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Institut
National des Sciences et des Arts. Later, in 1803, Napoleon reorganized the Institut National, and Legendre became a member of the Geometry section. From 1799 to 1812, Legendre served as mathematics examiner for graduating artillery students at the Ăcole Militaire and from 1799 to 1815 he served as permanent mathematics examiner for the
362:
Legendre lost his private fortune in 1793 during the French
Revolution. That year, he also married Marguerite-Claudine Couhin, who helped him put his affairs in order. In 1795, Legendre became one of six members of the mathematics section of the reconstituted Académie des Sciences, renamed the
808:(1752â1797) as a portrait of the mathematician. The error arose from the fact that the sketch was labelled simply "Legendre" and appeared in a book along with contemporary mathematicians such as Lagrange. The only known portrait of Legendre, rediscovered in 2008, is found in the 1820 book
445:, introducing the symbol Î and normalizing it to Î(n+1) = n!. Further results on the beta and gamma functions along with their applications to mechanics â such as the rotation of the earth, and the attraction of ellipsoids â appeared in the second volume. In 1830, he gave a proof of
374:
Legendre died in Paris on 9 January 1833, after a long and painful illness, and
Legendre's widow carefully preserved his belongings to memorialize him. Upon her death in 1856, she was buried next to her husband in the village of
51:
1165:
430:; this was published in 1806 as an appendix to his book on the paths of comets. Today, the term "least squares method" is used as a direct translation from the French "méthode des moindres carrés".
1474:
367:. In 1824, Legendre's pension from the Ăcole Militaire was stopped because he refused to vote for the government candidate at the Institut National. In 1831, he was made an officer of the
853:(1752â1797), whose portrait had been mistakenly used, for nearly 200 years, to represent French mathematician Adrien-Marie Legendre, i.e. up until 2005 when the mistake was discovered.
1382:
Elements of geometry and trigonometry, from the works of A. M. Legendre. Revised and adapted to the course of mathematical instruction in the United States, by
Charles Davies.
568:, which was published in 1794 and was the leading elementary text on the topic for around 100 years. This text greatly rearranged and simplified many of the propositions from
804:
For two centuries, until the recent discovery of the error in 2005, books, paintings and articles have incorrectly shown a profile portrait of the obscure French politician
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259:; 18 September 1752 â 9 January 1833) was a French mathematician who made numerous contributions to mathematics. Well-known and important concepts such as the
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Réflexions sur différentes maniÚres de démontrer la théorie des parallÚles ou le théorÚme sur la somme des trois angles du triangle, avec 1 planche
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Mémoire sur la détermination des fonctions Y et Z que satisfont à l'équation 4(X^n-1) = (X-1)(Y^2+-nZ^2), n étant un nombre premier 4i-+1
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437:, published in three volumes in 1811, 1817 and 1819. In the first volume he introduced the basic properties of elliptic integrals,
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awarded
Legendre a prize for his treatise on projectiles in resistant media. This treatise also brought him to the attention of
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Méthode des moindres carrés pour trouver le milieu le plus probable entre les résultats de différentes observations
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Nouvelle formula pour réduire en distances vraies les distances apparentes de la Lune au Soleil ou à une étoile
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completed that of
Legendre. He developed, and first communicated to his contemporaries before Gauss, the
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Recherches sur quelques objets d'Analyse indéterminée et particuliÚrement sur le théorÚme de Fermat
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made
Legendre an adjoint member in 1783 and an associate in 1785. In 1789, he was elected a
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Mémoires sur la méthode des moindres quarrés, et sur l'attraction des ellipsoïdes homogÚnes
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1820 watercolor caricatures of the French mathematicians Adrien-Marie
Legendre (left) and
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Memoires présentés par divers
Savants à la l'Académie des Sciences de l'Institut de France
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MĂ©moire sur la maniĂšre de distinguer les Maxima des Minima dans le Calcul des
Variations
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in Paris, and defended his thesis in physics and mathematics in 1770. He taught at the
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1384:(New York: A. S. Barnes & co., 1858) : English translation of the above text
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on 18 September 1752 to a wealthy family. He received his education at the
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Recherches sur la trajectoire des projectiles dans les milieux résistants
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is named after him. He also did pioneering work on the distribution of
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Number Theory: An approach through history From Hammurapi to Legendre
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are named after him. He is also known for his contributions to the
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Album de 73 portraits-charge aquarellés des membres de I'Institut
