Leo von Caprivi - Knowledge (XXG)

1657:, and now supported a law against the "revolutionary parties." Accordingly, Eulenburg announced an Imperial law against "revolutionary tendencies." It was clear that the Reichstag would not agree to this law, so he proposed that the Reichstag be dissolved and new elections held. Since a new Reichstag was also likely to reject the law against "revolutionary tendencies," he also proposed to enact a new electoral law which would insure the desired majority. In addition, Eulenburg's plan was also intended to get rid of Caprivi, who would not support a law akin to the Anti-Socialist laws that he himself had abolished. Wilhelm II made his own support for a battle against the "parties of revolution" clear. Caprivi remained opposed and offered his resignation. At first Wilhelm attempted to prevent this and turned against Eulenberg. But Eulenburg managed to persuade Wilhelm II that Caprivi was responsible for the publication of important private conversations between the emperor and the chancellor. Thus, on 26 October 1894, Wilhelm II required both Caprivi and Eulenburg to resign. They were succeeded by 1742:

Mann, Caprivi sought only to do what was right, but was politically inexperienced and naively expected to receive support from "good men," failing to realise that in politics few people are "good," nor can be good. Current research is more sober, but acknowledges that Caprivi had some important achievements. In 2006, Klaus Rüdiger Metze considered that Caprivi had understood that Germany was transforming from an agrarian economy to an industrial one and had helped this process through his social and trade policies. In Metze's view, Caprivi was capable of compromise and self-criticism, as well as tenacious pursuit of his goals. Metze attributes the failure of his policy of liberal-conservative reform to his inability to negotiate effectively with his internal political opponents.

2274: 1452:. The employment of children under the age of 13, who had not yet completed their compulsory schooling, in factories was forbidden and 13- to 18-year-olds restricted to a maximum 10-hour day. In 1891 Sunday working was forbidden and a guaranteed minimum wage introduced, and working hours for women were reduced to a maximum of 11. In addition, labour regulations were passed and industrial tribunals were established in 1890 to arbitrate in industrial disputes. Caprivi explicitly invited social-democratic representatives of trade unions to sit on these tribunals. An amendment of the Prussian mining law was proposed and support was offered for 2038: 2052: 1933: 2209: 2181: 33: 1174:. However, the German relationship with Russia had already deteriorated in the final years of Bismarck's chancellorship, especially as a result of trade disputes regarding Russian agricultural exports. At the same time, strong forces in Russian politics were already pushing for a rapprochement with France in the late 1880s. It is unclear that renewing the Reinsurance Treaty could have overcome these factors. Although the ending of the Reinsurance Treaty was not the beginning of the crisis in German-Russian relations, it did have considerable consequences. In 1893 and 1894, Russia forged the 1899: 4517: 2296: 1778: 2130: 2068: 333: 2045: 4272: 4111: 4086: 5536: 5044: 4831: 2358: 2328: 357: 345: 2108: 2089: 2021: 5456: 375: 1892: 991:. Though his exact motives are unknown, Wilhelm appears to have viewed Caprivi as a moderate who would make a sufficiently strong replacement for Bismarck, should the former chancellor make trouble in retirement, yet lacked the ambition to seriously oppose the throne. For his part, Caprivi was unenthusiastic, yet felt duty-bound to obey the Emperor. He said to one gathering, "I know that I shall be covered in mud, that I shall fall ingloriously". After his appointment, Caprivi wrote in the 321: 2000: 1955: 2242: 4171: 1983: 2163: 4960: 2342: 2146: 1872: 1102:. A new factor, however, was that the Emperor now wished to exercise direct political influence. His changing positions and apparently absolutist desires became a decisive political factor from the time of Caprivi's appointment onwards. Opposition from Bismarck also remained a significant factor. A further problem for Caprivi was the relationship between the German Empire and Prussia. Unlike Bismarck, Caprivi's leadership style within the 653: 5088: 5615: 1620:

through considerable personal effort with the support of Bismarck in the 1860s. Some modernisers welcomed the measures, because they raised the number of reservists, but overall Caprivi lost support in military circles. Wilhelm II initially opposed the bill, but eventually allowed himself to be persuaded by the chancellor. Caprivi was unable to get the bill through the Reichstag, so he had it dissolved and called an

