915:"With reference to the deputation of certain representatives of the Jains, who met the Prime Minister on 25 January 1950, I am desired to say that there is no cause whatever for the Jains to have any apprehensions regarding the future of their religion and community. Your deputation drew attention to Article 25, explanation II of the Constitution. This explanation only lays down a rule of construction for the limited purpose of the provision in the article and as you will notice, it mentions not only of Jains but also Buddhists and the Sikhs. It is clear therefore, there is no reason for thinking that Jains are considered to be Hindus. It is true that Jains in some ways closely linked to Hindus and have many customs in common, but there can be no doubt that they are a distinct religious community and constitution does not in any way affect this well recognized position.
859:(NCM) Act (NCM), 1992. This made the Jain community which makes for 7 million or 0.4 percent of the population as per 2001 census, the sixth community to be designated this status as a "national minority", after Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists and Parsis. Though Jains already had minority status in 11 states of India including Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Rajasthan, in 2005 a petition was filed with Supreme Court of India, by community representatives, which was also backed by the National Minorities Commission. In its judgement the court left the decision to the Central government.
50:
3017:
884:
589:
1021:, said "the proposed amendment would amount to withdrawing the protection against forceful or inappropriate religious conversions, particularly in case of Jains and Buddhists". The release cited large scale protests from different religious and social organisations, especially from the Jain and Christian communities, in indicating toward the unacceptability of the proposed amendment.
674:
leader from Mumbai and the then Acting
President of the Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Sabha made an appeal in 1909 to the Governor General for the inclusion of the Jain community for representation in the council. Seth Manek Chand's petition was transferred to the Government of Bombay and the Secretary to the Government of Bombay stated in his reply dated 15 October 1909 as follows:
941:"Buddhism and Jainism were certainly not Hinduism or even the Vedic Dharma. Yet they arose in India and were integral parts of Indian life, culture and philosophy. A Buddhist or Jain, in India, is a hundred per cent product of Indian thought and culture, yet neither is a Hindu by faith. It is, therefore, entirely misleading to refer to Indian culture as Hindu culture."
1055:
separate religion." In the said judgement, the Court referred to the observations of various scholars in this behalf. The Court quoted
Heinrich Zimmer in "Philosophies of India" wherein he stated that "Jainism denies the authority of the Vedas and the orthodox traditions of Hinduism. Therefore, it is reckoned as a heterodox Indian religion". The Court also quoted
1855:
992:
Bill, a person need not seek permission in case he/she is converting from one sect to another of the same religion. It clubbed
Jainism and Buddhism as denominations of Hinduism, like Shia and Sunnis are of Islam or Catholicism and Protestantism of Christianity. The move evoked strong protests from the state's
1042:
1954 - In The
Commissioner Hindu Religious Endowments, Madras v. Sri Lakshmindra Thirtha Swamiar of Sri Shirur Mutt reported in AIR 1954 SC 282 this Court observed that there are well known religions in India like Buddhism and Jainism which do not believe in God, in any Intelligent First Cause. The
991:
state assembly. The bill was passed in 2003. An amendment to the bill was passed on 19 September 2006 which banned the forced conversion from one religion to another. The Anti-Conversion Act passed earlier was not clear on what forced conversion meant and to whom should it apply. Under the amendment
842:
This cast a doubt on the independent standing of Jain religion. Scholars in the Jain tradition, as well as several groups amongst the Jain community protested, and emphasised that Jain religion stands as a religion in its own right. While
Hinduism as a mode of living, and as a culture is to be found
695:
Jainism is mentioned as a religion along with
Buddhism and Sikhism in explanation II of the Article 25 of the India Constitution relating to Fundamental Right to religions freedom. On this issue Jawahar Lal Nehru, the then prime Minister, in his letter dated 31.01.1950 assured a Jain Deputation that
1046:
1958 - In well known Kerala
Education Bill's case, 1957 reported in AIR 1958 SC 956, this Court held that to claim the minority rights, the Community must be numerically a minority by reference to the entire population of the State or country where the law is applicable. In that way also, the Jain
1030:
1927 - In 1927 Madras High Court in
Gateppa v. Eramma and others reported in AIR 1927 Madras 228 held that "Jainism as a distinct religion was flourishing several centuries before Christ". Jainism rejects the authority of the Vedas which form the bedrock of Hinduism and denies the efficacy of the
