Prostitution law - Knowledge

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to call the police if there were signs of trouble in order to protect the prostitutes safety. In systems where prostitution is not legal and regulated pimps also often use prostitutes "who are often under aged and forced to work or face severe consequences, therefore mitigating consent." Legalization and regulation can then enforce minimum age laws and employment rights for prostitutes to protect against such harms. Advocates of this method argue that if legal and regulated time and money could also be saved by the police force, public defenders, and the judicial system in not prosecuting prostitutes and their clients, which could then be better spent targeting pimps and providing health care for prostitutes.

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to work in industries such as agriculture, domestic service as well as the sex industry. It is critical to distinguish human trafficking, which is a violation of human rights, from voluntary migration." The Open Society Foundations organization states: "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights. In fact, sex workers are natural allies in the fight against trafficking. The UNAIDS Guidance Note on HIV and Sex Work recognizes that sex worker organizations are best positioned to refer people who are victims of trafficking to appropriate services."

854:, a UN special reporter on trafficking in persons said: "For the most part, prostitution as actually practiced in the world usually does satisfy the elements of trafficking. It is rare that one finds a case in which the path to prostitution and/or a person’s experience with prostitution does not involve, at the very least, an abuse of power and/or an abuse of vulnerability. Power and vulnerability in this context must be understood to include disparities based on gender, race, ethnicity and poverty. Put simply the road to prostitution and life within “the life” is rarely marked by empowerment or adequate options." 1313: 561: 1199:"By 1975, Thailand, with the help of World Bank economists, had instituted a National Plan of Tourist Development, which specifically underwrote the sex industry... Without directly subsidising prostitution, the Act referred repeatedly to the personal services' sector. According to Thai feminist Sukyana Hantrakul, the law 'was enacted to pave the way for whorehouses to be legalised in the guise of massage parlours, bars, nightclubs, tea houses, etc." With particular reference to children, the United Nations 1227:, e.g. in Australia, the Crimes (Child Sex Tourism) Amendment Act 1994 covers a wide range of sexual activities with children under the age of 16 committed overseas. Laws with extraterritorial application are intended to fill the gap when countries are unwilling or unable to take action against known offenders. The rationale is that child-sex offenders should not escape justice simply because they are in a position to return to their home country. There is little research into whether the 35: 4816: 1559: 573: 4827: 99: 4810: 1344: 1587: 1279:; many brothel owners are criminals themselves; the creation of a legal and regulated prostitution industry only leads to another parallel illegal industry, as many women do not want to register and work legally (since this would rob them of their anonymity) and other women can not be hired by legal brothels because of underlying problems (e.g., 697:' of criminalizing the buying, but not the selling of sex. In 2014, the Council of Europe made a similar recommendation, stating that "While each system presents advantages and disadvantages, policies prohibiting the purchase of sexual services are those that are more likely to have a positive impact on reducing trafficking in human beings". 1416:"A study of San Francisco prostitutes found that 82% had been assaulted and 68% had been raped while working as prostitutes. Another study of prostitutes in Colorado Springs found they were 18 times more likely to be murdered than non-prostitutes their age and race." A paper by Barbara Brents and Kathryn Hausbeck of the 668:, while others distinguish this practice from the global sex industry, in which "sex work is done by consenting adults, where the act of selling or buying sexual services is not a violation of human rights." The term "sex work" is used interchangeably with "prostitution" in this article, in accordance with the 844: 1115:

Whilst prostitution is not prohibited, there is legislation to control and regulate it. There are countries where prostitution is illegal and punishable with imprisonment. The extent and type of control varies from country to country and may be regulated by work permits, licensing or tolerance zones;

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However, sex worker activists and organizations distinguish between human trafficking and legitimate sex work, and assert the importance of recognizing that trafficking is not synonymous with sex work. The Sex Workers Alliance Ireland organization explains: "victims of human trafficking may be forced

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When tippelzones or areas where street prostitutes could work legally opened in areas of major cities in the Netherlands researchers found a 30 to 40% drop in reports of rape and sexual abuse in the first two years after this began. In Dutch cities that licensed the sex workers that are legally able

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concluded that "brothels offer the safest environment available for women to sell consensual sex acts for money." Prostitutes who experience violence can be more reluctant to call the police if they are involved in an illegal business and Brents and Hausbeck observed that brothel owners had a policy

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wrote: "The issue, however, gets mired in controversy and confusion when prostitution too is considered as a violation of the basic human rights of both adult women and minors, and equal to sexual exploitation per se. From this standpoint then, trafficking and prostitution become conflated with each

