1201:, wrote of Claude C. Williams : "This man has suffered terribly in his own life in the pursuit of his work with exploited people. I would not want to deny him one atom of credit for what he has done. Yet at the same time that I respect his devotion and admire his fortitude I deeply question his judgment and responsibility. Like many Southern radicals he wants to make much of the race issue. I consider this a tactical blunder of the first magnitude. I have word that at the present time he is more or less espousing the cause of those negro factionalists in the union who claim that their race is being discriminated against. I have watched the union operate in a rather intimate fashion, and I think these charges are without foundation, and arise from a desire for greater power on the part of certain colored leaders. ... Perhaps I am prejudiced and impossibly bourgeois." — Quoted in William H. Cobb,
271:), another acolyte of Williams, who was to become almost as important in Hays' life as Williams himself. An accomplished musician and singer, Zilphia had broken with her father, who was the owner of the Arkansas coal mine that Williams was trying to organize, and had become a union organizer herself. Hays moved in with Williams and his family: "I got to be his chief helper for quite a while", he later wrote. From 1934 to 1940, writes Doris Willens, "Williams was the dominant figure in Hays' life—a surrogate father—a man of the cloth but with a radical difference". The following year, Williams was dismissed by the elders of his Paris, Arkansas, church for being too radical and was subsequently jailed, beaten, and almost killed when he tried to organize an interracial hunger march of tenant farmers in
573:(recorded c. January 1942, issued in May), strongly supporting the war. Bad publicity, however, pursued them because of their reputation as former isolationists who had become pro-war "prematurely" (i.e., six months before Pearl Harbor). As key members, Pete Seeger, Cisco Houston, and Woody Guthrie joined the war effort (Seeger in the army and Guthrie and Houston in the Merchant Marine) the group disbanded. Hays was rejected from the Armed Forces because of a mild case of tuberculosis and he indeed felt sick all the time, missed performances, and developed a reputation for hypochondria. Even before this, Seeger and the other Almanacs found Hays difficult to work with and so erratic that they had asked him to leave the group.
1258:, Jackson (later an adviser to President Eisenhower) advocated "the takeover of the machinery of government by the interests of capital. And Jackson was very specific about that : 'Given 'the challenge of the power vacuum... WHO shall assume the responsibility for a functioning America... ? Shall it be the State, eager, plausible, and prepared—or shall it be Enterprise, the businessman, who by his works has shown... that he is the most competent administrator of the welfare of this country?'" (Blanche Wiesen Cook,
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sharecroppers in, and the union songs based on hymns. His images inspired us... convinced us that the Left was the great continuum of the
American tradition, or at least that it was part of the mainstream of the American tradition. Lee thought in terms of events, history; he saw large, and that rubbed off on the rest of us. He was the philosopher of the folk music movement. He stretched the canvas. And he was funny—and God, we needed that. There wasn't much humor around.
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the college and was particularly enchanted with the folk songs and singing he encountered there. By the next year, however, another observer noted that the "brilliant" and hitherto energetic Hays appeared "disheveled" and was "sick all the time". Doris
Willens, his biographer, speculates that Hays's physical and mental states were possibly a response to the ongoing tribulations of his mentor and of Commonwealth College.
489:, comprising six pacifist songs, two of them co-written by Hays and Seeger and four by Lampell. The songs attacked the peacetime draft and the big U.S. corporations which were then receiving lucrative defense contracts from the federal government while practicing racial segregation in hiring. Since at that time isolationism was associated with right-wing conservatives and business interests, the pro-business but
657:, worked up a musical accompaniment to the dances, which they called (in the "One World" spirit of the Progressive movement) "Around the World". It featured an Israeli song, the Appalachian "Flop-eared mule", and "Hey-lally-lally-lo" from the Bahamas. The audience went wild. In 1949 the new quartet began appearing at leftist functions and soon they were featured on
338:). It demonstrates the use of singing in building a movement: "The turning point in the film is when an image of clenched black and white hands is followed by one of biracial strikers marching and singing 'Black and white together / We shall not be moved'". Shortly after it was completed, Alan Hacker died of an illness he had contracted during the filming.
