235:. The trio gathered four other investors, formed the Calgary Petroleum Products Company, Ltd. and began developing the region in search of oil. The company drilled three wells beginning in 1913, and on May 14, 1914, the third struck a significant reserve at a depth of 820 metres (2,690 ft). Excitement reached a fevered pitch in Calgary once word of the Turner Valley strike reached town. Over 500 oil exploration companies were formed within days, the majority of which existed only to bilk unwitting citizens by selling shares in companies that owned no land and had no intention of drilling for oil.
324:, Imperial initially paid him only $ 250 per year to lease his land. Imperial brought Vern Hunter, nicknamed "Dry Hole" as a result of his numerous past failures, to lead the drilling team. Hunter was skeptical that the new site would lead to success. He expected it would fail like previous ventures and that Imperial would then limit its focus to Alberta's natural gas fields. The drilling site was a true wildcat â no other wells drilled within 80 kilometres (50 mi) of Turta's farm â and Imperial was willing to go as deep as 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) in this search.
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surrounding the city. The city became increasingly blue collar following Leduc as oil workers moved into the city. The city's population rose rapidly; Edmonton's 226,000 residents in 1956 was double that of the census ten years previous, while the city grew by an additional 55,000 by 1961. Edmonton has become one of the world's premier operations and service centres for the petroleum industry. It has fabrication and manufacturing capacity that would be the envy of virtually any other oilfield service centre. The
242:â a form of natural gas â and Calgary settled into an economic recession that accompanied the outset of the First World War. A second major natural gas discovery brought renewed interest in 1924 when the Royalite No. 4 well blew in with a mammoth fire that burned uncontrolled for nearly a month. This find was made at a depth of 1,140 metres (3,740 ft). The new discovery resulted in the drilling of hundreds of wells in the region over the next 20 years. The first major
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20 million barrels (3,200,000 m) annually between 1953 and 1956 before gradually declining. Overall, the Leduc-Woodbend field produced over 250 million barrels (40,000,000 m) in its first 50 years of operation. Leduc No. 1 itself was operational until 1974. During its 27-year lifespan, the well produced 317,000 barrels (50,400 m) of oil and over 323 million cubic feet (9,100,000 m) of natural gas.
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the public to witness as the well came in. However, the machinery broke down on that morning. The crew worked most of the day trying to fix the machinery, while some of guests began to leave, fearing another disappointment. Shortly before 4 p.m., the crew finally cleared the wellhead and the 500 people who remained despite the bitter cold bore witness as Leduc No. 1 came to life. People felt a rumbling in the ground, while
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decided to continue to drill deeper. At a depth of 1,640 metres (5,380 ft), the well broke through into a reservoir even larger than the one at Leduc No. 1. Leduc No. 3 came in on the same day, May 21, 1947, ushering in
Alberta's oil boom. Within weeks, more than a dozen companies were drilling throughout the region, and by the end of 1947 there were 31 operational wells in the area, 24 of them owned by Imperial Oil.
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were imported from the United States. One decade later, Canada was producing sixty-five percent natively, despite a three-fold increase in consumption. Overall production had increased to nearly 144 million barrels (22,900,000 m) from 7,390 productive wells, and
Alberta produced 400,000 barrels (64,000 m) per day with the capability of doubling that total.
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moved north. Consequently, the oil money flowed through
Calgary. By 1967, the city had more millionaires than any other in the country, per capita, and more cars per person than any city in the world. Today it is possible to imagine Calgary - which has the planet's greatest concentration of energy-related knowledge in its downtown core - becoming a serious rival to
509:'s total of 833,000. At the 1951 census, Alberta's population had grown to 940,000 while Saskatchewan remained stagnant. The 1951 census also made note of the transformation the province was undergoing, as the urban population outnumbered the rural for the first time in the province's history. Alberta's population grew by another 400,000 throughout the 1950s.
