137:
archaeological research of settlements, hillforts, house construction, graves, and pottery as well as radiocarbon dating, palynology, and dendrochronology since the 1980s which shows that the old model was "seriously wrong" and dated "two-three hundred years too early". In the case of
Leipzig pottery, the majority of artifacts and sites are much younger than the attributed RĂĽssen phase. The types of pottery are not "specific for single Slavic tribes in its distribution" and "have no solid basis in written and archaeological evidence" (for example Tornow-type was also present on the assumed tribal territory of Leipzig-type). None of the datings of Slavic material in Southeast and especially Northeast part of East Germany show it was surely older than 700 AD while palynology shows that the land in the 6th and 7th centuries became forested and not well resettled by the Slavs. The earliest pre-hillfort settlement of the Slavs of Prague-type between Elbe and Saale is dated to the last third of the 6th century or around 600 or 700 AD, with the oldest settlements at
17:
179:
600 but also agreed with Vogt's dating to the 7-8th century; Timpel in 1995 from the second half of the 7th until the middle of the 8th century; Westphalen in 1996 around 8-9th century; Biermann in 2000 only in later 8th and 9th centuries; Barford in 2001 since late 6th century. Radiocarbon dating of one site dates to the 7th century, but dendrochronological dating revealed an age of 715 ± 10 AD. Another 14C dating from another site gave 680 ± 60 AD which partly confirmed the first date.
171:
93:
named "A-E" roughly from 7-8th to 13th century, but results were unpublished and poorly noticed. Of considerable importance were excavations, stratigraphy, chronological and ethnic classification by Heinz-Joachim Vogt and
Heinrich Rempel (1959–1968). Vogt developed in 1968 division into four groups or phases and introduced name Russen for oldest and Kohren for youngest group and by 1987 named second group Rotha and third as Groitzsch.
92:
The archaeological research of early medieval ceramics in the Elbe-Saale area had begun in the second half of the 19th century. The scientific excavations were carried with greater frequency since 1920s. Liesedore
Langhammer in the 1950s was first to develop a ceramic stratigraphy. It had five layers
202:
According to Vogt and
Brachmann the transition from Rüssen to Rötha started in the middle of the 8th and 9th century; Westphalen from 9th century; Roslund since late 9th century. A number of metal finds show occurrence at least from mid to second half of the 9th century, and a 14C dating gave around
161:
The chronology and terminology is largely based on Vogt and
Brachmann's but terminological confusion was introduced with Brachmann. In 1968 he divided the ceramics into only two groups, "grey" and "brown", and ten years later named the former as "Leipzig group". He summarized stratigraphically three
182:
It preserved patterns of earlier Prague-Korchak material. The pottery is similar to contemporaneous
Feldberg from East Germany, Raciborz-Chodlik from Southern Poland, and Luka-Rajkovets'ka group from Western Ukraine. Decorative scheme possibly shows widespread "Danube-type" trend present in Bohemia
178:
It is the Early Slavic phase or group and represents the older hillfort ceramics. Vogt suspected its beginning in the second half of the 6th century but as ceramics is mostly younger than the Prague-type hence dated it to the 7-8th century. Brachmann in 1994 considered it was produced since around
136:
However, the old model's chronology and correlations were based on inadequate scientific methods which produced erroneous data and conclusions. All of them have been corrected and the old model literature is deemed outdated and has been rejected by modern archaeologists because of revised and new
804:
108:
and had almost the same cultural, societal and structural level of development. The model argued that archaeological differences and innovations were a product of immigration by ethnically homogenous groups and first incomers with hand-made pottery of
133:. It also made possible to claim Middle Danubian influence and origin of Leipzig's RĂĽssen-type dating it to the second half of the 6th century and "had in mind a potential parallel with the Serbs and Croats and the Balkans".
144:
to 590 ± 80 AD. Different pottery types including
Leipzig-type mainly represent a range of 8th century and later regional variations and introduction of new technologies that emerged from intercultural relations mostly by
104:(also advanced by HansjĂĽrgen Brachmann). It was uncritically theorized ancient and early medieval origin of the Slavs on the territory of East Germany whereby the Slavs would be simultaneous or imminent migrants to the
788:
Felix
Biermann, Stefan Dalitz, Karl-Uwe HeuĂźner (1999). "Der Brunnen von Schmerzke, Stadt Brandenburg an der Havel, und die absolute Chronologie der frĂĽhslawischen Besiedlung im nordostdeutschen Raum".