673:
The Jain demand for minority status is almost a century old, when in
British India the Viceroy and Governor General of India, Lord Minto took a decision in principle of giving representation to important minorities in the Central Legislature. Seth Manek Chand Hirachand from Mumbai, an eminent Jain
1220:
Along with
Hinduism and Buddhism, it is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence. …While often employing concepts shared with Hinduism and Buddhism, the result of a common cultural and linguistic background, the Jain tradition must be regarded as an independent
1050:
1968 - In Commissioner of Wealth Tax, West Bengal v. Smt. Champa Kumari Singhi & Others reported in AIR 1968 Calcutta 74, a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court observed that "Jains rejected the authority of the Vedas which forms the bedrock of Hinduism and denied the efficacy of various
691:
In his speech on 3 September 1949, Jawahar Lal Nehru said: No doubt India has a vast majority of Hindus, but they could not forget in fact there are also minorities Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Jains. If India were understood as Hindu Rashtra it meant that the minorities were not cent per cent
1034:
1939 - In Hirachand Gangji v. Rowji Sojpal reported in AIR 1939 Bombay 377, it was observed that "Jainism prevailed in this country long before Brahmanism came into existence and held that field, and it is wrong to think that the Jains were originally Hindus and were subsequently converted into
1054:
1976 - In Arya Samaj Education Trust, Delhi & Others v. The Director of Education, Delhi Administration, Delhi & Others reported in AIR 1976 Delhi 207, it was held as follows: "Not only the Constitution but also the Hindu Code and the Census Reports have recognised Jains to belong to a
903:"No doubt India has a vast majority of Hindus, but they could not forget the fact that there were also minorities - Muslims, Parsis, Christians, Sikhs and Jains. If India was understood as a Hindu Rashtra, it meant that the minorities were not cent percent citizens of this country."
1016:
returned the Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill, 2006. The Governor held that Jainism and Buddhism are recognised as religions rather than denominations of Hinduism, something that the Amendment Bill sought to wrongly convey. A press release issued by
1679:
para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, Uttar Pradesh v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of
1454:(para 25, Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors., Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, decided On: 21.08.2006, Supreme Court of India)
1038:
1951 - A Division Bench of the Bombay High Court consisting of Chief Justice Chagla and Justice Gajendragadkar in respect of Bombay Harijan Temple Entry Act, 1947 (C.A. 91 of 1951) held that Jains have an independent religious entity and are different from
1063:
wherein he stated that "Jainism has been a rival of Hinduism from the beginning". In the said judgment, in conclusion, the Court held that "for the purpose of Article 30(1), the Jains are a minority based on religion in the Union Territory of
798:
was one in the generation of Thirthankars. The Tirathankars are embodiments of perfect human-beings who have achieved human excellence at mental and physical levels. In philosophical sense, Jainism is a reformist movement amongst Hindus like
732:
It resolved to recommend to the Government of India that the Jains deserve to be recognised as a distinct religious minority, and that, therefore the Government of India may consider including them in the listing of "Minorities."
681:"I am directed to inform you that a number of seats have been reserved for representation of minorities by nomination and that in allotting them, the claim of the important Jain Community will receive full consideration. "
974:"The Jains claim quite a great antiquity for their religion. But, it cannot be competed with the antiquity of Sanadhana Dharma. In the earliest Brahmanic literature are found traces of the existence of a religious Order."
1008:
also criticised the Gujarat Assembly's decision to club Jainism and Buddhism with Hinduism terming it to be in contravention of its 23 October 1993, notification classifying Buddhists as a "minority community."
910:
10.2 On 31 January 1950, the PPS to the then Prime Minister of India sent a letter to the Jain Deputation on behalf of the then Prime Minister, which reads as under: (See adjoining image for original letter)
688:
In a Memorandum by the Representative of the Jain Community to the Constituent Assembly in March/April 1947 a strong appeal was made for the inclusion of the Jain community as a minority religious community.
1067:
1993 - In A.M. Jain College v. Government of Tamil Nadu (1993) 1 MLJ 140, the Court observed that it is also an admitted fact that the Jain community in Madras, Tamil Nadu is a religious and linguistic
706:
The Indian Supreme Court in 2005 ruled that Jains, Sikhs and Buddhist are part of broader Hindu fold, as they are Indic religions and interconnected to each other, although they are distinct religions.
