17:
2064:
2054:
2085:
312:
There was a recapitalization of the industry in 1751 as the
Edinburgh Sugar House Company, trading with the "sugar colonies of British American Plantations". A new Leith Sugar House started in 1757 ceased trading in 1762. Adolphus Happel, who had married Amelia Gray in 1754, was described as a Leith
173:
Analysis of port books, recording imports received at Leith, show that the amount of already refined sugar arriving dwindled in the first three years of the
Douglas sugar house. This seems to demonstrate that the operation was then a commercial success. However, surviving letters show that the Leith
298:
A Swedish traveller, Henry
Kalmeter, described Robert Douglas's Leith soap works in 1720, apparently situated in Rotten Row. The adjacent sugar house was now operated by Richard Morrow (or Murray) and partners. Sugar from Barbados was shipped to Glasgow and carted to Leith for refining and casting
161:
Robert
Douglas elder employed a factor, David Forrester, to run the sugar business in Leith. It was known as "The Leith Succar Work Company". They sought an expert in sugar boiling and refining in the Netherlands, employed an English sugar boiler, and eventually in 1680 found a workman willing to
124:
in
February 1666, striking the bargain at the door of the shop or booth of another Leith merchant, David Boyd. A Margaret Douglas, who worked for Clerk, may have been his daughter. Clerk's accounts include a variety of sugar products bought for his own household, but do not name the retailers. In
294:
in
February 1690. Robert Douglas, the younger, a son of Robert Douglas and Helen Hunter, had a brewery at Coitfield, near Leith, or at the "Coatfield Land" in Leith. In December 1709 he fought a legal challenge that he should pay a duty on his ale-making as if his brewery was in Edinburgh.
103:
Robert
Douglas was a merchant burgess of Edinburgh but lived and traded as an "indweller in Leith". As a "soap boiler" Robert Douglas made and sold soap. Some soap was made from fish and whale oil. The Douglas soap business is thought to have been the direct successor of
303:
and sugar syrup distilled into rum. The
Douglas interest in sugar in Leith seems to have ended around 1725. Robert Douglas younger acquired an estate called Brockhouse. In the 1740s he converted his Coatfield premises into barracks for soldiers.
141:
A sugar house requires a number of ovens and some specialised equipment to run at capacity. Robert
Douglas had a number of partners to help finance his sugar start-up, along with any family capital and the profits of the other family businesses.
316:
A "New
Edinburgh Sugar Company" founded in 1771 also ran into difficulty. Sugar was obtained at enormous human cost, and it can be argued that the industry in financial terms was not conspicuously profitable or a driver for
128:
It was recognised that "sugar boiling", the refining process, was a fire hazard. In May 1677, an Edinburgh confitmaker , Thomas Douglas, was forbidden to boil his own sugar in a cellar workshop in Tailfer's Close to make
324:
In the nineteenth century raw sugar continued to be imported from Jamaica for processing in Leith by William MacFie and Co. of the Leith Sugar House in Elbe Street and the Leith Sugar Refining Co. in Coburg Street.
267:
recognised their flourishing trade with Greenland and Russia, and the setting up of soap and sugar works, and their plans for making porcelain. They were permitted privileges to make earthenware and distill rum.
409:(Edinburgh, 2004), pp. 286-7: NRAS 217 19:605 discharge in favour of Robert Douglas younger soap boiler: Anna Douglas was also known as 'Nan Keith' before her marriage to John Hamilton of Boghall.
275:
for recognition for a manufactory "to be erected and set up" as a "Suggar work at Leith and a sullarie for distilling of Rhum". The Leith sugar house received partly-refined sugar produced by
16:
150:(1630-1697) was one of the merchant partners. Some of Baird's papers concerning his 1677 "copartnery" in the Leith "suggarie" survive, along with records of his involvement in the
91:, who left a legacy to them. John Hamilton of Boghall, who was a resident in Leith in 1644, is known is have had an interest in the tobacco trade and chartering a ship to the
199:
133:, as the potential "occasion of sudden fire in the heart of the town". This measure would also help establish the Leith works as the sole regional maker of refined sugar.
174:
Sugar House was not yet fully exploiting the resource by distilling molasses to make rum in the years 1677 to 1683. The sugar houses in Glasgow were making rum by 1678.
