385:. After the hearings on a bill, the subcommittee or committee meets to debate and vote on amendments to it. If requested, CRS staff may attend these meetings to serve as a nonpartisan source of expert information available to all Members. If the subcommittee and then the full committee conclude that new legislation is needed, they report a bill to the House or Senate for all its Members to consider. The committee also submits a written report that explains the background for its decision, analyzes the purposes and effects of each major provision of the bill, and includes other information, such as predictions about the cost of implementing it, that help other Members decide whether they should support the bill. CRS specialists may assist the committee's staff in preparing some sections of this report, although cost estimates are developed by the Congressional Budget Office.
658:(NCSL) issued a proposal under which CRS would have received access to the files of State research materials abstracted by the NCSL, and would have had the opportunity to order copies of desired items for use in answering congressional inquiries. In return, CRS would have provided the NCSL with periodic listings of CRS Reports (called "multiliths" at that time) and with only one copy of those CRS Reports which the NCSL requested. Under this proposal, the NCSL also would have gained access to certain files from the Library of Congress's SCORPIO system, including CRS Issue Briefs. A congressional committee expressed the view that it was appropriate for Members of Congress, rather than CRS, to determine whether and to what extent various CRS products should be publicly disseminated. As a result, no action was taken to implement the proposed CRS-NCSL exchange.
787:
Both approaches should protect CRS equally. I also urge my colleagues not to believe other arguments that CRS will suffer from a huge rise in workload from this amendment. It will require only two computer technicians to set up this web site, and keep it updated. CRS already has a process for deciding which information goes up on their web site for
Members of Congress. This bill only asks that they duplicate this process for a public version of that web page. Also, we release paper copies of these products to our constituents every day without causing a great strain to CRS staff. Finally, I have the results of an analysis of state legislative research organizations that do work similar to CRS and post these products on the Internet. None of these organizations have complained of a huge increased workload from releasing their products to the Internet.
408:. Since 1935 the Legislative Analysis and Information Section (formerly "Bill Digest") of CRS has had statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and maintenance of historical legislative information. Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and Congressional Record citations for debates, full texts of measures, and Member introductory remarks. The bill summaries are released to the public via
379:. When a subcommittee selects a bill (or several bills on the same subject) for serious attention, it usually begins by conducting public hearings on one or more days at which executive branch officials, other Members of Congress, representatives of private organizations, and even individual citizens present their views on the bill's merits. CRS analysts can assist in this process by providing background information and reports, presenting a preliminary briefing to Members or staff, identifying potential witnesses, and suggesting questions that Members may consider asking the witnesses.
588:: CRS often prepares reports for Congress, analyses, or studies on specific policy issues of legislative interest. These reports clearly define issues in legislative contexts. Analysts define and explain technical terms and concepts, frame the issues in understandable and timely contexts, and provide appropriate, accurate, and valid quantitative data. The content of the report is summarized on its first page. These reports may be updated as events occur, or archived when they no longer reflect the current legislative agenda but can provide background and historical context.
343:
scientific evidence on a technically complex matter, for example, or it may be a collection of newspaper and journal articles discussing an issue from different perspectives, or a comparative analysis of several explanations that have been offered to account for a generally recognized problem. CRS also identifies national and international experts with whom
Members and staff may consult about whatever issues concern them and sponsors programs at which Members meet with experts to discuss issues of broad interest to Congress.
624:: Since 1935, the Legislative Analysis and Information Section (formerly the "Bill Digest" section) of CRS has had the statutory responsibility for preparation of authoritative, objective, nonpartisan summaries of introduced public bills and resolutions and the maintenance of historical legislative information. Detailed revised summaries are written to reflect changes made in the course of the legislative process. This CRS office also prepares titles, bill relationships, subject terms, and
40:
618:: Prepared for use by congressional delegations traveling abroad, these books are collections of material that support the specific purposes of a congressional trip. Briefing books can include a variety of materials, such as maps, selected products, and brief tailored written work, all of which contain background and current issues regarding U.S. relations with specific countries on the trip as well as questions Members may ask when meeting with government or other officials.
1086:
appropriations language read; "Legislative
Reference: To enable the Librarian of Congress to employ competent persons to gather, classify, and make available, in translations, indexes, digests, compilations, and bulletins, and otherwise, data for or bearing upon legislation, and to render such data serviceable to Congress and committees and Members thereof, $ 25,000."
301:
committees in other aspects of their study and oversight responsibilities. In addition, it offers numerous courses, including legal research seminars and institutes on the legislative process, the budget processes, and the work of district and state staff. At the beginning of each
Congress, CRS also provides an orientation seminar for new Members.
1979:
594:: Similar to the reports, memoranda are prepared when the interest of a relatively small number of congressional readers is anticipated or when an issue is sufficiently transient that CRS deems it inappropriate to include it in its list of products. Memoranda can be recast as a report if it becomes important to a larger congressional audience.
371:
analysts can work with
Members in deciding whether to propose amendments and then in making certain that their amendments are designed and phrased to achieve the desired results. CRS also can help Members prepare for the debate by providing data and other information that they can use to support the positions they have decided to take.
606:: Confidential memoranda are prepared to meet a specific congressional request and are often designed for a congressional reader with a high level of expertise in a given topic. These memoranda are prepared for the use of the requester and are not distributed by CRS to a larger audience unless the requester gives permission.
1085:
The 1914 legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act – ch. 141, July 16, 1914. (or possibly 38 STAT 962, 1005). A Google search for these terms reveals "July 16, 1914, ch. 141, Sec. 5(a), (b), (e), 38 Stat. 508; restated Aug. 2, 1946, ch. 744, Sec. 16(a), 60 Stat. 810, 811." The
781:
John McCain cited this letter on the Senate floor when he was proposing an amendment to the
Legislative Branch Appropriations Act 1999 that would direct the Director of the Congressional Research Service to post 'CRS Reports to Congress' and 'CRS Issue Briefs' on the Internet. In this speech, he also
503:
was launched in 1980, it continued for a little more than a decade before congressional appropriators, once again, invoked fiscal closure with the last issue published v. 13 #9 (Sept. 1992). The Review, which was published ten times a year and available to the public by subscription, offered original
187:
only to members of
Congress and their staff; non-confidential reports have since been accessible on its website. In 2019, CRS announced it was adding "the back catalog of older CRS reports" and also introducing new publicly available reports, such as its "two-page executive level briefing documents".
