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634:. This idea first began to take shape in a meeting in May with representatives from the neighboring colonies. To provide for New York's troops, he ordered merchants to offer up their goods and broke into their storehouses if they did not. He kept a fairly careful account of these activities, and many merchants were later repaid. Connecticut officials were unwilling to grant command to Jacob Milborne, Leisler's choice of commander, citing the experience of their own commanders. Leisler acquiesced to their choice of
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503:, concerning William and Mary, and both sides of the controversy in New York raced to meet the messenger bringing copies of the proclamation. Leisler's agents won the race, and Leisler published the proclamation on June 22. Two days later, van Cortlandt received a copy of the official notice that William and Mary had prepared for Andros. The transmission of this document had been delayed at the behest of Massachusetts agents in London.
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customs activities. Leisler objected to this assertion of power and descended on the customs house with a troop of militia. Accounts left by both sides of the dispute state that there was a near riot, and Bayard claimed to barely escape being killed by a mob. Bayard then fled to Albany, followed by van
Cortlandt a few days later. Philipse withdrew from political life, leaving Leisler in effective control of the city.
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Leisler then sent emissaries out to negotiate with
Sloughter, but he stated that he did not negotiate with his subjects and had them arrested. Leisler repeatedly rebuffed Sloughter's demands, but he was eventually convinced to surrender, probably by his now-restive garrison. Sloughter had Leisler and ten others arrested on charges of
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province". The messenger apparently sought to deliver the message to van
Cortlandt and Philipse, but Leisler's militia had him seized. Leisler used this document to claim legitimacy for his governance, began styling himself "lieutenant governor", and established a governor's council to replace the committee of safety.
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Other acts during his tenure also sparked comment. Ingoldesby took the reins of government after his death and accused him of pocketing £1,100 intended to pay the troops, and he was said to have seized a prize ship that had been captured and sold at auction during his time in office, and then sold it a second time.
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arrived that year, commissioned as New York's governor in 1695 and an outspoken supporter of
Leisler in the parliamentary debate. He died in office in 1701, but during his tenure he placed pro-Leislerians in key positions in his government. He oversaw the restoration of the family estate, and had the
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Governor
Sloughter's sudden death on July 23, 1691, was viewed in some circles with suspicion that he had been poisoned, although the autopsy indicated that the cause was pneumonia. He left behind a letter in which he claimed to have been "constrained" by the forces around him to order the execution.
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The execution made martyrs of
Leisler and Milborne and did nothing to lessen the deep divisions between pro- and anti-Leislerian factions. His supporters sent agents to London, eventually joined by his son Jacob, to petition the government for redress. In January 1692, their petition was heard by the
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There matters stood until mid-May. By early May, the court had heard 32 cases, convicted and sentenced eight men to death (including
Leisler and Milborne), and either acquitted or pardoned the rest. Partisan forces, however, continued to be active. Anti-Leisler forces agitated for his execution,
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Leisler then began attempting to collect taxes and customs duties. He was in part successful, although he met with significant resistance from officials opposed to his rule. Some were arrested, and most of those who refused to act on his instructions were replaced. By April 1690, virtually every
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An election ordered
Leisler's committee of safety formally to turn van Cortlandt out of office in October, consolidating Leisler's command over New York except the Albany area. According to Bayard, the turnout in New York City was extremely low, with barely 100 voters participating. Councilors Bayard
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On June 26, a convention composed of delegates from a number of communities from lower New York and East Jersey established a committee of safety to oversee affairs. This committee essentially became the nucleus of
Leisler's later government. They chose Leisler to be the province's commander-in-chief
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On May 22, Nicholson's council was petitioned by the militia, who sought more rapid improvement to the city's defenses and also wanted access to the powder magazine in the fort. This latter request was denied, heightening concerns that the city had inadequate powder supplies. This concern was further
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On May 14, the court refused to transport
Leisler and Milborne to England for appeal, and Sloughter's council was dominated by anti-Leislerians who urged him to execute the two men. He acquiesced and signed the death warrants that evening. Nicholas Bayard and others claim that Sloughter was drunk at
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Sloughter arrived in New York amid this tension and proclaimed his commission on March 19, demanding that Leisler surrender the fort. Leisler was not certain that Sloughter was in fact the person appointed, but Jost Stoll had been to London and was able to convince him that Sloughter was legitimate.