2126:
2160:
206:", but recovered from a gunshot wound to the head. Unlike Douglas, who had merchant burgess status, Burd was not permitted to deal in wine, and his new Leith
1805:
276:
225:
1728:
2145:
39:
was established in 1677 by Robert Douglas and partners. Between 1667 and 1701 four sugar boiling and rum-distilling enterprises were established in
1675:
1628:
2119:
1700:
155:
1623:
829:
213:
1914:
1643:
1596:
88:
2165:
991:
108:
concession. Udwart's family is remembered by the name of a bar and venue in Edinburgh, "Nicol Edward's". Robert Douglas sold a
81:
2112:
1570:
1474:
143:
709:
671:
1504:
591:
438:
419:
166:. At first, all the partly-refined sugar processed at Leith came from London, and had originated in the West Indies and
28:
1738:
1658:
1653:
1638:
964:
202:
to fight with the English government navy. Edward Burd was badly injured in a sea battle with the French in 1666 at "
943:
Nix, Michael (2005). "Silk Gloves and Cast Iron Boilers: A Study of Cargoes from Scotland to Australia, 1820-1824".
1800:
1780:
1760:
1366:
929:
David Eltis & Stanley L. Engerman, 'The Importance of Slavery and the Slave Trade to Industrializing Britain',
84:. Robert Douglas was known as Robert Douglas of Cruixton or Cruckstown, and he became Robert Douglas of Blackmill.
282:
The Douglas business portfolio was diverse. Douglas was in touch with merchants in Hamburg, via Andrew Russell in
2155:
2067:
520:
Kurt Gingrich, 'That will make Carolina powerful and flourishing: Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s',
272:
240:
Robert Douglas was described as a "soap boiler" in February 1684 when he was appointed a Master of the Hospital,
216:
had English owners and some Scottish staff, and in the 1670s a Glasgow merchant William Colquhoun was settled on
1680:
1648:
1226:
1961:
1775:
1633:
1231:
220:. By around 1695, a Scot with an Edinburgh heritage, William McDowall, began managing a sugar plantation on
2035:
1815:
264:
241:
1825:
1765:
318:
113:
51:. The financial success of the Leith Sugar house in the seventeenth and eighteenth century demonstrates
1271:
255:
In 1695, Robert Douglas, junior and senior, described as soap boilers in Leith, were investors in the
1326:
1241:
1129:
56:
1733:
1618:
1575:
984:
549:
256:
203:
704:(Yale, 2020), p. 197: Petition of Robert Douglas, elder and younger, Soap Boilers in Leith, 1703:
590:, 14:2 (1961), pp. 241, 243: Some letters from Robert Douglas and David Forrester are held by the
1993:
1820:
1710:
1376:
229:
210:
business was strictly regulated to ensure he did not undercut existing shops and manufacturers.
87:
Robert Douglas (elder and younger) were relations of Anna Douglas, Lady Boghall, a companion of
534:
403:
Supplement to the Dictionary of the Decisions of the Court of Session: Fountainhall's Decisions
286:
and his own expert sugar refiner, and shipped coal to them. Douglas processed and barrelled 23
1924:
1705:
1179:
825:
72:
Robert Douglas elder (died 1736) was the son of William Douglas of Blackmiln, kirk minster of
1988:
1830:
1752:
1386:
1184:
245:
1971:
1893:
1601:
1580:
1494:
641:
488:
194:
of Edinburgh to work in Barbados. He brought back sugar and tobacco, but the cargo of his
187:
746:
Across the German Sea: Early Modern Scottish Connections with the Wider Elbe-Weser Region
244:, in place of a Leith vintner, who also called Robert Douglas. The vintner was also the
2150:
2096:
2057:
1981:
1976:
1934:
1898:
1693:
1668:
1560:
1550:
1518:
1381:
1351:
1286:
1169:
1083:
1024:
1010:
977:
504:
291:
686:
A List of the Subscribers to the Company of Scotland, Trading to Africa and the Indies
190:. In the 1660s, Captain Edward Burd (or Baird) transported Scottish convicts from the
2139:
2024:
1688:
1489:
1484:
1331:
1216:
1194:
1189:
1119:
697:
621:
605:
Sugar and Slaves: The Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624-1713
260:
207:
147:
130:
109:
1883:
1871:
1795:
1770:
1663:
1611:
1469:
1406:
1401:
1221:
1199:
1051:
105:
630:
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies, 1661-1668
405:, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1826), p. 669: Maurice Lee, 'Tweeddales 'Relatione', 1683',
76:, son of an Aberdeen merchant, and Marjory, a daughter of John Ross, Minister of
2029:
1949:
1939:
1856:
1846:
1785:
1606:
1543:
1448:
1433:
1396:
1336:
1316:
1302:
1276:
1251:
1204:
1174:
1134:
1114:
1109:
1078:
249:
217:
121:
92:
524:, 110:1 (January-April, 2009), pp. 6-34: National Records of Scotland, GD238/3.