665:
released a policy statement regarding the publication of CRS written products: that said "the long-standing policy of confidentiality in the work of CRS for individual congressional clients should be maintained" and gave cost as part of its reason. A subsequent statement referred to "the legislative
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as they translate the Member's policy decisions into formal legislative language. Members and committees also can request CRS to help them assess and compare legislative proposals, including competing bills introduced by
Members and proposals presented by executive branch officials, private citizens
356:
If a Member decides to introduce a bill, CRS analysts can assist the legislator in clarifying the purposes of the bill, identifying issues it may address, defining alternative ways for dealing with them, evaluating the possible advantages and disadvantages of each alternative, developing information
223:
ideas about the importance of the acquisition of knowledge for an informed and independent legislature. The move also reflected the expanding role of the librarian and the professionalization of the profession. The new department was charged with responding to congressional requests for information.
804:
The most commonly requested CRS product is the general congressional distribution reports, known as "CRS Reports". The purpose of a report is to clearly define the issue in the legislative context. The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs (IB), Research Memos (RM), and
Reports, which appear in
773:
Concerning applicability of the Speech or Debate Clause, U.S. Const. art. I, 6, cl. 1, to certain CRS products which your bill would, if enacted, make available on the
Internet, I believe that the concerns expressed in the CRS memorandum are either overstated, or the extent they are not, provide no
669:
1990: Facing a challenge, the Senate Majority Leader reiterated the importance of "protecting the work done by CRS in preparing communications to the Members and committees of Congress": and elaborated by noting "A committee or Member of the Senate, of course, may determine to make available to the
370:
During committee and floor consideration, CRS can assist Representatives and Senators in several different ways, in addition to providing background information to assist Members in understanding the issues a bill addresses. CRS attorneys can help clarify legal effects the bill may have. CRS policy
296:
CRS makes no legislative or other policy recommendations to Congress; its responsibility is to ensure that Members of the House and Senate have available the best possible information and analysis on which to base the policy decisions the American people have elected them to make. In all its work,
786:
I would like to point out that the Rules Committee has approved a decentralized system, where Senators can release CRS products on their private web pages. I see no difference between the release of CRS material on one hundred independent web pages and THOMAS, a Congressionally mandated web page.
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Congress had historically reserved to itself control over the dissemination of CRS products to the public on the principle that CRS, as an extension of congressional staff, works exclusively for the Congress: "dissemination is limited to Members of Congress." From 1952 until 2018, a provision was
342:
At the preliminary stage, members may ask CRS to provide background information and analysis on issues and events so they can better understand the existing situation and then assess whether there is a problem requiring a legislative remedy. This assistance may be a summary and explanation of the
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CRS services are not limited to those that relate directly to enacting new laws. For example, CRS attempts to assess emerging issues and developing problems so that it will be prepared to assist the Congress if and when it becomes necessary. Although it rarely conducts field research, CRS assists
532:
CRS may incorporate preexisting material in its written responses to congressional requests. Although such material is often from public domain sources, in certain instances the material, appropriately credited, may be from copyrighted sources. To the extent that the material is copyrighted, CRS
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requests due to Congressional privilege and therefore not readily accessible nor was their authenticity easily verifiable. Prior to September 2018, CRS products were only made directly available to members of Congress, Congressional committees, and CRS's sister agencies (CBO and GAO) through the
313:
CRS is divided into six interdisciplinary research divisions, each of which is further divided into subject specialist sections. The six divisions are: American Law; Domestic Social Policy; Foreign Affairs, Defense and Trade; Government and Finance; Knowledge Services; and Resources, Science and
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Such proposals might "cause the judiciary and administrative agencies to reassess their perception of CRS as playing a substantial role in the legislative process, and thereby might endanger a claim of immunity even in an instance in which CRS was fulfilling its legislative mission (e.g., by
397:. CRS analysts can contribute to this last stage of the legislative process by helping identify the issues to be resolved, by clarifying and comparing the positions of the two houses on each issue, and by identifying different ways in which the legislative disagreements could be resolved.
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CRS offers Congress research and analysis on all current and emerging issues of national policy. CRS offers timely and confidential assistance to all Members and committees that request it, limited only by CRS's resources and the requirements for balance, nonpartisanship and accuracy.
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The limitation began in the House as a flat prohibition on publications by the Library of Congress using funds appropriated to the Legislative Reference Service (now CRS). In 1954, a provision was added providing for exception only with the approval of our oversight committees.
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CRS argues that it might be subject to claims of copyright infringement if CRS products were available on the Internet. CRS sometimes incorporates copyrighted work into its reports and products. (Elsewhere, the CRS notes that these inclusions are always "appropriately
670:
public a report or memorandum which the Congressional Research Service has provided to the committee or Senator... Nevertheless, ... it is important to protect the confidentiality of CRS's preparatory work in order to encourage the freest possible exploration by CRS..."
317:
The six research divisions are supported in their work by five "infrastructure" offices: Finance and Administration, Information Management and Technology, Counselor to the Director, Congressional Information and Publishing, and Workforce Management and Development.
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CRS believes that broader dissemination of CRS products would likely inspire more litigants who wish to obtain, for purposes of discovery, the files of CRS analysts. This might, CRS argues, cause the public release of correspondence between Members of Congress and
575:
CRS written work products fall into three major categories:(1) Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues, (2) Responses to Individual Members and Committees, and (3) Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations.
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and arguments to support the bill, and anticipating possible criticisms of the bill and responses to them. Although CRS does not draft bills, resolutions, and amendments, its analysts may join staff consulting with the professional draftsman within each chamber's
276:
Inquiries increased from 400,000 questions per year in 1980 to 598,000 in 2000. CRS reorganized in 1999 partly to handle the load, relocating staff, adopting more efficient workstations, and attempting to enable more communication across disciplinary specialists.