219:
It is the Late Slavic phase or group of younger hillfort ceramics, from late 10th to the end of 11th century. Westphalen dated it until 13th century, but that period belongs to the successive phase.
16:
227:
Is the last Slavic phase or group. It lasted from 12th until 13th century, being a transition between Slavic and
Germanic pottery. A 14C dating in one site gave 1120 ± 40 AD.
952:
Between pottery and politics? "Slavic archaeology" in communist Poland and East
Germany and its interrelations with politics and ideology. A biographical-comparative approach
117:
arrived in Southeast and Northeast East Germany in the late 5th or early 6th century and were followed by a 7th-century second wave of wheel-turned pottery of Leipzig,
316:(Slavs in Early Middle Ages). ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1, pp. 137–147: On respective pages Sedov is mainly citing Herrmann 1966/1967/1968/1973/1975 and Brachmann 1978/1979
100:
became prevalent East German archaeologists' theorization which was ideologically and politically motivated, most prominently represented by its main opinion leader
203:
880 ± 60 AD. Its ceramics and metal is found in many castles dated to the end of the 8th and beginning of the 10th century, including from castle wall Cösitz near
1068:
805:
M. Dulinicz, Frühe Slawen im Gebiet zwischen unterer Weichsel und Elbe. Studien zur Siedlungsgeschichte und Archäologie der Ostseegebiete (Neumünster 2006)
162:
separate horizons by Vogt into only one group. The name was eventually adopted, but were also kept Vogt's names for separate phases, types or sub-groups.
932:
J. Herrmann, K. U. Heußner (1991). "Dendrochronologie, Archäologie und Frühgeschichte vom 6. bis 12. Jh. in den Gebieten zwischen Saale, Elbe und Oder".
798:
Slawische Besiedlung zwischen Elbe, Neisse und Lubsza: archäologische Studien zum Siedlungswesen und zur Sachkultur des frühen und hohen Mittelalters
1063:
964:
Neue Erkenntnisse zur Stadtentstehung Leipzigs: Ergebnisse der archäologischen Untersuchungen im Nordwest-Viertel der Leipziger Innenstadt
898:
Between Science and Ideology: Aspects of Archaeological Research in the Former GDR Between the End of World War II and the Reunification
332:
851:
101:
339:. BRILL, pp. 15–16: On respective pages Kazanski is citing Herrmann 1973/1985, Brachmann 1978/1979 and Sedov 1995 among others.
817:
Archäologie der westlichen Slawen: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa
191:
It is the Middle Slavic phase or group of hillfort ceramics, coinciding with the Franks pressure on Sorbs and formation of
873:
Germanic or Slavic? Reconstructing the Transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages in East Central Europe
32:
in archaeology refers to the Slavic pottery from the Early to High Middle Ages (from 7-8th to 13th century) in the
908:
925:
L. Herklotz, D. Stuchley (1987). "FrĂĽhslawischer Kastenbrunnen mit Holzfunden aus Eythra, Kr. Leipzig-Land".
122:
114:
1046:
H.-J. Vogt (1988). "Ein Keramikfund aus dem 12. Jahrhundert im Stadtgebiet von Markranstädt, Kr. Leipzig".
73:
1025:
Heinz-Joachim Vogt (1968). "Zur Kenntnis der materiellen Kultur der Sorben im Elster-PleiĂźe-Gebiet2".
980:
Kritik an historischen und archäologischen Quellen am Beispiel der slawischen Besiedlung Mitteleuropas
816:
940:
897:
146:
141:
125:
groups from Bohemia and Poland with presumably distinct and well defined tribal groups of Sorbs,
891:
Slavs in the Making: History, Linguistics, and Archaeology in Eastern Europe (ca. 500 – ca. 700)
170:
76:. The group's area is considered to roughly correlate to the area of the Early Slavic tribe of
835:
41:
846:
196:
105:
1032:
H.-J. Vogt (1968). "Mittelalterliche Funde aus der Gemarkung Kohren-Sahlis, Kr. Geithain".