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Album de 73 portraits-charge aquarellés des membres de I'Institut
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Album de 73 portraits-charge aquarellés des membres de I'Institut
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Coat of Arms of Adrien-Marie Legendre, as he was knighted in 1811
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Nouvelles MĂ©thodes pour la DĂ©termination des Orbites des ComĂštes
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Nouvelles MĂ©thodes pour la DĂ©termination des Orbites des ComĂštes
592:
343:. To this end in 1787 he visited Dover and London together with
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Traité des fonctions elliptiques et des intégrales eulériennes
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L'intégration de quelques équations aux différences Partielles
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law, subsequently proved by Gauss; in connection to this, the
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who were commemorated on plaques at the first stage of the
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Analyse des triangles tracés sur la surface d'un sphéroide
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from 1795. At the same time, he was associated with the
271:, and was the first to officially publish on it, though
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Second Mémoire sur les Intégrations par arcs d'ellipse
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1797-8 ("An VI"), 2nd ed. 1808, 3rd ed. in 2 vol. 1830
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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Watercolor caricature by Julien-LĂ©opold Boilly (see
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in C. G. J. Jacobis gesammelte Werke (Berlin: 1852)
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Creators of mathematical and computational sciences
1012:"Changing Faces: The Mistaken Portrait of Legendre"
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Recherches sur diverses sortes d'intégrales défines
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772:MĂ©moire sur l'attraction des ellipsoĂŻdes homogĂšnes
898:List of things named after Adrien-Marie Legendre
716:Mémoire sur les Intégrations par arcs d'ellipse
1061:"The discovery of the method of least squares"
331:to calculate the precise distance between the
503:'s stroke of genius to study the inverses of
491:Legendre did an impressive amount of work on
8:
1043:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
673:, book in three volumes 1825, 1826, and 1830
667:, book in three volumes 1811, 1817, and 1819
1005:
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835:, watercolor portrait numbers 29 and 30 of
1316:#29). Biliotheque de l'Institut de France.
1205:"Gauss and the Invention of Least Squares"
1087:"Gauss and the Invention of Least Squares"
680:Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
49:
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1490:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1480:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
1424:Correspondance mathématique avec Legendre
1402:(Paris : Huzard-Courcier, 1825â1828)
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1239:Agarwal, Ravi P.; Sen, Syamal K. (2014).
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945:Legendre's theorem on spherical triangles
849:Side view sketching of French politician
688:Sur l'attraction des Sphéroïdes homogÚnes
453: = 5, which was also proven by
818:
564:Legendre is best known as the author of
390:Legendre's grave at the Auteuil cemetery
1280:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1275:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter L"
1148:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
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418:method which has broad application in
1353:The True Face of Adrien-Marie Legendre
985:"Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus"
381:72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
295:in Paris from 1775 to 1780 and at the
59:), the only known portrait of Legendre
56:
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695:Recherches sur la figure des PlanĂštes
586:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
575:to create a more effective textbook.
406:was built on Legendre's, and some of
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7:
1368:References for Adrien-Marie Legendre
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1130:
704:p. 465 (work on number theory)
1460:19th-century French mathematicians
1455:18th-century French mathematicians
511:and solve the problem completely.
495:, including the classification of
283:Adrien-Marie Legendre was born in
25:
1396:(Paris : Firmin-Didot, 1830)
702:Recherches d'analyse indéterminée
553:. He is also the namesake of the
1470:Officers of the Legion of Honour
1418:Exercices de Calcul Intégral V.3
1412:Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres
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1301:Boilly, Julien-LĂ©opold. (1820).
882:
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671:Traité des Fonctions Elliptiques
653:Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres
199:
27:French mathematician (1752â1833)
960:Least-squares spectral analysis
903:Associated Legendre polynomials
584:Foreign Honorary Member of the
518:, which is used to go from the
355:, the discoverer of the planet
329:Anglo-French Survey (1784â1790)
125:Associated Legendre polynomials
1408:(Paris : Courcier, 1806)
1378:(Paris : F. Didot, 1817)
1010:Duren, Peter (December 2009).
924:Legendre's functional relation
690:(work on Legendre polynomials)
611:72 prominent French scientists
534:it is also used to obtain the
275:had discovered it before him.
1:
1420:(Paris : Courcier, 1816)
1245:. Springer. pp. 218â19.