1051:
ceremonies which the Hindus consider essential. It will require too much of boldness to hold that the Jains, dissenters from Hinduism, are Hindus, even though they disown the authority of the Vedas".
1767:
715:
In 1993, the National Minorities Commission arrived at their recommendation that the Jain community be declared as a minority religious community. It was in consideration of the following:
1426:
875:
Jainism and Other Religions: Illustrations noted by Supreme Court of India in the U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad Judgment (the para numbers refer to the paragraphs in the Judgment):
1283:, Purava-paścima-āse tava singhāsana pāse, Prema-hāra haya gāmthā, Jana gana aikya vidhāyaka jaya he bhārata bhāgya vidhāta, Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, jaya jaya jaya jaya he!
966:. The Yajurveda does mention three names similar of the tirthankaras -Rishabh, Ajitnath & Aristanemi but the Vedic definitions are different from the Jain definitions."
1667:"Supreme Court of India Committee Of Management Kanya ... vs Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha ... on 21 August, 2006 Author: D Bhandari Bench: S. B.Sinha, Dalveer Bhandari"
843:
across various religions in India because of several common customs, traditions and practices, but as religions Hindu religion and Jain religion are distinct.
1012:
Ultimately on 31 July 2007, finding it not in conformity with the concept of freedom of religion as embodied in Article 25 (1) of the Constitution, Governor
1737:
1221:
phenomenon. It is an integral part of South Asian religious belief and practice, but it is not a Hindu sect or Buddhist heresy, as earlier scholars believed
1771:
1844:
2996:
1430:
3045:
3001:
1560:
703:, Indian National Anthem clearly enunciates Jainism as a separate religious denomination in line with Hinduism, Islam and other religions.
1641:"CASE NO.:Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999 PETITIONER:Bal Patil & Anr. RESPONDENT:Union of India & Ors. DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/08/2005"
1640:
1508:
656:, but it is one of the three ancient Indian religions. On 27 January 2014, the Government of India explicitly awarded the status of a "
1005:
856:
661:
1457:
2955:
619:
573:
74:
400:
1043:
Court recognised that Jainism and Buddhism are equally two distinct religions professed in India in contrast with Vedic religion.
774:' is a special religion formed on the basis of quintessence of Hindu religion. Jainism places greater emphasis on non-violence ('
839:
have already notified Jains as 'minority' in accordance with the provisions of the respective State Minority Commissions Act."
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2919:
1316:
1236:
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2835:
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1837:
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towards granting Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India. The Court however left it to the respective
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2782:
2741:
435:
2601:
1968:
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3055:
3050:
2696:
2070:
1745:
353:
325:
2050:
1538:
154:
2635:
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1963:
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568:
17:
1347:
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the fundamental differences in philosophy and beliefs (theism vs.atheism principally) vis-a-vis Hinduism, and
2914:
2534:
2516:
1830:
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was the founder of Jainism. It is highly doubted that Jainism prevailed even before Vardhamana Mahaveera or
2613:
2571:
1095:
1072:
748:
475:
3040:
2991:
2762:
2630:
2539:
1088:
970:
15. Dr. Radhakrishnan, who edited the 6th Volume of The Cultural Heritage of India, mentioned as under:
867:
In 2006, the Supreme Court opined that "Jain Religion is indisputably is not a part of Hindu Religion".
612:
2171:
1087:, so these three are part of wider broader Hindu religion, based on the historic background on how the
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2726:
2721:
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The said speech can be considered to be a clarification on Article 25 of the Constitution of India.
