Lebanese Forces (militia) - Knowledge (XXG)

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capabilities and was able to reverse the result of the battle of 1981. This victory was due to the bravery of the inhabitants and 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut. The Syrian occupying forces used all kind of weapons (heavy artillery, tanks, war planes...) against the town, and they cut all kind of backup that may come from the Mountain. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather, they were found later holding each other till they died (Fouad Nammour and George Nakhle). The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and the victory was both military and diplomatic. It made the Leadership of President

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to the West Beirut government. The territories in the Christian North Governorate and East Beirut would still remain under complete LF control, in addition to the 30000 reservist 10000 active men strong militia remain intact for the moment. In response, Aoun announced that he would not accept any alliance between the two, and transferring the regions of the Metn was thus impossible due to the raging Elimination War. To further demonstrate his commitment to Taif and willingness to extend civilian administration in “Marounistan”, Geagea placed Hayek's bureau at the LF HQ in Jounieh.

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Commander in Chief at the time, Fouad Abou Nader, would agree to step down and give up his leadership to join the rebellion against President Gemayel and avoid violence between Christians. This uprising would see the installment of a “group command” over a single commander in chief. Geagea’s forces would arrive from the North facing absolutely no resistance. The relationship between Geagea and Hobeika soon broke down, however, and Hobeika began secret negotiations with the Syrians.

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the Israeli Foreign Ministry, a few days earlier, "Please tell your people to be patient. I am committed to make peace with Israel, and I shall do it. But I need time – nine months, maximum one year. I need to mend my fences with the Arab countries, especially with Saudi Arabia, so that Lebanon can once again play its central role in the economy of the Middle East."

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was furious with Begin and told him that the Lebanese Forces did not fight for seven years and he also told Begin that they did not sacrifice thousands of soldiers to free Lebanon from the Syrian Army and the PLO so that Israel could take their place. The meeting ended in rage and both sides were not happy with each other.

1399:) – the LF regular provost corps, created in 1980 out of the earlier SKS security companies of the Kataeb Regulatory Forces. They wore a red left sleeve brassard with white MP letters and a red circumferential band around their helmets with white MP letters superimposed on the front. Military policemen also wore white 679:

snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the Lebanese Forces fought ferociously and drove the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front's militia.

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punishment for the Christians' refusal to sign the May 17 peace agreement with Israel, and leaving the Christian forces to fight. At the same time, a small number of ill-equipped Lebanese Forces troops also fought battles against the Palestinian and Druze militias and the Syrian troop east of the southern city of

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IDF would peacefully leave Lebanese territory. Concerning the Peace Negotiations, Sharon agreed to give Bachir time to resolve the internal conflicts before signing the negotiations. The next day, Begin's office issued a statement which said that the issues which Bachir and Sharon had agreed upon were accepted.

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when they were isolated in the wild for 40 days without any provisions. They were trained by a US army green beret. And participated in training by the US, Britain, France, and Jordan. At the beginning in 1986 they consisted of 11 men, then they tried to expand the unit, thousands of men participated

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LF ground forces' strength by the late 1980s peaked at 14,500 full-time regulars (although other sources list a slightly higher number, about 15,000) and 30,000 part-time reservists, totalling 44,500 men and women equipped with an impressive, disparate arsenal of 100 tanks, 200 APCs and 150 artillery

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This failed attempt by Hobeika was the last episode of internal struggles in East Beirut during Amine Gemayel's mandate. As a result, the Lebanese Forces led by Geagea were the only major force on ground. During two years of frail peace, Geagea launched a drive to re-equip and reorganize the Lebanese

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On September 13 1982, LF chief of staff Fadi Frem, who was married to one of Bachir’s nieces, would be elected commander in chief of the Lebanese Forces taking Bachir’s place as the latter was expected to assume his term as president. Fadi Frem was a known advocate of federalism and went as far as to

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On September 3, 1982, during the meeting, Begin demanded that Bachir sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return for Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces and he also told Bachir that the IDF would stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty was not directly signed. Bachir

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After Aoun surrendered on 13 October 1990 to the rival Syrian-backed President Hrawi, Geagea was offered ministerial posts in the new government. He refused several times, because he was opposed to Syrian interference in Lebanese affairs, and his relationship with the new government deteriorated. On

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Following the defeat and surrender of Aoun at Baabda on the 13th October 1990, the LAF under Hayek's command began extending its influence South into the Metn and Baabda. On the 30 April 1991 – final date imposed by the government for the total surrender of weapons and heavy artillery – all LF areas

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In an attempt to fix the relationship between Bachir and Begin, Ariel Sharon held a secret meeting with Bachir in Bikfaya. In this meeting, they both agreed that, after 48 hours, the IDF would cooperate with the Lebanese Army in order to force the Syrian Army out of Lebanon. After that was done, the

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Begin was reportedly angry with Bachir for his public denial of Israel's support. Bachir refused to accept the offer of immediate peace by arguing that time was needed to reach a consensus with the Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. Bachir was quoted telling David Kimche, the director general of

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Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps and as the war progressed a strong organized force was needed. The Lebanese Forces was soon after established on August 30 1976 with an agreement that the direct military commander would be a Kataeb member and the vice-commander

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On 1 April 1990, following an agreement between Geagea and Hrawi, General Elie Hayek (who had been appointed commander of the Mount Lebanon governorate two weeks prior) was mandated by the executive to begin the transfer of military and political administrations in the Christian enclave from the LF

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On October 9 1984, Fadi Frem would be replaced as commander in chief by Bachir Gemayel’s nephew Fouad Abou Nader. His election was supported by Amin Gemayel, and the Kataeb, who sought to establish his influence over the Lebanese Forces. Fadi Frem and Amin Gemayel were in disagreement in regards to

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which had great interests in defending the town due to the strategic importance it holds for the army and the Lebanese government as the town lies on the flanks of the Ministry of Defense and the Presidential Palace. After the retreat, the Lebanese Forces freed up more than 2,500 fighters including

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Two rival governments contended for recognition following Amine Gemayel's departure from the Presidency in September 1988, one a mainly Christian government and the other a government of Muslims and Lebanese Leftists. The Lebanese Forces initially supported the military Christian government led by

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and laid siege to the city, aiming to reshape the Lebanese political landscape and force the PLO out of Lebanon. The Israeli forces had demanded that Bachir and the Lebanese Forces would play a larger role in Israel’s invasion of Beirut however, Bachir would refuse. In the end, the only action the

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from party militias, the Lebanese Forces returned to the Christian villages which had been occupied by the PSP for seven years, and many Christian civilians from the districts returned after having fled earlier in the war. However, soon after, clashes broke out between the Lebanese Forces and the

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In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the Lebanese Forces and the Syrian occupying forces. The Lebanese Forces was able to confront them even though there was a big mismatch in military

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north of Beirut which oversaw the passage between territory still under the control of the Lebanese government and territory occupied by the Syrian army. Geagea, who staunchly opposed Syria, would refuse leading to the Kataeb political burea’s decision to remove him from the party on March 11.

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and Palestinian militants who had not departed Lebanon in 1982. For months, the two fought what would later be known as the "Mountain War." At the peak of the battle, Israeli troops infamously abandoned the area, handing the best tactical positions over to the Druze militias and their allies as

678:

in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using

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assault rifles were also acquired, being mostly employed by LF elite commando units on special operations. Inevitably, this variety of assault rifles and carbines of different calibres in service within LF combat units naturally caused logistic difficulties to the LF's supply corps, so the LF

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criticized the conduct of the trials and demanded Geagea's release, and Geagea's supporters argued that the Syrian-controlled Lebanese government had used the alleged crimes as a pretext for jailing Geagea and banning an anti-Syrian party. Many members of the Lebanese Forces were arrested and

1516:) – regimental-sized mechanized infantry unit set up in 1990, which consisted of the 61st, 62nd and 63rd battalions. The brigade was never brought to strength, since only the former two battalions were constituted and the third one was not even raised prior to the unit's disbandement in 1991. 909:

rebelled against Abou Nader's command, ostensibly to take the Lebanese Forces back to its original path and away from Amin Gemayel’s control. Leading up to the rebellion, President Amin Gemayel’s rapprochement with Damascus, as well as his treatment of the Lebanese Forces, had caused major

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Lebanese Forces would take during the Israeli invasion of Beirut would be the battle against the Syrian forces occupying the Lebanese University - Faculty of Science in Hadath. The Lebanese Forces would come out victorious successfully expelling the Syrian forces from the university.

1025:. Aoun's main objection to the Taif Agreement was its vagueness as to Syrian withdrawal from the country. He rejected it vowing that he "would not sign over the country." Fierce fighting in East Beirut broke out between the two, called the "Elimination War" on January 31, 1990. 2928:

towed MBRLs captured from the PLO in 1982 (with some being re-installed on the rear tray of South Korean Keohwa M-5GA1 Jeeps, Israeli-made 'Nun-Nun' Command cars, and on turretless T-54 tanks) as well as Iraqi-supplied Romanian APR-40/Yugoslav RO-40 128mm systems mounted on

927:, against the wishes of Geagea and most of the other leading Christian figures. Claiming that the Tripartite Accord gave Syria unlimited power in Lebanon, Geagea mobilized factions inside the Lebanese Forces and on January 15, 1986, attacked Hobeika's headquarters in 598:

elected as its leader. This new Lebanese Forces militia was meant to centralize the right-wing Christian forces, improve organization, and would allow to later bring end to years of infighting that had been going between the different right-wing militias.