864:
328:
192:
1018:
1003:
Guests in the House: Cultural Transmission between Slavs and Scandinavians 900 to 1300 AD
902:
Archaeology of the Communist Era: A Political History of Archaeology of the 20th Century
860:
The Western Slavs of the Seventh to the Eleventh Century – An Archaeological Perspective
236:
110:
1011:
Die archäologischen Ausgrabungen auf dem Burgberg in Meißen: die Grabungen 1959 - 1963
1057:
970:
H. W. Mechelk (1997). "Magdeborn – Medeburu. Ein zusammenfassender Grabungsbericht".
77:
69:
49:
174:
Typical vessels of the Rüssen, Rötha and Groitzscher group/phase of Leipzig ceramics
859:
118:
312:
1041:
Die Wiprechtsburg in Groitzsch. Eine mittelalterliche Befestigung in Westsachsen
1019:
Die frĂĽh- und hochmittelalterliche Keramik im westlichen ThĂĽringen (8.-12. Jh.)
951:
963:
199:'s conquest in 928/929 AD. It differs only slightly from the RĂĽssen ceramics.
56:. It has four ceramic sub-groups or phases named after the eponymous sites of
445:
Brather, 2004, p. 316–326; 2008, pp. 47–48, 56–58; 2011, p. 455; 2020, p. 219
872:
824:
65:
53:
204:
150:
61:
979:
126:
57:
836:
The Archaeology of the Northwestern Slavs (Seventh To Ninth Centuries)
783:
The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe
138:
45:
1002:
672:
Herrmann/HeuĂźner 1991, p. 282; Biermann/Dalitz/HeuĂźner 1999, p. 243
241:
169:
130:
81:
37:
15:
1043:. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. Berlin. ISBN 9783326000671
986:
Heinrich Rempel (1959). "Die frĂĽhdeutsche Keramik in ThĂĽringen".
920:
Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe
33:
21:
195:
until middle of the 10th century, most probably related to the
855:. Volume 29. Walter de Gruyer. pp. 79–88. ISBN 3110183609
97:
909:
Problem datowania grodzisk typu Tornow i grupy Tornow-Klenica
884:
The Slavs: Their Significance, Political and Cultural History
750:
Vogt, 1987, pp. 42–43, 174; Schmid-Hecklau, 2004, pp. 191–193
825:
The beginnings of Slavic settlement east of the river Elbe
741:
Brachmann, 1978, pp. 68–71; 1994; Vogt, 1987, pp. 165–171
993:
H. Rempel (1959). "Die sorbische Keramik in ThĂĽringen".
904:, ed. Ludomir R. Lozny. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-45106-0
20:
Ceramics of the Leipzig culture from Johannisberg, near
349:
347:
345:
337:
Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics Online
879:, De Gruyter, pp. 211–224, ISBN 9783110699760
785:. Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801439773
922:. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199752720
8:
1022:. Theiss Verlag. Stuttgart. ISBN 3806211906.
378:Kluger, 2020, pp. 298–300, 303–305, 307–313
153:era influence among already settled Slavs.
324:
322:
845:S. Brather, Marek Dulinicz (2005). "
211:, and the Johannisberg near Jena-Lobeda.
941:Western Slavs in the 6th and 7th century
831:, Volume 78, Issue 300. pp. 314–329
814:Sebastian Brather (2001; 2nd ed. 2008).
701:
699:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
983:. GRIN Verlag. MĂĽnchen. ISBN 3640655990
820:. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110206098
689:
687:
629:
627:
625:
606:
604:
409:
407:
405:
365:
363:
361:
359:
253:
650:
648:
432:
430:
428:
399:Barford, 2001, p. 65, 89, 277–278, 280
395:
393:
297:
295:
293:
7:
333:Archaeology of the Slavic Migrations
207:related to the 839 AD account about
96:In the period of the 1960s–1980s in
663:Herklotz/Stuchly, 1987, p. 226, 234
310:Valentin Vasilyevich Sedov (1995).