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2860:
2823:
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2736:
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2246:
2114:
1261:
852:
762:
In one of the observations of the Supreme Court, not forming part of the judgment, the Court said:
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518:
69:
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2818:
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2591:
2586:
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2216:
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1191:
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933:
64:
1570:
3065:
2840:
2731:
2671:
2666:
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2618:
2608:
2422:
2309:
2060:
1985:
1914:
1907:
1884:
1803:
775:
304:
248:
243:
184:
172:
104:
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1516:
2878:
2850:
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2681:
2576:
2563:
2508:
2473:
2316:
2211:
2162:
2152:
2045:
2034:
2019:
2009:
2000:
1958:
1946:
896:
752:
605:
528:
513:
503:
407:
134:
119:
114:
109:
33:
2134:
1786:"Otification by Punjab Government regarding declaration of Jains under Minority - News - 1"
363:
3021:
2872:
2802:
2777:
2483:
2478:
2463:
2443:
2281:
2273:
2199:
1894:
1461:
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1369:
1323:(Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 7 May 2007. Archived from
593:
508:
377:
86:
1615:
1293:
2894:
2792:
2767:
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2468:
2402:
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2204:
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1951:
1936:
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awarded the minority status to the Jain community in India, as per Section 2(c) of the
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428:
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258:
218:
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144:
99:
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1715:
1129:
832:
783:
386:
288:
253:
59:
1404:
1324:
1294:"Jains, Sikhs part of broader Hindu religion, says SC S.S. Negi Legal Correspondent"
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2845:
2453:
2364:
2359:
2346:
2296:
2263:
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1929:
1919:
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820:
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800:
563:
293:
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124:
94:
49:
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2157:
2142:
2124:
2104:
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1941:
1874:
1211:
1149:
1144:
1108:
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found that the "Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of the Hindu Religion".
1025:
Chronological order of various court judgments on Jainism as a separate religion
963:
836:
824:
808:
791:
553:
449:
335:
283:
199:
139:
3016:
588:
2889:
2865:
2526:
2488:
2374:
2241:
2236:
2194:
2055:
1975:
1164:
1001:
804:
485:
480:
330:
320:
315:
223:
149:
1785:
2830:
2493:
2448:
2417:
2369:
2354:
2109:
2079:
1902:
1879:
1565:
1179:
1134:
1114:
892:
742:
558:
548:
523:
358:
310:
2035:
782:'). Their only difference from Hindus is that Jains do not believe in any
2904:
2899:
2412:
2386:
2119:
1084:
1080:
997:
795:
767:
650:
640:
298:
696:
they need not have any misgivings on this clear constitutional position.
2253:
2029:
2024:
1995:
1858:
1666:
1159:
1119:
1083:) are distinct religions, but are inter-connected and inter-related to
1076:
988:
959:
771:
633:
41:
1854:
1822:
770:' can be called a general religion and common faith of India whereas '
2909:
2407:
2147:
2014:
1980:
1169:
653:
470:
194:
129:
2544:
2521:
1990:
1472:
Jawaharlal Nehru's speech reported in the English daily newspaper
1174:
1139:
189:
1768:"Jain community gets minority status in Punjab - Hindustan Times"
1561:"National Commission for Minorities criticises Gujarat decision"
993:
819:
The Supreme Court also noted: " … that the State Governments of
1826:
1306:
National Minorities Commission - notification dated 23-10-1993
660:" to the Jain community in India, as per Section 2(c) of the
1103:
List of states in which Jains have been declared as minority
954:, in his book "Indian Philosophy Vol I" mentioned as under:
891:
On 3 September 1949, while addressing a public meeting at
790:
but worship only the perfect human-being whom they called
728:
the substantial number of Jain population in the country.
1427:"Eye on votes, UPA gives Jain community minority status"
1616:"Jains, Sikhs part of broader Hindu religion, says SC"
1450:
1448:
1281:
Hindu-Bauddha-Śikha-Jaina-Pārasika-Musalmāna-Khristāni
1716:"Jains declared as minority community in West Bengal"
1279:
Aharaha tava ahvāna prachārita, śuni tava udāra vāni,
1515:. The Indian Express. 3 October 2006. Archived from
1111:(which has the largest population of Jains in India)
958:"The Bhagawat Purana does not endorse the view that
2964:
2928:
2811:
2750:
2714:
2644:
2562:
2555:
2507:
2431:
2395:
2345:
2272:
2187:
2133:
2078:
2069:
1893:
1865:
1031:
various ceremonies which Hindus consider essential.
811:. The three main principles of Jainism are Ahimsa,
759:to decide on the minority status of Jain religion.
645:. A section of scholars earlier considered it as a
1429:. Hindustan Times. 20 January 2014. Archived from
927:Principal Private Secretary to the Prime Minister"
1405:Bal Patil & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors.