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Besides tracked and wheeled AFVs, the LF also relied on a wide range of softskin, all-terrain military and 'militarized' civilian vehicles for both troop and supply transport. Like many other Lebanese militias, the LF continued to field a sizable force of

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In the late 1980s, the LF Command made plans to raise an air wing equipped mainly with light attack helicopters. Several student pilots were sent to Iraq and other countries to attend helicopter pilot courses, and later on the LF received from Iraq three

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Command decided after 1986 to simplify its small-arms inventory by standardizing on the FN FAL, M16A1, and AKM assault rifles for its infantry units, though this still posed problems in providing ammunition and replacement parts up to the end of the War.

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much stronger because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started in April the 2nd 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces heroes returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.

1453:) – a hand-picked company-sized commando, one of the few units in the region capable of conducting sea air land operations. The unit was known to be the best trained and one of the most elite unit during the war. Known for their hard training, and the 3059:

broke out in January 1990. It is not clear if any of the Gazelles were actually delivered by the Iraqis prior to the end of the civil war in October 1990, although it has been reported that the LF illegally sold three helicopters of this same type to

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In 1982, Bachir met with Hani Al-Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel will enter and wipe them out. Bachir told him to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hani left and no reply was given to Bachir.

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sfn error: no target: CITEREFSnider,_Lewis_W._“The_Lebanese_Forces:_Their_Origins_and_Role_in_Lebanon’s_Politics.”_Middle_East_Journal,_vol._38,_no._1,_1984,_pp._1–33._JSTOR,_http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326725.p._13

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or handed over by the other, recently incorporated Christian factions. Thanks to the steady influx of Israeli aid, it grew from a small battalion to a powerful armoured corps by June 1982, capable of aligning some forty

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unit specialized in seaborne infiltration, naval infantry and reconnaissance (Ranger) operations. The Marines also operated in conjunction with the LF Naval Service over a dozen small watercraft. They wore light blue

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By the early 1980s, the LF command had built up a force of some 15,000 well-armed militiamen, and claimed that they could mobilize a total Christian army of 40,000, complete with Israeli-supplied tanks and artillery.

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during the Lebanese Civil War. Although he was acquitted of the first charge, Geagea was subsequently arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment on several different counts, including the assassination of former

594:, that a unitary militia was needed to further face their enemies. Most importantly the militia leaders were wary of the increased Syrian presence. During this meeting, the Lebanese Forces would be founded with 3463:"Le procès dans l'affaire Murr prendra fin lundi avec les plaidoieries de Karam et du chef des FL Naïm qualifie d'illégale la procédure judiciaire et Rizk souligne le ralliement de Geagea à Taëf(photos)" 3143:

Snider, Lewis W. “The Lebanese Forces: Their Origins and Role in Lebanon’s Politics.” Middle East Journal, vol. 38, no. 1, 1984, pp. 1–33. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4326725. & p. 13

690:, the Phalangists launched an operation in an attempt to stop the clashes within the Christian areas, and to unite all the Christian militias under Gemayel's command. This operation resulted in 2825:

were employed by the LF in the snowy environment of Mount Lebanon mountains. The LF fielded three ex-US Army XM523E2 Heavy Equipment Transporters (HET) to transport its medium tanks and MBTs.

3316:

Special to the New York Times (1982-09-04). "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect". The New York Times. "Begin Said to Meet in Secret With Beirut's President-Elect"

742:

After the PLO had been expelled from the country and moved its headquarters to Tunisia, in a negotiated agreement, Bachir Gemayel became the youngest man to ever be elected

1986:

The Lebanese Forces were financed, trained and armed mainly by Israel, though they also received covert military support from France, the United States, United Kingdom,

3427: 3448: 1325:) – the LF naval service, established in 1978, being employed as a shock force for military operations and equipped with over a dozen sea crafts of various types. 702:. Camille Chamoun's silence was interpreted as acceptance of Gemayel's controls, because he felt that the Tigers led by his son were getting out of his control. 5993: 3010:

Apart from its ground forces, the LF maintained a naval branch equipped with over a dozen sea crafts of various types. The inventory comprized two British-made

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Nine days before he was to take office, on September 14, 1982, Bachir was assassinated along with 25 others when a bomb exploded in the Kataeb headquarters in

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sfn error: no target: CITEREFSnider_LW._The_Lebanese_Forces:_Their_Origins_and_Role_in_Lebanon’s_Politics._Middle_East_Journal._1984;38(1):1-33.p.8 (

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dissatisfaction among the ranks of the Lebanese Forces which had been growing for years at that point. Amin Gemayel ordered Geagea to remove the

3449:"Both sides pounded the Christian enclave daily claiming the lives of 615 people died, and more than 2,000 were wounded, half of them civilians" 3378: 2554:, being repaired and subsequently taken into LF service. Following the PLO's withdrawal from west Beirut in October 1982, the LF salvaged seven 2898: 5349:

Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux

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The LF was structured along conventional lines, comprising several branches of service and support units, most of them inherited from the old

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with tens of his fighters where he prepared for an attack against East Beirut. On September 27, 1986, Hobeika's forces tried to take over the

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militias who had now taken over the districts and had earlier kicked out the Christian inhabitants. The main Druze militiamen came from the

3123: 2133: 1546:– Combat Swimmer Unit and Maritime Special Operations Force attached to the LF marines, which consisted of 100 men and modelled after the 1476:) – a company-sized airborne-qualified Ranger unit formed in 1984, whose members underwent jump-training in Israel and the United States. 1010:, the Lebanese Forces handed the national ports which it controlled to Aoun's government under pressure from the Lebanese National Army. 2886: 2882: 2518: 959:

program in areas controlled by Geagea's party. The Lebanese Forces also cut its relations with Israel and emphasized relations with the

865:. The outcome was also a Progressive Socialist Party victory and a contiguous Druze Chouf district with access to Lebanese sea ports. 5759: 5623: 5576: 5484: 5470: 5370: 5323: 5298: 5232: 3056: 2862: 2640: 2472: 988: 872:, a village also held by the Lebanese Forces. After fierce battles and severe casualties the attackers were pushed back. However, the 468: 2680: 1014: 463: 5963: 5916: 5898: 5884: 5801: 5703: 5689: 5661: 5609: 5595: 5558: 5284: 3088: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2716: 2712: 2003: 657: 531: 457: 395: 3233: 2925: 2818: 2758: 2636: 2531: 519: 2960:, to which were added one or two Chinese-manufactured 240mm mortars the LF had captured in 1982 following the Israeli invasion. 4136: 2980: 2639:

captured from the PLO in West Beirut early in 1982, which they employed in their battles for control of east Beirut during the

774: 547: 5498: 5391: 5251: 3163:

Snider LW. The Lebanese Forces: Their Origins and Role in Lebanon’s Politics. Middle East Journal. 1984;38(1):1-33. & p.8

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Zahar, Marie-Joëlle. Lebanese Forces and the Ta’if Accord: Militia Decision-Making in Theoretical Perspective. 1994. pp. 33

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brutally tortured in the period of 1993–1994. At least one died in Syrian custody and many others were severely injured.

4193: 3019: 2942: 2874: 161: 5525:, Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Technical Memorandum 11–79, June 1979. 2894: 2814: 1998:. In addition to aid from the Israelis, the LF purchased a large part of their military supplies on the international 1051:

ordered the dissolution of the LF. On April 21, 1994, Geagea was arrested on charges of setting a bomb in a church at

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heavy mortars mounted on ex-IDF half-tracks and modified M113 APCs, and even received from Iraq in 1988 three Soviet

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was a militia consisting of fighters originating from the different right-wing parties. It was mainly staffed by

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in 1987. He was incarcerated in solitary confinement, with his access to the outside world severely restricted.

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Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009).

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https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1153378/january-15-1986-geagea-overthrows-hobeika-to-lead-the-lf.html

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sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_Conscience_of_Lebanon_A_Political_Biography_of_Etienne_Sakr_(Abu_Arz)p._65 (

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Images of War: T–54/55, The Soviet Army's Cold War main battle tank – rare photographs from wartime archives

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Images of War: T–54/55, The Soviet Army’s Cold War main battle tank – rare photographs from wartime archives

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Female Fighters and Militants During the Lebanese Civil War: Individual Profiles, Pathways, and Motivations

5425:

Female Fighters and Militants During the Lebanese Civil War: Individual Profiles, Pathways, and Motivations

3389: 3181: 2999: 2850: 2581: 2558: 2370: 2220: 2169: 2161: 2078: 818: 492: 451: 1021:, which was signed by the Lebanese deputies on 24 October 1989 in Saudi Arabia and demanded an immediate 5225:

Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban: Du coup d'état de Béchir Gémayel aux massacres des camps palestiniens

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For logistical support, pickups and light, medium and heavy transportation trucks were employed, mostly

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APCs. In addition, twenty T-54/55 tanks were later captured from the Syrian Army in the course of the

5428: 2810: 2728: 2488: 2267: 2263: 2109: 2034: 1852: 1804: 1128:, the LF Headquarters was relocated in August 1976 by Bashir Gemayel to an abandoned hospital at the 889:

Syria as Amin was more reconciliatory while Frem was strict in his refusal to deal with the Syrians.