1944:
1929:
1866:
1555:
1538:
1499:
1421:
1416:
1266:
1211:
1144:
1139:
1124:
1099:
2003:
1998:
1888:
1876:
1851:
1810:
1438:
1361:
1356:
1308:
1246:
1104:
1071:
1034:
914:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775
872:
Sugar and Slavery: An Economic History of the British West Indies, 1623-1775
300:
283:
151:
52:
24:
918:
Legislating Instability: Adam Smith, Free Banking, and the Financial Crisis
2084:
969:
965:
Introduction to the MacFie archive, University of Glasgow Archive Services
2092:
1861:
1443:
1321:
1261:
1029:
287:
191:
183:
167:
117:
40:
2008:
1919:
1565:
1533:
1464:
1391:
1341:
1281:
1256:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1039:
535:'Scotland's Lost Colony Found: Rediscovering Stuarts Town, 1682–1688',
509:
The Capital and the Colonies: London and the Atlantic Economy 1660-1700
163:
44:
657:
Stuart M. Nisbet, 'Early Glasgow Sugar Plantations in the Caribbean',
279:
via London and produced loaf, powder sugar, candy, molasses and rum.
1966:
1954:
1426:
1371:
1044:
801:
Supplement to the Dictionary of the Decisions of the Court of Session
73:
1411:
1346:
1236:
1161:
1000:
348:
Smout, T.C. (1961). "The Early Scottish Sugar Houses, 1660-1720".
221:
77:
48:
20:
15:
973:
369:
Modern Scottish Diaspora: Contemporary Debates and Perspectives
1479:
788:
Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1665-1680
646:
Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1665-1680
182:
Some unprocessed sugar may have come to Leith directly from
586:
T. C. Smout, 'The Early Scottish Sugar Houses, 1660-1720',
573:
T. C. Smout, 'The Early Scottish Sugar Houses, 1660-1720',
560:
T. C. Smout, 'The Early Scottish Sugar Houses, 1660-1720',
713:, K.M. Brown et al eds (St Andrews, 2007-2022), 1695/5/235
493:
Extracts from the Burgh Records of Edinburgh, 1665 to 1680
435:
Union and Empire: The Making of the United Kingdom in 1707
401:, 3:2 (Edinburgh, 1871), pp. 537-8: Mungo Ponton Brown,
2100:
437:(Cambridge, 2007), p. 149 fn.30 (as "James" Hamilton):
228:. He was able to develop his own plantations after the
594:
among the papers of Andrew Russell (NRS RH15/106/263).
733:
Scottish Trade with Colonial Charleston, 1683 to 1783
125:
December 1667, Clerk bought a "Barbados sugar loaf".
2017:
1907:
1839:
1751:
1721:
1589:
1526:
1517:
1457:
1295:
1160:
1153:
1092:
1017:
727:, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1822), p. 491: Peter Francis,
711:The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707
618:Scottish Emigration to Colonial America, 1607-1785
277:enslaved labourers on plantations in the Caribbean
706:Calendar of Treasury Books: January-December 1717
321:and the growth of other sectors of the economy.
945:Australasian Society for Historical Archaeology
916:(Kingston, 1994), p. 31: Tyler Beck Goodspeed,
758:Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1690
477:General Account Book of John Clerk of Penicuik
2120:
985:
731:(Jonathan Horne, 2000), p. 15: David Dobson,
626:Terror of the Seas: Scottish Maritime Warfare
8:
760:(Edinburgh, 1967), p. 124: Robert Chambers,
154:Company or Society and its failed colony at
1806:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
2127:
2113:
1523:
1157:
992:
978:
970:
832:Miscellany of the Scottish History Society
628:(Brill, 2010), p. 253: W. NĹŹel Sainsbury,
479:(Edinburgh: SHS, 2021), pp. 125, 159, 209.
31:were sited in the 17th and 18th centuries.
371:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 35.
248:Baillie of Leith, and he sold brandy and
830:'Henry Kalmeter's travels in Scotland',
198:was lost when the ship was impressed by
729:Irish Delftware: An Illustrated History
632:(London, 1880), p. 479 nos. 1522, 1523.