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The discoveries led to rapidly increasing estimates of
Western Canada's reserves. The region was estimated to have 72 million barrels (11,400,000 m) recoverable in 1946. That figure was increased to 3 billion barrels (0.48 km) in 1957. It is currently believed that Western Canada
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By this point, Imperial knew they had hit upon a strike. The company pressed Hunter to name a date when the well could come in. He later stated: "The crew and I were experts at abandoning wells but we didn't know much about completing them. I named
February 13 and started praying." Imperial invited
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The discovery of Leduc No. 1 led to a rapid population boom in
Alberta. The 1948 blowout of the nearby Atlantic No. 3 well aided provincial growth as the derrick collapse and resulting inferno made international headlines and alerted the world to Alberta's oil strikes. Alberta's population in 1946
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discovery at Turner Valley was made in 1936 at a depth of 2,080 metres (6,820 ft), the deepest well in
Alberta at the time. The Turner Valley oil field reached a peak production of 10 million barrels (1,600,000 m) in 1942, four years after it was recognized as the largest oil field in
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Canada produced only 21,000 barrels (3,300 m) of oil per day in 1946, most of it in Turner Valley, but consumed ten times that amount. Alberta's annual total production in 1946 was 7.7 million barrels (1,220,000 m) from 416 wells. Over ninety percent of the nation's oil requirements
156:. The discovery transformed the Alberta economy; oil and gas supplanted farming as the primary industry and resulted in the province becoming one of the richest in the country. Nationally, the discovery allowed Canada to become self-sufficient within a decade and ultimately a major exporter of oil.
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to process crude from Leduc and the other new fields. Now the beneficiary of more than $ 25 billion in investment, this 582-square-kilometre region hosts 40 large companies and many small ones. Together they operate refineries and petrochemical plants, an upgrader, pipelines, service companies and
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time and was therefore very likely to host porous, hydrocarbon-containing reefs like those at Norman Wells. The understanding of the Norman Wells field, which
Imperial had located in the 1920s, helped provide the geological key to unlock Leduc, and twenty years after the initial discovery at Leduc
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between the cities of
Calgary and Edmonton increased following the discovery at Leduc No. 1 as both communities attempted to proclaim themselves the "oil capital of Canada". Edmonton, it was said, would have been only a "quiet administrative centre" if not for the discoveries made in the regions
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Imperial had already begun testing for a second well, 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) to the southwest of Leduc No. 1. Leduc No. 2 was spudded on
February 12, 1947. By May it had reached the same depth as No. 1 but little oil was found. The company worried that Leduc was only a minor oil field, but
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in the northwest. The company then set out to acquire surface lease rights to tracts of land in the region. Imperial acquired rights to over 810 km (200,000 acres) of land southwest of Edmonton by the end of spring and began surveying the area for the best place to begin drilling. Seismic
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alone had drilled 133 wildcat wells throughout the province, all of which failed to yield significant quantities of oil. By the mid-1940s, the company neared the decision of abandoning the search for oil in the province in favour of focusing on the production of synthetic gasoline out of natural
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However, while many petroleum-related workers and facilities are now located in Edmonton, corporate offices remained in Calgary. Many oil companies had placed their offices in the southern city following the Turner Valley discovery and made no effort to relocate even as drilling and exploration
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levels where the Turner Valley strike was discovered, some of Imperial's geologists believed that greater reserves could be found deeper below the earth's surface. They convinced the company's technical committee to attempt one more deep drilling effort. Imperial's board of directors reluctantly
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opened release valves. The youngest member of the crew was given the honour of "flaring" the well. As the mixture of crude oil and gas spewed from a release pipe, the young man hurled a burning sack onto the mixture, igniting the fuel and sending flames 15 metres (50 ft) into the air.
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rocks, where conventional wisdom of the time held that oil was unlikely to be found. Imperial was left to choose whether to begin production of this small find, or drill deeper and risk having the byproducts of drilling ruin the company's ability to complete a well at the depth of this find.