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on August 30 1976. The success of the Siege of Tal al-Zaatar being due to the combined forces of the

421: 281: 174: 5828:, Trucks & Tanks Magazine No. 50, July–August 2015, Caraktère, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 54–61. 2948:

These same countries also gave the LF limited quantities of heavy mortars, such as the Israeli-made

2920:(of which eighteen were delivered by Iraq); such MBRLs could also be found installed on the back of 1880: 1875: 1872:– Head of the LF Civil Police and Director of the LF military academy, the Bashir Gemayel Institute. 1779: 746:. He was elected by the parliament in August; most Muslim members of parliament boycotted the vote. 5311: 3267: 2988: 2657: 2495: 2208: 2188: 1978: 1896: 1863: 1755: 1671: 998:, the commander of the Lebanese Army. However, clashes erupted between the Lebanese Forces and the 796:

followed, in which Phalangists killed between 800 and 3,500 (number is disputed) civilians, mostly

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left behind by the departing Palestinian forces, from which one vehicle was later captured by the

1891: 1869: 1837: 1816: 1810: 3078: 2957: 2200: 1885: 1842: 1793: 1773: 1750: 1744: 1702: 1689: 1400: 911: 797: 778: 503: 416: 390: 285: 202: 193: 5833: 5337: 2842: 2322:

Semi-Automatic Pistols, Para-Ordnance P14-45 (Canadian-produced version of the M1911A1 pistol),

2287: 2042: 1626: 2251: 1767: 1564:) – battalion-sized infantry unit, created in October 1980 from former Tigers Militia fighters. 5912: 5894: 5880: 5862: 5829: 5815: 5797: 5783: 5769: 5755: 5699: 5685: 5671: 5657: 5643: 5619: 5605: 5591: 5572: 5562: 5554: 5533: 5508: 5494: 5480: 5466: 5452: 5438: 5409: 5366: 5333: 5319: 5306: 5294: 5280: 5262: 5247: 5228: 5199: 4067: 3035: 3011: 2837:

An ex-Lebanese Forces militia APR-40/RO-40 128mm 6-tube multiple rocket launcher mounted on a

2802: 2774: 2724: 2696: 2538:) MBTs (other sources list a total of either thirty-six or forty Ti-67s on the LF inventory), 2511: 2374: 2323: 1967: 1821: 1136:, where it stayed until 1986, before being moved to its final location at the coastal town of 857: 731: 270: 265: 182: 131: 5696:

Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces

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Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces

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Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces

682:

In July 1980, following months of intra-Christian clashes between the Tigers, the militia of

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The Lebanese Forces' early armoured corps in 1977 inherited a motley collection of captured

2491: 2436: 2366: 2315: 2046: 1728: 1683: 1646: 1425: 906: 723: 675: 436: 426: 86: 5400:, Workshop on the 'techniques of Violence in Civil War', PRIO, Oslo, August 20–21, 2004. – 784:. The next day, Israel moved to occupy the city, allowing Phalangist members under a young 304: 5972: 5837: 5580: 5417: 5356: 5352: 5341: 5302: 5236: 2390: 2382: 2331: 2192: 2093:

in the early 1990s, though it remains unclear if they were ever used in action by the LF.

1963: 1846: 1785: 1761: 873: 770: 515: 483: 441: 5902: 5398:

Massacre and Mutilation: Understanding the Lebanese Forces through their use of violence

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in February 1984 allowed the LF to make up for their own losses incurred in the 1983-84

3113: 3083: 2720: 2406: 2386: 2343: 2303: 2279: 2275: 2173: 2086: 2082: 1827: 1634: 1435: 1133: 1018: 956: 853: 781: 707: 695: 691: 687: 595: 591: 583: 563: 559: 523: 507: 431: 348: 319: 178: 76: 66: 52: 5449:

The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers, and American Bunglers

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https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=wJr7eI7_4JZLFx16&v=nn-pUeS-_JA&feature=youtu.be

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Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons were also widely employed, including

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The Conscience of Lebanon A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu Arz) & p. 65

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Maronite Christian militiaman with an M16A1 while wearing Frog Skin camouflage, 1980s

1599:) – the LF counter-espionnage and military intelligence service, established in 1978. 1547: 1064: 1056: 999: 881: 877: 869: 154: 146: 4140: 3757: 2022:

Lebanese Forces's militiamen were provided with a variety of small-arms, comprising

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were used as military ambulances. The Israelis also provided to the LF a number of

2762: 2707:(Iranian-produced unlicensed version of the Land-Rover long wheelbase series III), 2684: 2444: 2327: 2319: 2184: 1999: 1987: 1857: 1695: 1658: 1652: 1622: 1618: 1121: 1048: 968: 951:

neighborhood of Beirut but the Lebanese Forces of Geagea's command held them back.

902: 898: 785: 777:(SSNP), believed by many to have acted on instructions of the Syrian government of 683: 587: 166: 150: 96: 91: 4629:(2018), Appendix eight: known customers and users of the T‑54 medium tank, p. 182. 5618:, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton 1997. 2604:

tanks, along with fifty M113 APCs modified as mortar carriers (captured from the

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semi-automatic models. Sniper rifles were commonly used, and models included the

5546: 5427:, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2018. – 3618:"'MERC Trains Phalange Strike Force', Soldier of Fortune magazine, October 1987" 2953: 2949: 2934: 2593: 2468: 2456: 2402: 2307: 2291: 2212: 2196: 2125: 2007: 1052: 1003: 995: 617: 383: 142: 1458:

in the training, they only managed to expand it to 30/40 men. Wore a red beret.

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from the southern part of the country. Israeli forces eventually moved towards

5183: 3211: 2976: 2913: 2849:

The LF also fielded an impressive artillery corps. Starting with some British

2822: 2736: 2732: 2668: 2625: 2585: 2515: 2507: 2460: 2448: 2433: 2283: 2255: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2058: 2050: 1798: 5517:

The Lebanese Forces: Emergence and Transformation of the Christian Resistance

5505:

The Lebanese Forces: Emergence and Transformation of the Christian Resistance

4197: 3901:"Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah" 3034:, plus an unspecified number of converted civilian fishing crafts armed with 1385:) – the LF medical support and casualty evacuation unit, established in 1981. 5903:

Tank Battles of the Mid-East Wars : (2) The Wars of 1973 to the present

2653: 2597: 2535: 2339: 2295: 2097: 2027: 2023: 1831: 1677: 1640: 1613: 1129: 1125: 1022: 948: 928: 766: 575: 368: 118: 81: 5930: 5351:, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in 2908:

The two latter Countries also provided to the LF substantial quantities of

1540:– Commando unit specialized in anti-tank warfare and anti-aircraft defense. 1007: 5332:, RAIDS Magazine No. 41, October 1989, Histoire & Collections, Paris. 5923:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

5465:, Alternative Histories, Edinburgh University Press, 2020 (1st edition). 5463:

Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory

5130:(1979), pp. 16-21, 32-36, 52; Appendix A, A-10, Table 3; Appendix D, D-5. 5102:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

5089:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

5008:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4979:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4940:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4927:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4901:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4885:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4830:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4814:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4801:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4788:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4697:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4671:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4642:(2019), Appendix six: known client users of the T‑55 medium tank, p. 160. 4562:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4549:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4479:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4453:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4427:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4350:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

4247:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

3945: 3825:

Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory

3812:

Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory

3783:

Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory

3732:

Conflict on Mount Lebanon: The Druze, the Maronites and Collective Memory

3652:

Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond

2995:

and direct fire supporting roles. Man-portable, shoulder-launched Soviet

2984: 2917: 2704: 2633: 2335: 2271: 1006:

on February 14, 1989. These clashes were stopped, and after a meeting in

944: 936: 919:

The Tripartite Agreement And The Second Internal Lebanese Forces Uprising

538:

among others. The group gained infamy for their perpetration of the 1982

686:, and the Phalangists, who by now were under the complete leadership of 5852: 5745: 5731: 5717: 3390:

https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000707090002-0.pdf

3206: 2972: 2746: 2676: 2621: 2547: 2425: 2180: 1530:) – several conventionally-structured special operations units existed. 1137: 642: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 374: 344: 242: 230: 127: 5891:

Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present

5380: 3492:

UN Commission on Human Rights – Torture – Special Rapporteur's Report

3061: 3027: 2991:, M113 and BTR-152 APCs and M3/M9 half-tracks) were employed in both 2921: 2866: 2766: 2692: 2613: 2589: 2394: 2217:

Enfield L42A1 (military version) and Enforcer (Police version) rifles

2157: 2145: 2141: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2090: 2070: 2066: 2038: 1991: 1962:), was set up in 1985 at a disused Maronite monastery in the town of 1955: 1592: 1578: 1557: 1523: 1509: 1495: 1483: 1469: 1446: 1417: 1392: 1378: 1364: 1346: 1332: 1318: 1304: 1290: 1276: 1262: 1248: 972: 868:

Jumblatt's militia then overstepped itself by advancing further into

735: 699: 253: 122: 5812:

Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon 1975-1981

5493:(World Leaders Past & Present), Chelsea House Publishers, 1988. 5968: 4504: 4502: 4500: 3519: 3517: 5925:, Modern Conflicts Profile Guide Volume II, AK Interactive, 2021. 5569:

La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional

5523:

Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas, 1975-1978

3039: 2902: 2901:

of Soviet origin supplied by Israel, Jordan and Iraq. A number of

2832: 2566: 2476: 2440: 2429: 2421: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2216: 2117: 1977: 1950:

To train LF officer cadets, a Military Academy, later renamed the

1612: 976: 940: 932: 862: 845: 836: 822: 401: 5392:

The Lebanese Forces: Their Origins and Role in Lebanon's Politics

5388:

The Lebanese Forces: their origins and role in Lebanon's politics

3055:. The program was eventually interrupted, then canceled when the 5277:

By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer

5154:

By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer

3268:

https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2014/11/20/pierre-jabbour-4/amp/

2672: 2616:(8x8) APCs were received from Iraq via Jordan in 1986–89; a few 2601: 2596:

armoured cars, and some M113 APCs. Later in the war, sixty-four

2521:, APCs, and some models of homebuilt armoured cars from the old 2410: 1995: 964: 960: 840: 762:

travel to the US to advocate for its implementation in Lebanon.

5826:

Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes (1960-1990)

5782:, General Military series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019. 5768:, General Military series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018. 5698:, New Vanguard series 257, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2018. 4194:"Lebanese Forces : The Weapons: Infantry Rocket Launchers" 5948: 5604:, Men-at-arms series 194, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1988. 5590:, Men-at-arms series 165, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. 2968: 2964: 2889:(a Chinese-made gun derivered from the Soviet M-46), eighteen 2688: 2378: 2121: 2062: 2031: 1909: 1502:) – a battalion-sized light infantry unit formed in 1982–1984. 1191: 1147: 1084: 1038:

were ceded to the army command for the first time since 1975.

611: 3334:الزعامة المارونية من حبيب السعد إلى سمير جعجع |1985 pp. 93-94 3002:(SAM) were also used by the LF, possibly obtained from Iraq. 2853:

seized from the Government Forces, they received four French

5377:

Ta'rib al-Kata'eb al-Lubnaniyya: al-Hizb, al-sulta, al-khawf

4137:"Lebanese Forces : The Weapons: Standard Sniper Rifles" 3942:"Lebanese Forces : The Weapons: Sub Machine Guns (SMG)" 3345:"Phalangists Identify Bomber Of Gemayel As Lebanese Leftist" 3291:تاريخ في رجل ← من قتل بشير - إنقلاب بشيري أم إنقلاب إسرائيلي 2443:(75 missiles and nine launchers were allegedly obtained via 2413:

machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons.

2049:(or its Egyptian-produced version, dubbed the "Port Said"), 5738:

Blue Steel IV: M-50 Shermans and M-50 APCs in South Lebanon

2807:

Nissan Patrol 160-Series (3rd generation) 5-door wagon/vans

2675:. The light vehicles employed in this role included Soviet 4440:

Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon

4334:

Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon

2905:

were also seized from the Lebanese Army in February 1984.

57:

Cross of Resistance adopted by the Lebanese Forces in 1984

5261:, Middle East in Focus, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2009. 2841:

chassis on static display at the Beyt ha-Totchan Museum,

2703:(Spanish-produced version of the Land-Rover series III), 827:

Militiamen of the Lebanese Forces during the Mountain War

694:

of tens of Tigers' members at the Marine beach resort in

5684:, Weapon series 68, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2019. 5670:, Weapon series 57, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2017. 5656:, Weapon series 87, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2023. 2226:

A wide variety of handguns' models were used, including

2096:

Several models of assault rifles were employed, such as

1830:(a.k.a. 'Poussy' Achkar) – Field Commander of the LF in 5390:, Middle East Journal, Vol. 38, No. 1 (Winter 1984). – 5128:

Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas

1926: 1208: 1164: 1101: 5969:

Histoire militaire de l'armée libanaise de 1975 à 1990

5408:, Presses Universitaires de France – PUF, Paris 1993. 5018: 5016: 4756: 4754: 4740: 4738: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 3599: 3597: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 5909:

ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles

4289: 4287: 4273: 4271: 4257: 4255: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 3806: 3804: 3726: 3724: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3307:, Natalie Datlof, Alexej Ugrinsky, Hofstra University 1888:– LF Deputy Field Commander of the Mountain District. 1055:, of instigating acts of violence, and of committing 502:) was the main Lebanese Christian faction during the 5778:

James Kinnear, Stephen Sewell & Andrey Aksenov,

5764:

James Kinnear, Stephen Sewell & Andrey Aksenov,

5616:

Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions

5451:, Just World Books, Charlottesville, Virginia 2012. 4094: 4092: 2104:(variants included the Israeli-produced 'lightened' 497: 27:

Lebanese Christian faction in the Lebanese Civil War

5847:(Ammo_A.MIG-6000), AMMO of Mig Jimenez S.L., 2018. 5553:, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). 4372:

Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes

3428:"Full text of "Arab Times , 1990, Kuwait, English"" 412: 291: 224: 216: 208: 192: 160: 138: 113: 103: 72: 62: 43: 5964:Lebanese Forces vehicles in the Lebanese civil war 5002: 5000: 4895: 4893: 4879: 4877: 4824: 4822: 1424:) – the LF Mountain troops' corps, specialized in 1188:Late war and post-war field organization 1986-1994 1047:March 23, 1994, the Lebanese government headed by 1017:" against the Syrian army, but then agreed to the 5521:Paul Jureidini, R. D. McLaurin, and James Price, 5307:Histoire du Liban contemporain, tome 2: 1943-1990 4665: 4663: 4661: 4421: 4419: 4344: 4342: 4007: 4005: 3664: 3662: 3660: 2924:(4x4) light trucks. The LF also employed Chinese 2455:. Crew-served and indirect fire weapons included 2439:. Anti-tank guided missile systems comprised the 5586:Samuel M. Katz, Lee E. Russel, and Ron Volstad, 5291:Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990 3053:Aérospatiale SA 342L Gazelle helicopter gunships 2797:. In addition, AIL M325 ambulance version cars, 2632:in 1990. The LF also fielded three Soviet-built 2002:, and also made use of captured stocks from the 5724:Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon 3758:"Dossier: Fouad Malek (November-December 2002)" 2897:(some re-mounted on turretless T-54 tanks) and 1240:. Specialized technical services consisted of: 5879:(1003), Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1990. 2300:Star 30M, and Star A, B, B Super and P pistols 1357:) – the LF engineering branch, formed in 1981. 5710:Blue Steel 2: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon 4188: 4186: 4184: 4023: 4021: 3965: 3963: 3680: 3678: 3234:"Historical Fact: The Battle of Zahle – 1981" 3012:Fairey Marine Tracker MkII Class patrol boats 2717:Chevrolet C-20 Scottsdale light pickup trucks 8: 4374:, Trucks & Tanks Magazine (2015), p. 59. 3498:, January 12, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-03-06. 2958:2S4 240mm towed breech-loading heavy mortars 2877:from the Israelis, followed in the 1980s by 2799:Chevrolet/GMC G-Series third generation vans 2136:, Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German 1801:(a.k.a. 'Hanoun') - Founder of the SADM unit 1297:) – the LF artillery branch, formed in 1977. 5642:, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley 2017. 5363:A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 2817:seized from the Lebanese Army and captured 2451:(seized from Lebanese Army stocks) and the 2306:, Star Firestar and Star Megastar pistols, 2140:assault rifles). Limited quantities of the 1966:, located 20 km east of Beirut in the 1488:Wahdat al-Quwwat al-Khasat Sabeat wa Sabeun 5668:US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 5542:Sanctuary and Survival: The PLO in Lebanon 5530:Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon 5479:, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. 4176:US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 3496:United Nations Economic and Social Council 3482:, March 24, 1994. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2626:Panhard M3 VTT armoured personnel carriers 876:eventually handed over their positions in 40: 5271:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis 5259:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis 3716:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis 3569:Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis 3476:Lebanon Detains Christian in Church Blast 3094:List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War 2647:Transport, liaison, and recovery vehicles 2065:(MP-2, Mini Uzi and Micro Uzi variants), 931:. Hobeika surrendered and fled, first to 658:Learn how and when to remove this message 558:A meeting was convened by members of the 5911:, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1993. 5893:, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. 5794:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 5571:, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. 5532:, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. 5115:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 5076:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 5063:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 5024:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4992:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4966:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4953:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4914:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4856:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4843:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4775:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4746:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4730:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4684:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4653:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4536:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4466:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4411:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4321:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4295:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4279:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4263:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 4163:30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon 2565:(PNO) militia during the battle for the 5435:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85 4308:The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85 3135: 2933:. Iraq also provided a small number of 2803:Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter minibuses 2641:Elimination War in January–October 1990 1764:(a.k.a 'Asso') – LF intelligence chief. 893:First Internal Lebanese Forces Uprising 788:command to enter the centrally located 730:was necessary in order to root out PLO 608:The LF Under Bachir Gemayel (1976–1982) 5921:Zachary Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, 5437:, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985. 5330:Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats 5204:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5197: 5141:Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats 5037:Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats 4590:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), pp. 8; 32-36. 3936: 3258:قصة الموارنة في الحرب - جوزيف أبو خليل 2985:AZP S-60 57 mm anti-aircraft guns 885:elite units to fight on other fronts. 804:, causing great international uproar. 674:Bachir led his troops in the infamous 5602:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 5357:111101 - Writings by Fawwaz Traboulsi 5279:, St. Martin's Press, New York 1990. 5050:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4869:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4762:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4601:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4575:Arab Armies of the Middle East wars 2 4523:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4492:Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) 4086:, RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 36 (box). 4013:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3851:"Martyr Salim Sayed Miayki - Kobayat" 3747:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 34 (box). 3670:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3639:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3605:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3589:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3541:Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 3030:that same year and eight French-made 2787:M35A1/A2 2½-ton (6x6) military trucks 2073:(sub-compact version of the MAC-10), 1807:– Commander of the LF Special Forces. 7: 5994:Lebanese factions allied with Israel 3124:1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats 2763:Datsun 620 Custom 1976 pickup trucks 923:On December 28, 1985, he signed the 640:adding citations to reliable sources 5959:Lebanese Forces camouflage patterns 5752:Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks 5318:, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. 5246:, Greenwood Publishing Group 1996. 2981:Bofors 40mm L/60 anti-aircraft guns 2795:Faun L912/21-MUN heavy cargo trucks 2308:Taurus PT92, PT99 and PT100 pistols 2089:SMGs were reportedly obtained from 2026:(or its Italian-produced copy, the 1674:– Chief-of-Staff to Bashir Gemayel. 1013:Geagea initially supported Aoun's " 487: 18:Lebanese Forces (Christian militia) 5989:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War 5379:, Beirut: Dar al-Jadid, 1991. (in 4361:TIME Magazine, September 13, 1976. 3109:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon) 3018:in January 1980, two Israeli-made 2855:DEFA D921/GT-2 90mm anti-tank guns 2819:VT-55KS Armoured Recovery Vehicles 2172:(Compact version of the HK33) and 1824:– Commander of the LF Women Corps. 1144:Early field organization 1977-1985 989:War of Elimination (1990, Lebanon) 790:Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp 25: 5814:, Trebia Publishing, Chyah 2012. 5275:Claire Hoy and Victor Ostrovsky, 5167:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 4385:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 3838:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 3796:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 3699:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 3523:TIME Magazine, September 1, 1980. 3509:Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban 3236:. Lebanese Forces. Archived from 3089:January 1986 Lebanese Forces coup 2783:GMC C7500 heavy-duty cargo trucks 2755:Toyota Land Cruiser (J70) hardtop 2739:(captured from the PLO in 1982). 2397:light machine guns, with heavier 2189:Remington Model 870 Police Magnum 2134:Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965 2004:Palestine Liberation Organization 1629:(right), east Beirut, late 1980s. 1132:neighborhood located east of the 532:Palestine Liberation Organization 33:For Lebanon's national army, see 5875:Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, 5754:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. 