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continued to believe that
America and Britain were maneuvering not to defeat Nazi Germany, or rather, not just yet, but first to turn Hitler to their desired end of destroying the Soviet Union...In short, 1940 was a bad time to say a good word for "peace." Worse, the only other voices opposing the war emanated from the extreme right, particularly
1218:, compiled by Alan Lomax, with a foreword by John Steinbeck, introduction and notes on the songs by Woody Guthrie, and musical arrangements by Pete Seeger (Oak Publications, 1967). It was reissued in 1999 by the University of Nebraska Press with a new afterword by Seeger. Hays' manuscript was not used in the book.
210:, the writer he selected to be his biographer. His brothers, both recently married, sent him to Emory Junior College in Georgia from which he graduated in 1930 at sixteen (but already over six feet tall and looking much older than his years). He traveled alone to enroll at Hendrix-Henderson College (now
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said that Hays "was deeply religious and extremely creative and imaginative and firmly believed in the
Brotherhood of Man." Waldemar Hille, who was the dean of music at Elmhurst College near Chicago and who had spent Christmas of 1937 at Commonwealth, thought that Hays was the most talented person at
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In her drama classes at
Highlander Zilphia borrowed the techniques of the New Theater League in New York, which encouraged participants to create plays out of their own experience, which would then be staged at labor conferences. It was a revelation for Hays to see how the arts could serve to empower
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At
Highlander, Zilphia Horton directed music, theater, and dance workshops. During a miners' union meeting in Tennessee, she recruited Hays as a song leader: "When Zilphia got up and said, 'Brother Lee Hays will now lead us in singing', I damn near dropped through the floor. There was no backing out;
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In 1927, when Lee was thirteen, his childhood came to an abrupt end as tragedy struck the family. The
Reverend Hays was killed in an automobile accident on a remote road and soon afterward Lee's mother had to be hospitalized for a mental breakdown from which she never recovered. Lee's sister, who had
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Although the first year of People's Songs was very successful, once again his co-workers found Hays "difficult" and indecisive. At a board meeting in late 1946, Pete Seeger proposed Hays be replaced as executive secretary with energetic young friend of his, Felix Landau, whom Pete had met during his
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Long subject to the virulent hostility of its neighbors and in dire financial straits, the embattled school was riven by internecine struggles between its more radical members and the more moderate socialists on its board. In 1940 the board expelled the avowedly
Marxist Claude Williams for allegedly
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Last week a group of four high-spirited folksters known as the
Weavers had succeeded in shouting, twanging and crooning folk singing out of its cloistered corner into the commercial big time... After the war the four met in Greenwich Village get-togethers, and decided that their voices, plus Pete's
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records, returned night after night. Born in
Missouri, Jenkins was especially entranced with Lee Hays' folksy stage patter, laced with colorful Ozark anecdotes. Jenkins convinced his reluctant fellow executives at Decca to record the group. Jenkins backed them up with his own lush string orchestra
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In 1948, People's Songs put all of its efforts into supporting the 1948 presidential campaign of Henry Wallace on the Progressive Party ticket. Not long after Wallace's decisive defeat, People's Songs went bankrupt and disbanded. A spinoff, however, People's Artists, showed somewhat more vitality.
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banning racial and religious discrimination in hiring by recipients of federal defense contracts. The army, however, refused to desegregate. Somewhat mollified, nevertheless, labor leaders canceled the march and ordered union members to get behind the war and to refrain from strikes; copies of the
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Hays, who had always been overweight, had been diagnosed in 1960 with diabetes, a condition the doctors thought he had probably suffered from, along with TB, for many years previously. This led to a heart condition and he was fitted with a pacemaker. Both his legs eventually had to be amputated.
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Their records dropped from Decca's catalog and from radio broadcasts, and unable to perform live on television, radio, or in most music venues, the Weavers broke up in 1952. Subsequently, Hays liked to maintain that another entertainer, called Lee Hayes, spelled with an "e", was also banned from
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That the pact gave Stalin more time was the story then put out; millions around the world didn't buy it and at that point lost faith in the Soviet Union . . . (Many others had lost faith earlier, during the Moscow purge trials.) But as a disciple of Claude , Lee in 1940 held firm with those who
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and huge chorus, but tactfully and with care, so as not to obscure the words and musical personalities of the groups' personnel. To everyone's surprise, the Weavers, who seemed to fit into no musical category, produced billboard hit after billboard hit, selling millions of singles. However, the
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Upon our entry into the war, Friedrich became adviser to the U.S. Military on propaganda and domestic morale, and organizer of domestic patriotic "grass roots" citizen organizations, such as the Council for Democracy. After the war he devised the constitution of West Germany. An excerpt from
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and his hospitable family turned into a long visit. The German-born Lowenfels, a highly cultured man and a modernist poet who was fascinated by Walt Whitman and edited a book of his poetry, became another surrogate father to Hays, influencing him deeply. (Together the two men later wrote the
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When I think of that period I think of Pete and Lee. Lee and Pete. Lee's deep bass singing "Roll the Union On". He and Pete are the two guys who made folk music serve political purposes. .. . Lee was the one with the sense of history, who tied it all together. He was the one who brought the
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music in his father's church. Both his parents valued learning and books. Mrs. Hays taught her four children to type before they began learning penmanship in school, and all were excellent students. There was a gap in age of ten years between Lee and next oldest sibling, his brother Bill.