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Other major discoveries followed Leduc. A second field called Woodbend was discovered by Imperial north of the initial find. The two fields were combined to form the Leduc-Woodbend oil field, and within a decade it was the third largest oil field in Canada. Imperial discovered a larger field
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Drilling activity in the Leduc-Woodbend field peaked in 1951 and exploratory drilling of the field had largely ended by 1955. The field produced 4.7 million barrels (750,000 m) of oil in 1948, surpassing total production of Turner Valley within one year. The field peaked at over
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In the 30 years following the initial discovery of 1914, oil companies spent over $ 150 million on exploration and development but found no major reserves of note. The provincial government resorted to subsidies and tax relief for companies to encourage further exploration.
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was the province's first model oil town as the government organized the rapid growth the hamlet of less than 100 people experienced beginning in 1954 following the discovery of the nearby Pembina oil field the year previous. Similar communities followed, including
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The discovery at Leduc was actually a stroke of good fortune because geologists had chosen the location on the basis of theories that were later shown to be incorrect. The search for large oil reservoirs in Alberta had been ongoing for decades because the
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The area is Alberta's refining and petrochemical centre â notably the "Industrial Heartland" northeast of Edmonton. That industrial region has grown organically since the late 1940s, when Imperial Oil brought a tin-pot World War II refinery down from
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393:-age reefs, but the prevailing opinion was that Alberta had been a desert at that time so such reefs were unlikely to be present. It was later shown that much of Alberta was actually a marine basin fringed by reefs and lagoons during
31:
187:, immediately northeast of the discovery, became a major petroleum production centre. A farming community with fewer than 900 residents in 1947, Leduc grew to become Alberta's 13th largest city, while several towns, including
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canoes and to act as a medicinal ointment. Pioneer settlers to southern Alberta in the late 19th century noticed that an oily film occasionally covered pools of water, and that the air had unusual odours at times. In 1911,
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Billions of investment dollars flowed into Alberta and were followed by massive immigration to the province following the discovery. Alberta's two major cities saw their populations double within a few years.
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171:. Leduc No. 1 produced 317,000 barrels (50,400 m) of oil and 323 million cubic feet (9,100,000 m) of natural gas before it was decommissioned in 1974, and was part of the Leduc-Woodbend
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was known to be prime ground for the formation of petroleum and natural gas, and it was unlikely that such a prime setting would have produced only the two oil fields that were known to exist in 1946.
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rocks, tests showed promising results. On February 3, 1947, a test sent a geyser shooting out of the drilling hole and up half the height of the drilling derrick, covering a worker with oil.
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had spent millions of dollars drilling 133 dry holes in the previous years as only minor discoveries were made. Leduc No. 1 discovered that oil was trapped in what became known as the
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1950:
524:, located west of Edmonton, was founded in 1949 by Imperial Oil with the assistance of the province to provide housing and services for workers of the Leduc-Woodbend oil field.
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age had the greatest potential to contain oil and natural gas, and the Leduc area appeared to be a good location from which to reach those rocks. Earlier discoveries in
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Though the Pigeon Lake spot was viewed by geologists as a more promising location, the team chose Leduc due to the location's proximity to major roadways and the
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opened in 1997 and features exhibits about Canada's oil industry, including artifacts, photos and oilfield equipment. In 2019, the centre was rebranded as the
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Imperial's chief geologist, Ted Link, was among those who believed oil could be found at a much greater depth and had already met with success drilling at
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1038:"The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 12: Devonian Woodbend-Winterburn strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin"
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The derrick used to drill Leduc No. 1 currently stands on display at the Canadian Energy Museum, a few hundred metres west of the original drill site.
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grew into a major financial centre and within two decades had the highest number of millionaires in Canada, per capita. The provincial capital of
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1945:
1955:
587:, with a broader focus on the Canadian energy industry as a whole. CEM is owned and operated by the Devon/Leduc Oilfield Historical Society.
281:. He had his staff determine the best location for the new well. The majority of the team favoured a triangular area that stretched between
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supported the new effort, but made it known that this well, initially known as Wildcat No. 134, would be the company's last-chance effort.
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The Government of Alberta attempted to manage growth and hoped to prevent the risk of so-called resource towns from turning into
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Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I., (compilers), Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists and Alberta Geological Survey (1994).