5740:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007. 5726:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2007. 5712:, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2006. 5600:Samuel M. Katz and Ron Volstad, 5328:Éric Micheletti and Yves Debay, 5126:Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, 2727:pickup trucks, Israeli-produced 1913: 1195: 1151: 1088: 831:After the Israeli invasion, the 769:. The attack was carried out by 616: 400: 389: 373: 362: 343: 333: 323: 313: 303: 275: 264: 252: 241: 229: 51: 5949:The Lebanese Phalanges – Kataeb 5563:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 5551:Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War 5507:, Hamilton Books, London 2019. 5293:, Éditions Fayard, Paris 2005. 5143:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 37. 4638:Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, 4625:Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, 4512:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 36. 4102:, RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 35. 3878:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 31. 2918:Ural-375D (6x6) military trucks 2851:QF Mk III 25-Pounder field guns 2823:Ratrack dual track snow coaches 2721:Dodge D series (3rd generation) 2660:armed with Heavy Machine-guns, 2081:(shortened version of the MP5) 1845:– Field Commander of the LF in 1042:The Second Republic (1990–2005) 983:The Elimination War (1988–1990) 775:Syrian Social Nationalist Party 627:needs additional citations for 5406:Histoire de la guerre du Liban 5039:, RAIDS Magazine (1989), p. 9. 4196:. 3 March 2016. Archived from 4139:. 3 March 2016. Archived from 3944:. 3 March 2016. Archived from 3650:Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, 3301:President Reagan and the World 3119:9th Infantry Brigade (Lebanon) 3032:Zodiac rubber inflatable boats 2879:D-44 85 mm anti-tank guns 2813:, which served alongside some 2811:M88A1 medium recovery vehicles 2671:, anti-tank rockets and light 2563:Popular Nasserist Organization 2336:FN Browning HP-DA/BDA9 pistols 1: 5944:Lebanese Forces official site 5796:, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. 5316:Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92 4790:(2021), pp. 68-69; 78; 84-86. 3641:(1988), pp. 36; 47, Plate H3. 3020:Dvora-class fast patrol boats 2943:transporter erector launchers 2910:Multi-Barrel Rocket Launchers 2875:M-30 122mm (M-1938) Howitzers 2791:M813 5-ton (6x6) cargo trucks 2709:Toyota Land Cruiser (J40/J42) 2606:Islamic Republic of Iran Army 2124:(other variants included the 1782:- 3rd leader of the SADM unit 1747:- 2nd leader of the SADM unit 1029:Territory Handover to the LAF 955:Forces. He also instituted a 572:Lebanese Youth Movement (MKG) 5954:Bachir Gemayel Squad Website 5780:Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank 5766:Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank 5365:, Pluto Press, London 2012. 5227:, Albin Michel, Paris 2004. 4640:Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank 4627:Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank 3986:(1985), pp. 40-41, Plate D2. 3899:Scarlata, Paul (July 2009). 2871:BF-50 (M-50) 155mm Howitzers 2815:M578 light recovery vehicles 2779:GMC C4500 medium-duty trucks 2713:Chevrolet C-10/C-15 Cheyenne 2324:FN Browning Hi-Power pistols 2191:12-gauge (20.2 mm) and 4040:Katz, Russel, and Volstad, 3982:Katz, Russel, and Volstad, 3014:previously seized from the 2903:FH-70 155 mm howitzers 2863:ZiS-3 76.2mm anti-tank guns 2365:Squad weapons consisted of 2248:Smith & Wesson Model 19 2244:Smith & Wesson Model 17 2240:Smith & Wesson Model 15 2236:Smith & Wesson Model 14 2232:Smith & Wesson Model 13 2228:Smith & Wesson Model 10 2085:. An undisclosed number of 1120:Initially allocated at the 850:Progressive Socialist Party 808:Post-Bachir Era (1982–1986) 542:, which primarily targeted 514:for different parties, the 498: 6020: 5423:Jennifer Philippa Eggert, 3024:Dabur-1 class patrol boats 2916:system mounted on Russian 2899:D-20 152 mm Howitzers 2771:Chevrolet C-50 medium-duty 2628:were also seized from the 2437:anti-tank rocket launchers 2332:FN Browning BDA380 pistols 1343:Military Engineering Corps 986: 816: 726:, arguing that a military 540:Sabra and Shatila massacre 528:Lebanese National Movement 296:Lebanese National Movement 31: 5588:Armies in Lebanon 1982-84 3278:Elie Hobeika interview | 2969:ZPU (ZPU-1, ZPU-2, ZPU-4) 2941:mounted on wheeled 9P113 2751:Toyota Land Cruiser (J45) 2744:Toyota Land Cruiser (J42) 2530:medium tanks, twenty-two 2473:M2 Carl Gustaf 84 mm 2254:semi-automatic handguns, 2187:12-gauge (20.2 mm), 1723:Advisers to LF commanders 1569:Intelligence and security 1228:pieces of various types. 526:, and fought against the 458:1986 Lebanese Forces coup 50: 5859:Invasion of Lebanon 1982 4614:Invasion of Lebanon 1982 4577:(1988), p. 47, Plate H4. 4057:(1990), p. 48; Plate B3. 4015:(1988), p. 47, Plate H3. 3672:(1988), p. 46, Plate H1. 3607:(1988), p. 46, Plate H2. 3591:(1988), p. 47, Plate H4. 3392:| Los Angeles Times 1985 2922:Mercedes-Benz Unimog 406 2733:Mercedes-Benz Unimog 404 2697:Land Rover Series II-III 2540:M3/M9 Zahlam half-tracks 2523:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 2469:2B14-1 Podnos 82 mm 2399:Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal 2260:Heckler & Koch VP 70 1952:Bashir Gemayel Institute 1866:– Commander of Force 75. 1715:Raymond Arab (1978-1981) 1500:Katibat Sabeat wa Sabein 1238:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 568:Kataeb Regulatory Forces 300:People's Liberation Army 248:Internal Security Forces 238:(pro-government faction) 5861:, Abteilung 502, 2019. 5100:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 5087:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 5006:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4977:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4938:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4925:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4899:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4883:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4828:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4812:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4799:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4786:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4695:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4669:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4560:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4547:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4477:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4451:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4425:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4348:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 4245:Sex & Abi-Chahine, 3104:Tyous Team of Commandos 3000:surface-to-air missiles 2950:Soltam M-65 120 mm 2765:, Unimog light trucks, 2371:Heckler & Koch HK21 2328:FN Browning BDM pistols 2221:Heckler & Koch PSG1 2170:Heckler & Koch HK53 2162:Heckler & Koch HK33 2079:Heckler & Koch MP5K 1734:Najib Fayad (1984-1985) 1718:Najib Fayad (1981-1984) 1710:Head of the Gamma Group 1466:101st Parachute Company 856:, in alliance with the 580:Guardians of the Cedars 548:Gemayel's assassination 499:al-Quwwāt al-Lubnāniyya 194:Political position 5845:Tiran in Lebanese Wars 5654:The SVD Dragunov Rifle 5638:Anthony Tucker-Jones, 5477:The Lebanese Civil War 5257:Barry Rubin (editor), 5139:Micheletti and Debay, 5035:Micheletti and Debay, 4586:Micheletti and Debay, 4551:(2021), pp. 72; 78-79. 4508:Micheletti and Debay, 4113:The SVD Dragunov Rifle 4098:Micheletti and Debay, 4082:Micheletti and Debay, 3874:Micheletti and Debay, 3743:Micheletti and Debay, 3712:Lebanon's Militia Wars 3565:Lebanon's Militia Wars 2914:BM-21 Grad 122 mm 2846: 2821:from the Syrian Army. 2775:Dodge F600 medium-duty 2761:, Chevrolet C-20, and 2725:Dodge Power Wagon W200 2418:M203 grenade launchers 2344:Makarov PM/PMM pistols 2280:SIG-Sauer P225 pistols 2166:Heckler & Koch G41 2075:Heckler & Koch MP5 1983: 1630: 1625:of the NLP (left) and 835:troops settled in the 828: 819:Mountain War (Lebanon) 724:Israel invaded Lebanon 698:, 25 km north of 447:Sabra-Shatila massacre 4588:Les Forces Libanaises 4510:Les Forces Libanaises 4100:Les Forces Libanaises 4084:Les Forces Libanaises 3876:Les Forces Libanaises 3827:(2020), pp. 140; 302. 3745:Les Forces Libanaises 2931:DAC-665T (6x6) trucks 2912:(MBRLs), notably the 2887:Type 59-1 130 mm 2836: 2759:M880/M890 Series CUCV 2729:AIL M325 Command Cars 2618:M577 command vehicles 2403:Browning M2HB .50 Cal 2340:Tokarev TT-33 pistols 2268:Heckler & Koch P9 2264:Heckler & Koch P7 2110:Heckler & Koch G3 2035:semi-automatic rifles 1981: 1974:Weapons and equipment 1960:Maehad Bashir Gemayel 1617:LF Supreme Commander 1616: 1609:LF supreme commanders 1604:Notable personalities 1480:Special Force Unit 77 1434:– an Israeli-trained 1069:Amnesty International 1002:under the control of 826: 512:umbrella organization 380:Lebanese Armed Forces 259:Israel Defense Forces 236:Lebanese Armed Forces 186:Federalism in Lebanon 171:Christian nationalism 35:Lebanese Armed Forces 5877:Battleground Lebanon 5242:Antoine J. Abraham, 5186:on 18 September 2008 4055:Battleground Lebanon 4029:Battleground Lebanon 3971:Battleground Lebanon 3686:Battleground Lebanon 3325:أسرار الحرب في لبنان 2592:light tanks, twelve 2578:4th Infantry Brigade 2572:The collapse of the 2569:bridgehead in 1985. 2471:light mortars, plus 2422:CMS B-300 83 mm 2055:Sterling L2A3/Mark 4 1813:(a.k.a. 'Joe' Eddeh) 1739:LF junior commanders 1474:Wahadat al-Mazaliyin 1462:101st Parachute Unit 1397:Shorta al-A'askariya 935:and subsequently to 744:president of Lebanon 636:improve this article 586:leaders, especially 282:Army of Free Lebanon 175:Lebanese nationalism 117:Military Council in 5871:Invasion of Lebanon 5806:Invasion of Lebanon 5750:Moustafa El-Assad, 5736:Moustafa El-Assad, 5722:Moustafa El-Assad, 5708:Moustafa El-Assad, 5682:The G3 Battle Rifle 5666:Gordon L. Rottman, 5614:William W. Harris, 5489:Matthew S. Gordon, 5152:Hoy and Ostrovsky, 4994:(2003), pp. 33; 55. 