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In most countries, sex work is controversial. Members of certain religions oppose prostitution, viewing it as contrary or a threat to their moral codes, while other parties view prostitution as a "necessary evil". Sex worker activists and organizations believe the issue of sex worker human rights is

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cannot be applied to prostitution. The typical relation between employer and employee where the employer is in a position of authority over the employee is, in the case of prostitution, viewed by many as contrary to the physical integrity of the prostitute. It is forbidden to order a person to have

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Some have argued that an extremely high level of violence is inherent to prostitution; they claim that many prostitutes have been the subject of violence, rape and coercion before entering prostitution including as children, and that many young women and girls enter prostitution directly from state

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A five-country survey of 175 men for the International Organisation for Migration found that 75% preferred female prostitutes aged 25 or under, and over 20% preferred those aged 18 or under, although "generally clients did not wish to buy sex from prostitutes they thought to be too young to consent

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Prostitution itself is legal, but third-party involvement is generally prohibited. Solicitation is also often prohibited. This model recognises that a prostitute may choose to work in the trade, however, the law is designed to stop prostitution impacting on the public. An example country where this

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to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is injurious or offensive and to provide safeguards against the exploitation and corruption of others, ... It is not, in our view, the function of the law to intervene in the private lives of citizens, or to seek to enforce

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In countries where prostitution is regulated, the prostitutes may be registered, they may be hired by a brothel, they may organize trade unions, they may be covered by workers' protection laws, their proceeds may be taxable, they may be required to undergo regular health checks, etc. The degree of

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where buying and selling sex are equally illegal, the tendency is to arrest the service provider and not the customer, even though there are significantly more customers than sellers. Thus, it is a fact that more women than men are arrested, and the true extent of the crime is underreported. James

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In most countries where prostitution is illegal, the prohibition of the sex trade is subject to debate and controversy among some people and some organizations, with some voices saying that the fact that prostitution is illegal increases criminal activities and negatively affects the prostitutes.

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published a report in 2012 on illegal sex work in Asia and the Pacific. The report stated - "Criminalization increases vulnerability to HIV by fueling stigma and discrimination, limiting access to HIV and sexual health services, condoms and harm reduction services, and adversely affecting the

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favors criminalizing the activities of those seen as exploiting or coercing prostitutes (so-called "pimping" and "procuring" laws), while leaving sex workers free from regulation. The Convention states that "prostitution and the accompanying evil of the traffic in persons for the purpose of

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Governments should establish antidiscrimination and other rights-respecting laws to protect against discrimination and violence, and other violations of rights faced by sex workers in order to realize their human rights and reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection and the impact of AIDS.

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Neo-abolitionists believe there is no free choice for people entering prostitution, it violates their human rights and prostitution is the sale and consumption of human bodies. Whilst prostitutes themselves commit no crime, clients and any third party involvement is criminalised; e.g.

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abuse, and an attack on the dignity and worth of human beings. Other schools of thought argue that sex work is a legitimate occupation, whereby a person trades or exchanges sexual acts for money and/or goods. Some believe that women in developing countries are especially vulnerable to

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Burnette, Mandi L; Lucas, Emma; Ilgen, Mark; Frayne, Susan M; Mayo, Julia; Weitlauf, Julie C (2008). "Arch Gen Psychiatry – Prevalence and Health Correlates of Prostitution Among Patients Entering Treatment for Substance Use Disorders, March 2008, Burnette et al. 65 (3): 337".

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Dutch researchers have found significant reductions in drug-related crime in areas where prostitution is legal and licensed. "In cities with both a tippelzone and a licensing requirement, for instance, they found a 25 percent reduction in drug-related crimes within two years."

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In many jurisdictions, prostitution – the commercial exchange of sex for money, goods, service, or some other benefit agreed upon by the transacting parties – is illegal, while in others it is legal, but surrounding activities, such as soliciting in a public place, operating a

1592: 1390:, reducing sexual slavery, increasing safety for sex workers and clients (such as from violence, abuse and murder), ensuring fair pay, fair work hours and safe and clean working conditions, controlling where brothels may operate and dissociating prostitution from 1607: 1456:. Brothel owners may be held liable if customers become infected with HIV after a prostitute has tested positive for the virus. Prostitution outside the licensed brothels is illegal throughout the state; all forms of prostitution are illegal in 1270:

etc.). They argue that a system which allows legalized and regulated prostitution has very negative effects and does not improve the situation of the prostitutes; such legal systems only lead to crime and abuse: many women who work in licensed

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State Parties undertake to protect the child from all forms of sexual exploitation and sexual abuse. For these purposes, State Parties shall, in particular, take all appropriate national, bilateral, and multilateral measures to prevent:

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in some other places. A variety of different legal models exist around the world, including total bans, bans that only target the customer, and laws permitting prostitution but prohibiting organized groups, an example being brothels.