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There was minor skirmishing during six weeks of stubborn resistance on the part of Leisler and stubborn imperious behavior on the part of Ingoldesby, and the city was split into armed camps with several hundred Leisler supporters occupying the fort. Ingoldesby was supported in his efforts by members
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At this point, the militia controlled the fort which gave them control over the harbor. When ships arrived in the harbor, they brought passengers and captains directly to the fort, cutting off outside communications to Nicholson and his council. On June 6, Nicholson decided to leave for England
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Nicholson made an intemperate remark to a militia officer on May 30, 1689, and the incident flared into open rebellion. Nicholson was well known for his temper, and he told the officer, "I rather would see the Towne on fire than to be commanded by you". Rumors flew around the town that Nicholson was
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control over the city, financed by provincial funds which Nicholson had deposited in the fort. He was assisted by sympathetic officials from Connecticut who sent a troop of militia to assist in holding the fort. Nicholson's company of regulars was formally disbanded on August 1, about the same time
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It specifically retained all non-Catholic officeholders until further notice, and technically legitimized the rule of the council in Nicholson's absence. In accordance with this document, van Cortlandt fired the customs collector, who was Catholic, and replaced him with Bayard and others to oversee
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The militia was called out and descended en masse to Fort James, which they occupied. An officer was sent to the council to demand the keys to the powder magazine, which Nicholson eventually surrendered to "hinder and prevent bloodshed and further mischiefe". The following day, a council of militia
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Nicholson was assisted by a local council but no legislative assembly. He was seen by many New Yorkers as the next in a line of royal governors who "had in a most arbitrary way subverted our ancient privileges". Nicholson justified his actions by stating that the colonists were "a conquered people,
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The main charge against him concerned the militant resistance to Ingoldesby's attempts to take control. Leisler and his son-in-law Jacob Milborne both refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the court, and did not enter pleas. Leisler asked for and was granted counsel, even though English law did
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to hear the trials of Leisler and other defendants. Some individuals were not charged, including Abraham De Peyster and Charles Lodewick, the apparent ringleaders of the initial militia action. The panel of judges included a significant number of anti-Leislerians, including Richard Ingoldesby, and
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A letter arrived in December 1689 from William and Mary addressed to Nicholson or "in his absence to such as for the time being take care for preserving the peace and administering the laws in our said Province of New York". The recipient was instructed to "take upon you the government of the said
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attacks on New York's northern frontier. He was also short of troops, since most of the New York garrison had been sent by Andros to deal with Indian activity in Maine. He found that his regulars had also been swayed by populists into believing that he was attempting to impose Catholic rule on New
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Leisler dispatched Jost Stoll and Matthew Clarkson to England on August 15 to bolster his position with the government in London. They carried documents intended to support accusations that Nicholson had been conspiring against the people of New York and to justify the propriety of Leisler's
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by French and Indian raiders, exposing the weakness of the Albany Convention's position. Each side blamed the other for the failure to defend Schenectady, but Leisler was able to capitalize on the situation. He convinced Connecticut to withdraw its militia and sent his own militia north to take
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Leisler's exact role in the militia uprising is unknown, but a number of observations point to his involvement. He and militia captain Charles Lodewick presented the petition on May 22. Jost Stoll, one of his officers, led the militia to the gates of Fort James, and another of his officers
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to rule. The convention included local militia leaders and the city fathers of Albany, wealthy landowners from the Hudson River valley, and it became the nucleus of anti-Leisler activities in the province. The convention categorically refused to recognize Leisler's rule unless he presented a
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woman that a large body of Indians near Albany saw him as a threat to their friends in Albany and would react if he attempted to assert military control over the area. Milborne returned to New York City. The convention also appealed to the neighboring colonies for military assistance, which
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Royal authority was not restored until 1691, when English troops and a new governor were sent to New York. Leisler was arrested by these forces, who tried and convicted him of treason. He was executed, with the revolt leaving the colony polarized, bitterly split into two rival factions,
785:. Massachusetts agents in London then worked on behalf of Leisler's heirs to have the attainder reversed and the family properties restored. A bill was introduced into Parliament to do so in 1695, with the assistance of Massachusetts supporters Sir Henry Ashurts and Sir
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Lieutenant Governor Nicholson learned of the uprising in Boston by April 26. He took no steps to announce news of it or of the political upheaval in England for fear of raising prospects of rebellion in New York. Politicians and militia leaders became more assertive on
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However, resistance continued to his policies, and he was attacked by a small mob on June 6 who demanded the release of political prisoners and refused to pay taxes which he had imposed. In October 1690, diverse communities protested his rule, from Dutch
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of the old dominion council. By mid-March, Ingoldesby had surrounded the fort and was threatening to take it by storm. Leisler occasionally had the fort's guns fired at suspicious movements, but these only succeeded in killing a few colonists.