4942:(2021), pp. 25; 76. 4686:(2003), pp. 39; 47. 3997:The G3 Battle Rifle 2987:(mostly mounted on 2926:Type 63 107 mm 2891:BS-3 100mm (M-1944) 2883:M-46 130mm (M-1954) 2209:Remington Model 700 2150:SIG SG 543 carbines 1906:Training facilities 1583:Shorta al-Madaniyya 1295:Silah al-Madfa'aiya 1232:Branches of Service 943:. He then moved to 897:On March 12, 1985, 546:refugees following 536:Syrian Armed Forces 520:Maronite Christians 407:Syrian Armed Forces 139:Active regions 5907:Steven J. Zaloga, 5889:Steven J. Zaloga, 5447:Jonathan Randall, 5361:Fawwaz Traboulsi, 5347:Fawwaz Traboulsi, 5078:(2003), pp. 40-43. 5065:(2003), pp. 41-43. 4929:(2021), pp. 78-79. 4777:(2003), pp. 32-33. 4603:(2003), pp. 64-65. 4573:Katz and Volstad, 4525:(2003), pp. 63-64. 4455:(2021), pp. 74-75. 4442:(2012), pp. 62-63. 4249:(2021), pp. 66-67. 4011:Katz and Volstad, 3668:Katz and Volstad, 3637:Katz and Volstad, 3603:Katz and Volstad, 3587:Katz and Volstad, 3539:Katz and Volstad, 3451:. 21 October 2014. 3349:The New York Times 3079:East Beirut canton 3036:Heavy machine-guns 2847: 2705:Morattab Series IV 2701:Santana Series III 2534:(Israeli-modified 2494:(often mounted on 2465:Type E1 51 mm 2407:SG-43/SGM Goryunov 2028:Beretta Model 1952 1984: 1925:. You can help by 1770:(a.k.a. 'Captain') 1666:LF chiefs-of-staff 1631: 1267:Silah al-Moudara'a 1207:. You can help by 1163:. You can help by 1100:. You can help by 1076:Military structure 912:Barbara checkpoint 829: 773:, a member of the 504:Lebanese Civil War 469:War of Elimination 417:Lebanese Civil War 286:South Lebanon Army 105:Dates of operation 5867:978-84-120935-1-3 5820:978-9953-0-2372-4 5788:978 1 4728 3855 1 5774:978 1 4728 3330 3 5676:978 1 4728 1952 9 5648:978 1 47389 109 8 5632:Secondary sources 5513:978-0-7618-7088-3 5457:978-1-935982-16-6 5414:978-2-13-045801-2 5386:Lewis W. Snider, 5267:978-1-349-37326-0 5223:Alain Menargues, 4072:978-0-7106-2869-5 4042:Armies in Lebanon 4031:(1990), Plate B2. 3984:Armies in Lebanon 3973:(1990), Plate B1. 3688:(1990), Plate B3. 3026:acquired via the 2939:artillery rockets 2859:M3/M9 half tracks 2731:('Nun-Nun'), and 2695:M-5GA1 jeeps, to 2687:and South Korean 2662:recoilless rifles 2634:ZSU-23-4M1 Shilka 2584:by seizing seven 2528:M50 Super Sherman 2502:Armoured vehicles 2492:recoilless rifles 2489:M40A1 106 mm 2316:MAB PA-15 pistols 2213:Savage 10FP/110FP 1968:Keserwan District 1943: 1942: 1822:Jocelyne Khoueiry 1422:Silah al-Tazalouj 1383:Wahadat al-Isa'af 1355:Silah al-Handassa 1351:Handassa Askariya 1225: 1224: 1181: 1180: 1118: 1117: 925:Tripartite Accord 671:an Ahrar member. 668: 667: 660: 506:. Resembling the 496: 476: 475: 464:War of Liberation 422:Hundred Days' War 132:Keserwan District 16:(Redirected from 6011: 5680:Leroy Thompson, 5626:, 1-55876-115-2. 5312:Edgar O'Ballance 5254:, 9780275953898. 5210: 5209: 5203: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5182:. 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Schmertz 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3210:. Archived from 3198: 3192: 3191: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3140: 3099:Shatila massacre 3074:Battle of Zahleh 2954:M-66 160 mm 2895:D-30 122 mm 2737:416 light trucks 2552:1982 Lebanon War 2512:Charioteer tanks 2485:B-11 107 mm 2477:SPG-9 73 mm 2367:Rheinmetall MG 3 2047:Carl Gustaf m/45 2018:Infantry weapons 1946:Military Academy 1938: 1935: 1917: 1910: 1860:(a.k.a. 'Cobra') 1776:(a.k.a. 'Akram') 1729:Karim Pakradouni 1684:Fouad Abou Nader 1647:Fouad Abou Nader 1426:Mountain warfare 1323:Silah al-Bahriya 1253:Silah al-Moushat 1220: 1217: 1199: 1192: 1176: 1173: 1155: 1148: 1113: 1110: 1092: 1085: 907:Karim Pakradouni 802:Lebanese Shiites 715:Israeli invasion 676:Hundred Days War 663: 656: 652: 649: 643: 620: 612: 501: 491: 489: 488:القوات اللبنانية 460: 437:1982 Lebanon War 427:Battle of Zahleh 413:Battles and wars 405: 404: 394: 393: 378: 377: 367: 366: 365: 347: 338: 337: 336: 327: 318: 317: 316: 307: 280: 279: 278: 269: 268: 257: 256: 246: 245: 234: 233: 188:Anti Pan-Arabism 106: 87:Fouad Abou Nader 55: 46:القوات اللبنانية 41: 38: 21: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6004:Lebanese Forces 5979: 5978: 5940: 5935: 5694:Leigh Neville, 5634: 5629: 5503:Nader Moumneh, 5375:Hazem Saghieh, 5289:Denise Ammoun, 5244:The Lebanon war 5219: 5214: 5213: 5196: 5189: 5187: 5180:"Archived copy" 5178: 5177: 5173: 5169:(2004), p. 110. 5164: 5160: 5156:(1990), p. 304. 5151: 5147: 5138: 5134: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5043: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5014: 5005: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4976: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4950: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4924: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4898: 4891: 4882: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4794: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4768: 4759: 4752: 4743: 4736: 4727: 4723: 4714: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4624: 4620: 4616:(2019), p. 269. 4611: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4533: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4485: 4476: 4472: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4417: 4408: 4404: 4400:(2017), p. 107. 4395: 4391: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4301: 4292: 4285: 4276: 4269: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4119: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4077: 4065: 4061: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4035: 4026: 4019: 4010: 4003: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3977: 3968: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3948:on 3 March 2016 3940: 3939: 3914: 3898: 3897: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3855:www.kobayat.org 3849: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3814:(2020), p. 302. 3809: 3802: 3798:(2004), p. 281. 3793: 3789: 3785:(2020), p. 266. 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3762:www.meforum.org 3756: 3755: 3751: 3742: 3738: 3734:(2020), p. 301. 3729: 3722: 3709: 3705: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3602: 3595: 3586: 3575: 3562: 3547: 3538: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3506: 3502: 3490: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3465:. 8 March 1997. 3461: 3460: 3456: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3240:on 26 June 2012 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3214:on 27 June 2014 3200: 3199: 3195: 3185: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3070: 3057:Elimination War 3048: 3008: 2843:Zikhron Ya'akov 2831: 2685:Willys M38A1 MD 2681:M151A1/A2 jeeps 2649: 2612:) and eighteen 2504: 2481:B-10 82 mm 2457:M224 60 mm 2197:Dragunov SVD-63 2193:Franchi SPAS-12 2083:submachine guns 2043:Škorpion vz. 61 2020: 1976: 1948: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1923:needs expansion 1908: 1853:Raymond Assayan 1847:Ain El Remmaneh 1805:Kayrouz Baraket 1786:Boutros Khawand 1762:Assaad Chaftari 1741: 1725: 1712: 1668: 1611: 1606: 1589:Security Agency 1571: 1562:Liwa' al-Dumuri 1554:Damouri Brigade 1506:Defense Brigade 1455:40 days of hell 1451:Wahadat al-Sadm 1410: 1389:Military Police 1361:Logistics Corps 1309:Silah al-Ichara 1287:Artillery Corps 1234: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1205:needs expansion 1190: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1161:needs expansion 1146: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1098:needs expansion 1083: 1078: 1044: 1031: 991: 985: 963:states, mainly 921: 895: 874:Lebanese Forces 821: 815: 810: 771:Habib Shartouni 717: 664: 653: 647: 644: 633: 621: 610: 605: 556: 516:Lebanese Forces 480:Lebanese Forces 456: 442:Siege of Beirut 399: 398: 388: 387: 372: 371: 363: 361: 360: 356: 352: 342: 334: 332: 331: 322: 314: 312: 311: 302: 298: 284: 276: 274: 273: 263: 262: 251: 250: 240: 239: 228: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 126: 104: 95: 90: 85: 80: 58: 45: 44:Lebanese Forces 39: 32: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5999:Lebanese Front 5996: 5991: 5981: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5939: 5938:External links 5936: 5934: 5933: 5919: 5905: 5887: 5873: 5857:Samer Kassis, 5855: 5843:Samer Kassis, 5841: 5824:Samer Kassis, 5822: 5810:Samer Kassis, 5808: 5792:Samer Kassis, 5790: 5776: 5762: 5760:978-9953012568 5748: 5734: 5720: 5706: 5692: 5678: 5664: 5650: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5624:978-1558761155 5612: 5598: 5584: 5577:978-2865374991 5567:Samir Kassir, 5565: 5544: 5526: 5519: 5501: 5487: 5485:978-0030397011 5473: 5471:978-1474474177 5461:Makram Rabah, 5459: 5445: 5431: 5421: 5402: 5394: 5384: 5373: 5371:978-0745332741 5359: 5345: 5326: 5324:978-0312215934 5309: 5299:978-2213615219 5287: 5273: 5255: 5240: 5233:978-2226121271 5220: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5171: 5158: 5145: 5132: 5119: 5117:(2003), p. 38. 5106: 5104:(2021), p. 69. 5093: 5091:(2021), p. 68. 5080: 5067: 5054: 5052:(2003), p. 64. 5041: 5028: 5026:(2003), p. 56. 5012: 5010:(2021), p. 71. 4996: 4983: 4981:(2021), p. 79. 4970: 4968:(2003), p. 54. 4957: 4955:(2003), p. 55. 4944: 4931: 4918: 4916:(2003), p. 34. 4905: 4903:(2021), p. 73. 4889: 4887:(2021), p. 77. 4873: 4871:(2003), p. 53. 4860: 4858:(2003), p. 27. 4847: 4845:(2003), p. 33. 4834: 4832:(2021), p. 92. 4818: 4816:(2021), p. 91. 4805: 4803:(2021), p. 88. 4792: 4779: 4766: 4764:(2003), p. 66. 4750: 4748:(2003), p. 32. 4734: 4732:(2003), p. 35. 4721: 4719:(2018), p. 14. 4701: 4699:(2021), p. 90. 4688: 4675: 4673:(2021), p. 75. 4657: 4655:(2003), p. 40. 4644: 4631: 4618: 4605: 4592: 4579: 4566: 4564:(2021), p. 74. 4553: 4540: 4538:(2003), p. 48. 4527: 4514: 4496: 4494:(2003), p. 56. 4483: 4481:(2021), p. 63. 4470: 4468:(2003), p. 37. 4457: 4444: 4431: 4429:(2021), p. 66. 4415: 4413:(2003), p. 41. 4402: 4396:Tucker-Jones, 4389: 4387:(2004), p. 85. 