303: 1326: 4310: 2223: 1202: 1690: 1682: 5147: 754:

Wilhelm wanted an offensive navy with large battleships, which could compete with the English on the high seas. Meanwhile, Caprivi supported a traditional continental military policy, in which the fleet played an entirely defensive role. After being overruled on the issue by the Kaiser, Caprivi resigned in 1888. He was briefly appointed to the command of his old army corps, the

5643: 1030:"Caprivi, fifty-nine, was the model Prussian officer. He lived a Spartan life, had never married, did not smoke, and had few inimate friends and few enimies. He read history and spoke fluent English. His movements were quiet, his manner open and friendly, his language sensible. With a large round head, fringe of white hair, and sweeping mustache, he was, 1300:. This general support subsided quickly after Caprivi ended the trade war with Russia in 1894. This not only allowed the export of German industrial products but also a limited increase in agricultural imports to Germany. The damaged relationship with Russia was clearly improved, but internally it brought fierce opposition from agriculturalists. 1584:. Caprivi, although himself a Protestant, needed the 100 votes of the Catholic Centre Party but that alarmed the Protestant politicians. The publication of the draft law prompted an unexpectedly strong storm of indignation from civic liberals and moderate conservatives. Wilhelm II withdrew his support from the law. After the culture minister, 1276:

prevent the outbreak of military conflicts. He obtained commercial treaties with Austria, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Serbia, Romania, Belgium, and Russia. These treaties reduced protective agricultural tariffs, which lowered the price of food in Germany. They also assisted the expansion of German trade through exports of industrial products.

1110:. Unlike Bismarck, he never demanded to be present with the emperor when one of his ministers was exercising his rights of immediate authority. However, this made it more difficult for him to get political policies implemented and allowed the Prussian finance minister Miquel to gain influence well beyond his area of authority. 5603: 1516:

We must scream until it is heard at the steps of the throne!... I suggest nothing more or less than that we join with the social democrats and earnestly form a front against the government, show it that we are not minded to allow ourselves to be so badly treated, as we have been up till now, and make

1341:

Caprivi saw the state as a monarchical-social authority, based on Christian traditions. He sought to include all political parties through a balance of opposing domestic viewpoints. This was welcomed in the Reichstag and in public discourse. Caprivi saw himself as a kind of mediator between the crown

1275:

status was not sustainable in the long-term without a powerful industrial sector. He also considered trade policy part of general foreign policy and sought to bind other countries to Germany politically through commercial treaties. A tightly intertwined "economic area of 130 million men" was meant to

1736:

characterised him as a capable orator but a poor persuader. In his view, he was not a political general and as a "chancellor in uniform" was a politician of limited ability, a conscientious character who sought to persuade and be persuaded, and managed only through great toil and study to match what

1723:

Humble, honourable, and earnest, he explained to me that the greatest difficulty, which he now faced, was the question of the renewal of the Russian treaty, since, unlike Prince Bismarck, whom Wilhelm I famously compared to a juggler juggling five glass balls, he could only hold two glass balls at a

1718:

Bismarck's judgement was closely linked to negative judgements on his decision not to extend the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia. This decision appeared to have been a catastrophic reversal of the principles of Bismarck's policy. For a long time, historians characterised Caprivi as a hard-working and

1244:

in East Africa. More generally, the treaty was intended as a signal to Britain that Germany did not seek to challenge its status as the dominant colonial power. Caprivi hoped that the treaty would be the beginning of closer relations between the two countries, culminating in an alliance. The British