723:. Leisler and Milborne were convicted on April 17, after repeated attempts by the court to get them to enter pleas, and they were sentenced to be "hanged, drawn and quartered, and their estates confiscated." No execution was scheduled.
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The expedition was a complete failure, dissolving amidst disease and difficulties in transport and supply. However, Winthrop did avenge the Schenectady massacre of February 1690, to some extent, by sending a small party north to raid
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New York's defenses were in poor condition, and Nicholson's council voted to impose import duties to improve them. This action was met with immediate resistance, with a number of merchants refusing to pay the duty. One in particular was
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was the officer's commander and one of the wealthiest men in the city, and he engaged in a heated argument with Nicholson, after which de Peyster and his brother Johannis, also a militia captain, stormed out of the council chamber.
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officers called on Jacob Leisler to take command of the city militia. He did so, and the rebels issued a declaration that they would hold the fort on behalf of the new monarchs until they sent a properly accredited governor.
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On April 9, Sloughter convened a new colonial assembly. It passed a bill on April 17 condemning Leisler's government and activities, despite attempts by pro-Leislerians to control the body, and even blamed him for the 1690
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not mandate it. Most of the other defendants acknowledged the court's legitimacy and pleaded not guilty. On April 1, Leisler was arraigned on a count of murder over an incident that had taken place during his rule.
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to be provincial governor in late 1690, but a variety of issues delayed Sloughter's departure from England. His ship was then further delayed by bad weather, and the ship carrying his lieutenant governor Major
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community in New York had officials appointed by Leisler in some of its posts. These appointed officials represented a cross-section of New York society and included prominent Dutch and English residents.
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was first to arrive in January 1691. Ingoldesby lacked official documents (which were on Sloughter's ship), but he insisted that Leisler surrender the government and Fort James to him.
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Some historians, including the American historian K. Waterman, see the rebellion primarily as a Dutch revolt against English authority. However, Leisler failed to win the backing of the
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delivered the demand for the keys to the powder magazine. However, none of the depositions which Nicholson collected prior to his departure directly implicates Leisler as a ringleader.
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the time (or at least strongly under the influence of alcohol), and accusations circulated afterward that he had been bribed. On May 16, Leisler and Milborne were executed by hanging.
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describing the situation and including the trial transcripts. The letter to the king painted Leisler in an extremely negative light, and neither report mentioned the death sentence.
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and Philipse issued a proclamation on October 20 calling Leisler's rule illegal, and ordered other militia commanders to stop supporting him. The proclamation had no effect.
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actions against his "oppressive" rule. The agents were instructed to request a new charter for the province and to claim that the united colonies could defeat
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Leisler's opponents had assumed control of Albany and the immediate area. On July 1, they formally proclaimed William and Mary and, on August 1, established
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Sloughter, however, believed that the executions should be stayed until the king's will could be known. On May 7, he sent reports to the king and the
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Voorhees, David William (Winter 1997). ""to assert our Right before it be quite lost": The Leisler Rebellion in the Delaware River Valley".
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However, the convention objected to the terms that Milborne demanded in exchange for his support, and he was refused entry to the city and
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without assistance from the home country. He made no specific requests that the new charter include any sort of democratic representation.
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and began gathering depositions for use in proceedings there. He left the city on June 10 for the Jersey shore where he hoped to join
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to other proprietors and established an essentially autocratic government with a strong governor and council but no elected legislature.
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seized control of the southern portion of the colony and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. The uprising took place in the aftermath of
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York. He attempted to mollify panicked citizenry over rumored Indian raids by inviting the militia to join the army garrison at
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and was primarily supported by artisans and small traders who opposed the dominion of wealthy merchants such as the patroons.
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merchant and militia captain. Leisler was a vocal opponent of the dominion regime, which he saw as an attempt to impose
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Pro- and anti-Leisler factions remained in contention at the provincial level until the arrival of Governor
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One of Leisler's supporters had stopped in Boston while en route to England and was offered support by Sir
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Albany's situation became tense in September when local Indians brought rumors of an imminent attack from
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when they learned of Boston, and dominion officials were ousted from a number of communities by mid-May.