979:"Freedom of Religion Bill" controversy in Gujarat
711:Recommendation of National Minorities Commission
764:
18:Legal Status of Jainism as a Distinct Religion
1838:
613:
8:
2559:
2075:
1845:
1831:
1823:
668:History of Jain demand for minority status
620:
606:
28:
1321:Ministry of Minority Affairs, Rajya Sabha
1231:
1229:
887:Prime Ministers letter to Jain delegation
882:
871:Illustrations noted by the Supreme Court
1509:"Religion Bill stirs up an unholy mess"
1203:
987:was a controversial bill passed by the
719:the relevant constitutional provisions,
40:
1539:"Buddhists slam Gujarat religion Bill"
1365:
1355:
1349:Are Jains Not in Minority? Think Again
950:10.3 Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, the former
847:2014: National minority status granted
1804:"Majority rules? By Syed Shahabuddin"
1738:"Jains declared a religious minority"
895:, the first Prime Minister of India,
7:
1691:"Jains get minority status in Delhi"
1047:Community is eligible for the claim.
863:U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad Judgment
1810:. Combat Communalism. December 2005
1569:. 21 September 2006. Archived from
1061:Modern Religious Movements in India
931:10.5 Jawaharlal Nehru, in his book
1595:. The Indian Express. 31 July 2007
1006:National Commission for Minorities
857:National Commission for Minorities
662:National Commission for Minorities
25:
1593:"Religious freedom Bill returned"
1487:"Freedom of Religion Bill passed"
1385:"Minority rights are indivisible"
3015:
1853:
722:various judicial pronouncements,
587:
48:
1237:"Jains granted minority status"
2951:List of Digambar Jain ascetics
1744:. 9 March 2011. Archived from
1489:. Times Now. 19 September 2006
1091:had come into existence after.
1:
1403:Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999,
1346:KN Goyal (13 February 2006).
1614:S.S. Negi (11 August 2005).
1541:. CNN-IBN. 21 September 2006
3046:Jainism and other religions
2036:
1718:. Outlook. 13 December 2007
1075:gave verdict that Jainism,
429:Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)
205:Aparigraha (non-possession)
3082:
1317:"Status of Jain Community"
740:
415:Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)
394:Pravachanasara (Digambara)
3012:
985:Freedom of Religion Bill
851:On 20 January 2014, the
692:citizens of the country:
569:Parasparopagraho Jivanam
422:Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)
212:Anuvratas (further vows)
2915:Jain terms and concepts
2535:Digambar Jain Mahasabha
1216:Encyclopædia Britannica
737:The Bal Patil Judgement
664:(NCM) Act (NCM), 1992.
178:Mahavratas (major vows)
1476:dated 5 September 1949
1096:Supreme Court of India
1073:Supreme Court of India
937:, mentioned as under:
888:
817:
749:Supreme Court of India
637:is considered to be a
476:Mahavir Janma Kalyanak
387:Samayasāra (Digambara)
200:Brahmacarya (chastity)
3061:Human rights in India
2946:List of Jain ascetics
2751:Dynasties and empires
2540:Vishwa Jain Sangathan
1460:11 March 2007 at the
1410:Decided on 08/08/2005
1268:vol 63, no. 3, p. 29
886:
699:The second stanza of
195:Asteya (non-stealing)
185:Ahiṃsā (non-violence)
2941:List of Jain temples
1408:Indian Supreme Court
1266:The Radical Humanist
1264:(June 1999 reprint)
1014:Nawal Kishore Sharma
946:Dr. S. Radhakrishnan
778:') and compassion ('
751:declined to issue a
354:Schools and Branches
3022:Religion portal
2956:Topics List (index)
2247:Mahamastakabhisheka
1327:on 17 February 2013
1262:Manabendra Nath Roy
853:Government of India
594:Religion portal
284:The 24 Tirthankaras
2920:Sexual differences
1513:Ahmedabad Newsline
1433:on 20 January 2014
1383:Syed Shahabuddin.
1192:History of Jainism
952:President of India
934:Discovery of India
889:
401:Agama (Śvetāmbara)
3028:
3027:
2710:
2709:
2489:Hampa Nagarajaiah
2382:Auspicious dreams
2310:Bhaktamara Stotra
2183:
2182:
1774:on 24 April 2013.