753:

became emperor in 1888, he made naval politics one of his personal concerns and Caprivi quickly came into conflict with the Emperor. Up to this point administration of the navy and naval military command had both been invested in the Admiralty; Wilhelm wished to separate them. Even more importantly,

730:, this appointment was made by Bismarck and caused great dissatisfaction among the officers of the navy. He says that at the time of Caprivi's appointment, he "had no interest in naval affairs and did not know the names of his officers or the emblems of rank on the uniforms they wore." According to 474:

for agreements. Caprivi's downfall came with trade agreements that favored German industry and urban workers over more powerful agricultural interests. However, historians praise his refusal to renew the harsh restrictions on socialists, and his success in the reorganization of the German military.

1741:

painted a picture of Caprivi that was almost diametrically opposed to the negative evaluations of the first half of the twentieth century, characterising him as single-minded, unbiased, and incorruptible: "among the series of German chancellors between 1890 and 1918, he was the best." According to

1714:

Otto von Bismarck had initially praised Caprivi, saying that he "has a clear head, a good heart, a magnanimous nature, and a great capacity for work. All in all, a man of the first rank." But the old chancellor soon became one of Caprivi's fiercest critics. His portrayal of Caprivi as a "political

1507:

After the conclusion of the Zanzibar treaty with Britain, supporters of colonialism attacked Caprivi for selling off German interests. Even Bismarck, whose attitudes towards overseas expansion were lukewarm, participated in the attacks, with sharp criticism. An important opponent of the restrained

1311:

was launched in 1893 to protest the reduction in tariffs against imported grains. The league was organized nationally like a political party, with local chapters, centralized discipline, and a clear-cut platform. It fought against free trade, industrialization, and liberalism. Its most hated enemy

1440:

was a central aspect of the reforms. Initially, these reforms were fully supported by Wilhelm II, in line with his idea of a "social empire." Caprivi attempted to use socio-political measures to neutralise the "revolutionary threat" supposedly posed by social democracy. In addition to the initial

1645:

By 1893, Gaprivi's position had been weakened by several factors. Caprivi clashed with Wilhelm increasingly during his term as Chancellor, offering his resignation nearly a dozen times in four years. The Kaiser privately called him "a sensitive old fathead". In the Reichstag, there was no stable

1757:

at the time, the opposition of special interest groups, the tension between Prussia and the rest of the Empire, and the supercilious attitude of feudal agrarian conservativism and the semi-absolute military monarchy towards Caprivi's rational-bureaucratic brand of conservativism. Nipperdey also

1619:

from three years to two. The shortening of military service provoked considerable criticism from traditional military men in the Emperor's circle. Wilhelm himself harshly criticised the reduction of military service, since his grandfather Wilhelm I had instituted the three-year military service

1499:

An important role in the development of right-wing opposition was played by Otto von Bismarck, who took advantage of positive statements about Caprivi from his "support parties", in order to publicly campaign against the "leftist policy" of his successor. Bismarck's position was strengthened by

1409:. However, this policy had clear limits: the executive, police, and judiciary continued to oppose the social democrats even without a special law. The attempt to modify the Prussian three-class franchise was rebuffed by the traditional elites, who forced the resignation of the interior minister 1258:

In general, Caprivi did not believe that Germany should compete with other powers for overseas colonies but rather should focus on its position within Europe, since he did not think that Germany would be able to defend an extensive colonial empire against the British in the event of a war. As a

1236:. Caprivi's goal in acquiring Heligoland was to secure the German North Sea coast and he hoped that the Caprivi strip would allow Germany to use the Zambezi for trade and communications with eastern Africa (the river proved to be unnavigable). In return, Germany gave up its protectorate over 1169:

The decision led to the Reinsurance Treaty becoming public knowledge for the first time and prompted sharp criticism from supporters of Bismarck. In the press, Caprivi was subsequently attacked as a dilettante in foreign policy. Several historians have argued that this decision caused the

