, and legal crisis in
258:
while considered unethical "shell games", were not illegal.
1275:
B.C. leaky-condo loan fund dries up, CBC News, July 31 2009
1165:
Do rain-screen requirements for B.C. buildings make sense?
124:
area of B.C.'s Lower Mainland, and to a lesser degree the
1436:
BC Building Code Letter of Assurance for Envelope Review
1440:
1028:
Guidelines for Delivering Effective Air Barrier Systems
831:"Huge nationwide repair bill for new homes with leaks"
1060:, by Joseph Lstiburek, in Building Science 2010-02-22
803:"Leaky condo owner cry foul per stalled repair loans"
475:
circulate between. By 1997 Vancouver and neighboring
297:
To date, four major investigative initiatives on the
1356:
Simma Holt: Rosie the Riveter of Canadian Journalism
815:"Dark clouds keep rolling in on B.C.'s leaky condos"
172:
A major design aesthetic of the 1980s and 1990s was
51:buildings damaged by rainwater infiltration in the
1140:Homeowner Protection Office, Annual Report 1998/99
849:, Sunday, September 7, 2008. Retrieved 2013-12-02
1072:BC Building Envelope Council, Terms of Reference
1043:Plugging The Leaks: The condo saga continues...
805:. CBC News, June 18, 2009. Retrieved 2013-12-04
691:"Leaky homes will cost $ 11.3b to fix - report"
276:exterior insulation finishing system (or EIFS)
1461:Buildings and structures in Greater Vancouver
953:Low-Permeance Materials in Building Envelopes
8:
1456:Buildings and structures in British Columbia
316:Building Envelope Research Consortium (BERC)
502:Architectural Institute of British Columbia
325:schools of architecture civil engineering,
843:"Leaky BC Schools to cost millions to fix"
445:operating a research and education program
1299:Tax relief program for leaky condo owners
327:British Columbia Institute of Technology
18:
1404:, The Vancouver Sun, September 19, 2006
1328:, The Vancouver Sun, September 19, 2006
718:, Nanaimo News Bulletin, April 5, 2011
640:
400:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
303:Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation
129:large areas of temperate rain forests.
787:"How soap can rot your exterior walls"
733:, Vancouver Courier, November 20, 2009
1343:, Vancouver Province, October 5, 2008
7:
1167:, Georgia Straight February 20, 2013
43:. It primarily involves multi-unit
1471:British Columbia political scandals
731:Mould creeping over housing complex
92:building envelope (walls and roofs)
301:have been undertaken: two by the
160:; and more than quadruple that of
14:
763:, The Vancouver Sun, May 10, 2006
748:, The Vancouver Sun, May 9, 2006
614:New Zealand's leaky homes crisis
598:
584:
570:
285:as sheathing under the exterior
238:National Building Code of Canada
1402:Tories pushed over leaky condos
1341:Owners want leaky-condo answers
1326:Tories pushed over leaky condos
488:Building Envelope Professionals
987:. Retrieved online 2013-12-01
985:, BC Law Institute, April 2000
323:University of British Columbia
1:
746:Leaky condos still a disaster
629:Surfside condominium collapse
428:In 1998 B.C. implemented the
361:(commonly referred to as the
1441:BC Building Envelope Council
761:Leaky Condos, Silver Linings
716:Leaky condos still a reality
678:Condo owners' deluge of woe"
457:Building Codes & By-Laws
379:Barrett Commission 1999-2000
1466:Economy of British Columbia
283:oriented strand board (OSB)
1512:
1058:BSI-038: Mind the Gap, Eh!
305:(CMHC); and two by former
619:Architecture of Vancouver
541:"Smoking gun" and lawsuit
1431:, David G. Kayll, P.Eng.
1301:, CBC News June 28, 1999
1261:The Vancouver Experience
1085:The Vancouver Experience
899:The Vancouver Experience
624:Canadian property bubble
606:Pacific Northwest portal
531:Prime Minister of Canada
430:Homeowner Protection Act
1406:. Retrieved 2013-12-06
1391:. Retrieved 2013-12-05
1379:. Retrieved 2013-12-06
1367:. Retrieved 2013-12-06
1345:. Retrieved 2013-12-06
1330:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
1315:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
1303:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
1288:. Retrieved 2012-12-05
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1181:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
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1002:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
957:. Retrieved 2013-12-07
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930:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
918:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
888:. Retrieved 2013-12-07
873:. Retrieved 2013-12-07
861:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
777:. Retrieved 2013-12-06
765:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
750:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
735:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
720:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
668:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
653:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
551:National Energy Program
466:Rainscreen construction
367:after Commission Chair
353:Barrett Commission 1998
333:CMHC investigation 1996
307:B.C. provincial premier
61:British Columbia (B.C.)
1481:Construction accidents
1265:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
1089:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
972:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
903:. Retrieved 2013-12-04
695:The New Zealand Herald
680:. Retrieved 2013-12-02
196:
24:
1491:Real estate in Canada
791:Home Builder Magazine
345:construction, use of
194:
22:
1476:British Columbia law
547:Member of Parliament
515:Financial assistance
420:Homeowner protection
398:examine the role of
244:Design professionals
116:Contributing factors
33:leaky condo syndrome
31:, also known as the
383:In 1999 a (second)
375:Protection Office.
59:regions of coastal
37:rotten condo crisis
1363:2013-10-05 at the
847:The Canadian Press
819:The Globe and Mail
697:. 22 December 2009
364:Barrett Commission
299:Leaky Condo Crisis
287:siding or cladding
266:Building materials
197:
29:leaky condo crisis
25:
1486:Housing in Canada
558:Crown corporation
524:Political effects
343:building envelope
211:floor space ratio
156:; triple that of
122:Greater Vancouver
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101:delamination
95:This causes
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1496:Condominium
1358:, Grab News
1102:, CMHC 1996
916:, CMHC 1996
253:Contractors
162:Los Angeles
158:Rome, Italy
80:New Zealand
72:Nova Scotia
1450:Categories
701:2013-12-03
635:References
535:Simma Holt
472:rainscreen
347:rainscreen
223:rainscreen
182:California
545:In 2005,
411:Aftermath
74:, in the
1361:Archived
1015:, C2-vii
564:See also
477:Richmond
149:climate
146:oceanic
140:Climate
86:Problem
68:Ontario
1000:, C2-i
970:, C2-v
272:stucco
206:Zoning
168:Design
78:, and
47:strata
41:Canada
186:eaves
479:and
274:and
236:The
99:and
70:and
55:and
35:and
27:The
215:FSR
213:or
97:rot
1452::
845:.
817:.
693:.
470:A
793:.
704:.
49:)
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