687:"Reports are produced by the Congressional Research Service staff for the education of members of Congress", Kyle Anderson, a spokesman for the House Administration Committee, which has jurisdiction over the issue in the House, wrote in an e-mail message to
694:
This was countered by a clarification saying that the goal was the public release of only reports the research service produces, not the memorandums it also writes for members of Congress. (Former) Senator Joseph I. Lieberman said in an e-mail message to
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215:, both of Wisconsin, promoted the inclusion in the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriations act of a provision directing the establishment of a special reference unit within the Library of Congress. Building upon a concept developed by the
2637:
460:. Older CRS reports versions may be accessed from community supported sources. Since as of September 18, 2018, the official US government website "makes non-confidential reports available on its website" alternative access sites are less needed.
600:: CRS staff provide custom services for Members and committees and their staff, tailored to address specific questions, and usually in a memorandum format. Written documents include Confidential Memoranda, Email Responses, and Briefing Books.
199:(which assists Congress in reviewing and monitoring the activities of government by conducting independent audits, investigations, and evaluations of federal programs). Collectively, the three agencies employ more than 4,000 people.
391:. CRS staff can clarify the legislative procedures of the House and Senate, assisting Members and staff in understanding the effects of these procedures and how Members can use the procedures to promote their own legislative goals.
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reflected the service's changing mission: This legislation directed CRS to devote more of its efforts and increased resources to doing research and analysis that assists Congress in direct support of the legislative process.
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Responses to Congressional requests take the form of reports, memoranda, customized briefings, seminars, videotaped presentations, information obtained from automated databases, and consultations in person and by telephone.
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1983:
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CRS has roughly 600 employees reflecting a wide variety of expertise and disciplines, including lawyers, economists, historians, political scientists, reference librarians, and scientists. In the 2023 fiscal year, it was
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Other than a passing generic reference to "reports" in its statutory charter, CRS has no mandate for these products. They are created in the context of the overall mission of CRS to provide research support to Congress.
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Other than a passing generic reference to "reports" in its statutory charter, CRS has no mandate for these products. They are created in the context of the overall mission of CRS to provide research support to Congress.
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as part of a broader effort to professionalize the government by providing independent research and information to public officials. Its work was initially made available to the public, but between 1952 and 2018
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The confidentiality status of Congressional Research Service reports, until September 18, 2018, was a matter of contention due to the lack of public access to research that was paid for by taxpayer money.
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CRS does not conduct research on sitting Members or living former Members of Congress, unless granted specific permission by that Member or if that Member is nominated by the President for another office.
2119:
3327:
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235:, it assisted Congress primarily by providing facts and publications and by transmitting research and analysis done largely by other government agencies, private organizations, and individual scholars.
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was published ten times a year and was available to the public by subscription. It offered analytical articles, summaries of CRS research products, and other assistance to the congressional community.
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The intent behind the creation of the agency can be derived from U.S. Senate, Committee on the Library, Legislative Drafting Bureau and Reference Division, 62d Cong., 3d sess., 1913, S. Rept.1271
699:. "These reports inform members of Congress and their staffs on a wide range of issues. The American people, who pay for these reports, should be able to learn from this same expert analysis."
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CRS also believes that slander or libel actions might occur more frequently if CRS products were put on the Internet, because more people would read CRS products and know of their existence.
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195:(which provides Congress with budget-related information, reports on fiscal, budgetary, and programmatic issues, and analyses of budget policy options, costs, and effects) and the
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1998, 1999, 2001, 2003: Attempts were made by members of congress to pass legislation requiring the CRS to make its products available on a public website. All failed to pass.
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2014:
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612:: Email responses to request for information can range from providing a statistic or a name to a short briefing to an interactive discussion on a variety of issues.
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Representatives Shays and Mark Green (R-WI) have placed many CRS products on their own websites in an attempt to make some CRS products available to the public.
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1959:"Started in 2016 with support from anonymous members of Congress EveryCRSReport.com has received every new report and republished them for free public access."
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Over 700 new CRS reports are produced each year; 566 new products were prepared in Fiscal Year 2011. Nearly 7,800 were in existence as of the end of 2011.
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included in CRS annual appropriations acts requiring approval by one of its two congressional oversight committees for acts of "publication" by the CRS.
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1970:
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Letter from Chairman John Warner and Ranking Member Wendell H. Ford, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, to Senate Colleagues, June 10, 1998.
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CRS reports are considered in-depth, accurate, objective, and timely, and topped the list of the "10 Most-Wanted Government Documents" survey by the
351:. The same 2008 report also clarifies the various ways in which the service further supports the work of legislators once a bill has been introduced:
228:, to "employ competent persons to prepare such indexes, digests, and compilations of laws as may be required for Congress and other official use..."
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In a December 1997 memorandum, the CRS summarized the "Legal Issues Presented by Proposals for the General Release of CRS Products to the Public":
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The types of CRS reports include Issue Briefs (IB), Research Memos (RM), and Reports, which appear in both Short (RS) and Long (RL) formats.
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2007:
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426:), a continually updated legal treatise that explains the U.S. Constitution as it has been interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court.
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Document types include CRS Reports, appropriations Reports (usually released as a Long Report), and Congressional distribution memoranda.
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488:, which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by
246:, which were produced by staff of the Legislative Reference Service, and devoted to various public policy issues. They were promoted by
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CRS also performs several functions that support Congressional and public understanding of the legislative process and other issues.
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A categorical listing of CRS reports was published by Air War College of the United States Air Force, last updated on May 13, 2011.
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1178:
492:, the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100
250:, the Librarian of Congress, and, among other topics, addressed timely policy issues, such as American national defense. About 100
891:
560:
However, the copyright permission obtained is usually understood to be for the purpose of legislative use by members of Congress.
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launched in 1980 and continued until the early 1990s; then congressional appropriators, once again, invoked "fiscal closure." The
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1726:"Congressional Research Service, 4 December 1997. ("CRS Memorandum"). Quoted in part by the Congressional Accountability Project"
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analytical articles, summaries highlighting CRS research products, and other kinds of assistance to the congressional community.
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CRS analysts are governed by requirements for confidentiality, timeliness, accuracy, objectivity, balance, and nonpartisanship.
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456:
As of September 18, 2018, most CRS reports are available to the public through the official US Congress website
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The reports may take many forms, including policy analysis, economic studies, statistical reviews, and legal analyses.