1243:. 21 January 2014
1004:communities. The
918:Yours faithfully,
658:minority religion
639:legally distinct
630:
629:
249:Micchami Dukkadam
244:Bhaktamara Stotra
173:Ethics of Jainism
16:(Redirected from
3073:
3056:Religion and law
3051:Jainism in India
3020:
3019:
2982:Monks & nuns
2879:Statue of Ahimsa
2836:Pañca-Parameṣṭhi
2560:
2474:Champat Rai Jain
2317:Tattvartha Sutra
2076:
2039:
1857:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1770:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1742:Deccan Chronicle
1734:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:. Archived from
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:on 11 March 2010
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1470:
1464:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
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1218:. 14 July 2023.
1208:
897:Jawaharlal Nehru
879:Jawaharlal Nehru
753:writ of Mandamus
622:
615:
608:
592:
591:
529:Shravanabelagola
436:Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi
408:Tattvartha Sutra
52:
29:
21:
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3076:
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3024:
3014:
3008:
2960:
2924:
2873:Panch Kalyanaka
2807:
2746:
2742:Non-creationism
2706:
2640:
2551:
2503:
2484:Jeffery D. Long
2479:Padmanabh Jaini
2464:Virchand Gandhi
2444:Colette Caillat
2427:
2391:
2341:
2268:
2179:
2129:
2065:
1952:Heavenly beings
1889:
1861:
1851:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1799:
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1784:
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1749:
1748:on 9 March 2011
1736:
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1647:on 3 March 2016
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378:Jain literature
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2697:Southeast Asia
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2531:Organisations
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2499:Jinendra Varni
2496:
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2469:Hermann Jacobi
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2337:Uttaradhyayana
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2305:Namokar Mantra
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2098:Kashtha Sangha
2095:
2093:Balatkara Gana
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1956:
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1937:Jain cosmology
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1859:Jainism topics
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1808:Year 12 No.113
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1797:External links
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1155:Andhra Pradesh
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1125:Madhya Pradesh
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815:and Aparigrah.
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2937:
2936:List of Jains
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2861:Jain calendar
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2703:
2702:United States
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2637:
2636:Uttar Pradesh
2634:
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2620:
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2439:Nalini Balbir
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2217:Vegetarianism
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2033:
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2023:
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2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
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1967:
1965:
1962:
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1948:
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1519:on 2 May 2008
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1474:The Statesman
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1130:Uttar Pradesh
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
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854:
846:
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840:
838:
834:
833:Uttar Pradesh
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
801:Brahamsamajis
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
747:In 2005, the
744:
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2846:Śalākāpuruṣa
2454:John E. Cort
2365:Ashtamangala
2360:Siddhachakra
2297:Kasayapahuda
2264:Pratikramana
2172:Sthānakavāsī
1930:Anekāntavāda
1926:Jaina logic
1920:Kevala Jñāna
1915:Epistemology
1814:11 September
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
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1089:Constitution
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264:Jai Jinendra
237:Jain prayers
211:
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125:Kevala Jnana
95:Anekantavada
26:
2798:Rashtrakuta
2715:Jainism and
2614:Maharashtra
2572:Bundelkhand
2459:Paul Dundas
2332:Kalpa Sūtra
2327:Aptamimamsa
2212:Monasticism
2143:Murtipujaka
2125:Kanji Panth
2105:Taran Panth
2088:Mula Sangha
1942:Siddhashila
1875:Tirthankara
1620:The Tribune
1390:The Tribune
1366:|work=
1150:West Bengal
1145:Uttarakhand
1109:Maharashtra
964:Parsvanatha
960:Rishbhadeva
837:Uttarakhand
825:Maharashtra
805:Aryasamajis
574:Topics list
499:Pilgrimages
450:Valayapathi
349:Major sects
336:Yashovijaya
140:Brahmacarya
3035:Categories
2977:Literature
2866:Samvatsari
2631:Tamil Nadu
2556:Jainism in
2375:Nandavarta
2322:Samayasāra
2274:Literature
2242:Kshamavani
2237:Paryushana
2200:Meditation
2195:Sallekhana
2135:Śvetāmbara
2056:Ratnatraya
1976:Gunasthana
1895:Philosophy
1695:rediff.com
1545:16 October
1523:16 October
1493:16 October
1437:21 January
1247:21 January
1198:References
1165:Tamil Nadu
1019:Raj Bhavan
813:Anekantvad
792:Tirthankar
741:See also:
647:Hindu sect
486:Samvatsari
481:Paryushana
364:Śvetāmbara
331:Haribhadra
321:Siddhasena
316:Kundakunda
224:Sallekhana
150:Gunasthana
145:Aparigraha
87:Philosophy
2895:Sculpture
2831:Ekendriya
2692:Singapore
2677:Hong Kong
2657:Australia
2626:Rajasthan
2597:Karnataka
2509:Community
2494:Bal Patil
2449:Chandabai
2418:Pattavali
2370:Shrivatsa
2355:Jain flag
2232:Festivals
2188:Practices
2176:Terapanth
2163:Tristutik
2153:Kharatara
2115:Terapanth
2110:Bispanthi
2080:Digambara
1903:Five Vows
1880:Ganadhara
1625:11 August
1566:The Hindu
1368:ignored (
1358:cite book
1241:The Hindu
1212:"Jainism"
1180:Rajasthan
1135:Jharkhand
1115:Karnataka
1068:minority.