414:. He was in charge of the sanitary facilities, and he kept it beautiful; he even put curtains up in the windows of the two-holer we had. But what he was best at was shoveling it out, a function which had to be performed periodically. He really put his back into it. Now he's in the
509:, a German-born but anti-Nazi professor of political science at Harvard, deemed the Almanacs treasonous and their album "a matter for the Attorney General" because it seemed to him to be subversive of military recruitment and morale. On June 22, Hitler unexpectedly broke the
526:, Hays said: "I do remember that the signing of the Hitler-Stalin pact was a very hard pill to swallow. . . . To this day I don't quite follow the line of reasoning behind that one, except to give Stalin more time." According to Hays's biographer, Doris Willens:
235:, a number of European novels. Reading those books was like doors opening. Don't forget that the fundamentalist South was a closed, fixed society. The world was made in six days; everything was foreordained and fixed in the universe. ... This was the time of the
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Every book that was considered unfit for children to read was marked with a black rubber stamp. So I'd go through the stacks and look for these black stamps. Always the very best books. They weren't locked-up books, just books that would not normally issued to
871:, cooking, writing, and socializing. He wrote to a friend that in his new surroundings he had no idea how to earn new money but that, "Having a listed number with no fear of Trotskyite crank calls is a huge relief". At the insistence of his old friend
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after a mob claiming to be anti-communist patriots attacked the cars of audience and performers after the show. Hays wrote a song, "Hold the Line", about the experience, that the Weavers recorded on Charter records with Robeson and writer Howard Fast.
226:, where his oldest brother, Reuben, who worked in banking, was now located. Reuben found Lee a job as a page in a public library. There the rebellious Hays embarked on an extensive program of self-education, becoming radicalized in the process:
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banjo and recorder, and Fred's guitar, made just the right blend. Sponsored by Red-tinged People's Songs, they got enthusiastic but unremunerative backing from fellow travelers who have long claimed folk songs as their particular province.
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and drawing on his experiences in the South in the 1930s, was the recipient of a prize and was reprinted in the U.S. and Britain. In 1953, Hays' mother, whom he had seen only once since her entry into custodial care, died. In 1955 he was
535:, a group suspected of harboring the hope that Hitler would eventually triumph . . . . Whatever uneasiness the Hitler-Stalin pact churned up, Lee hoped to submerge by throwing his vast energies into the service of the dynamic
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minister, and Ellen Reinhardt Hays, who before her marriage had been a court stenographer. William Hays's vocation of ministering to rural areas took him from parish to parish, so, as a child, Lee lived in several towns in
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As the clouds gathered around Commonwealth College, Hays headed north to New York, taking with him his collection of labor songs, which he planned to turn into a book. But a short stayover in Philadelphia with the poet
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An adviser to the board of the college, William Amberson, a physiologist and professor at University of Tennessee Medical College in Memphis, who was an officer of the Socialist Party and a frequent contributor to the
713:", written with Pete Seeger and also recorded on the Charter label, dates from this embattled period. A few months later, in December, the Weavers began an incredibly successful run at the Village Vanguard. One fan,
267:, a Presbyterian school that allows students to work in lieu of tuition, intending to study for the ministry and devote his life to the poor and dispossessed. There he met a fellow student, Zilphia Johnson (later
808:) issued two years later by Vanguard, was one of the three top-selling albums of the year. This led to a tour (made difficult by Hays' invalidism and anxieties), another album, and more tours, including one to
314:. There, he and a friend, Alan Hacker, a photojournalist, raised funds to make a documentary film about the plight of Southern sharecroppers and about efforts at Highlander and elsewhere to organize the
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lost no time in accusing the left-wing Almanacs of "scrupulously echoing" what it called "the mendacious Moscow tune" that "Franklin Roosevelt is leading an unwilling people into a J. P. Morgan war" (
1234:"was a high-profile power broker in the Republican Party, which he liked to call 'my second church', and he used his magazine to make or break careers (Dick Polman, "Obama has Fox: Truman had Time",
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A similar project, of protest songs of folk origins, was ultimately put together by People's Song members Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger and Alan Lomax in the 1940s and finally issued in 1967 as
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and attacked Russia. Three days later, Franklin Roosevelt, threatened by black labor leaders with a huge march on Washington protesting segregation in defense hiring and the army, issued
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Lee Hays, a native of Little Rock, will join Commonwealth's faculty at the beginning of the fall quarter ... to teach Workers' Dramatics and to supervise Commonwealth's drama groups.