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CRS "supports the Members, committees, and leaders of the House and Senate at all stages of the legislative process":
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1595:"Library of Congress is spending $ 1.5M on a public Congressional Research Service reports website. Is it worth it?"
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1967:: harvests include OpenCRS (free access to many CRS reports), UNT, FAS, Thurgood Marshall Law Library and others.
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Some members of congress used committee websites to disseminate individual reports, beginning in 1998. Senator
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However, in a passage analyzing its own liability under United States copyright law, the CRS has written that:
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due to its broad mandate of providing research and analysis on all matters relevant to national policymaking.
681:(D-SD) was the first to act, putting almost 300 CRS products on his website. They were subsequently removed.
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1328:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2011, p. 2"
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The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication
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337:. A 2008 CRS report details how the service can assist legislators in evaluating the need for legislation:
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The Library of Congress, the home of CRS, had experimented during the 1940s with unrestricted publication
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140:
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CRS reports were not generally available to the public until September 18, 2018, when a provision of the
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691:. "Just as other memos produced by staffers for members of Congress aren't made public, these are not."
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itself is broken into two subcategories: Reports for Congress and Congressional Distribution Memoranda.
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1267:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2010"
1251:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2010"
567:
content in CRS reports can avoid infringing copyright by paying attention to the internal citations.
1725:
865:
5380:
5115:
4608:
4319:
3926:
3877:
3639:
3590:
3275:
3142:
1624:
Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress for Fiscal Year 2011
843:
439:, are the encyclopedic research reports written to clearly define issues in a legislative context.
168:
144:
1061:"More Types of Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports Added to Official Congress.gov Portal"
39:
5387:
4309:
3999:
3337:
3255:
3195:
3075:
2079:
513:
489:
247:
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136:
1761:
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3215:
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3122:
3107:
2794:
1158:
1538:
17:
4958:
4640:
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3090:
2909:
75:
1433:
5417:
5237:
4730:
4649:
4467:
4386:
4056:
3006:
2914:
1631:
580:
Congressionally Distributed Products Providing Research and Analysis on Legislative Issues
362:
and organizations. CRS can assess the intent, scope, and limits, of the various proposals.
236:
220:
179:
219:
in 1890, and the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library in 1901, they were motivated by
1568:"Congressional Policy Concerning the Distribution of CRS Written Products to the Public"
1139:
P.L. 91-510, title III, sec. 321(a), October 26, 1970, 84 Stat. 1181; 2 U.S.C. 166.
765:, the former General Counsel to the House of Representatives, wrote a letter to Senator
4624:
4601:
4587:
4150:
3322:
3245:
3172:
2569:
231:
Renamed the Legislative Reference Service and given a permanent authorization with the
225:
212:
156:
1791:
5522:
4836:
4371:
3474:
3300:
3080:
753:, wrote a memorandum that disputed each of the arguments in the 1997 CRS memorandum.
564:
191:
CRS is one of three major legislative agencies that support Congress, along with the
133:
712:
Speech and debate immunity: Reducing "substantial role in the legislative process".
4878:
4345:
3569:
3469:
3117:
3112:
496:
were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951.
254:
were generated before congressional appropriators ended their production in 1951.
921:
4993:
4594:
4523:
3318:
3270:
3177:
3132:
778:(See also his letter addressing a 2001 reintroduction of the same legislation.)
766:
678:
1882:
1363:
628:
citations for debates, full text of measures, and Member introductory remarks.
4949:
4679:
160:
1118:
Government Information Quarterly Volume 26, Issue 3, July 2009, Pages 437–440
1104:
ch. 753, title II, sec. 203, August 2, 1946, 60 Stat. 812, 836
774:
basis for arguing that protection of CRS works will be weakened by your bill.
420:
The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation
3541:
3147:
1696:"Congressional Research Service Products: Taxpayers Should Have Easy Access"
896:
284:
which directed that CRS reports be available to the public was implemented.
1512:
Government Information Quarterly Volume 26, Issue 3, July 2009, pp. 437–440
1010:
418:. The American Law Division of the Congressional Research Service prepares
1222:"Annual Report of the Congressional Research Service for Fiscal Year 2007"
4806:
3534:
2985:
1992:
1964:
1011:"The Congressional Research Service and the American Legislative Process"
548:
1645:
1203:
3055:
1567:
435:
Reports by the Congressional Research Service, usually referred to as
3921:
3516:
715:
preparing a confidential memorandum for a Member on a pending bill.)"
409:
1881:. Loyola University Chicago Law Library. August 2005. Archived from
4116:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
1944:
1879:"How do I locate copies of Congressional Research Service Reports?"
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1403:
1364:"How do I locate copies of Congressional Research Service Reports?"
457:
3398:
1952:
1762:"Placing Congressional Research Service Products on the Internet"
666:
process and ... the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution."
3167:
1298:
4390:
3563:
2886:
2077:
1996:
1938:
1454:
As of January 2019, we have ceased updating this collection ...
115:
1508:
1506:
1504:
892:
Former deputy librarian of Congress named interim CRS director
540:
considers its information-gathering function protected by the
4095:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
1965:
Internet Archive collection of sites that publish CRS reports
1179:"CRS Reports Now Publicly Available from Library of Congress"
5259:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2888:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
5326:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
5123:
Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974
1155:
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Lib-Pub
1494:
1492:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
5172:
Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act
1366:. Loyola University Chicago Law Library. August 2005.
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
224:
The legislation authorized the Librarian of Congress,
5024:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1531:"Group Seeks Public Access to Congressional Research"
1390:
selected Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports
555:
as applied in the context of the legislative process.
4018:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
1646:"Memo RE: "Access to CRS Reports" To: All CRS STaff"
1467:"A Confidential Arm of Congress Gets More Secretive"
5363:
5188:
5144:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
4948:
4800:
Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants
4747:
4570:
4425:
4338:
4280:
4230:
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4184:
4008:
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1785:
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1322:
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1126:
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184:
110:
90:
82:
69:
51:
46:
1955:is a free republishing project by "Demand Progress
866:"H.R.2617 – Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023"
1570:. Congressional Research Service. March 9, 1999.
1114:
1112:
1110:
749:On January 5, 1998, Gary Ruskin, Director of the
171:a budget of roughly $ 133.6 million by Congress.