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the criminal justice systems which, in the Third World country may lack transparency, and in the First World country may involve hostile and intrusive cross-examination of child witnesses with no adult witnesses to corroborate their

693:, has condemned prostitution as "an intolerable form of male violence". In February 2014, the members of the European Parliament voted in a non-binding resolution (adopted by 343 votes to 139; with 105 abstentions), in favor of the ' 1374:. In these jurisdictions, there is a specific law, which explicitly allows the practice of prostitution if certain conditions are met (as opposed to places where prostitution is legal only because there is no law to prohibit it). 1231:

legislation has any real deterrent effect on adults determined to have sex with children overseas. It may be that these people are simply more careful in their activities as a result of the laws. There are three obvious problems:

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Many anti-prostitution advocates hold that prostitutes themselves are often victims, arguing that prostitution is a practice which can lead to serious psychological and often physical long-term effects for the prostitutes.

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regulation, however, varies very much by jurisdiction..Such approaches are taken with the stance that prostitution is impossible to eliminate, and thus these societies have chosen to regulate it in an attempt to increase

3683: 648:, may be illegal. In many jurisdictions where prostitution is legal, it is regulated; in others it is unregulated. Where the exchange of sex for money is criminalized, it may be the sex worker (most commonly), the 684:

Some feminist organizations are opposed to prostitution, considering it a form of exploitation in which males dominate women, and as a practice that is the result of a patriarchal social order. For example, the

1179:, in April 2007, there were 1,352 female and 21 male prostitutes officially registered. The number of prostitutes who are not registered (and therefore work illegally) is not known. A recent study by 2097: 506: 3281: 780:

Many people who support legal prostitution argue that prostitution is a consensual sex act between adults and a victimless crime, thus the government should not prohibit this practice.

3091: 1120:(also called "regulationist"). A historical example of zone restricted legalization is the institution of 'red-light' districts in Japan in the early 17th century, most famously the 1582: 1298:

Abolitionists believe tolerance of prostitution is tolerance of inegalitarian sexuality in which male sexual demands can override women's sexual autonomy and overall well-being.

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Demands to legalise prostitution as a means to contain exploitation in the sex industry is now gaining support from organisations such as the UN and the Supreme Court of India.

1394:. Regulation also allows for the potential of introducing a minimum age requirement to become a sex worker, enter a brothel, and to engage in sexual activity with a sex worker. 4748: 2570: 2631: 2040: 1577: 1191:(1982) reports that, in the United States, the arrest ratio of women to men was 3:2, but notes that many of the men arrested were the prostitutes rather than the clients. 3829: 4728: 3210:

Maxwell, S R. & Maxwell C. D. (2000). "Examining the "criminal careers" of prostitutes within the nexus of drug use, drug selling, and other illicit activities".

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and other sexually transmitted infections for sex workers in low- and middle- income countries" document that contains the following "Good practice recommendations":

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All countries should work toward decriminalization of sex work and elimination of the unjust application of non-criminal laws and regulations against sex workers.†

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of greatest importance, including those related to freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, parenthood, insurance, health insurance, and housing.

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Those who support prohibition or abolition of prostitution argue that keeping prostitution illegal is the best way to prevent abusive and dangerous activities (

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Views on what the best legal framework on prostitution should be are often influenced by whether one can view prostitution as morally acceptable or not; indeed

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Health services should be made available, accessible and acceptable to sex workers based on the principles of avoidance of stigma, non-discrimination and the

4733: 3878: 2918: 1283:); legalizing prostitution makes it more socially acceptable to buy sex, creating a demand for prostitutes (both by local men and by foreigners engaging in 542: 322: 2756: 2195: 1816: 751:

Violence against sex workers is a risk factor for HIV and must be prevented and addressed in partnership with sex workers and sex worker-led organizations.