330:-run cooperative inter-racial cotton farm. Even so, they were harassed by local planters and their scripts and notebooks were stolen and had to be recreated from memory. The film,
585:, "organized to create, promote and distribute songs of labor and the American people". They elected Pete Seeger president and Lee Hays executive secretary. Corporate counsel was
334:, which due to limited funds was quite brief, premiered at the Judson Church in May 1937 and was shown in schools and other venues (a copy is now in the film archives of the
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I had to take the plunge and I've been doing it ever since." Later, he wrote that "Claude and Zilphia did more to change and shape my life than any people I can recall."
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to get them out of harm's way. Hays dropped out of school in order to follow them, living on odd jobs for a time. He then went to visit Zilphia, who had married
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With his usual delicate touch, he let the audience's minds pursue the point to the obvious punch line: the other end of the horse. —Stephen Courtney, the
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The announcement noted that as former assistant to the drama director at Highlander Folk School and a member of the Sharecropper Film Committee which produced
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allowing Communist infiltration and for being excessively preoccupied with the issue of racial discrimination, and soon after, the institution was disbanded.
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214:) in Arkansas, the Methodist school that his father and siblings had attended, but the expense of their mother's institutionalization and the effects of the
275:, near the Oklahoma border. His life was saved only because his activities attracted newspaper publicity and the attention of northerners. One of these was
239:... the whole country was in the grip of a terrible sickness, which troubled me as it did everyone else. And I didn't understand it until I started reading
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856:'s cover of "If I Had a Hammer" in the mid-1960s, Hays, whose mental and physical health had been shaky for years, lived mostly on income from royalties.
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Crushed, Hays returned to Philadelphia to stay with Walter Lowenfels and family. From there he began contributing a weekly column to the People's Songs
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Armed with a letter of introduction from Claude Williams and Willard Uphaus, Hays became a resident at a student program at New York City's progressive
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802:. 1955 was also the year of a sold-out Weavers Carnegie Hall reunion concert. The Weavers had not lost their audience appeal—the LP of the concert (
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politically charged song "Wasn't That a Time?") Under Lowenfels' influence, Hays also began to write modernist poems, one of which was published in
593:, later of the Weavers), who he thought might be interested. He brought in his old friend Waldemar Hille to be music editor of the People's Songs
543:. A singing labor movement, that was the goal. If you got the unions singing, peace and brotherhood had to follow. It seemed so clear and simple.
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The period immediately following his father's death was so painful that Lee Hays could not bring himself to talk much about it, even to
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When the war ended, however, a group of songwriters gathered in Pete Seeger's in-laws' apartment in Greenwich Village and founded
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featured a new song by Hays. One, written with Walter Lowenfels after a disastrous accident in a coal mine contained this verse:
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287:, and who became Williams' admirer and supporter. After his release from jail, Williams moved his family away from Fort Smith to
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army days in Saipan. In retrospect, Pete confessed "I think it was a mistake. Lee's perceptions were probably truer than mine."
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1205:(Wayne State University Press, 2000), p. 190. Williams was later expelled from the Presbyterian church on a charge of "heresy".
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entertaining because of the similarity of his name. "Hayes couldn't get a job the whole time I was blacklisted," he claimed.
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and the little mag. ... Somewhere along in there I became some kind of Socialist, just what kind, I have never figured out.