4137:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
3704:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
1849:"Congressional Chronicle – C-SPAN Video Library"
622:Legislative Summaries, Digests, and Compilations
5289:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
5151:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
784:
771:
530:
4973:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1676:136 Cong. Ree. S7112 (daily ed. May 24, 1990).
598:Responses to Individual Members and Committees
5031:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
4402:
2008:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
517:has written that the reports contain neither
463:Previously they were confidential. While not
8:
412:, the Library of Congress's online database.
32:
5245:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act
4858:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973
4823:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974
4165:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
178:, CRS was founded during the height of the
159:basis. CRS is sometimes known as Congress'
5091:Securities Investor Protection Corporation
4409:
4395:
4387:
4192:
3740:
3662:
3578:
3560:
3423:
2894:
2883:
2582:
2418:
2094:
2087:
2074:
2015:
2001:
1993:
1593:Chappellet-Lanier, Tajha (July 12, 2018).
547:or believes that the use falls under the "
5061:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
1760:Gary Ruskin, Director (January 5, 1998).
908:
906:
656:National Conference of State Legislatures
4830:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
4380:) is being considered for deletion. See
4351:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
1764:. Congressional Accountability Project.
1434:"Congressional Research Service Reports"
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1046:"Congressional Research Service Reports"
1040:
1038:
943:Williamson, Elizabeth (March 22, 2007).
860:
858:
834:California Office of Legislative Counsel
5574:1914 establishments in Washington, D.C.
5559:Reports of the United States government
5549:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
5539:Government agencies established in 1914
5354:Water Resources Development Act of 1974
5179:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act
5068:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970
5047:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
3118:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
1477:from the original on September 20, 2018
1157:. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). CRC Press.
854:
805:both Short (RS) and Long (RL) formats.
282:Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2018
5564:Think tanks based in the United States
5534:Agencies of the United States Congress
5252:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
4930:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
2595:Caucuses of the United States Congress
1947:Congressional Research Service reports
945:"You'd Know if You Were Congressional"
431:Congressional Research Service reports
259:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970
233:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
176:Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau
147:, it works primarily and directly for
31:
5208:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
4980:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
4865:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
1905:"10 Most Wanted Government Documents"
1804:from the original on January 21, 2022
1790:Brand, Stanley M (January 27, 1998).
1370:from the original on October 18, 2015
501:Congressional Research Service Review
267:Congressional Research Service Review
7:
4770:Minority Business Development Agency
751:Congressional Accountability Project
740:Responses to the 1997 CRS memorandum
592:Congressional Distribution Memoranda
5312:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
5077:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
4784:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
4715:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement
2226:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
1702:. February 10, 2003. Archived from
1444:from the original on March 30, 2019
1210:from the original on July 29, 2017.
836:of the California State Legislature
817:Center for Democracy and Technology
27:U.S. Congress-affiliated think tank
5165:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act
5084:Securities Investor Protection Act
5017:Occupational Safety and Health Act
5001:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970
4923:District of Columbia Home Rule Act
1986:from websites or documents of the
1829:. 105th Congress. January 28, 1998
1768:from the original on July 27, 2009
1732:from the original on March 3, 2016
1574:from the original on July 18, 2009
1067:from the original on April 8, 2019
1023:from the original on July 18, 2009
1016:. Congressional Research Service.
25:
5280:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970
5215:National Environmental Policy Act
4384:to help reach a consensus. ›
4109:Progress of Civilization Pediment
3963:Congressional Pictorial Directory
2816:By length of service historically
1658:from the original on May 11, 2009
1414:from the original on June 1, 2022
1295:"Guide to CRS Reports on the Web"
1273:2012-08-27 at Wikiwix. p. 34
359:Office of the Legislative Counsel
5569:United States government secrecy
5266:New Source Performance Standards
5201:Council on Environmental Quality
3977:Official Congressional Directory
3596:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
1982: This article incorporates
1977:
1393:, Air War College, May 13, 2011.
1151:"Congressional Research Service"
197:Government Accountability Office
100:Mary B. Mazanec, Former Director
38:
5303:Coastal Zone Management Program
5224:Environmental Protection Agency
4987:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973
4902:Federal Contested Elections Act
4886:Drug Enforcement Administration
4844:End Stage Renal Disease Program
3786:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
2633:Arab and Middle Eastern members
2530:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
2065:Lists of United States Congress
1700:Project on Government Oversight
1183:Kathrine R. Everett Law Library
719:Libel, slander, and defamation.
537:obtains permission for the use;
383:Subcommittee or committee votes
97:Robert Newlen, Interim Director
5529:Congressional Research Service
5340:Endangered Species Act of 1973
5333:Endangered Species Act of 1969
4937:Congressional Research Service
4517:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford
3888:Congressional Research Service
3635:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
2638:Asian Pacific American members
1988:Congressional Research Service
1939:Congressional Research Service
1529:Stephanie Stom (May 4, 2009).
663:Joint Committee on the Library
632:Confidentiality of CRS Reports
126:Congressional Research Service
103:T.J. Halstead, Deputy Director
33:Congressional Research Service
1:
5158:Federal Energy Administration
4909:Federal Election Campaign Act
4694:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
4123:Surrender of General Burgoyne
3480:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
2643:Asian Pacific American Caucus
2236:Lost re-election in a primary
725:Confidentiality of CRS files.
155:and staff on a confidential,
18:Legislative Reference Service
5319:Marine Mammal Protection Act
5231:Clean Air Amendments of 1970
4851:Supplemental Security Income
4793:Education Amendments of 1972
4130:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
4073:The Apotheosis of Washington
3807:Chief Administrative Officer
3645:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
1257:2012-08-27 at Wikiwix. p. 33
1059:Gary Price (March 8, 2019).