1719:

honourable, but limited general, who was not capable of continuing Bismarck's genius. In the 1920s, General von Schweidnitz, who had been ambassador to Russia under Caprivi, made a statement which has been frequently cited as evidence of Caprivi's incompetence in foreign affairs:

1372:. Caprivi believed that the support of the Poles would be required in the event of a war with Russia and - more immediately - he needed the votes of their representatives in the Reichstag. He made concessions on the question of Polish language use in schools, eased work of Polish 1165:

that the treaty would be renewed. When Caprivi discussed the issue with the Emperor, Wilhelm II yielded to his Chancellor, unwilling to dismiss another chancellor one week after dismissing Bismarck. The treaty was not renewed, and Shuvalov was shocked at the sudden reversal.

1480: 1538:, criticism focussed especially on the rural district reforms, the commercial treaty with Austria in 1891, and the failure of a school reform based on religious confession. Hitherto, the party had been friendly to government, but it now become an oppositional force. At the 1707:, in which he said that Caprivi had "the most earnest wish to eliminate the dirty corruption, which had pervaded the German sphere under Bismarck... so long as society remains the same, it will not deliver an Imperial Chancellor better than Caprivi was." 1668:

the next day. He made no public appearances for months and, throughout his retirement, he refused to speak or write publicly about his experiences as Chancellor or share his opinions on current events. He lived with his nephew at Skyren (today known as

1728:

This image has been nuanced in recent years. Current scholarship no longer considers the decision not to extend the Reinsurance Treaty to have been a catastrophe and the treaty itself is seen as a stopgap rather than a stroke of diplomatic genius.

1603:, leading to an untenable division of powers between the Chancellor and the Prussian premier. Caprivi had lost the Emperor's trust, even as the conflict between Caprivi and Eulenburg increased the Emperor's ability to exercise personal authority. 1038:

Caprivi promised at the beginning of his tenure "To adopt what is good, wherever and whomever it comes from, if it is compatible with the national interest." However, the important economic policies of his government derived from the ideas of

734:, the appointment was made against the express wishes of Bismarck, who had not wanted the Prussian Army to lose one of its best officers. He refers to Caprivi's appointment as a "deportation to the navy." In 1884, Caprivi was appointed to the 1748:

concludes that Caprivi and his allies in the Imperial service were motivated by an honest desire for reform, but that Caprivi undermined these efforts as a result of "major mistakes" like the school reform law and the military plan.

1490:

Due to his "Policy of Compromise" and especially his foreign and trade policies, opposition to Caprivi became widespread. It was particularly strong on the right, but eventually the army and Wilhelm II became opponents as well.

1636:

sought a compromise with Caprivi. The Centre Party was initially prepared to support Caprivi, but withdrew from him after the failure of the school reforms and as the criticism of the military plan increased.

1512:, a popular right-wing organisation. Meanwhile, Caprivi's trade policy led to strong opposition among conservative landowners. There were massive protests, in which large landowners were notable participants. 5778: 3921: 5753: 5698: 5768: 446:

During his tenure as chancellor, Caprivi promoted industrial and commercial development, and concluded numerous bilateral treaties for reduction of tariff barriers. However, this movement toward

1342:

and the Reichstag. However, he could not rely on the support of a strong party in the Reichstag and had to cobble together regularly shifting majorities. Nonetheless, the policy of compromise (

5788: 5793: 5488: 3638: 1467:

for the first time, which was supported by lower-income earners and also benefited landowners. In connection with the tax reform, new rural district regulations were passed, which extended

5773: 4551: 5798: 5763: 5758: 1471:

to 200,000 people who had hitherto been excluded from political participation. The conservatives successfully watered down the reform so that only a minority of manors were affected.