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along with other members of the Weavers. Lee Hays was denounced as a member of the Communist Party during testimony to the
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that included folk dances from many lands. A group of People's Artists, comprising Seeger, Hays, Fred Hellerman, and
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Hays came naturally by his interest in folk music since his uncle was the eminent Missouri and Arkansas folklorist
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Report of the Senate Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, 1948 : Communist Front Organizations
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Near the end of his life Hays, wrote a farewell poem, "In Dead Earnest", inspired perhaps by Wobbly organizer
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aiming to educate younger people about Claude Williams and the labor and civil rights struggles of the 1930s.
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483:), and Bess Lomax Hawes, among others. The Almanac's first album, issued in May 1941, was the controversial
101:(March 14, 1914 – August 26, 1981) was an American folk singer and songwriter, best known for singing
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While at Commonwealth, Hays and his drama group wrote and produced numerous plays, of which one by Hays,
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were destroyed (a month after being issued). Asked by an interviewer in 1979 about his support of the
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1349:"Bernard Asbell, 77, Professor, prolific writer and Folk Singer", New York Times, February 2, 2001
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labor unions in the United States. In preparation, Hays and Hacker took classes with photographer
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Younger friends, among them Lawrence Lazare and Jimmy Callo, helped to take care of him.
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In 1950, Pete Seeger was listed as a probable subversive in the anti-communist pamphlet
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The Thanksgiving after Wallace's defeat, People's Songs decided to put on a fundraising
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people for social action. He decided to go to New York and study playwrighting himself.
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Liner notes from Pete Seeger on the Weavers boxed tape collection: "Wasn't That a Time"
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by the House Committee on Un-American Activities: he declined to testify, pleading the
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661:'s WNYC radio show as "The No Name Quartet". Four months later they settled on a name:
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Bernard Asbell, a member of People's Songs, who in 1961 wrote the best-selling book,
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345:(a word used by the sharecroppers for their soil), which was produced at Highlander.
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and solicited songs and stories from Zilphia Horton, who sent in her new favorite, "
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Hays spent the blacklist years rooming with the family of fellow blacklist victim
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Arriving in New York, Hays and Lampell became roommates. They were soon joined by
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1593:. Introduction by Pete Seeger. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1988.
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835:— Lee Hays, after the election of Ronald Reagan, at the Hudson River Revival in
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meant that college tuition money was not available for Lee. Instead he moved to
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Magazine in 1940. He also had pieces based on Arkansas folklore published in
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In 1932, Hays moved out of his brother's house into a room at the Cleveland
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1025:(Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1988), p. 157 and passim.
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on September 4, 1949. The Weavers were present. Hays escaped in a car with
446:. Publication of these pieces led to his forming a friendship with another
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If it wasn't for the honor, I'd just as soon not have been blacklisted.
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Radical education in the rural South: Commonwealth College, 1922–1940
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879:, however, he did appear, playing himself as a preacher at a 1960
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had begun and the red scare was in full swing. In September 1950,
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In 1958, Hays began recording a series of children's albums with
928:'s lyrical "Last Testament" but with an earthy Ozark frankness:
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was a grass-roots populist in his early days and worked at the
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1579:"Singer Lee Hays, Founder of the Weavers Quartet" (Obituary).
1412:(Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Sing Out Publications, 1993), p. 38.
1134:"Sing out, warning! Sing out, Love!": The Writings of Lee Hays
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Sing out, warning! Sing out, Love!: The Writings of Lee Hays
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reunion concerts, the last of which was in November 1980 at
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His bad health notwithstanding, Hays performed in several
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rulers, but that might be preferable to what we have now.
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During this period Hays also wrote a play about the STFU,
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Houston, Cisco. Interviewed by Lee Hays in 1961. Website.
539:—the challenger to the fat and lazy and bureaucratic old
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Where Have All the Flowers Gone: A Musical Autobiography
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In 1937, when Claude Williams was appointed director of
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in society. He wrote or cowrote "Wasn't That a Time?", "
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601:". In its first year every issue of the People's Songs
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They die by the hundreds and they die by the thousands
477:(with whom Hays collaborated on his 1940 debut album,
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Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
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American Folk Music and Left Wing Politics 1927–1957
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The Encyclopedia of Folk, Country and Western Music
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826:was successful, we would have had a set of horse-
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680:People's Artists sponsored the concert given by
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1590:The Lonesome Traveler: A Biography of Lee Hays
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147:Pissing in the Snow and Other Ozark Folktales
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1532:Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
1238:, November 08, 2009). The Vice President of
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16:American folksinger-songwriter (1914–1981)
1571:Stambler, Irwin, and Grelun Landon, eds.