5296:Coastal Zone Management Act
5054:Consumer Product Safety Act
4837:National Cancer Act of 1971
4475:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit
4418:Presidency of Richard Nixon
4377:Presidency of Richard Nixon
4295:Health and Fitness Facility
4087:Declaration of Independence
2856:Killed or wounded in office
2677:Congressional Jewish Caucus
2650:Hispanic and Latino members
649:Unlocking CRS report access
193:Congressional Budget Office
86:$ 133.6 million (2023)
5590:
5458:Senate Watergate Committee
5038:Permissible exposure limit
4816:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
4561:Presidential Proclamations
3709:Interparliamentary Affairs
3630:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
3266:Riddick's Senate Procedure
2693:Gender and sexual identity
757:Letter of Stanley M. Brand
469:Freedom of Information Act
5490:
5347:Oil Pollution Act of 1973
4966:Fair Credit Reporting Act
4763:Revised Philadelphia Plan
4722:Threshold Test Ban Treaty
4315:Old Supreme Court Chamber
4028:Congressional Prayer Room
3577:
3559:
3475:Congress Hall (1790–1800)
3426:
2893:
2882:
2821:Current members by wealth
2246:Elected but did not serve
2086:
2073:
2030:
1910:. Cdt.org. Archived from
1498:See 2 U.S.C. § 166(d)(4).
1009:Brudnick, Ida A. (2008).
829:Federal Research Division
745:Memorandum of Gary Ruskin
472:internal CRS Web system.
37:
5497:← Johnson administration
5130:Agricultural Act of 1970
4673:1973 Chilean coup d'état
4382:templates for discussion
3608:Architect of the Capitol
3470:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
2611:African-American members
2035:House of Representatives
1945:Perform a search within
1149:Miriam A. Drake (2003).
914:"Office of the Director"
494:Public Affairs Bulletins
486:Public Affairs Bulletins
467:, they were exempt from
422:(popularly known as the
252:Public Affairs Bulletins
244:Public Affairs Bulletins
5395:Saturday Night Massacre
5137:Farm Credit Act of 1971
5107:Alternative minimum tax
4158:Washington at Princeton
4102:Apotheosis of Democracy
3522:Congressional Quarterly
3211:Executive communication
3201:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
3158:Suspension of the rules
2684:Native American members
2110:By shortness of service
1792:"Letter to John McCain"
1408:crsreports.congress.gov
1206:. Library of Congress.
732:Copyright infringement.
542:speech or debate clause
458:crsreports.congress.gov
389:Parliamentary procedure
257:The renaming under the
143:. Operating within the
73:101 Independence Ave SE
57:; 110 years ago
5554:Public policy research
5449:United States v. Nixon
5100:Tax Reform Act of 1969
4777:Native American policy
4756:Family Assistance Plan
4325:Webster Page Residence
4300:House Recording Studio
4144:Revolutionary War Door
3905:Register of Copyrights
3486:Biographical Directory
2955:"Necessary and Proper"
2495:Policy Committee Chair
2473:Policy Committee Chair
2024:United States Congress
1984:public domain material
789:
776:
604:Confidential Memoranda
563:Thus, persons seeking
558:
519:classified information
424:Constitution Annotated
416:Constitution Annotated
373:
364:
345:
217:New York State Library
209:Robert La Follette Sr.
141:United States Congress
5506:Ford administration →
5008:Smithsonian Agreement
4531:Judicial appointments
3650:Technology Assessment
3071:Dear Colleague letter
3066:Continuing resolution
3061:Concurrent resolution
2540:Republican Conference
2480:Republican Conference
2441:President pro tempore
2173:Born outside the U.S.
1973:– A website about CRS
761:On January 27, 1998,
452:Access to CRS reports
395:Conference committees
368:
354:
340:
335:Ideas for legislation
5411:White House Plumbers
4214:Mountains and Clouds
3970:Congressional Record
3827:Floor Services Chief
3714:Law Revision Counsel
3465:Continental Congress
2960:Power of enforcement
2923:Contempt of Congress
2826:From multiple states
2779:Mormon (LDS) members
2587:Congressional caucus
2231:Served a single term
2163:Expelled or censured
2105:By length of service
1750:CRS Memorandum at 6.
1335:com.s3.amazonaws.com
1048:. February 27, 2019.
792:Written work-product
626:Congressional Record
586:Reports for Congress
366:The report goes on:
322:Overview of services
5544:Library of Congress
5465:impeachment process
5381:Operation Sandwedge
5116:Revenue Act of 1971
4916:1970 VRA Amendments
4664:Shanghai Communiqué
4657:1972 visit to China
4609:Paris Peace Accords
4581:International trips
4461:Second inauguration
4238:Building Commission
3719:Legislative Counsel
3640:Library of Congress
3601:Comptroller General
3591:Congressional staff
3276:Senatorial courtesy
2665:Hispanic Conference
2080:Members and leaders
1885:on October 18, 2015
1305:on October 23, 2017
1204:"Areas of Research"
955:on November 8, 2012
949:The Washington Post
918:Library of Congress
872:. December 29, 2022
844:Florida Legislature
703:1997 CRS memorandum
211:and Representative
149:members of Congress
145:Library of Congress
34:
5388:Operation Gemstone
4687:1972 Moscow Summit
4443:First inauguration
4310:Old Senate Chamber
4176:VP Bust Collection
4000:United States Code
3932:Jefferson Building
3625:Cap. Guide Service
3492:Divided government
3409:Seal of the Senate
3373:Select and special
3338:Discharge petition
3291:Tie-breaking votes
3256:Recess appointment
3196:Advice and consent
3076:Discharge petition
3019:Appropriation bill
2928:Declaration of war
2120:Non-voting members
1953:EveryCRSReport.com
1941:– official website
1853:c-spanarchives.org
1630:2012-11-26 at the
1535:The New York Times
1440:. March 31, 2019.
1344:on August 26, 2012
697:The New York Times
689:The New York Times
551:" doctrine of the
514:The New York Times
490:Archibald MacLeish
248:Archibald MacLeish
174:Modeled after the
137:research institute
55:July 16, 1914
5516:
5515:
5441:White House tapes
5432:list of opponents
5273:Noise Control Act
4872:Shafer Commission
4738:Space exploration
4708:Washington Summit
4602:Cambodian bombing
4510:1974 SOTU Address
4503:1973 SOTU Address
4496:1972 SOTU Address
4489:1971 SOTU Address
4482:1970 SOTU Address
4451:Bring Us Together
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4276:
4275:
4080:Statue of Freedom
4044:Statue of Freedom
4023:Brumidi Corridors
3995:Statutes at Large
3949:Publishing Office
3872:
3871:
3732:
3731:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3505:
3504:
3453:election disputes
3441:speaker elections
3404:Mace of the House
3251:Presiding Officer
3216:Executive session
3163:Unanimous consent
3123:Multiple referral
3108:Lame-duck session
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2804:
2803:
2604:Ethnic and racial
2548:
2547:
2535:Democratic Caucus
2458:Democratic Caucus
2410:
2409:
1917:on March 17, 2011
1706:on August 5, 2009
1644:David Mulhollan.