333:
803:, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1826), pp. 772-3.
620:(University of Georgia, 1994), p. 71:
522:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
673:Records of the Session of South Leith
421:Records of the Session of South Leith
7:
2161:Sugar industry in the United Kingdom
2081:
2079:
343:
341:
339:
337:
236:Rum, ale, coal, and other businesses
112:of soap to a landowner and merchant
57:Atlantic economy and enslaved labour
725:Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland
648:(Edinburgh, 1950), pp. 289-90, 326.
708:, vol. 31 (London, 1957), p. 134:
80:. The family claimed descent from
14:
1915:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1011:List of sugars and sugar products
933:, 60:1 (March 2000), pp. 123-144.
89:Anne Home, Countess of Lauderdale
63:Robert Douglas, elder and younger
2091:This article about a company of
2083:
2063:
2062:
2053:
2052:
2146:1677 establishments in Scotland
931:The Journal of Economic History
899:, 9 (Edinburgh, 1895), p. 122:
715:Date accessed: 13 December 2022
675:(Edinburgh, 1911), pp. 148, 152
659:Scottish Archaeological Journal
407:Scottish History Miscellany, 13
313:sugar boiler in 1763 and 1766.
308:Later history of sugar in Leith
82:Archibald Douglas of Glenbervie
55:'s economic connection to the
1:
2099:. You can help Knowledge by
592:National Records of Scotland
439:National Records of Scotland
834:(Edinburgh, 1978), pp. 50-1
762:Domestic Annals of Scotland
564:, 14:2 (1961), pp. 248-250.
451:Roll of Edinburgh Burgesses
350:The Economic History Review
271:In 1703 Douglas applied to
259:, the venture known as the
2182:
2078:
1801:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
1781:Demerara rebellion of 1823
1761:1811 German Coast uprising
1367:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
887:(Edinburgh, 1816), p. 458.
859:Sculptured Stones of Leith
790:(Edinburgh, 1950), p. 115.
777:(Edinburgh, 1899), p. 725.
775:Calendar of Laing Charters
735:(Charleston, 2009), p. 45.
537:Scottish Historical Review
511:(Cambridge, 2010), p. 219.
495:(Edinburgh, 1950), p. 302.
384:(Edinburgh, 1926), p. 77:
382:Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae
2048:
1008:
903:(Edinburgh, 1915), p. 207
848:(Edinburgh, 1986), p. 46.
816:(Edinburgh, 1986), p. 46.
661:, 31:1 (2009), pp. 120-1.
466:(Edinburgh, 1986), p. 45.
399:Fasti Ecclesiæ Scoticanae
386:Heraldry of the Douglases
290:stranded on the sands at
196:Hopeful Margaret of Leith
1227:High-fructose corn syrup
874:(Kingston, 1994), p. 31.
688:(Edinburgh, 1696), p. 4.
550:Friends of Saughton Park
539:, 99:1 (2022), pp. 26-50
453:(Edinburgh, 1929), p. 9.
423:(Edinburgh, 1911), p. 50
178:Sugar from the Caribbean
1776:Colonial molasses trade
1232:High-maltose corn syrup
846:Life and Times of Leith
814:Life and Times of Leith
588:Economic History Review
575:Economic History Review
562:Economic History Review
464:Life and Times of Leith
137:Investors and employees
2166:Scottish company stubs
2036:Pure, White and Deadly
1816:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
1722:By region (historical)
861:(Leith, 1851), p. 101.
844:James Scott Marshall,
812:James Scott Marshall,
748:(Brill, 2013), p. 113.
577:, 14:2 (1961), p. 251.
462:James Scott Marshall,
265:Parliament of Scotland
252:to Clerk of Penicuik.
242:Trinity House of Leith
32:
1826:Taiwan Sugar Railways
1766:Amelioration Act 1798
912:Richard B. Sheridan,
870:Richard B. Sheridan,
607:(Williamsburg, 1972).
319:Industrial Revolution
19:
1505:Unrefined sweeteners
1327:Crystalline fructose
1242:Inverted sugar syrup
885:History of Edinburgh
857:David H. Robertson,
799:Mungo Ponton Brown,
744:Kathrin Zickermann,
367:Sim, Duncan (2014).
1590:By region (current)
1490:Sugar confectionery
901:Canongate Marriages
764:, vol. 2, pp. 23-4.