1307:, a coalition emerged that included peasant farmers, artisans, and conservative intellectuals hostile to the emerging industrial society. They demanded the Kaiser remove Caprivi. The 1753:

argued that Caprivi's New Course was a promising and optimistic attempt at a systematic and open re-orientation of Imperial politics and that it failed as a result of the particular

5274: 4811: 1653:

The actual end of Caprivi's chancellorship was triggered by his approach to the social democrats. The emperor had moved away from his initial social policy, under the influence of

5783: 1296:. Caprivi's policy enjoyed the support of a majority in the Reichstag and Wilhelm II cited his economic policies as grounds for his decision to promote Caprivi to the status of 5374: 1504:

of Austria-Hungary. Bismarck had been unpopular at the end of his chancellorship, but he now improved his reputation and became a centre of a right-wing opposition movement.

1574:

whom he had tried to bring into his tent. The reason for this was an educational bill providing denominational board schools, a failed attempt to re-integrate the Catholic

550:

Caprivi's origins differentiated him from the majority of the Prussian upper class, since he was not a large landowner. Accordingly, he later described himself as "without

5718: 638: 5728: 4064: 1715:

midget" had an enduring impact on his reputation. Additionally, Caprivi's rival characterised him mockingly as a "mixture of a junior officer and an audit committee."

4867: 4652: 4131: 1762:

judged that Caprivi's New Course represented a sharp break with Bismarck's policy, but that the problems he faced were not resolvable without firm political support.

1658: 104: 4034: 5481: 4622: 2172: 1095:

were strengthened, and appointments in the judiciary went to trusted conservatives. Nipperdey characterises this policy as "declared bureaucratic-conservatism."

5404: 1312:

was socialism, which it blamed on Jewish financial capitalism. The League helped establish grassroots anti-Semitism of the sort that flourished into the 1930s.

1034:

told its readers, "a typical Teuton of the hugest and most impressive type. He might very well pass for a brother, or even a double of Prince Bismarck himself."

711:. From 1878 he was placed in charge of a range of different divisions in rapid succession. In 1882, he became commander of the 30th Infantry Division at Metz. 2710: 5678: 4544: 3916:

Lebovics, Herman. "'Agrarians' Versus 'Industrializers': Social Conservative Resistance to Industrialism and Capitalism in Late Nineteenth Century Germany."

2890:

Herman Lebovics, "'Agrarians' Versus 'Industrializers': Social Conservative Resistance to Industrialism and Capitalism in Late Nineteenth Century Germany."

5723: 5708: 3908: 2118: 1190: 463: 3699:

Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im Deutschen Reichstage, Preußischen Landtage und bei besonderen Anlässen. 1883-1893. Mit der Biographie und dem Bildnis.

1245:

also wanted closer relations, but Caprivi's government failed to make an agreement. This was partially due to conflicting approaches and interests in the

5334: 5267: 4804: 4516: 1074: 997:

that the main task of Bismarck's successor would be "to lead the nation back after the preceding epoch of great men and deeds to an everyday existence."

809: 1349:

He attempted not only to win the support of civic liberals and conservative forces, but also to forge a working arrangement with representatives of the

987:, if the latter resisted Wilhelm's proposed changes to the government. Upon Bismarck's dismissal on 18 March, Caprivi became chancellor of Germany and 5703: 5474: 4981: 4433: 4242: 4202: 528: 1178:

and Germany was thus more closely committed to Austria-Hungary. Thus, the decision contributed to the formation of competing power blocks in Europe.

1133:, a secret alliance Bismarck had made with Russia. Although he was a military man, war was not a political option for Caprivi and he opposed General 741:

Caprivi showed significant administrative talent, in reforming and expanding the German navy. Caprivi emphasized the development and construction of

735: 5299: 1047:. In various areas, including social policy, reforms were announced. Within Prussia, Caprivi's most important collaborators were the trade minister 983:

In February 1890, Caprivi was summoned to Berlin by Emperor Wilhelm II and informed that he was Wilhelm's intended candidate to replace Bismarck as