1232:on April 28, 2018
1164:978-0-8247-2079-7
1130:See 65 Stat. 398.
239:headed the unit.
207:In 1914, Senator
122:
121:
91:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
5581:
5509:
5500:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5443:
5434:
5427:
5420:
5413:
5406:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5226:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5109:
5102:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5010:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4959:Bank Secrecy Act
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4740:
4733:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4636:
4627:
4620:
4617:Peace with Honor
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4563:
4556:
4554:Executive Orders
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4193:
4010:Capitol Building
3984:U.S. Gov. Manual
3937:Madison Building
3900:Copyright Office
3864:Sergeant at Arms
3822:Floor Operations
3741:
3663:
3579:
3561:
3424:
3241:Morning business
3128:House procedures
3091:Joint resolution
2895:
2884:
2764:Buddhist members
2583:
2419:
2241:Switched parties
2188:Switched parties
2125:Unseated members
2115:Youngest members
2095:
2088:
2075:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1981:
1980:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1859:on July 24, 2012
1855:. Archived from
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1605:on July 12, 2018
1601:. Archived from
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1541:on March 7, 2013
1537:. Archived from
1526:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1473:. October 2015.
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1337:. Archived from
1332:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1291:
1274:
1264:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1218:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1015:
1006:
965:
964:
962:
960:
951:. Archived from
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
920:. Archived from
910:
901:
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
763:Stanley M. Brand
508:Copyright status
349:Analyzing a bill
118:
76:Washington, D.C.
65:
63:
58:
42:
35:
21:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5578:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5479:
5472:
5463:
5456:
5446:
5439:
5430:
5423:
5418:Watergate Seven
5416:
5409:
5402:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5238:Clean Water Act
5236:
5229:
5222:
5213:
5206:
5199:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5105:
5098:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:Economic policy
4944:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:Cannabis policy
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4748:Domestic policy
4743:
4736:
4731:Operation CHAOS
4729:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4662:
4655:
4650:Tar Baby option
4648:
4639:
4634:Cold War period
4632:
4623:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4468:Silent majority
4466:
4459:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4385:
4368:
4355:
4334:
4282:
4272:
4226:
4187:
4180:
4057:Hall of Columns
4004:
3948:
3941:
3879:
3868:
3849:Parliamentarian
3790:
3781:Parliamentarian
3728:
3687:
3654:
3583:
3573:
3566:Capitol Complex
3547:
3501:
3497:Party divisions
3413:
3387:
3305:
3189:Senate-specific
3184:
3039:Closed sessions
3007:Act of Congress
2995:
2969:
2965:Taxing/spending
2889:
2870:
2861:Party switchers
2830:Died in office
2800:
2752:
2736:
2705:Equality Caucus
2688:
2660:Hispanic Caucus
2599:
2574:
2544:
2501:
2406:
2250:
2192:
2129:
2082:
2069:
2026:
2021:
1978:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:Wayback Machine
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1544:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1471:Washington Post
1465:
1464:
1460:
1447:
1445:
1438:Digital_Library
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1007:
968:
958:
956:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
924:on May 26, 2017
912:
911:
904:
889:
885:
875:
873:
864:
863:
856:
852:
825:
802:
794:
759:
747:
742:
705:
651:
634:
610:Email Responses
573:
510:
478:
454:
433:
324:
311:
290:
237:Verner W. Clapp
221:Progressive era
205:
180:Progressive Era
116:loc.gov/crsinfo
114:
106:
74:
61:
59:
56:
47:Agency overview
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5587:
5585:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5501:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5454:
5444:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5292:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5080:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4889:
4875:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4653:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:Linkage policy
4630:
4629:
4628:
4625:Vietnamization
4621:
4612:
4605:
4591:
4588:Nixon Doctrine
4584:
4576:
4574:
4572:Foreign policy
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4439:
4431:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Senate chamber
4302:
4297:
4292:
4290:Botanic Garden
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:office lottery
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4154:
4151:Columbus Doors
4147:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4067:Visitor Center
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3957:Public Printer
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3927:Adams Building
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3448:Senate history
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:ranking member
3315:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:Standing Rules
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Reconciliation
3258:
3253:
3248:
3246:Nuclear option
3243:
3238:
3235:Senate Journal
3231:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3173:Line-item veto
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3138:Reconciliation
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3031:
3029:Budget process
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3003:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2950:Naturalization
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2789:Quaker members
2786:
2784:Muslim members
2781:
2776:
2774:Jewish members
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2672:Jewish members
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2570:Gerrymandering
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2425:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1933:External links
1931:
1929:
1928:
1896:
1870:
1840:
1815:
1779:
1752:
1743:
1717:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1636:
1616:
1585:
1552:
1514:
1500:
1488:
1458:
1425:
1395:
1381:
1355:
1316:
1275:
1259:
1243:
1213:
1195:
1170:
1163:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1078:
1051:
1034:
966:
935:
902:
883:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
837:
831:
824:
821:
801:
798:
793:
790:
758:
755:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
729:
722:
716:
704:
701:
675:
674:
671:
667:
659:
650:
647:
633:
630:
616:Briefing Books
572:
569:
557:
556:
545:
538:
509:
506:
477:
474:
453:
450:
432:
429:
428:
427:
413:
406:Bill Summaries
399:
398:
392:
386:
380:
353:
352:
339:
338:
323:
320:
310:
307:
289:
286:
226:Herbert Putnam
213:John M. Nelson
204:
201:
185:was restricted
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
101:
98:
94:
92:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
71:
67:
66:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5586:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5492:
5489:
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5190:Environmental
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4701:SALT I Treaty
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3431:House history
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3383:Subcommittees
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3368:List (Senate)
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3301:Treaty Clause
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3099:
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3096:Joint session
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3081:Enrolled bill
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2769:Hindu members
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
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2730:current House
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2725:Issues Caucus
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2057: →
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2053: ←
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2048:
2046:
2045:Joint session
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2032:
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2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
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1481:September 19,
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1404:"CRS Reports"
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890:Justin Papp.