4376: 4363: 4354: 4352:(2021), p. 81. 4338: 4336:(2012), p. 62. 4325: 4323:(2003), p. 53. 4312: 4310:(1985), p. 40. 4299: 4297:(2003), p. 30. 4283: 4281:(2003), p. 31. 4267: 4265:(2003), p. 36. 4251: 4233: 4231:(2018), p. 15. 4211: 4180: 4178:(2017), p. 22. 4167: 4165:(2003), p. 43. 4154: 4117: 4115:(2023), p. 50. 4104: 4088: 4075: 4059: 4046: 4044:(1985), p. 16. 4033: 4017: 4001: 3999:(2019), p. 29. 3988: 3975: 3959: 3912: 3880: 3867: 3842: 3840:(2004), p. 51. 3829: 3816: 3800: 3787: 3774: 3749: 3736: 3720: 3718:(2009), p. 39. 3703: 3701:(2004), p. 55. 3690: 3674: 3656: 3654:(2021), p. 64. 3643: 3630: 3609: 3593: 3573: 3571:(2009), p. 41. 3545: 3543:(1988), p. 36. 3525: 3513: 3511:(2004), p. 46. 3500: 3484: 3480:New York Times 3468: 3454: 3440: 3419: 3394: 3382: 3371: 3362: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3309: 3293: 3284: 3271: 3260: 3251: 3225: 3193: 3174: 3155: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3114:Zahliote Group 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3084:Ehden massacre 3081: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3047: 3044: 3007: 3004: 2830: 2827: 2648: 2645: 2594:Panhard AML-90 2503: 2500: 2461:M29 81 mm 2304:Star Ultrastar 2276:SIG-Sauer P220 2174:ArmaLite AR-18 2087:OTs-02 Kiparis 2019: 2016: 1975: 1972: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1920: 1918: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1901:Ibrahim Haddad 1899: 1894: 1889: 1883: 1881:Suhail Menassa 1878: 1876:Sleiman Sawaya 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1850: 1840: 1835: 1828:Massoud Achkar 1825: 1819: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1780:Pierre Jabbour 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1758:(a.k.a 'Toto') 1753: 1748: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1650: 1644: 1638: 1635:Bachir Gemayel 1621:(center) with 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1586: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1565: 1551: 1541: 1531: 1517: 1514:Liwa al-Difa'a 1503: 1477: 1459: 1440: 1436:naval infantry 1429: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1386: 1375:Rescue Service 1372: 1358: 1340: 1326: 1312: 1298: 1284: 1270: 1259:Armoured Corps 1256: 1245:Infantry Corps 1233: 1230: 1223: 1222: 1202: 1200: 1189: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1158: 1156: 1145: 1142: 1134:Port of Beirut 1124:'s offices in 1116: 1115: 1095: 1093: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1062:Prime Minister 1057:assassinations 1043: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1019:Taif Agreement 1015:Liberation War 987:Main article: 984: 981: 957:social welfare 920: 917: 894: 891: 854:Walid Jumblatt 817:Main article: 814: 811: 809: 806: 786:Elie Hobeika's 782:Hafez al-Assad 716: 713: 708:Bashir Gemayel 688:Bachir Gemayel 666: 665: 624: 622: 615: 609: 606: 604: 601: 596:Bachir Gemayel 592:Bachir Gemayel 584:Lebanese Front 582:convinced the 564:Tigers Militia 560:Lebanese Front 555: 552: 524:Bachir Gemayel 508:Lebanese Front 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Battle of Qnat 429: 424: 414: 410: 409: 354:Marada Brigade 349:Tigers Militia 320:Al-Mourabitoun 293: 289: 288: 226: 222: 221: 220:12,000 (1981) 218: 214: 213: 210: 206: 205: 196: 190: 189: 179:Anti-communism 164: 158: 157: 140: 136: 135: 115: 111: 110: 107: 101: 100: 77:Bachir Gemayel 74: 70: 69: 67:Bachir Gemayel 64: 60: 59: 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6016: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5932: 5931:8435568306073 5928: 5924: 5920: 5918: 5917:962-361-039-4 5914: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899:962-361-613-9 5896: 5892: 5888: 5886: 5885:962-361-003-3 5882: 5878: 5874: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802:9953-0-0705-5 5799: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5747: 5743: 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5288: 5286: 5285:0-9717595-0-2 5282: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5207: 5201: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4909: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4602: 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3917: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3710:Tony Badran, 3707: 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3563:Tony Badran, 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3189: 3183: 3178: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3016:Lebanese Navy 3013: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2666:Anti-Aircraft 2663: 2659: 2655: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630:Lebanese Army 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Iran-Iraq War 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574:Lebanese Army 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:armoured cars 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:Beretta M1951 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183:consisted of 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2012:Lebanese Army 2010:and even the 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1937: 1928: 1924: 1921:This section 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1897:Ibrahim Daher 1895: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1864:Sami Khoueiry 1862: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756:Antoine Bridi 1754: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672:George Freiha 1670: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1597:Jihaz al-Aman 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1548:US Navy SEALs 1545: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1403:and holsters. 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1229: 1219: 1210: 1206: 1203:This section 1201: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1187: 1185: 1175: 1166: 1162: 1159:This section 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1112: 1103: 1099: 1096:This section 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065:Rashid Karami 1063: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000:Lebanese Army 997: 990: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 918: 916: 913: 908: 904: 900: 892: 890: 886: 883: 882:Lebanese army 879: 878:Souk El Gharb 875: 871: 870:Souk El Gharb 866: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 825: 820: 812: 807: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 745: 740: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 714: 712: 709: 703: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 680: 677: 672: 662: 659: 651: 648:November 2011 641: 637: 631: 630: 625:This section 623: 619: 614: 613: 607: 602: 600: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 553: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 510:which was an 509: 505: 500: 494: 485: 481: 470: 467: 465: 462: 459: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 419: 418: 415: 411: 408: 403: 397: 392: 385: 381: 376: 370: 359: 355: 351:(until 1980) 350: 346: 341: 330: 326: 321: 310: 309:Amal Movement 306: 301: 297: 294: 290: 287: 283: 272: 267: 260: 255: 249: 244: 237: 232: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 204: 200: 197: 195: 191: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 163: 159: 156: 155:South Lebanon 152: 148: 147:Mount Lebanon 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 102: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 75: 71: 68: 65: 61: 54: 49: 42: 36: 30: 19: 5922: 5908: 5890: 5876: 5858: 5844: 5825: 5811: 5793: 5779: 5765: 5751: 5737: 5723: 5709: 5695: 5681: 5667: 5653: 5639: 5615: 5601: 5587: 5568: 5550: 5529: 5528:Rex Brynen, 5522: 5504: 5491:The Gemayels 5490: 5476: 5462: 5448: 5434: 5424: 5405: 5397: 5387: 5376: 5362: 5348: 5329: 5315: 5290: 5276: 5258: 5243: 5224: 5188:. 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Retrieved 3212:the original 3205: 3196: 3177: 3158: 3138: 3049: 3009: 2962: 2947: 2937:short-range 2907: 2869:trucks) and 2865:(mounted on 2857:(mounted on 2848: 2757:, AIL M325, 2741: 2650: 2598:T-54A, T-55A 2582:Mountain War 2571: 2516:M42A1 Duster 2505: 2445:South Africa 2415: 2364: 2320:Colt M1911A1 2225: 2185:Mossberg 500 2179: 2095: 2021: 2000:black market 1988:South Africa 1985: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1934:October 2022 1931: 1927:adding to it 1922: 1892:Paul Gemayel 1870:Salim Meayki 1858:Robert Hatem 1838:Nader Succar 1817:Joseph Elias 1811:Joseph Eddeh 1790:Elias Khoury 1696:Samir Geagea 1659:Samir Geagea 1653:Elie Hobeika 1623:Dany Chamoun 1619:Samir Geagea 1596: 1588: 1582: 1575:Civil Police 1574: 1561: 1553: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1528:al-Maghaweer 1527: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1499: 1492:Battalion 77 1491: 1487: 1479: 1473: 1465: 1461: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1431: 1421: 1413: 1401:pistol belts 1396: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1368: 1360: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1336: 1328: 1322: 1314: 1308: 1301:Signal Corps 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767:Achrafieh 576:Al-Tanzim 522:loyal to 493:romanized 369:Hezbollah 292:Opponents 203:far-right 119:Karantina 109:1976–1994 82:Fadi Frem 5200:cite web 5113:Kassis, 5074:Kassis, 5061:Kassis, 5048:Zaloga, 5022:Kassis, 4990:Kassis, 4964:Kassis, 4951:Kassis, 4912:Kassis, 4867:Zaloga, 4854:Kassis, 4841:Kassis, 4773:Kassis, 4760:Zaloga, 4744:Kassis, 4728:Kassis, 4682:Kassis, 4651:Kassis, 4612:Kassis, 4599:Zaloga, 4534:Kassis, 4521:Zaloga, 4490:Zaloga, 4464:Kassis, 4438:Kassis, 4409:Kassis, 4370:Kassis, 4332:Kassis, 4319:Kassis, 4306:Laffin, 4293:Kassis, 4277:Kassis, 4261:Kassis, 4161:Kassis, 3068:See also 3046:Aircraft 2975:23mm AA 2967:14.5mm, 2614:BTR-60PB 2536:T-54/55s 2356:CZ 82/83 2272:SIG P210 2181:Shotguns 1701:General 937:Damascus 794:massacre 386:faction) 212:Disarmed 183:Maronism 162:Ideology 5190:29 June 4111:McNab, 3823:Rabah, 3810:Rabah, 3781:Rabah, 3730:Rabah, 3207:YouTube 2973:ZU-23-2 2963:Soviet 2945:(TEL). 2747:hardtop 2677:UAZ-469 2622:AMX-VCI 2548:BTR-152 2447:), the 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