1038:(University of Nebraska Press) pp. 19–20.
1000:"Activist Lee Hays wove musical fabric",
946:Sun, rain, and worms will have their way,
758:House Committee on Un-American Activities
1848:20th-century American singer-songwriters
1395:Richard A. Reuss, with Joanne C. Reuss,
867:where he devoted himself to tending his
473:(a fellow Commonwealth College alumna),
1096:, c. 1947 (quoted in Willens, p 94–95.)
1092:Lee Hays writing in the People's Songs
1036:Lonesome Traveler: the Life of Lee Hays
1023:Lonesome Traveler: the Life of Lee Hays
992:
783:", and "Joe Hill"), in a brownstone in
502:, June 16, 1941). Concurrently, in the
1843:People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York
1216:Hard Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People
285:National Religion and Labor Foundation
1575:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983.
616:And that is what your coal is worth.
7:
1808:Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
912:. Two months later he was dead. The
752:and was placed on the entertainment
537:Congress of Industrial Organizations
295:, a founder and the director of the
1735:The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2
1501:Would come to life and bloom again.
1492:My dust to where some flowers grow.
1480:My body? - Oh! - if I could choose,
1858:20th-century American male singers
1509:Good luck to all of you, Joe Hill.
960:Chortling, "There goes Lee again!"
610:Do you know how the coalminers die
14:
1555:University of Massachusetts Press
1399:(Scarecrow Press, 2000), p. 222."
1305:Willens, op cit (1988), pp. 61–62
1138:University of Massachusetts Press
1132:Robert Steven Koppelman, Editor,
969:He died on August 26, 1981, from
954:When corn and radishes you munch,
950:All that I am will feed the trees
732:magazine reviewed them this way:
612:To bring you coal from the earth?
511:Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact
1868:American male singer-songwriters
1853:Singer-songwriters from Arkansas
1754:The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time!
1598:The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time!
918:The Weavers: Wasn't That a Time!
848:, a group that included a young
418:, performing the same function.
1505:This is my last and final will.
1497:Perhaps some fading flower then
1060:New Horizons in Adult Education
956:You may be having me for lunch.
790:Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine
547:The Almanacs, who now included
151:Who Blewed Up the Church House?
1488:And let the merry breezes blow
952:And little fishes in the seas.
938:If I should die before I wake,
1:
962:'Twill be my happiest destiny
742:The Weavers and the Red Scare
401:The Almanacs and World War II
316:Southern Tenant Farmers Union
279:, a professor of divinity at
1863:People from Brooklyn Heights
1818:Folk musicians from Arkansas
1727:The Weavers at Carnegie Hall
1601:Warner Brothers, 1982. Film.
1546:, September 2–8, 1981. P. 7.
1527:Lee Elhardt Hays (1914–1981)
958:Then excrete me with a grin,
944:To decompose a little while.
942:Put them in the compost pile
805:The Weavers at Carnegie Hall
541:American Federation of Labor
423:— Lee Hays to Steve Courtney
1484:I would to ashes it reduce,
1260:The Declassified Eisenhower
964:To die and live eternally.
948:Reducing me to common clay.
940:All my bone and sinew take:
839:, Croton, N.Y., June 1981.
1884:
1443:(N.Y.), September 2, 1981.
1421:quoted in Willens, p. 129.
1236:The Cleveland Plain Dealer
212:Henderson State University
71:Croton-on-Hudson, New York
1665:
1475:Joe Hill's Last Testament
1034:Quoted in Doris Willens,
1009:October 30, 2007, at the
318:(STFU), one of the first
216:Wall Street Crash of 1929
188:Hendrix-Henderson College
1062:, Penn State University.
869:organic vegetable garden
363:Commonwealth Fortnightly
127:Kisses Sweeter than Wine
1581:Pittsburgh Post Gazette
684:and classical pianists
469:and Sam Gary and later
1513:
1164:June 29, 2009, at the
974:cardiovascular disease
967:
832:
739:
672:
632:
619:
545:
507:Carl Joachim Friedrich
420:
375:America's Disinherited
371:
332:America's Disinherited
312:Judson Memorial Church
297:Highlander Folk School
245:
157:of African-Americans.