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Balmer, Ronald (October 1989). "Traitors and Papists: The Religious Dimensions of Leisler's Rebellion".
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the following year. In May 1688, he added New York and the Jerseys to the dominion. Its governor Sir
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in January 1690, in a move calculated to divide neighboring communities. In early February, during
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and other dominion officials. This led to a cascade of events in which Massachusetts and the other
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On April 18, 1689, a mob formed in Boston led by former Massachusetts political figures, and they
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prepared to burn it down. He summoned the officer and demanded that he surrender his commission.
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Burke, Thomas E. Jr. (October 1989). "Leisler's Rebellion at Schenectady, New York, 1689–1710".
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Balmer, R. (1989). "Traitors and papists: the religious dimensions of Leisler's Rebellion".
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Nineteenth-century engraving depicting Nicholson's councilors tryting to quiet the rebellion
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Leisler's Rebellion follows a pattern, however, with other rebellions in the same period:
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control of the area. The convention capitulated, lacking any significant outside support.
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pro-Leislerites, who regarded him as a martyr, and who aligned generally with the British
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Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered
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bodies of Leisler and Milborne properly reburied in the yard of the Dutch Reform Church.
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exacerbated when city leaders began hunting through the city for additional supplies.
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Leisler finally gained control over Albany early in 1690. He called for elections at
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Leisler's principal activity in 1690 was the organization of an expedition against
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on the province, and he may have played a role in subverting Nicholson's regulars.
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Leisler's control of the province was limited at first. His councilors were Dutch
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Riches from Atlantic Commerce: Dutch Transatlantic Trade and Shipping, 1585-1817
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However, it was not until 1698 that Leisler's heirs finally received their due.
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King, and the Lords of Trade recommended pardons for the convicted in April. On
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Connecticut answered by sending 80 militiamen to Albany in late November.
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Waterman, K. (1991). "Leisler's Rebellion, 1689–1690: Being Dutch In Albany".
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Dunn, R. (2007). "Patronage and Governance in Francis Nicholson's Empire".
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in 1710. Over time, the Leislerians tended to associate with the English
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James succeeded his brother to the throne in 1685 and established the
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2038:. Outstanding Studies in Early American History. New York: Garland.
898:. Leisler, the son of a German Reformed minister, exploited popular
866:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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came to New York that summer to establish his authority and install
714:'s depiction of Governor Sloughter signing Leisler's death warrant.
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Engraved depiction of militia members signing Leisler's declaration
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Privilege and Prerogative: New York's Provincial Elite, 1710–1776
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Leisler's Rebellion: A Study of Democracy in New York, 1664–1720
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Webb, S. S. (1966). "The Strange Career of Francis Nicholson".
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The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714
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and imprisoned in the fort which they had just been occupying.
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in late April, supposedly instigated by Leisler supporters.
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Leisler takes effective control of the provincial government
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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Through July and August, his hand-picked militia exercised
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History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century
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History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century
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colonies rapidly restored their pre-dominion governments.
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party, and antis, who aligned generally with the British
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Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson leaves for England
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Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
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May 31, 1689 – March 21, 1691
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Narratives of the insurrections, 1675–1690, Volume 16
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At the same time, Nicholson learned that France had
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2019:. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
2000:. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
519:that formal word arrived that France and England
1935:English Colonies in America: The Middle Colonies
352:and therefore ... could not so much claim
511:"till orders shall come from their Majesties."
311:, to rule as he pleased. James partitioned off
27:Uprising in late-17th century colonial New York
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3545:Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
3464:Mass racial violence in the United States
1981:. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
1954:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press: 59–80.
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233:was an uprising in late-17th century
7:
2309:– an overview of Leisler's Rebellion
1172:
1109:
1094:
1070:
1007:
995:
980:
354:rights and priviledges as Englishmen
3535:1689 in the Dominion of New England
2603:in the history of the United States
2182:(4). Fenimore Art Museum: 405–430.
2161:(4). Fenimore Art Museum: 341–379.
921:in North Carolina in 1677, and the
913:that deposed Andros, 1683's failed
745:Leisler is reported to have made a
3426:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1979:The Glorious Revolution in America
563:commission from William and Mary.
303:gave the territory to his brother
25:
3414:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
2293:The Jacob Leisler Papers Homepage
2214:Van Rensselaer, Schuyler (1909).