475:J. R. D. Falconer,
433:Allan I. Macinnes,
257:Company of Scotland
162:come to Leith from
1994:Sweetened beverage
1821:Sugar Intervention
1729:Danish West Indies
1711:U.S. Sugar Program
1470:Cotton candy floss
1377:Plantation Reserve
1272:Steen's cane syrup
897:Scottish Antiquary
230:Acts of Union 1707
200:Francis Willoughby
106:Nathaniel Udwart's
99:Indweller in Leith
68:Family connections
33:
2108:
2107:
2076:
2075:
1925:Blood sugar level
1791:Leith Sugar House
1747:
1746:
1706:Sugar Association
1513:
1512:
1475:Maple sugar foods
1180:Barley malt syrup
1003:as food commodity
786:Marguerite Wood,
670:David Robertson,
603:Richard S. Dunn,
418:David Robertson,
214:Sugar plantations
37:Leith Sugar House
2173:
2156:History of Leith
2129:
2122:
2115:
2087:
2080:
2066:
2065:
2056:
2055:
1989:Sugar substitute
1831:Triangular trade
1524:
1185:Brown rice syrup
1158:
994:
987:
980:
971:
953:
952:
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934:
927:
921:
920:(Harvard, 2016).
910:
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2077:
2072:
2044:
2013:
1972:Sugar addiction
1903:
1894:Sugar sculpture
1835:
1743:
1717:
1694:Tate & Lyle
1685:United Kingdom
1602:Bundaberg Sugar
1585:
1581:Sugar marketing
1509:
1495:Sugarcane juice
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263:. In 1695, the
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23:is a port near
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2021:
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2011:
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1996:
1991:
1986:
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1984:
1982:Residual sugar
1977:Sugars in wine
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Health effects
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1935:Flavored syrup
1932:
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1899:Treacle mining
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1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1352:Molasses sugar
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:List of syrups
1166:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1084:Reducing sugar
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1025:Monosaccharide
1021:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
968:
967:
960:
959:External links
957:
955:
954:
935:
922:
905:
889:
876:
863:
850:
837:
818:
805:
792:
779:
766:
750:
737:
717:
690:
678:
663:
650:
634:
616:David Dobson,
609:
596:
579:
566:
553:
542:
526:
513:
505:Nuala Zahedieh
497:
481:
468:
455:
443:
441:GD34/833, 947.
426:
411:
390:
374:
359:
332:
330:
327:
309:
306:
292:Cramond Island
237:
234:
226:slave overseer
179:
176:
138:
135:
100:
97:
69:
66:
64:
61:
29:new industries
27:where several
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
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2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2098:
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2089:
2086:
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2069:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Robert Lustig
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
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1730:
1727:
1726:
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1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:United States
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:British Sugar
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
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1520:
1516:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Sugar alcohol
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
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1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
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1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
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1368:
1365:
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1355:
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1300:
1298:
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1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Glucose syrup
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Maesil-cheong
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
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1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1095:
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1085:
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1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
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1055:
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1046:
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1036:
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1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1020:
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1012:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
988:
983:
981:
976:
975:
972:
966:
963:
962:
958:
950:
946:
939:
936:
932:
926:
923:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
880:
877:
873:
867:
864:
860:
854:
851:
847:
841:
838:
835:
833:
827:
822:
819:
815:
809:
806:
802:
796:
793:
789:
783:
780:
776:
770:
767:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
718:
714:
712:
707:
703:
699:
698:Maria Hayward
694:
691:
687:
682:
679:
676:
674:
667:
664:
660:
654:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Steve Murdoch
619:
613:
610:
606:
600:
597:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
570:
567:
563:
557:
554:
551:
546:
543:
540:
538:
530:
527:
523:
517:
514:
510:
506:
501:
498:
494:
490:
485:
482:
478:
472:
469:
465:
459:
456:
452:
447:
444:
440:
436:
430:
427:
424:
422:
415:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
370:
363:
360:
356:(2): 240–253.