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565:public domain
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553:Copyright Act
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525:information.
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83:Annual budget
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77:
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68:
54:
50:
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41:
36:
30:
19:
5504:
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3358:List (Joint)
3328:Of the Whole
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3226:Jefferson's
3113:Magic minute
2866:Slave owners
2849:2000–present
2795:Sikh members
2793:
2700:LGBT members
2626:Black Caucus
2402:118th (2023)
2397:117th (2021)
2392:116th (2019)
2387:115th (2017)
2382:114th (2015)
2377:113th (2013)
2372:112th (2011)
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2322:102nd (1991)
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1971:Source Watch
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5474:Resignation
4994:Nixon shock
4595:Vietnam War
4524:Wilson desk
4420:(1969–1974)
4370:‹ The
4320:Power Plant
3912:Law Library
3613:Cap. Police
3582:Legislative
3271:Senate hold
3178:Pocket veto
3153:Sponsorship
3133:Quorum call
2933:Impeachment
2307:99th (1985)
2302:98th (1983)
2297:97th (1981)
2292:96th (1979)
2287:95th (1977)
2282:94th (1975)
2277:93rd (1973)
2272:92nd (1971)
2267:91st (1969)
2262:90th (1967)
2255:New members
1609:November 6,
800:CRS Reports
767:John McCain
735:credited".)
679:Tom Daschle
523:copyrighted
437:CRS Reports
157:nonpartisan
5523:Categories
4436:Transition
4283:facilities
3990:Serial Set
3878:Library of
3854:Postmaster
3817:Doorkeeper
3678:Historical
3333:Conference
3311:Committees
3296:Traditions
3221:Filibuster
2974:Privileges
2748:Physicians
2741:Occupation
2490:Vice-Chair
2091:Membership
1418:August 18,
850:References
661:1980: The
654:1978: The
571:Appearance
465:classified
314:Industry.
161:think tank
153:committees
151:and their
62:1914-07-16
5365:Watergate
4258:Longworth
4188:buildings
4171:VP's Room
3832:Historian
3771:Librarian
3766:Historian
3751:Secretary
3737:Employees
3542:Roll Call
3353:Oversight
3281:Seniority
3148:Saxbe fix
3086:Expulsion
3000:Procedure
2938:Inquiries
2918:(Dormant)
2910:Copyright
2905:Article I
2844:1950–1999
2839:1900–1949
2834:1790–1899
2553:Districts
2468:Secretary
2429:President
2209:seniority
2183:Appointed
2146:seniority
1833:March 15,
1824:"S. 1578"
1808:March 15,
1348:April 28,
1236:April 28,
959:March 15,
928:March 15,
897:Roll Call
819:in 1996.
533:either:
499:When the
5374:Timeline
4807:Title IX
4427:Timeline
4372:template
4089:painting
3880:Congress
3802:Chaplain
3756:Chaplain
3535:Politico
3528:The Hill
3378:Standing
3343:Hearings
3319:Chairman
2991:Immunity
2986:Franking
2981:Salaries
2915:Commerce
2757:Religion
2178:Resigned
1799:Archived
1772:July 28,
1766:Archived
1736:April 4,
1730:Archived
1710:July 27,
1662:July 27,
1653:Archived
1628:Archived
1599:Fedscoop
1578:July 27,
1572:Archived
1475:Archived
1448:April 8,
1442:Archived
1412:Archived
1368:Archived
1309:July 24,
1271:Archived
1255:Archived
1208:Archived
1071:April 8,
1065:Archived
1027:July 25,
1018:Archived
823:See also
549:fair use
377:Hearings
4680:Détente
4374:below (
4339:Related
4268:Rayburn
4263:O'Neill
4222:Russell
4203:Dirksen
4052:Rotunda
3893:reports
3761:Curator
3724:Library
3683:Library
3673:Curator
3659:Offices
3584:offices
3458:memoirs
3436:memoirs
3419:History
3206:Classes
3056:Cloture
3034:Censure
2809:Related
2525:Leaders
2513:Speaker
2453:Leaders
2415:Leaders
2204:Members
2168:Classes
2141:Members
2098:Members
1889:July 6,
1863:June 6,
1374:July 6,
842:of the
782:noted:
288:Mission
203:History
139:of the
132:) is a
111:Website
60: (
5481:Pardon
5452:(1974)
5192:policy
4330:Subway
4248:Cannon
4196:Senate
4186:Office
3922:THOMAS
3744:Senate
3666:Senate
3517:C-SPAN
3399:Gavels
3348:Markup
3228:Manual
3049:Senate
2898:Powers
2715:Senate
2711:Women
2616:Senate
2579:Groups
2422:Senate
2221:Former
2158:Former
2134:Senate
2040:Senate
1226:Scribd
1161:
840:OPPAGA
410:THOMAS
271:Review
78:, U.S.
52:Formed
4281:Other
4231:House
4033:Crypt
3842:Board
3837:Pages
3812:Clerk
3795:House
3776:Pages
3692:House
3618:Board
3510:Media
3392:Items
3143:Rider
3044:House
2943:Trial
2720:House
2621:House
2506:House
2485:Chair
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2197:House
2059:119th
2055:118th
2051:117th
1915:(PDF)
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1021:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
4253:Ford
4208:Hart
4038:Dome
3947:Gov.
3321:and
3168:Veto
3101:list
3024:Bill
3012:list
2655:list
2560:List
2518:list
2446:list
2434:list
2216:Dean
2153:Dean
1923:2009
1891:2013
1865:2022
1835:2022
1810:2022
1774:2009
1738:2019
1712:2009
1664:2009
1611:2022
1580:2009
1547:2009
1483:2018
1450:2019
1420:2020
1376:2013
1350:2018
1311:2017
1299:LLRX
1238:2018
1190:2024
1159:ISBN
1073:2019
1029:2009
961:2022
930:2022
878:2023
728:CRS.
521:nor
265:The
124:The
5404:CRP
130:CRS
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