2195:Postma, J.; Enthoven, V. (2003).
2074:Van Rensselaer, Schuyler (1909).
939:Protestant Revolution in Maryland
789:. The bill quickly passed in the
3495:1691 in the Province of New York
3490:1690 in the Province of New York
3485:1689 in the Province of New York
3146:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
3016:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
2929:New York anti-abolitionist riots
2815:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
2270:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
836:
691:Sloughter established a special
367:James and replaced him with the
173:
162:
3555:Rebellions in the United States
3263:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
2059:. University of Chicago Press.
295:English forces took control of
2097:The William and Mary Quarterly
1:
3510:1691 in the Thirteen Colonies
3505:1690 in the Thirteen Colonies
3500:1689 in the Thirteen Colonies
3420:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
2691:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
2303:What Was Leisler's Rebellion?
2130:. Syracuse University Press.
783:Province of Massachusetts Bay
241:merchant and militia captain
3058:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
3034:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
2786:Gloucester County Conspiracy
2199:. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
3039:Philadelphia nativist riots
2768:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
2696:New York Conspiracy of 1741
2307:New-York Historical Society
1952:English Atlantics Revisited
862:the claims made and adding
3581:
3287:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
3238:Marais des Cygnes massacre
3232:Battles of Franklin's Fort
3085:1811 German Coast uprising
2762:Philadelphia Election riot
781:, the new governor of the
693:Court of Oyer and Terminer
284:
3356:New York City draft riots
3339:New York City Police riot
3321:Detroit race riot of 1863
2378:
2266:Andrews, Charles (1915).
2034:McCormick, C. H. (1989).
1960:10.1515/9780773560406-006
152:
123:
47:
39:
3380:Cincinnati riots of 1855
3063:1831 Snow Town race riot
2980:Cincinnati riots of 1841
2975:Cincinnati riots of 1836
2970:Cincinnati riots of 1829
2539:Creation of the dominion
1937:. New York: Henry Holt.
1022:, pp. 180, 192–197.
787:Constantine Henry Phipps
727:and there were riots on
599:Schenectady was attacked
3515:17th-century rebellions
3375:Cincinnati riot of 1853
2344:Dominion of New England
971:, pp. 99, 106–107.
900:anti-Catholic sentiment
548:Statue of Jacob Leisler
493:Stephanus van Cortlandt
334:Dominion of New England
291:Dominion of New England
259:Dominion of New England
203:Stephanus Van Cortlandt
137:Dominion of New England
110:Dominion of New England
3292:Baltimore riot of 1861
3090:Nat Turner's Rebellion
3010:Philadelphia race riot
2899:Abolition Riot of 1836
2893:Ursuline Convent riots
2385:
2015:Lustig, M. L. (2002).
1996:Lustig, M. L. (1995).
715:
623:to Protestant English
581:. He was warned by an
555:
552:New Rochelle, New York
473:
329:
3385:Battle of Fort Fizzle
3315:Detroit brothel riots
3208:Pottawatomie massacre
2737:War of the Regulation
2701:Battle of Golden Hill
2384:
2358:Charles II of England
2053:Reich, J. R. (1953).
1933:Doyle, J. A. (1907).
896:Dutch Reformed Church
806:The Earl of Bellomont
710:
662:commissioned Colonel
546:
501:Hartford, Connecticut
471:
464:Leisler takes control
418:on Manhattan island.
325:
3438:Southern bread riots
3351:Buffalo riot of 1862
3226:Battle of Osawatomie
3220:Battle of Fort Titus
3214:Battle of Black Jack
2965:1792 Cincinnati riot
2798:Chesapeake rebellion
2725:Culpeper's Rebellion
2544:Charter Oak incident
2481:Assimilated colonies
2466:New England Puritans
2126:Webb, S. S. (1998).
1977:Lovejoy, D. (1987).
1426:, pp. 236, 240.
1214:, pp. 370, 393.
923:Protestant Rebellion
919:Culpeper's Rebellion
721:Schenectady massacre
605:
539:Resistance in Albany
84:Province of New York
3565:James II of England
3540:Glorious Revolution
3244:Battle of the Spurs
3202:Sacking of Lawrence
3102:Baltimore bank riot
3028:Lombard Street riot
2685:Leisler's Rebellion
2554:Leisler's Rebellion
2399:Colonel Percy Kirke
2363:James II of England
2297:New York University
2036:Leisler's Rebellion
1898:, pp. 341–372.