355:
351:
344:
342:
340:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
320:
314:
307:
305:
302:
296:
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:Privy Council
269:
266:
262:
261:Darien scheme
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
177:
175:
171:
169:
165:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
136:
134:
132:
131:confectionery
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
98:
96:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
67:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2101:expanding it
2090:
2034:
1884:Sugar people
1872:Sugar packet
1796:Molasses Act
1790:
1771:Blackbirding
1664:Illovo Sugar
1659:South Africa
1612:Wilmar Sugar
1407:Butterscotch
1402:Barley sugar
1307:
1222:Golden syrup
1200:Mogwa-cheong
1052:Disaccharide
948:
944:
938:
930:
925:
917:
913:
908:
900:
896:
892:
884:
883:Hugo Arnot,
879:
871:
866:
858:
853:
845:
840:
831:
821:
813:
808:
800:
795:
787:
782:
774:
769:
761:
757:
753:
745:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
710:
705:
702:Stuart Style
701:
693:
685:
681:
672:
666:
658:
653:
645:
637:
629:
625:
617:
612:
604:
599:
587:
582:
574:
569:
561:
556:
545:
536:
529:
521:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
471:
463:
458:
450:
446:
434:
429:
420:
414:
406:
402:
398:
393:
385:
381:
377:
368:
362:
353:
349:
323:
315:
311:
297:
281:
270:
254:
239:
212:
195:
181:
172:
160:
148:Sauchtonhall
144:Robert Baird
140:
127:
102:
86:
71:
36:
34:
2030:John Yudkin
1940:Fruit syrup
1857:Sugar shack
1847:Added sugar
1786:Holing cane
1644:Philippines
1544:Casa-grande
1458:Other forms
1434:Sugar glass
1397:Sugar candy
1337:Gula melaka
1317:Candi sugar
1296:Solid forms
1287:YacĂłn syrup
1277:Table syrup
1252:Maple syrup
1205:Yuja-cheong
1175:Agave syrup
1110:Agave syrup
1079:Added sugar
826:T. C. Smout
397:Hew Scott,
218:Saint Kitts
156:Stuart Town
93:West Indies
47:and one in
43:, three in
2140:Categories
2068:Production
1945:Date honey
1930:Cane knife
1867:Sugar nips
1556:Sugar bush
1539:Plantation
1527:Production
1422:Rock candy
1387:Preserving
1267:Pine honey
1212:Corn syrup
1100:Sugar beet
329:References
301:sugarloafs
204:Todosantes
114:John Clerk
35:The first
2004:Sweetness
1999:Sweetener
1889:Sugar tit
1877:Sucrology
1852:Crop Over
1811:Sugar Act
1654:Sri Lanka
1639:Mauritius
1624:Caribbean
1597:Australia
1439:Sugarloaf
1357:Muscovado
1309:Peen tong
1247:Kuromitsu
1105:Sugarcane
1072:Trehalose
1035:Galactose
1018:Chemistry
288:porpoises
284:Rotterdam
208:chandlery
53:Edinburgh
25:Edinburgh
2093:Scotland
2058:Category
2018:Research
1862:Sugaring
1676:Tanzania
1551:Refinery
1519:Industry
1444:Wasanbon
1382:Powdered
1322:Chancaca
1262:Molasses
1154:Products
1130:Honeydew
1030:Fructose
951:: 25–39.
388:, p. 58.
192:tolbooth
186:and the
184:Barbados
168:Barbados
152:Carolina
120:for ÂŁ11
118:Penicuik
41:Scotland
2009:Vinasse
1920:Bagasse
1908:Related
1840:Culture
1753:History
1566:Engenho
1534:Boilery
1500:Tuzemák
1465:Caramel
1392:Sucanat
1342:Jaggery
1332:Gelling
1282:Treacle
1257:Mizuame
1120:Coconut
1093:Sources
1067:Sucrose
1062:Maltose
1057:Lactose
1040:Glucose
164:Hamburg
45:Glasgow
2039:(1972)
1967:Nectar
1955:Jallab
1739:Hawaii
1681:Uganda
1649:Rwanda
1427:Toffee
1372:Panela
1190:Cheong
1162:Syrups
1045:Xylose
110:firkin
74:Aboyne
2151:Leith
2095:is a
1950:Grape
1634:India
1629:Kenya
1576:Zafra
1571:Batey
1449:White
1412:Candy
1347:Misri
1303:Brown
1237:Honey
1135:Maple
1115:Birch
1001:Sugar
299:into
246:Shore
224:as a
222:Nevis
122:Scots
78:Birse
49:Leith
21:Leith
2097:stub
1734:Fiji
1619:Cuba
1417:Hard
1145:Malt
1140:Palm
1125:Date
250:sack
1607:CSR
1480:Rum
1362:Nib
146:of
116:of
59:.
2142::
949:23
947:.
828:,
700:,
644:,
624:,
507:,
491:,
354:14
352:.
336:^
232:.
170:.
158:.
95:.
2128:e
2121:t
2114:v
2103:.
993:e
986:t
979:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