317:. This decision proved fortuitous, as a later effort by Imperial to drill at Pigeon Lake resulted in another dry hole.
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depths, tests indicated large quantities of natural gas and some oil. It was a small find, and close to the limits of
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once the oil boom passed them by, as had happened to turn-of-the-century coal mining towns across the province. The
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down to depths of 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) showed only traces of oil and natural gas. As drilling passed into
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has as much as 77 billion barrels (12.2 km) of oil in conventional reserves (i.e.: excluding the
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My generation knows if we didn't have Leduc and its consequences, we probably would be living elsewhere.
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The farmstead of Mike Turta, 15 km west of Leduc, was chosen as the drilling site. As Turta lacked
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is a jewel in the city's crown, and it has been a centre of oilsands research since the 1920s.
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The depth at which Leduc No. 1 struck oil was designated the Devonian D-2, formally called the
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Imperial chose to continue drilling. When drilling reached 1,536 metres (5,039 ft), into
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No. 1, dozens of oil-bearing Devonian reefs had been discovered throughout western Canada.
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216:-born settler William Herron identified the nature of the odours from his time working in
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144:, Canada, on February 13, 1947. It provided the geological key to Alberta's most prolific
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Avery, Bryant (1997-02-13). "Reefs kept secrets well". Edmonton Journal. p. I3.
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Alberta in the 20th Century: Leduc, Manning & the Age of Prosperity, 1946â1963
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that has produced over 300 million barrels (48,000,000 m) of oil total.
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Imperial held a party in Edmonton that night in celebration of its achievement.
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The discovery followed years of exploratory failures throughout the province.
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Farrell, Jim (1997-02-13). "Safety rules toughened after 1948 well blowout".
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gas. While the majority of the company's efforts drilled down only into
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Payne, Michael; Wetherell, Donald; Cavanaugh, Catherine, eds. (2006),
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446:, the largest in Alberta, was discovered in 1953 near the town of
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1555:, vol. 9, Edmonton, Alberta: United Western Communications,
1537:, vol. 4, Edmonton, Alberta: United Western Communications,
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tests produced two possible candidates: one near the village of
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1336:
Jaremko, Gordon (1997-02-13). "Oil built the Calgary skyline".
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Leduc No. 1 and the Leduc-Woodbend oil field were designated a
195:, were founded to support workers in the oil and gas industry.
1629:, vol. 2, Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press,
937:
Farrell, Jim (1997-02-13). "The strike that changed Alberta".
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Alberta in the 20th Century: The Boom and the Bust, 1910â1914
224:. He convinced Calgary businessman Archibald Dingman and
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Drilling of Leduc No. 1 began November 20, 1946. Several
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Crude oil discovery in Alberta, Canada in Alberta, Canada
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699:"Dingman discovery of 1914 triggered production bonanza"
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in the central part of the province in 1950. In 1951,
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Oil was known to exist in Alberta for many centuries.
414:, while Nos. 2 and 3 had reached the Devonian D-3, or
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In fact, oil was not discovered initially, but rather
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and resulted in numerous major discoveries across the
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made two significant discoveries in the area around
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1289:"Leduc best-known field, but not most productive".
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1077:From North to South: How Norman Wells Led to Leduc
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373:At that time, geologists believed that rocks of
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1266:"Canada's new energy play: the old oil fields"
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1649:, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan: Fifth House Ltd.,
1589:The Great Canadian Oil Patch (Second Edition)
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1951:History of the petroleum industry in Alberta
1591:, Edmonton, Alberta: JuneWarren Publishing,
1573:, Surrey, British Columbia: Heritage House,
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1061:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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597:History of the petroleum industry in Canada
442:, immediately south of Leduc-Woodbend. The
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559:numerous other interdependent businesses.