1862:, pp. 370–371.
1824:Van Rensselaer 1909
1812:Van Rensselaer 1909
1787:, pp. 364–365.
1761:Van Rensselaer 1909
1739:, pp. 559–560.
1737:Van Rensselaer 1909
1725:Van Rensselaer 1909
1698:, pp. 358–359.
1659:, pp. 354–356.
1647:, pp. 349–352.
1635:, pp. 347–349.
1621:Van Rensselaer 1909
1568:Van Rensselaer 1909
1558:, pp. 482–488.
1556:Van Rensselaer 1909
1544:Van Rensselaer 1909
1534:, pp. 476–477.
1532:Van Rensselaer 1909
1520:Van Rensselaer 1909
1508:Van Rensselaer 1909
1496:Van Rensselaer 1909
1474:, pp. 240–241.
1462:, pp. 267–271.
1330:, pp. 224–226.
1304:Van Rensselaer 1909
1265:, pp. 399–400.
1263:Van Rensselaer 1909
1227:Van Rensselaer 1909
1212:Van Rensselaer 1909
1124:, pp. 175–176.
1034:, pp. 240–250.
361:Glorious Revolution
344:, a captain in the
287:Glorious Revolution
251:Glorious Revolution
231:Leisler's Rebellion
108:Dissolution of the
42:Glorious Revolution
35:Leisler's Rebellion
2935:Flour riot of 1837
2743:Battle of Alamance
2707:1788 doctors' riot
2634:1689 Boston revolt
2549:1689 Boston revolt
2386:
2372:Mary II of England
2227:Maryland Historian
917:in New Hampshire,
911:1689 Boston revolt
847:possibly contains
716:
669:Richard Ingoldesby
644:La Prairie, Quebec
636:Fitz-John Winthrop
595:King William's War
556:
497:Frederick Philipse
474:
449:Abraham de Peyster
359:In late 1688, the
330:
263:King James II
255:1689 Boston revolt
218:Richard Ingoldesby
208:Frederick Philipse
3530:Conflicts in 1691
3525:Conflicts in 1690
3520:Conflicts in 1689
3472:
3471:
3447:
3446:
3345:Dead Rabbits riot
3310:1849 Detroit riot
3268:Portland Rum Riot
3117:
3116:
3004:Fries's Rebellion
2998:Whiskey Rebellion
2904:Broad Street Riot
2845:
2844:
2792:Bacon's Rebellion
2639:Boston bread riot
2562:
2561:
2488:Massachusetts Bay
2450:Sir William Phips
2414:Francis Nicholson
2409:Sir Edmund Andros
1886:, pp. 20–22.
959:, pp. 98–99.
907:Bacon's Rebellion
892:
891:
884:
849:original research
768:Benjamin Fletcher
342:Francis Nicholson
327:Francis Nicholson
235:colonial New York
228:
227:
193:Francis Nicholson
143:
142:
18:Leisler Rebellion
16:(Redirected from
3572:
3128:
2946:Astor Place Riot
2856:
2731:Cary's Rebellion
2666:Shays' Rebellion
2622:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2430:Simon Bradstreet
2337:
2330:
2323:
2314:
2279:
2255:
2234:
2221:
2210:
2206:978-9-00412-5629
2191:
2176:New York History
2170:
2155:New York History
2141:
2137:978-0-81560-5584
2120:
2089:
2068:
2049:
2030:
2011:
1992:
1973:
1946:
1929:
1914:New York History
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915:Gove's Rebellion
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864:inline citations
840:
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426:, a German-born
180:Charles Lodewick
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134:Anti-Leislerians
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3190:Bleeding Kansas
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3171:Charleston riot
3165:Lager Beer Riot
3151:
3140:Squatters' riot
3113:
3096:Blackburn Riots
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3044:
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2821:Stono Rebellion
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2660:Boston Massacre
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2440:Increase Mather
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2260:Primary sources
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2147:Further reading
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2109:10.2307/1919124
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489:Nicholas Bayard
466:
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395:
393:Rising tensions
383:arrested Andros
301:King Charles II
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285:Main articles:
283:
239:German American
224:
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198:Nicholas Bayard
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3402:Erie Gauge War
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2836:Pine Tree Riot
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1860:McCormick 1989
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1850:, p. 369.
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1838:, p. 367.
1836:McCormick 1989
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1826:, p. 524.
1816:
1814:, p. 563.