1069:Archaeological cultures in Germany
800:. Habelt. Bonn. ISBN 9783774929883
14:
852:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
896:Eike Gringmuth-Dallmer (2017). "
893:. Routledge. ISBN 9781351330015
517:Brather, 2004, p. 319, 321, 326
508:Barford, 2001, p. 105, 278, 280
1064:Slavic archaeological cultures
915:. Vol 39 (1-2), pp. 31–49
422:Dallmer, 2017, p. 257, 262–265
413:Heather, 2009, p. 409, 435–436
313:Славяне в раннем Средневековье
1:
1013:. Dresden. ISBN 9783910008595
977:Benjamin Nowak (2009, 2010).
886:. Prague. Orbis Press Agency.
956:Studia Historiae Scientiarum
882:Bohuslav ChropovskĂ˝ (1989).
877:Interrogating the “Germanic”
847:Slawische Keramik. Elbslawen
759:Schmid-Hecklau, 2004, p. 193
209:the Sorabos, called Colodici
1006:. BRILL. ISBN 9789047421856
995:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
988:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
1085:
1029:(2). Berlin, pp. 1–15
1009:A. Schmid-Hecklau (2004).
961:Stefan Koch (2008, 2011).
791:Prähistorische Zeitschrift
714:Vogt, 1987, p. 29, 168–178
157:Chronology and terminology
544:Heather, 2009, p. 409–410
472:Brather, 2004, p. 318-321
1016:Wolfgang Timpel (1995).
907:Marek Dulinicz (1994). "
900:", pp. 235–273. In
868:, 9(6), pp. 454–473
842:, 31(1), pp. 77–97.
781:Paul M. Barford (2001).
705:Brather, 2005, pp. 79–88
633:Westphalen, 1996, p. 100
619:Timpel, 1995, p. 92, 102
958:(19), pp. 287–326.
936:(36), pp. 255–290.
811:(87). pp. 331–334.
768:Koch, 2007, pp. 128–129
723:Vogt, 1987, p. 160, 168
681:Mechelk 1997, pp. 47–50
490:Ivanič, 2012, pp. 89–90
387:ChropovskĂ˝, 1989, p. 34
115:Sukow-Dziedzice culture
1050:(18), pp. 437–438
1036:(18), pp. 389–433
997:(37), pp. 175–186
990:(37), pp. 101–124
947:47 (1), pp. 77–91
939:Peter IvaniÄŤ (2012). "
934:Ausgrabungen und Funde
929:(31), pp. 219–241
918:Peter Heather (2009).
793:(74), pp. 219–243
693:Barford, 2001, pp. 105
175:
84:-Saale rivers valley.
74:Prague-Korchak culture
25:
1000:Mats Roslund (2007).
950:Anne Kluger (2020). "
889:Florin Curta (2020).
803:F. Biermann (2009). "
654:Barford, 2001, pp. 78
642:Biermann, 2000, p. 34
610:Roslund, 2007, p. 169
589:Brather, 2004, p. 320
526:Roslund, 2007, p. 189
463:Brather, 2004, p. 321
454:Dulinicz, 1994, p. 39
353:Brather, 2004, p. 316
301:Roslund, 2007, p. 190
173:
19:
974:(39), pp. 13–66
871:S. Brather (2020). "
858:S. Brather (2011). "
834:S. Brather (2004). "
823:S. Brather (2004). "
796:F. Biermann (2000).
732:Mechelk, 1997, p. 48
535:Brather, 2008, p. 58
481:Barford, 2001, p. 77
269:Rempel, 1959a; 1959b
1039:H.-J. Vogt (1987).