422:northeast of Edmonton near the village of
389:had shown that oil could also be found in
298:and another farther to the southwest near
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732:"Turner field now has 38 wells coming in"
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1961:Provincial Historic Resources of Alberta
1611:, Edmonton, Alberta: Hurtig Publishers,
1509:Canadian Energy Museum: Home of Leduc #1
820:"Leduc first gush of Alberta oil wealth"
533:, which incorporated as a town in 1967.
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1440:"Alberta oil strike attracts Americans"
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1240:"Oil reserves rose rapidly after Leduc"
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913:"The strike that changed Alberta's lot"
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789:"Hundreds saw No. 1 'blow in' at Leduc"
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505:was 803,000, compared to neighbouring
366:that lies beneath the majority of the
1412:"Breaking away! Leduc becomes a city"
1366:Payne, Wetherell & Cavanaugh 2006
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1734:Frontier exploration and development
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567:as the energy capital of the world.
1264:Vanderklippe, Nathan (2010-09-28).
152:exploration and development across
148:reserves and resulted in a boom in
109:http://www.canadianenergymuseum.ca/
1936:National Historic Sites in Alberta
1627:Alberta Formed Alberta Transformed
364:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
14:
1676:Leduc #1 Well and Production Data
1713:Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
581:Leduc #1 Energy Discovery Centre
121:National Historic Site of Canada
1190:"Post-Leduc oil boom continues"
430:discovered a major field near
1:
1946:Petroleum industry in Alberta
1956:Petroleum industry in Canada
1605:MacGregor, James G. (1972),
1769:Northwestern Alberta Plains
1410:Andrews, Ken (1983-09-01).
1992:
1971:Industry museums in Canada
1551:Byfield, Ted, ed. (2001),
1533:Byfield, Ted, ed. (1994),
1293:. 1997-02-13. p. L14.
1178:. 1997-02-13. p. L17.
818:Lisac, Mark (1987-02-07).
289:in central Alberta, up to
919:. 1982-04-05. p. A11
705:. 1966-07-08. p. 13.
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1900:Leduc No 1 Historic Site
1796:Northern Rocky Mountains
1511:. Canadian Energy Museum
1446:. 1967-04-27. p. 28
1305:"Leduc No. 1 Production"
1246:. 1957-02-16. p. 39
1221:. 1957-02-13. p. 40
1196:. 1957-02-13. p. 40
795:. 1957-02-16. p. 39
738:. 1938-07-30. p. 14
402:Leduc-Woodbend oil field
315:North Saskatchewan River
1782:North-central foothills
1729:Oil sands and heavy oil
231:to visit the site near
1889:53.32957°N 113.72528°W
1670:Canadian Energy Museum
1643:Stenson, Fred (1994),
585:Canadian Energy Museum
577:National Historic Site
571:Canadian Energy Museum
488:
310:
47:discovery in Alberta,
1941:Oil fields of Alberta
1569:Finch, David (2005),
548:University of Alberta
387:Northwest Territories
357:Geologic breakthrough
308:
279:Northwest Territories
1894:53.32957; -113.72528
1753:Depositional regions
1646:The Story of Calgary
1608:A History of Alberta
1587:Gray, Earle (2004),
541:The already intense
537:Calgary and Edmonton
226:Member of Parliament
140:discovery made near
1884: /
1739:Natural gas liquids
1721:Hydrocarbon history
1215:"New opportunities"
465:Athabasca Oil Sands
207:peoples used it to
1926:Museums in Alberta
1921:History of Alberta
1678:- petro ninja maps
1383:, pp. 272â273
917:Regina Leader-Post
736:The Financial Post
673:, pp. 362â363
497:Premier of Alberta
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1966:Petroleum museums
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1779:North-east Plains
480:Population growth
444:Pembina oil field
368:Canadian Prairies
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1487:McKenzie-Brown,