1804:
1802:, p. 364.
1800:McCormick 1989
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1241:, p. 228.
1231:
1229:, p. 399.
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 210.
1200:McCormick 1989
1189:
1187:, p. 183.
1185:McCormick 1989
1177:
1175:, p. 203.
1165:
1163:, p. 181.
1161:McCormick 1989
1153:
1151:, p. 255.
1141:
1139:, p. 179.
1137:McCormick 1989
1126:
1122:McCormick 1989
1114:
1112:, p. 202.
1099:
1097:, p. 524.
1087:
1085:, p. 199.
1075:
1073:, p. 523.
1060:
1058:, p. 253.
1048:
1046:, p. 252.
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
998:, p. 522.
985:
973:
961:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
934:
931:
890:
889:
844:
842:
835:
829:
826:
801:the next day.
791:House of Lords
758:
755:
736:Lords of Trade
688:
685:
655:
654:Royal response
652:
607:
606:Leisler's rule
604:
579:Fort Frederick
572:Jacob Milborne
540:
537:
465:
462:
443:
440:
394:
391:
297:New Netherland
282:
279:
226:
225:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
170:Jacob Milborne
167:
155:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
133:
131:
128:
121:
120:
116:
115:
114:
113:
106:
100:
97:
92:
88:
87:
82:
80:
76:
75:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3577:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3432:Morrisite War
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3408:Bloody Monday
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:Anti-Rent War
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2885:Massachusetts
2882:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2626:Massachusetts
2623:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:New Hampshire
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Cotton Mather
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Jacob Leisler
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:Joseph Dudley
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2045:0-824-06190-X
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2026:9780838639368
2022:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2007:9780838635544
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1988:9780819561770
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1969:9780773532199
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1874:, p. 11.
1873:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1010:, p. 65.
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
983:, p. 64.
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
944:
940:
937:
936:
932:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:in 1676, the
908:
903:
901:
897:
886:
883:
875:
865:
861:
857:
851:
850:
845:This section
843:
834:
833:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
814:Robert Hunter
810:
807:
802:
800:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:William Phips
775:
771:
769:
756:
754:
752:
748:
743:
739:
737:
732:
730:
729:Staten Island
724:
722:
713:
709:
705:
701:
699:
698:Joseph Dudley
694:
686:
684:
682:
676:
672:
670:
665:
661:
653:
651:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
628:
626:
625:Queens County
622:
616:
612:
603:
600:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
568:French Canada
564:
561:
553:
549:
545:
538:
536:
532:
530:
524:
522:
517:
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
482:
480:
479:Thomas Dongan
470:
463:
461:
457:
453:
450:
441:
439:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Jacob Leisler
419:
417:
412:
408:
403:
401:
392:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:Edmund Andros
335:
328:
324:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
292:
288:
280:
278:
276:
272:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:Jacob Leisler
240:
236:
232:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
182:
179:
176:
171:
168:
165:
160:
159:Jacob Leisler
157:
156:
151:
146:
138:
132:
127:
126:
122:
117:
111:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
62:
58:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3196:Wakarusa War
3050:Rhode Island
3022:Buckshot War
2990:Pennsylvania
2874:Bellevue War
2827:
2754:Pennsylvania
2684:
2651:
2645:Knowles Riot
2612:Colonial era
2600:civil unrest
2553:
2503:Rhode Island
2267:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2196:
2179:
2175:
2158:
2154:
2127:
2100:
2096:
2076:
2055:
2035:
2016:
1997:
1978:
1951:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1905:Bibliography
1891:
1879:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1691:
1679:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1597:Lovejoy 1987
1592:
1585:Lovejoy 1987
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1258:
1246:
1239:Lovejoy 1987
1234:
1207:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1149:Lovejoy 1987
1144:
1117:
1090:
1078:
1056:Lovejoy 1987
1051:
1044:Lovejoy 1987
1039:
1032:Lovejoy 1987
1027:
1020:Lovejoy 1987
1015:
1003:
976:
969:Lovejoy 1987
964:
957:Lovejoy 1987
952:
904:
893:
878:
869:
846:
828:Significance
811:
803:
799:royal assent
776:
772:
764:May 13, 1692
760:
744:
740:
733:
725:
717:
702:
690:
677:
673:
657:
648:Robert Treat
640:
629:
617:
613:
609:
588:
576:
565:
560:a convention
557:
533:
525:
515:
513:
509:
505:
483:
475:
458:
454:
445:
436:
420:
407:declared war
404:
396:
380:
363:deposed the
358:
350:
346:English Army
331:
309:Duke of York
299:in 1664 and
294:
267:
230:
229:
148:Lead figures
40:Part of the
29:
3404:(1853–1854)
3317:(1855–1859)
3192:(1854–1861)
3148:(1851–1856)
3070:(1841–1842)
3006:(1799–1800)
3000:(1791–1794)
2942:(1839–1845)
2923:Eggnog riot
2739:(1765–1771)
2687:(1689–1691)
2668:(1786–1787)
2641:(1710–1713)
2605:(1607–1865)
2523:West Jersey
2518:East Jersey
2508:Connecticut
2368:William III
2233:(2): 21–40.