1823:American folk singers
1563:: Lee Hays Collection
1471:
930:
883:meeting, in the film
859:In 1967, he moved to
627:
607:
576:
528:
367:
265:College of the Ozarks
228:
177:. He learned to sing
162:Little Rock, Arkansas
131:We Shall Not Be Moved
54:Little Rock, Arkansas
1276:article can be read
1054:October 3, 1999, at
1047:See Viki K. Carter,
854:Peter, Paul and Mary
781:Ballad for Americans
515:Executive Order 8802
416:Arkansas State House
355:Commonwealth College
349:Commonwealth College
336:Museum of Modern Art
273:Fort Smith, Arkansas
1838:American socialists
1833:Hollywood blacklist
1813:The Weavers members
1540:So long to Lee Hays
1256:Blanche Wiesen Cook
777:The House I Live In
696:, that sparked the
694:Peekskill, New York
388:and fellow student
382:One Bread, One Body
320:racially integrated
1828:American pacifists
1553:. Amherst, Mass.,
1538:Courtney, Steve. "
1283:2013-06-03 at the
886:Alice's Restaurant
754:industry blacklist
570:Dear Mr. President
524:Hitler-Stalin Pact
520:Songs for John Doe
486:Songs for John Doe
365:, announced that:
257:Claude C. Williams
186:begun teaching at
1785:
1784:
1544:North County News
1525:Coogan, Harold. "
1441:North County News
1159:The Literary Dick
1136:(Amherst, Mass.,
910:Croton Point Park
837:Croton Point Park
711:If I Had a Hammer
599:We Shall Overcome
587:Joseph R. Brodsky
480:Dust Bowl Ballads
412:Highlander school
123:If I Had a Hammer
93:
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1587:Willens, Doris.
1520:External sources
1514:
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1452:Willens, p. 226.
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1430:Willens, p. 159.
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1368:Willens, p. 190.
1366:
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1347:For Asbell, see
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914:documentary film
861:Croton-on-Hudson
846:the Baby Sitters
840:
785:Brooklyn Heights
676:
561:Bess Lomax Hawes
533:America Firsters
504:Atlantic Monthly
431:Walter Lowenfels
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237:Great Depression
99:Lee Elhardt Hays
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1295:
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1254:. According to
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452:Millard Lampell
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269:Zilphia Horton
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66:(1981-08-26)
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1798:1914 births
1719:Live albums
1692:Pete Seeger
1659:The Weavers
976:at home in
881:evangelical
663:the Weavers
659:Oscar Brand
565:hootenanies
459:Pete Seeger
324:Paul Strand
289:Little Rock
179:sacred harp
107:the Weavers
1792:Categories
1232:Henry Luce
988:References
850:Alan Arkin
816:Later life
796:subpoenaed
724:Korean War
675:— Lee Hays
651:hootenanny
467:Josh White
443:The Nation
386:Playwright
115:inequality
86:Occupation
81:Folk music
47:1914-03-14
32:Birth name
1470:Compare:
390:Eli Jaffe
255:minister
231:children—
220:Cleveland
166:Methodist
155:lynchings
137:Childhood
1678:Lee Hays
1614:Lee Hays
1605:Lee Hays
1281:Archived
1230:founder
1162:Archived
1094:Bulletin
1052:Archived
1007:Archived
971:diabetic
926:Joe Hill
875:'s son,
865:New York
640:Bulletin
603:Bulletin
595:Bulletin
171:Arkansas
125:", and "
119:violence
25:Lee Hays
1765:Related
1618:Discogs
1557:, 2003.
898:Weavers
702:Guthrie
690:Ray Lev
175:Georgia
1757:(1982)
1738:(1963)
1730:(1957)
978:Croton
824:Arnold
810:Israel
706:Seeger
559:, and
448:Nation
437:Poetry
408:Orval
328:Quaker
192:Boston
117:, and
111:racism
89:Singer
78:Genres
73:, U.S.
56:, U.S.
873:Woody
828:faced
719:Decca
343:Gumbo
105:with
1746:Film
1609:IMDb
1335:2017
1278:here
1250:and
1240:Time
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729:Time
704:and
688:and
500:Time
249:YMCA
224:Ohio
173:and
149:and
103:bass
61:Died
41:Born
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904:'s
822:If
760:by
692:in
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1067:^
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