5803: 5733: 4537: 1629: 1377: 1711:, the Centre Party's expert on history, also evaluated Caprivi positively. Unlike his successors, Caprivi had a positive reputation in Britain. 5359: 4820: 1624:. The newly elected Reichstag approved a plan which accorded with Caprivi's intentions. The left-liberals splintered on the military question. 1087:. Caprivi's policy of moderation had clear limits; the authority of the monarchy and the state was not to be diminished. Legal restrictions of 1081: 827: 592: 5631: 1401:, Caprivi sought to win over the Catholic camp represented by the Centre Party. He conciliated the SDB by abandoning any attempt to renew the 5748: 5260: 4797: 4627: 3126: 2669: 1381: 1005: 5379: 5364: 5339: 5283: 4607: 4587: 4057: 4024: 4581: 5309: 3898: 2379: 3983:"The Speeches of Count von Caprivi in the German Reichstag, in the Prussian Landtag, and on special occasions" in German (Google Books) 3939:

Nottleman, Dirk (2012). "From Ironclads to Dreadnoughts: The Development of the German Navy 1864–1918– Part III: The von Caprivi Era".

5693: 1392: 1001: 3844: 3421: 2622: 1909: 1107: 3655: 3510: 3506: 3417: 3502: 3413: 3409: 462:, which historians consider a major mistake. Even worse, Caprivi misjudged multiple opportunities to open good relations with the 5683: 5329: 3490: 3397: 3141: 2333: 2138: 1654: 1559: 1119: 1044: 858: 4271: 4110: 4085: 675:. This appointment brought the comparatively young Caprivi to public attention. During the war, he distinguished himself at the 5419: 4892: 4466: 4050: 1919: 1084: 964: 845: 440: 4735: 1213: 5466: 5075: 4402: 4292: 3791: 1973: 1486:

played a substantial role in the collapse of Caprivi's chancellorship and was his successor as Minister-President of Prussia.

1406: 587: 1670: 259: 32: 1216:

of July 1890, which had been largely prepared under Bismarck. In this treaty, the British gave Germany the small island of

5738: 5429: 5294: 4976: 4947: 4862: 4662: 4560: 4141: 3893: 3551: 3547: 3539: 2155: 1596: 1590: 988: 111: 5593: 5575: 5501: 5344: 5319: 4917: 4461: 2659: 2233: 1788: 1621: 1077: 933: 814: 664: 642: 622: 302: 80: 75: 577: 5713: 5394: 4872: 4617: 4592: 2350: 1840: 1070: 684: 458:"new course" in foreign policy, Caprivi abandoned Bismarck's military, economic, and ideological cooperation with the 4857: 572: 3738: 1585: 5688: 5444: 5304: 5124: 4677: 4426: 4156: 4081: 2213: 2060: 2029: 1992: 1162: 805: 455: 350: 68: 2950: 1271:

Caprivi pursued an aggressive trade policy, saying "either we export goods or we export men." In his view, German

516: 5497: 5173: 4005: 2398: 2363: 2283: 1647: 1535: 1099: 1014: 746: 159: 1611:

Simultaneously, a conflict arose over a new military bill. This consisted of an increase in the strength of the

1442: 1048: 1009: 5399: 5384: 5369: 5349: 4907: 4852: 4709: 4486: 4419: 3897: 3786: 3743: 2168: 1880: 1853: 1567: 1229: 1150: 920: 700: 281: 4471: 4170: 1758:

concludes that he failed to manage the Emperor's volatility and desire to participate directly in government.

881: 5649: 1447: 1053: 5743: 5211: 4932: 3853: 3117:

Rainer F. Schmidt (2021). "Kap. "4. Die Innenpolitik der Wilhelminischen Ära (1890–1914): Die Entlassung"".