1896:Balmer 1989
1884:Lustig 1995
1872:Lustig 1995
1083:Lustig 2002
795:May 2, 1695
747:long speech
712:Howard Pyle
660:William III
627:to Albany.
591:Schenectady
521:were at war
400:Long Island
387:New England
372:William III
317:West Jersey
129:Leislerians
91:Resulted in
3479:Categories
3132:California
2459:Background
1609:Doyle 1907
1376:Doyle 1907
1340:Doyle 1907
1292:Doyle 1907
1251:Doyle 1907
945:References
872:March 2017
856:improve it
632:New France
529:New France
416:Fort James
369:Protestant
281:Background
183:Jost Stoll
71:1691-03-21
67:1689-05-31
3123:1849–1865
3108:Snow Riot
2868:Honey War
2851:1789–1849
2617:1776–1789
2423:Opponents
1943:670083863
1926:i23178497
1173:Webb 1998
1110:Webb 1998
1095:Webb 1966
1071:Webb 1966
1008:Dunn 2007
996:Webb 1966
981:Dunn 2007
929:in 1689.
860:verifying
757:Aftermath
751:attainder
687:Execution
442:Rebellion
428:Calvinist
237:in which
3331:New York
3302:Michigan
3279:Maryland
3157:Illinois
2915:New York
2778:Virginia
2677:New York
2513:New York
2498:Plymouth
2351:Monarchs
2252:27773953
2188:23178501
2167:23178499
933:See also
927:Maryland
583:Iroquois
516:de facto
486:patroons
365:Catholic
253:and the
112:in 1689.
79:Location
69: –
3452:Related
2652:Liberty
2117:1919124
854:Please
681:treason
376:Mary II
307:, then
257:in the
247:England
119:Parties
65: (
3440:(1863)
3434:(1862)
3428:(1859)
3422:(1858)
3416:(1857)
3410:(1855)
3395:Others
3387:(1863)
3358:(1863)
3347:(1857)
3341:(1857)
3270:(1855)
3246:(1859)
3240:(1856)
3234:(1856)
3228:(1856)
3222:(1856)
3216:(1856)
3210:(1856)
3204:(1856)
3198:(1855)
3182:Kansas
3173:(1864)
3167:(1855)
3142:(1850)
3110:(1835)
3104:(1835)
3098:(1833)
3092:(1831)
3078:Others
3041:(1844)
3030:(1842)
3024:(1838)
3018:(1838)
3012:(1834)
2948:(1849)
2931:(1834)
2925:(1826)
2906:(1837)
2895:(1834)
2876:(1840)
2870:(1839)
2838:(1772)
2832:(1772)
2830:affair
2828:Gaspee
2823:(1739)
2817:(1689)
2808:Others
2800:(1730)
2794:(1677)
2788:(1663)
2764:(1742)
2745:(1771)
2733:(1711)
2727:(1677)
2703:(1770)
2662:(1770)
2656:(1768)
2654:affair
2647:(1747)
2532:Events
2281:online
2276:698030
2274:
2250:
2203:
2186:
2165:
2134:
2115:
2086:938239
2084:
2065:476516
2063:
2042:
2023:
2004:
1985:
1966:
1941:
1924:
822:Tories
621:Harlem
495:, and
432:popery
411:Indian
275:Tories
172:
161:
3255:Maine
2596:Riots
2248:JSTOR
2184:JSTOR
2163:JSTOR
2113:JSTOR
1922:JSTOR
658:King
305:James
3367:Ohio
2957:Ohio
2860:Iowa
2598:and
2470:The
2370:and
2272:OCLC
2201:ISBN
2132:ISBN
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