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In areas where prostitution or the associated activities are illegal, prostitutes are commonly charged with crimes ranging from minor infractions such as

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contributions, which comes with paid labor. Therefore, many prostitutes, in countries where prostitution is regulated, are officially listed as

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Sanchez, Lisa. (1999). "Sex, Law and the Paradox of Agency and Resistance in the Everyday Practices of Women in the "Evergreen" Sex Trade", in

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All aspects of prostitution are criminalised. Often the sex trade is seen as a violation of human dignity, moral or religious beliefs; e.g.

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Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography

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Erickson P.G.; Butters J.; McGillicuddy P. & Hallgren A. (2000). "Crack and Prostitution: Gender, Myths, and Experiences".

2682: 2421: 1328: 54: Abolitionism – prostitution is legal, but organized activities such as brothels and pimping are illegal; prostitution is 3936: 3637: 3627: 3472: 2923: 2599: 795:

to pay for sex, but not to be a prostitute (the client commits a crime, but not the prostitute). A similar law was passed in

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In countries where prostitution is legal and regulated, it is usual for the practice to be restricted to particular areas.

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NGOs, academics and government departments often categorise the approach to prostitution laws and approach into 5 models:

596: 344: 261: 2309:"Current Publications: Law, justice and rights: Prostitution: A Review of Legislation in Selected Countries (PRB 03-29E)" 1521:

The existence of regulated prostitution generally implies that prostitution is illegal outside of the regulated context.

4673: 4588: 4573: 4558: 4383: 4191: 4041: 3722: 3652: 3632: 3492: 1434: 1387: 1183:, on the prostitute population from Germany, estimated that 93% of prostitutes were female, 3% transgender and 4% male. 356: 3373: 1686: 4723: 4623: 4598: 4593: 4468: 4448: 4288: 4136: 3921: 3712: 2143: 391: 3233:

Human Rights Violations against the Transgender Community: A Study of Kothi and Hijra Sex Workers in Bangalore, India

2898:. Melbourne: Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University. 2341: 2196:"Prostitution and Human Trafficking: Tackling Demand The Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill: A Briefing from CARE" 772:, and general benefit or harm to society (including harm arising indirectly from matters connected to prostitution). 741:

Antidiscrimination laws and regulations should guarantee sex workers’ right to social, health and financial services.

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In countries where prostitution itself is legal, but associated activities are outlawed, prostitution is generally

226: 186: 4851: 4698: 4608: 4578: 4453: 4353: 4258: 4238: 4213: 3961: 3951: 3707: 2753: 686: 669: 366: 181: 2170:"Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others" 2144:"Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others" 4856: 4718: 4648: 4643: 4613: 4563: 4528: 4508: 4488: 4413: 4378: 4233: 4156: 4151: 4116: 4086: 4056: 4051: 4036: 4021: 3986: 3695: 3569: 2819:. Grant No. RO1-MH-32782-01. Washington D.C.: Delancey Street Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health. 929: 713:

any particular code of behaviour, further than is necessary to carry out the purposes of what we have outlined.

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the poverty which motivates the decision to survive economically through the provision of sexual services; and

1128:. In countries where prostitution is illegal, there are activists promoting the legalization of prostitution. 2279:

The Law and Economics of International Sex Slavery: Prostitution Laws and Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation

2202: 4703: 4688: 4683: 4663: 4583: 4568: 4538: 4463: 4433: 4428: 4418: 4403: 4343: 4293: 4248: 4243: 4186: 4166: 4146: 4141: 4126: 4111: 4096: 4046: 4016: 3996: 3991: 3976: 3966: 3956: 3931: 3926: 3617: 1510: 1379: 815:(2017) and Israel (2018; effective 2020) have also adopted a similar model to that of the Nordic countries ( 317: 2687:

Making the Harm Visible, Global Sexual Exploitation of Women and Girls, Speaking Out and Providing Services

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Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others

4713: 4678: 4668: 4633: 4618: 4548: 4543: 4523: 4498: 4473: 4408: 4398: 4373: 4338: 4323: 4318: 4303: 4278: 4223: 4203: 4171: 4106: 4061: 4031: 4026: 4011: 4001: 3941: 3905: 3895: 3601: 3477: 3467: 1602: 1481: 1307: 1287:) and, as a result, human trafficking and underage prostitution increase in order to satisfy this demand. 1087: 792: 694: 565: 257: 216: 2636: 1982: 4830: 4708: 4628: 4603: 4553: 4533: 4458: 4438: 4393: 4363: 4348: 4313: 4298: 4283: 4253: 4228: 4198: 4131: 4081: 4076: 4006: 3843: 3689: 3591: 3586: 3518: 3415: 3219:

The Politics of Prostitution: Women's Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex Commerce

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Ericsson, Lars. (1980). "Charges Against Prostitution : An Attempt at a Philosophical Assessment".