1035:Jainism."
1002:Christian
893:Allahabad
809:Lingayats
743:Bal Patil
559:Jain flag
549:Ekendriya
524:Shikharji
464:Festivals
359:Digambara
311:Ganadhara
100:Cosmology
3066:Jain law
2987:Scholars
2965:Navboxes
2824:Timeline
2773:Ikshvaku
2758:Chalukya
2727:Hinduism
2722:Buddhism
2687:Pakistan
2645:Overseas
2432:Scholars
2413:Kshullak
2396:Ascetics
2387:Swastika
2205:Sāmāyika
2120:Yapaniya
2071:Branches
1458:Archived
1186:See also
1085:Hinduism
1081:Buddhism
998:Buddhist
924:A.V. Pai
768:Hinduism
651:Buddhist
643:in India
641:religion
514:Palitana
299:Mahavira
289:Rishabha
219:Sāmāyika
70:Timeline
34:a series
32:Part of
2997:America
2992:Temples
2841:Pratima
2819:History
2812:Related
2803:Santara
2783:Kalinga
2778:Kadamba
2768:Hoysala
2737:Sikhism
2662:Belgium
2592:Haryana
2587:Gujarat
2517:Śrāvaka
2423:Acharya
2347:Symbols
2301:Mantra
2254:Upadhan
2227:Rituals
2222:Fasting
2061:Kashaya
2051:Saṃsāra
2030:Nirjara
2025:Samvara
1996:Pudgala
1885:Arihant
1752:9 March
1700:11 June
1160:Haryana
1120:Gujarat
1094:2006 -
1077:Sikhism
1071:2005 -
1064:Delhi".
1039:Hindus.
989:Gujarat
796:Mahavir
794:. Lord
784:creator
772:Jainism
766:Thus, '
634:Jainism
554:Temples
305:Arihant
155:Saṃsāra
65:History
42:Jainism
3002:Bengal
2910:Nigoda
2885:Temple
2851:Tirtha
2793:Pandya
2788:Maurya
2672:Europe
2667:Canada
2652:Africa
2619:Mumbai
2609:Kerala
2408:Aryika
2148:Gaccha
2020:Bandha
2015:Asrava
2010:Tattva
2001:Dharma
1981:Dravya
1969:Causes
1947:Naraka
1908:Ahimsa
1170:Punjab
899:said:
780:Karuna
776:Ahimsa
757:states
654:heresy
519:Girnar
471:Diwali
294:Pārśva
168:Ethics
135:Tattva
130:Dravya
115:Dharma
105:Ahimsa
2929:Lists
2890:Stupa
2763:Ganga
2732:Islam
2682:Japan
2602:North
2577:Delhi
2564:India
2545:JAINA
2527:Tamil
2522:Sarak
2282:Agama
2259:Tapas
2046:Death
2037:Mokṣa
1991:Ajiva
1964:Types
1959:Karma
1680:India
1651:9 May
1175:Assam
1140:Delhi
1079:(and
786:like
649:or a
542:Other
504:Tirth
120:Mokṣa
110:Karma
75:Index
60:Jains
2972:Gods
2158:Tapa
1986:Jīva
1867:Gods
1816:2008
1754:2011
1724:2008
1702:2008
1653:2015
1627:2005
1601:2007
1579:2008
1547:2006
1525:2006
1495:2006
1439:2014
1370:help
1333:2008
1249:2014
1000:and
994:Jain
983:The
835:and
807:and
2905:Law
2900:Art
2582:Goa
1059:in
921:Sd.
788:God
509:Abu
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