2427: 2099: 2044: 2009: 1942: 1745: 1571: 1410: 1369: 1303:

Opponents were angry at the downplaying of German agriculture in favor of urban workers. Led by East Elbian

1175: 1161:. Unaware of the Foreign Office's determination, Wilhelm II had personally assured Russian Ambassador Count 1103: 1098:

In order to carry out his political agenda, Caprivi, like Bismarck before him, required the approval of the

1059: 755: 646: 626: 504: 492: 3959:

Sempell, Charlotte. "The Constitutional and Political Problems of the Second Chancellor, Leo Von Caprivi,"

3757: 3734: 1733: 5555: 5188: 5065: 5060: 5031: 4612: 4496: 3471: 2433: 2318: 1822: 1575: 1522: 1501: 1464: 1453: 1388: 1308: 1260: 1182: 1154: 951: 798: 676: 657: 606: 558:. On a personal level, Leo von Caprivi was an affable man with few close friends, who remained unmarried. 4411: 2903:

James C. Hunt, "The 'Egalitarianism' of the Right: The Agrarian League in Southwest Germany, 1893-1914."

1595:

resigned in 1892, Caprivi offered his own resignation as well. As a result, Caprivi lost his position as

1249:. The treaty also sparked opposition to Caprivi within Germany from colonialist pressure-groups like the 5168: 4902: 4687: 4314: 4207: 4073: 2198: 2037: 1967: 1563: 1088: 984: 787: 471: 47: 5424: 5134: 4897: 4657: 4136: 1456:. However, this policy had already come to a standstill in the later part of Caprivi's chancellorship. 1281: 5580: 4309: 3981:

Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im deutschen Reichstage, preussischen Landtage und besondern Anlässen

3705:; Reprint (= Deutsches Reich – Reichskanzler Vol. II/I) Severus, Hamburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-86347-147-7. 3574: 5673: 5668: 5354: 5324: 5070: 4887: 4597: 4506: 4501: 4339: 2279: 1938: 1612: 1509: 1441:

express support of Wilhelm II, the reforms were especially pushed by the Prussian minister of trade,

1415: 1251: 1134: 1064: 969: 863: 832: 680: 618: 614: 408: 338: 4481: 3880:

German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, and Colonial Policy to 1914: A Handbook and Annotated Bibliography

3814:

Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-487-11005-9 (Bd. 8/I), ISBN 3-487-11827-0 (Bd. 8/II), (

3711: 3527: 3378: 2879:

German Foreign Policy, 1890-1914, and Colonial Policy to 1914: A Handbook and Annotated Bibliography

5550: 5525: 5515: 5389: 5026: 4746: 4714: 4491: 4371: 4257: 4247: 4186: 3372: 2254: 1460: 1402: 1354: 1040: 938: 715: 672: 630: 412: 202: 190: 4476: 5565: 5560: 5455: 5439: 5314: 5011: 4922: 4912: 4882: 4672: 4647: 4568: 4151: 4015: 3979: 3826: 3782: 2228: 2072: 2005: 1960: 1898: 1782: 1759: 1708: 1600: 1483: 1421: 1358: 1130: 993: 719: 668: 667:

and was confirmed in his post as chief of the general staff of the X Army Corps with the rank of

536: 500: 326: 231: 152: 5409: 5234: 5216: 5016: 4927: 4847: 4767: 4637: 4632: 4222: 4121: 4096: 3998: 3948: 3840: 3122: 2665: 2618: 2301: 2263: 2192: 2056: 1813: 1633: 1384:. However, the policy did not survive Caprivi's resignation and had no enduring consequences. 708: 688: 602: 532: 291: 92: 3680: 3676: 3621: 3231:

Die Schalen des Zorns. Großbritannien, Deutschland und das Heraufziehen des ersten Weltkriegs

2449: 1697:

Caprivi's contemporaries differed in their evaluations of him. The social democrat historian