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The decriminalization of sex work is the removal of criminal penalties for sex work. In most countries,

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Egger, Sandra & Harcourt, Christine. (1991). "Prostitution in NSW: The Impact of Deregulation". in

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The enforcement of the anti-prostitution laws varies from country to country or from region to region.

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Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy: Abortion, Homosexuality, Drug Addiction

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What happens when prostitution becomes work? An update on legalisation of prostitution in Australia

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varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. At one extreme,

425: 408: 243: 34: 4809: 2479: 1772:"European Women's Lobby Européen des femmes : Prostitution in Europe: 60 Years of Reluctance" 1513:. Sex operators typically operate as facilitators only and do not interfere with the prostitutes. 3864: 3734: 3579: 3508: 2794: 2722: 2717: 2041:"Controversial prostitution law introduced on day of action on violence against women - The Star" 1453: 1359: 1324: 1263: 632: 467: 381: 351: 248: 238: 2777: 2450: 3871: 3836: 3773: 3523: 3348: 3318: 3304: 3271: 3245: 3222: 3184: 3149: 3128: 2945: 2899: 2820: 2346: 2228:"Summer 2008: "It's Not TV, Its Sexploitation" Protest Against Home Box Office by Norma Ramos" 2022: 1593:

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

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Caine, Barbara. & Pringle, Rosemary (eds.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. pp. 184–197.

2841:(October 2008). "Young women, local authority care and selling sex: findings from research". 1838: 3815: 3787: 3176:. Barbara Raffel Price & Natalie J Sokoloff (eds.). New York: Clark Boardman. pp291–315. 3076: 3054: 2852: 2786: 2014: 1953: 1771: 1351: 1347: 701: 447: 276: 176: 64: Neo-abolitionism – illegal to buy sex and for 3rd party involvement, legal to sell sex 2480:"Feminism, power, and sex work in the context of HIV/Aids: consequences for women's health" 2281:". Working Papers in Economics 458, Göteborg University, Department of Economics. 29 pages. 2227: 1723: 1492:

self-esteem of sex workers and their ability to make informed choices about their health."

3850: 3780: 3462: 2760: 2678: 2648: 1506: 1391: 1187: 745: 511: 452: 201: 90: 1861: 689:, which bills itself as the largest umbrella organization of women's associations in the 3252: 3242:

Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 22: Prostitution laws in Australia

1746:"International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights: World Charter For Prostitutes' Rights" 17: 3123:

Carrabine, Eamonn; Iganski, Paul; Lee, Maggy; Plummer, Ken & South, Nigel. (2004).

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released a report in 2010 that argued that prostitution laws affect trafficking flows.

705: 690: 484: 474: 430: 334: 171: 3303:. Stuart Henry and Dragon Milovanovic (eds.). New York: State University of New York. 1370:

In some countries, (or administrative subdivisions within a country), prostitution is

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Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography

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The exploitative use of children in prostitution or other unlawful sexual practices.

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sex on a given moment at a given place. Many sex operators also do not want to pay

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Prostitution : le Parlement adopte définitivement la pénalisation des clients

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the low level of reporting of sexual offences by child victims or their parents;

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The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful sexual activity.

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A few jurisdictions require that prostitutes undergo regular health checks for

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Although prostitution is mainly performed by female prostitutes there are also

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prostitution are incompatible with the dignity and worth of the human person".

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The exploitative use of children in pornographic performances and materials.

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The scandal of the state: women, law, and citizenship in postcolonial India

3183:. Translated by Nicole Hahn Rafter and Mary Gibson. Duke University Press. 2147: 2026: 2856: 3701: 2744:

Is trafficking in human beings demand driven? A multi-country pilot study

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The Criminal Justice System and Women: Women Offenders, Victims, Workers

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Women and the Law: Proceedings of a Conference held 24–26 September 1991

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As of 2000, twenty-four countries had enacted legislation criminalising

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Association for Promoting the Extension of the Contagious Diseases Acts

3452: 3402: 3331:. Avert (Global information and advice on HIV & AIDS). 20 July 2015 1104: 922: 918: 914: 906: 886: 878: 820: 816: 800: 645: 641: 457: 3857: 2942:

Demanding Sex: Critical Reflections on the Regulation of Prostitution

2546: 1572: 1477: 1445: 1441: 1180: 1176: 1083: 1070: 894: 874: 865:), the most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are 808: 804: 796: 788: 3092:"Legalise prostitution in India to address problems of sex industry" 2970:"Legal prostitution zones reduce incidents of rape and sexual abuse" 1500:

The regulation of prostitution is problematic because some standard

672:(WHO 2001; WHO 2005) and the United Nations (UN 2006; UNAIDS 2002). 3259:"4 The Prostitution Question(s): Female Agency, Sexuality and Work" 2278: 2390:"DEMAND CHANGE: UNDERSTANDING THE NORDIC APPROACH TO PROSTITUTION" 2146:. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. Archived from 1342: 1311: 1276: 902: 890: 870: 33: 2871: 1425:

to work in these zones rapes and sexual abuse fell by up to 40%.

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Peoples’ Union for Civil Liberties, Karnataka (PUCL-K). (2003).

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In December 2012, UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on

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Report of the Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution

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It goes with the territory - street sex work is risky business

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Anderson, Bridget; O'Connell Davidson, Julia (December 2003).

2718:"Not work, not crime: who are the true agents of prostitution" 2653:"The legalisation of prostitution: a failed social experiment" 1125: 730: 631:, while at the other extreme, it is considered a severe crime 2775:; Pines, Ayala M. (June 1982). "Entrance into prostitution". 1354:, is the largest brothel in Europe. Picture taken during the 1476:, and in a few other parts of the state (currently 8 out of 901:. The major sources of trafficked persons include Thailand, 3137:

Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution. (1957).

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and therefore reduce the more undesirable consequences and

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Pinto, Susan; Scandia, Anita & Wilson, Paul. (2005).

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creates specific obligations. Article 34 stipulates that:

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Identifying Research Gaps in the Prostitution Literature

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James, Jennifer. (1982). "The Prostitute as Victim" in

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Pyett, Priscilla; Warr, Deborah; Pope, Jeanette (1999).

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care in at least England, Norway, Australia and Canada.

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prostitutes performing straight and/or gay sex work. In

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Sullivan, Barbara. (1995) "Rethinking Prostitution" in

3148:. Patricia Weiser Easteal & Sandra McKillop (eds.) 1917:"New guidelines to better prevent HIV in sex workers" 1891:"Definition of Trafficking - Save the Children Nepal" 1889:

Save the Children Norway (Nepal) (20 November 2007).

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International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers

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Criminal Woman, the Prostitute, and the Normal Woman

3001:"7 Reasons Why America Should Legalize Prostitution" 655:

Prostitution has been condemned as a single form of

3914: 3888: 3758: 3666: 3610: 3557: 3501: 3445: 3179:Lombroso, Cesare & Ferrero, Guglielmo. (2004). 2994: 2992: 2990: 2422:"The 'Nordic model' of prostitution law is a myth" 2247: 2245: 2963: 2961: 2683:"Legalizing prostitution will not stop the harm" 2277:Jakobsson, Niklas and Andreas Kotsadam (2010). " 1386:. Goals of such regulations include controlling 2627:Myths and facts about Nevada legal prostitution 1979:"Prostitution Research & Education Website" 1578:International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights 3830:Pauline's: Memoirs of The Madam on Clay Street 1632:"Iran – Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution" 3802:The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl 3423: 3204:Combating trafficking in women: where to now? 2373:"All Women, All Rights: Sex Workers Included" 764:(including potential victimhood), ethics and 597: 76: Legality varies depending on local laws 8: 2944:. New York, USA: Routledge. pp. 14–18. 2515:[Without protection as "new Kick"]. 2367: 2365: 1464:, which contains its metropolitan area), in 1339:. It is one of the main tourist attractions. 729:, released the "Prevention and treatment of 543:Sex offender registries in the United States 3023: 3021: 2608:Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter 1687:"Understanding Sex Work in an Open Society" 760:Legal themes tend to focus on four issues: 652:, or both, who are subject to prosecution. 70: Prohibitionism – prostitution illegal 3430: 3416: 3408: 3141:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 2593: 2591: 1981:. Prostitutionresearch.com. Archived from 627:is legal in some places and regarded as a 604: 590: 86: 3879:You'll Never Make Love in This Town Again 3740:Sexual and reproductive health and rights 3221:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3125:Criminology – A Sociological Introduction 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 1710: 1708: 1543:. Their clients can also be charged with 1480:'s 16 counties have active brothels, see 861:According to a 2007 report by the UNODC ( 704:(1957), which informed the debate in the 2817:Sexual assault of prostitutes: phase one 2749:International Organization for Migration 942: 863:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 3403:Prostitution Law Reform: Defining Terms 2815:; Pines, Ayala M.; Lynch, Teri (1980). 2571:"Child Prostitution: The Asian Reality" 1794:"Punish the client, not the prostitute" 1623: 1366:blacked out after protests and threats. 550: 529: 289: 105: 89: 3287:from the original on 27 September 2007 3270:. Duke University Press. p. 117. 2878:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 2398:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women 2378:. Center for Health and Gender Equity. 2342:"Prostitution – which stance to take?" 2336: 2334: 1796:. Europarl.europa.eu. 26 February 2014 1681: 1679: 3795:Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies 3767:A Vindication of the Rights of Whores 3750:World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights 3529:Types of prostitution in modern Japan 3361:Rethinking Prostitution and 'Consent' 3345:Transitions: New Australian Feminisms 1613:World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights 1254:International Abolitionist Federation 1201:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1186:Arrest statistics show that in those 7: 3028:Raphael, Daniel (10 February 2014). 2600:"A feminist definition of abolition" 1817:"Parliamentary Assembly's Documents" 1489:United Nations Development Programme 3397:The Case for Legalized Prostitution 2451:"Sex Workers: Part of the Solution" 1073:(also known as "criminalization"). 3488:Prostitution statistics by country 3370:"Why Prostitution Should Be Legal" 2919:„Die Welt zu Gast bei Freundinnen“ 2844:The British Journal of Social Work 1923:. United Nations. 12 December 2012 1327:, offers activities such as legal 1195:Developed vs. developing countries 25: 3623:History of prostitution in Canada 3368:Weitzer, Ronald (23 April 2012). 2519:(in German). Austria. 24 May 2007 2487:Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 2253:"UN highlights human trafficking" 2070:Edwards, Elaine (27 March 2017). 2060:'Le Monde', accessed 7 April 2016 1774:. Womenslobby.eu. 1 December 2009 4826: 4825: 4814: 4808: 4749:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3809:Mary Wept over the Feet of Jesus 3565:List of sex worker organizations 3301:Constitutive Criminology at Work 3257:Rajeshwari Sunder Rajan (1999). 3217:Outshoorn, Joyce (ed.). (2004). 2999:Fuchs, Erin (13 November 2013). 2716:Kler, Daisy (12 November 2010). 2689:. College of Arts and Sciences, 2539:"Final Report TAMPEP 8, Germany" 1557: 1275:are still controlled by outside 571: 559: 97: 3090:K Rajasekharan (18 June 2014). 2478:Ahmed, Aziza (1 January 2011). 3473:Feminist views on prostitution 2924:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 2575:feministarchives.isiswomen.org 2551:, October 2009, archived from 2513:"Ohne Schutz als "neuer Kick"" 2123:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 2007:Archives of General Psychiatry 1517:Status of unregulated sex work 1: 3674:Decriminalization of sex work 2968:Bass, Alison (7 April 2017). 