1485:Fellows of the Royal Society
1414:(Paris : Duprat, 1798)
1085:Stigler, Stephen M. (1981).
665:Exercices de Calcul Intégral
435:Exercices de Calcul Intégral
1203:Stephen M. Stigler (1981).
345:Dominique, comte de Cassini
337:Royal Greenwich Observatory
322:Fellow of the Royal Society
256:[adÊiÉÌmaÊilÉÊÉÌdÊ]
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1450:University of Paris alumni
1363:Fermat's Last Theorem Blog
718:p. 616 (as le Gendre)
410:'s work in statistics and
140:Introducing the character
29:
950:SaccheriâLegendre theorem
831:(right) by French artist
480:was rigorously proved by
351:. The three also visited
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48:
1153:University of St Andrews
1091:The Annals of Statistics
908:GaussâLegendre algorithm
57:§ Mistaken portrait
1465:French number theorists
1143:"Adrien-Marie Legendre"
711:p. 7 (as Legendre)
609:Legendre is one of the
516:Legendre transformation
269:method of least squares
265:Legendre transformation
129:Legendre transformation
1355:(Portrait of Legendre)
1312:27 August 2022 at the
1222:10.1214/aos/1176345451
1104:10.1214/aos/1176345451
1027:(11): 1440â1443, 1455.
926:for elliptic integrals
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1495:Scientists from Paris
1376:Eléments de géométrie
1343:Adrien-Marie Legendre
1335:Adrien-Marie Legendre
1166:"Library and Archive"
930:Legendre's conjecture
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833:Julien-LĂ©opold Boilly
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814:Julien-LĂ©opold Boilly
647:Eléments de géométrie
617:when it first opened.
566:ĂlĂ©ments de gĂ©omĂ©trie
466:quadratic reciprocity
464:, he conjectured the
447:Fermat's Last Theorem
389:
327:He assisted with the
317:Académie des sciences
301:Bureau des Longitudes
195:Adrien-Marie Legendre
189:
43:Adrien-Marie Legendre
1337:at Wikimedia Commons
1139:Robertson, Edmund F.
732:(Legendre transform)
555:Legendre polynomials
514:He is known for the
486:de la Vallée-Poussin
478:prime number theorem
273:Carl Friedrich Gauss
261:Legendre polynomials
133:Legendre polynomials
30:For other uses, see
1394:Théorie des nombres
1307:watercolor portrait
1137:O'Connor, John J.;
918:Legendre's equation
913:Legendre's constant
606:is named after him.
602:Main-belt asteroid
599:is named after him.
528:classical mechanics
365:Ăcole Polytechnique
175:Ăcole Polytechnique
1020:Notices of the AMS
876:Mathematics portal
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497:elliptic integrals
493:elliptic functions
433:His major work is
426:, statistics, and
404:elliptic functions
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137:Elliptic functions
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800:Mistaken portrait
455:Lejeune Dirichlet
424:signal processing
420:linear regression
395:Mathematical work
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75:18 September 1752
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1445:1833 deaths
1440:1752 births
1373:(in French)
770:(149â154),
725:p. 644
697:p. 370
524:Hamiltonian
402:'s work on
103:Nationality
1434:Categories
1347:PlanetMath
1187:André Weil
1068:Biometrika
1038:"Legendre"
520:Lagrangian
71:1752-09-18
18:Legendrian
1359:Biography
1261:895161901
1209:Ann. Stat
1113:0090-5364
795:(367â412)
774:(155â183)
763:(416â509)
756:(130â161)
570:Euclid's
549:from the
540:Helmholtz
509:functions
488:in 1896.
457:in 1828.
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1172:6 August
1059:(1972).
990:20 April
862:See also
788:(81â100)
759:Tome 10
597:Legendre
572:Elements
538:and the
536:enthalpy
482:Hadamard
335:and the
309:Lagrange
81:, France
32:Legendre
1284:28 July
1121:2240811
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627:Essays
588:(1832)
579:Honors
505:Jacobi
474:primes
357:Uranus
155:Fields
106:French
1278:(PDF)
1117:JSTOR
1064:(PDF)
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971:Notes
791:1833
784:1828
777:1823
766:1819
752:1807
745:1806
728:1787
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686:1783
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544:Gibbs
530:. In
408:Gauss
285:Paris
79:Paris
1286:2014
1257:OCLC
1247:ISBN
1174:2012
1109:ISSN
992:2017
593:Moon
591:The
542:and
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