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661:, pp. 21â22
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1672:- official site
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756:MacGregor 1972
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493:Peter Lougheed
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142:Leduc, Alberta
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1976:Imperial Oil
1931:Leduc County
1869:
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1806:Saskatchewan
1645:
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1534:
1527:Bibliography
1515:11 September
1513:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1476:Stenson 1994
1471:
1464:Byfield 2001
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1443:
1420:. Retrieved
1418:. p. B1
1415:
1405:
1400:, p. 35
1398:Byfield 2001
1381:Byfield 2001
1361:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1259:
1248:. Retrieved
1243:
1234:
1223:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1198:. Retrieved
1193:
1184:
1175:
1154:
1149:, p. 25
1147:Byfield 2001
1134:, p. 24
1132:Byfield 2001
1117:, p. 18
1115:Byfield 2001
1110:
1098:
1071:
1046:. Retrieved
1042:the original
1031:
1019:
1007:
988:, p. 14
986:Byfield 2001
981:
976:, p. 13
974:Byfield 2001
938:
932:
921:. Retrieved
916:
897:, p. 10
895:Byfield 2001
890:
883:Byfield 2001
878:
871:Byfield 2001
866:
859:Byfield 2001
844:Byfield 2001
839:
828:. Retrieved
823:
797:. Retrieved
792:
771:Byfield 2001
751:
740:. Retrieved
735:
726:
702:
678:
671:Byfield 1994
666:
654:
642:
635:Byfield 1994
622:, p. 17
615:
584:
580:
574:
561:
552:
540:
518:planned town
511:
507:Saskatchewan
503:
489:
485:
469:
461:
457:
420:
409:
405:
383:Norman Wells
372:
360:
346:
326:
319:
312:
275:Norman Wells
272:
257:Imperial Oil
253:
237:
222:Pennsylvania
202:
177:
161:Imperial Oil
158:
136:was a major
133:
132:
99:Parks Canada
73:Leduc County
69:Nearest city
15:
1892: /
1879:113°43â˛31âłW
1791:Fort Nelson
1786:Liard River
1744:Natural gas
1505:"Our Story"
885:, p. 9
873:, p. 6
846:, p. 7
773:, p. 5
514:ghost towns
440:Wizard Lake
428:Gulf Canada
300:Pigeon Lake
134:Leduc No. 1
79:Established
24:Leduc No. 1
1915:Categories
1898: (
1876:53°19â˛46âłN
1826:gas fields
1450:2011-09-30
1422:2011-09-30
1314:3 November
1275:2011-09-29
1250:2011-09-29
1225:2011-09-28
1200:2011-09-28
1048:2014-10-17
923:2011-09-25
830:2011-09-25
799:2011-09-23
742:2011-09-23
683:Finch 2005
659:Finch 2005
620:Finch 2005
603:References
556:Whitehorse
531:Swan Hills
454:Production
350:roughnecks
262:Cretaceous
218:oil fields
199:Background
193:Swan Hills
1834:Athabasca
1776:foothills
1159:Gray 2004
1103:Gray 2004
1091:Gray 2004
1024:Gray 2004
1012:Gray 2004
955:Gray 2004
608:Footnotes
499:1971â1985
426:in 1948.
337:Paleozoic
269:Discovery
244:crude oil
150:petroleum
138:crude oil
45:crude oil
1812:Manitoba
1810:Western
1057:cite web
591:See also
432:Stettler
424:Redwater
391:Devonian
342:Devonian
333:Mesozoic
287:Edmonton
185:Edmonton
173:oilfield
169:prairies
55:Location
1859:Wabasca
1854:Pembina
1844:Hamburg
1492:Oilweek
565:Houston
543:rivalry
385:in the
381:and at
283:Calgary
277:in the
240:naphtha
214:Ontario
181:Calgary
105:Website
59:Alberta
1653:
1633:
1615:
1595:
1577:
1559:
1541:
475:Impact
436:Texaco
63:Canada
49:Canada
1849:Leduc
522:Devon
379:Texas
296:Leduc
209:pitch
189:Devon
87:Built
1824:and
1651:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1613:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1539:ISBN
1517:2020
1316:2016
1063:link
285:and
247:the
191:and
90:1946
82:1990
41:Type
1822:Oil
520:of
302:.
220:in
1917::
1507:.
1442:.
1431:^
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1388:^
1373:^
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1307:.
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745:.
491:â
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