2747:. Migration Research Series. 1750:Prostitutes Education Network 1435:sexually transmitted diseases 1138:Decriminalization of sex work 4729:British Overseas Territories 3723:Prostitution Reform Act 2003 3493:Violence against prostitutes 3202:Maltzhan, Kathleen. (2004). 2172:. .ohchr.org. Archived from 1720:Sex Workers Alliance Ireland 1539:to more serious crimes like 1388:sexually transmitted disease 791:became the first country to 357:Criminal transmission of HIV 3713:Prostitution age of consent 3359:Sullivan, Barbara. (2000). 3329:"Sex Workers, HIV and AIDS" 2791:10.1177/0044118X82013004005 1658:"Criminal Prostitution Law" 4873: 3718:Prostitution law in Canada 2940:Munro, Vanessa E. (2008). 2691:University of Rhode Island 2427:London School of Economics 1305: 1291:to the sexual encounter." 1251: 1135: 836: 830: 702:Wolfenden Committee Report 566:Human sexuality portal 187:Deviant sexual intercourse 4804: 3708:Massage Parlours Act 1978 3648:In impressionist painting 2458:World Health Organization 2019:10.1001/archpsyc.65.3.337 1634:. Uri.edu. Archived from 1412:Protection of sex workers 770:freedom of the individual 670:World Health Organization 530:Sex offender registration 367:Female genital mutilation 4734:Central African Republic 3696:Contagious Diseases Acts 2230:. On The Issues Magazine 1691:Open Society Foundations 1248:Views of prohibitionists 27:Legality of prostitution 18:Legalization of sex work 4821:Prostitution portal 3618:History of prostitution 3313:Schur, Edwin M. (1965) 3030:"Legalize Prostitution" 2870:Sullivan, Mary (2005). 2604:rapereliefshelter.bc.ca 1511:independent contractors 1429:Mandatory health checks 3478:Prostitution by region 3468:Drugs and prostitution 3193:Lowman, John. (2002). 3160:Journal of Drug Issues 1722:. 2014. Archived from 1482:Prostitution in Nevada 1448:are mandatory for all 1367: 1340: 1302:Regulated prostitution 1103:system is in place is 715: 687:European Women's Lobby 295:varies by jurisdiction 84: 4764:Republic of Macedonia 3844:Revolting Prostitutes 3690:Canada (AG) v Bedford 3643:In Harlem Renaissance 3592:Sex-positive movement 3587:Sex-positive feminism 3519:Internet prostitution 3372:. CNN. Archived from 3127:. London: Routledge. 2759:2 August 2014 at the 2632:Prostitution Research 2598:Lakeman, Lee (2008). 2313:Library of Parliament 1598:Revolting Prostitutes 1358:, the poster has the 1346: 1315: 1306:Further information: 710: 538:Sex offender registry 37: 4779:United Arab Emirates 3597:Sex worker movements 2651:(15 February 2004). 1418:University of Nevada 507:UK Section 63 (2008) 362:Cybersex trafficking 4659:Trinidad and Tobago 3947:Antigua and Barbuda 3745:Sexual Offences Act 3658:Sacred prostitution 3602:Sex workers' rights 3549:Window prostitution 3539:Street prostitution 3514:Forced prostitution 3102:on 18 November 2016 3079:. 10 February 2021. 2857:10.1093/bjsw/bcm049 2778:Youth & Society 1897:on 20 November 2007 1860:Summers, Claude J. 1603:Sex workers' rights 1565:Prostitution portal 1372:legal and regulated 1356:2006 FIFA World Cup 1308:Sex workers' rights 930:Göteborg University 843:The United Nations 839:Forced prostitution 813:Republic of Ireland 662:sexual exploitation 633:punishable by death 244:Reproductive rights 119:Reproductive rights 82: Not available 4754:Dominican Republic 4739:Crown dependencies 3865:Unspeakable Things 3735:Right to sexuality 3580:Female sex tourism 3558:Support activities 3509:Child prostitution 2723:Canadian Dimension 2047:. 3 December 2014. 1985:on 11 January 2012 1862:"Wolfenden Report" 1819:. Assembly.coe.int 1726:on 18 January 2014 1454:sexual intercourse 1368: 1360:Saudi Arabian flag 1341: 1325:red-light district 1264:child prostitution 1154:Demographic impact 1086:(also called the " 978:Decriminalization 936:Legislation models 352:Child prostitution 318:Anti-miscegenation 249:Right to sexuality 239:Red-light district 182:Pedophile advocacy 142:Conversion therapy 132:Capital punishment 85: 4839: 4838: 3872:Whore of New York 3837:Playing the Whore 3774:Call Me Elizabeth 3638:In colonial India 3628:In ancient Greece 3524:Male prostitution 3317:. Prentice Hall. 3057:. Leg.state.nv.us 2951:978-0-7546-7150-3 2681:(February 1999). 2347:Council of Europe 1638:on 8 October 2014 1547:of prostitution. 1502:labor regulations 1268:human trafficking 1229:child sex tourism 1225:child sex tourism 1132:Decriminalization 1062: 1061: 1029:Neo-abolitionism 969: 961: 953: 833:Human trafficking 827:Human trafficking 719:Save the Children 666:human trafficking 617:Prostitution laws 614: 613: 480:Sexual harassment 372:Forcible touching 340:Child pornography 290:Specific offences 262:Decriminalization 154:Same-sex marriage 146:Decriminalization 16:(Redirected from 4864: 4852:Prostitution law 4829: 4828: 4819: 4818: 4812: 4789:Northern Ireland 4504:Papua New Guinea 3816:Nocturnal Revels 3788:The Happy Hooker 3679:Prostitution law 3432: 3425: 3418: 3409: 3395:Paul Armentano, 3385: 3383: 3381: 3376:on 26 April 2012 3340: 3338: 3336: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3263: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3098:. 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