840:East Central Europe
913:Archeologia Polski
598:Vogt, 1987, p. 162
553:Vogt, 1987, p. 158
499:Curta, 2020, p. 34
436:Curta, 2020, p. 33
176:
142:radiocarbon dating
129:& Lusici, and
72:. It derives from
26:
215:Groitzscher phase
80:situated in Elbe-
1076:
769:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
694:
691:
682:
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
655:
652:
643:
640:
634:
631:
620:
617:
611:
608:
599:
596:
590:
587:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
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536:
533:
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388:
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351:
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326:
317:
308:
302:
299:
288:
285:
279:
276:
270:
267:
261:
258:
106:Germanic peoples
102:Joachim Herrmann
40:area in today's
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1054:
1053:
865:History Compass
778:
773:
772:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
697:
692:
685:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
658:
653:
646:
641:
637:
632:
623:
618:
614:
609:
602:
597:
593:
588:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
512:
507:
503:
498:
494:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
467:
462:
458:
453:
449:
444:
440:
435:
426:
421:
417:
412:
403:
398:
391:
386:
382:
377:
373:
368:
357:
352:
343:
329:Michel Kazanski
327:
320:
309:
305:
300:
291:
286:
282:
277:
273:
268:
264:
259:
255:
250:
233:
225:
217:
193:Limes Sorabicus
189:
168:
159:
139:Dessau-Mosigkau
90:
12:
11:
5:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1014:
1007:
998:
991:
984:
975:
968:
959:
948:
937:
930:
923:
916:
905:
894:
887:
880:
869:
856:
843:
832:
821:
812:
801:
794:
786:
777:
774:
771:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
695:
683:
674:
665:
656:
644:
635:
621:
612:
600:
591:
573:
564:
555:
546:
537:
528:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
465:
456:
447:
438:
424:
415:
401:
389:
380:
371:
355:
341:
318:
303:
289:
280:
271:
262:
252:
251:
249:
246:
245:
244:
239:
237:Polabian Slavs
232:
229:
224:
221:
216:
213:
188:
185:
167:
164:
158:
155:
89:
86:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
969:
966:
965:
960:
957:
953:
949:
946:
942:
938:
935:
931:
928:
924:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
867:
866:
861:
857:
854:
853:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
818:
813:
810:
806:
802:
799:
795:
792:
787:
784:
780:
779:
775:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
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711:
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616:
613:
607:
605:
601:
595:
592:
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
574:
571:Mechelk, 1997
568:
565:
559:
556:
550:
547:
541:
538:
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529:
523:
520:
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511:
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502:
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457:
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448:
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439:
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431:
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375:
372:
366:
364:
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356:
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342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
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281:
275:
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266:
263:
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235:
234:
230:
228:
222:
220:
214:
212:
210:
206:
200:
198:
194:
186:
184:
183:and Moravia.
180:
172:
165:
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134:
132:
128:
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120:
116:
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107:
103:
99:
94:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:Saxony-Anhalt
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:Leipzig group
23:
18:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1010:
1001:
994:
987:
978:
971:
962:
955:
944:
933:
926:
919:
912:
901:
890:
883:
876:
863:
850:
839:
828:
815:
808:
797:
790:
782:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
677:
668:
659:
638:
615:
594:
567:
562:Timpel, 1995
558:
549:
540:
531:
522:
513:
504:
495:
486:
477:
468:
459:
450:
441:
418:
383:
374:
336:
311:
306:
283:
274:
265:
256:
226:
223:Kohren phase
218:
208:
201:
190:
181:
177:
166:RĂĽssen phase
160:
135:
95:
91:
29:
27:
369:Nowak, 2009
187:Rötha phase
147:Carolingian
1058:Categories
967:. Bamberg.
776:References
287:Vogt, 1987
278:Vogt, 1968
260:Vogt, 1988
829:Antiquity
331:(2020). "
66:Groitzsch
54:Thuringia
945:Istorija
809:Germania
231:See also
151:Ottonian
123:Feldberg
88:Research
197:Henry I
127:Milzeni
24:-Lobeda
205:Zörbig
119:Tornow
111:Prague
70:Kohren
58:RĂĽssen
46:Saxony
849:" in
248:Notes
242:Wends
131:Wilzi
82:Mulde
78:Sorbs
62:Rötha
42:state
38:Saale
149:and
121:and
113:and
68:and
52:and
34:Elbe
28:The
22:Jena
1048:AFD
1034:AFD
1027:ZfA
972:AFD
954:".
943:".
927:AFD
911:".
875:".
862:".
838:".
827:".
807:".
335:".
98:GDR
44:of
1060::
698:^
686:^
647:^
624:^
603:^
576:^
427:^
404:^
392:^
358:^
344:^
321:^
292:^
64:,
60:,
48:,
36:-
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