499:), the son of jurist Julius Leopold von Caprivi (1797–1865), who later became a judge at the 5607: 5006: 3771: 3670: 3615: 2113: 1750: 1616: 1373: 1350: 1186: 1023: 731: 727: 451: 428: 1286: 652: 439:; 24 February 1831 – 6 February 1899) was a German general and statesman. He served as the 5619: 5434: 5206: 5163: 5109: 5104: 4996: 4965: 4937: 4741: 4724: 4700: 4667: 4602: 4443: 4323: 4287: 4252: 4181: 4166: 4146: 3807: 3803: 2370: 2094: 1903: 1891: 1876: 1479: 1433: 1171: 1158: 1138: 1106:

was markedly collegial. This change was made clear even in his appointment speech in the

876: 488: 467: 4986: 1334: 3702: 2426: 5224: 5193: 5021: 4355: 3974: 3932: 3750: 2831: 2594: 2469: 2247: 2186: 2051: 1543: 1246: 1146: 1142: 484: 459: 5614: 4042: 1534:

spoke of an "unbridgeable chasm between the chancellor and the conservatives." In the

1292:

of the later part of Bismarck's chancellorship, but it was far from being a policy of

1157:

not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty and focus on a more straightforward alliance with

5662: 5183: 5129: 4991: 4877: 4836: 4379: 4331: 4106: 3903: 3887:

Germany and the Great Powers, 1866–1914; A Study in Public Opinion and Foreign Policy

3864:

Sonderausgabe. Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Bonn 2002, ISBN 3-89331-463-6 (

3585:"Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogthums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1898". (1898). In 1703: 1698: 1625: 1437: 1395:. By reimbursing the Catholic Church for state money that had been frozen during the 1233: 1225: 907: 742: 598: 380: 362: 263: 3461: 5570: 5201: 5178: 5093: 5049: 5001: 4942: 4758: 4729: 4347: 4282: 4267: 4237: 4227: 4217: 4212: 4194: 3971:

German Agrarian Politics After Bismarck’s Fall the Formation of the Farmers’ League

3836:

Von der deutschen Doppelrevolution bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges. 1849–1914

3119:

Kaiserdämmerung: Berlin, London, Paris, St. Petersburg und der Weg in den Untergang

2309: 2076: 2025: 1754: 1547: 1530: 1325: 723: 634: 540: 2836:

Die nervöse Großmacht. Aufstieg und Untergang des deutschen Kaiserreichs 1871–1918

2578:

Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900.

4529: 3603:(in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, p. 13 – via hathitrust.org 3435: 3279:). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2004, ISBN 3-534-14725-1, p. 57. 3233:. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-596-13497-8, p. 147. 3087:

Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900

3012:

Deutsche Politik und Handelspolitik unter Reichskanzler Leo von Caprivi 1890–1894

2838:. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-11694-5, S. 186. 2612: 2451:

Germany Without Bismarck: The Crisis of Government in the Second Reich, 1890–1900

894: 5119: 5114: 4387: 4363: 4232: 2151: 2134: 1664:

Caprivi destroyed his papers on the evening of his resignation and departed for

1580: 1397: 1272: 520: 5252: 4789: 2614:

The German Problem Reconsidered:Germany and the World Order 1870 to the Present

1363: 1201: 5229: 4719: 2977: 2849:

Brandenburg-Preußische Standeserhebungen und Gnadenakte für die Zeit 1873-1918

1807: 1689: 1681: 1646:

majority. Prussia had become an independent centre of power. The anger of the

1330: 1293: 1217: 1206: 1170:

encirclement of Germany which finally led to it fighting on two fronts in the

750: 555: 551: 544: 447: 3952: 1500:

Caprivi's clumsiness, when he blocked a planned meeting between Bismarck and

3912:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–292. 3764:

Aufbau-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-7466-8032-8, pp. 39–54 (

1738: 1221: 610: 3795:(in German), vol. 47, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 445–450 1129:

Only a week into office, Caprivi was forced to choose whether to renew the

645:

and then in spring 1870 he was temporarily appointed chief of staff of the

527:. His mother was Emilie Köpke, daughter of Gustav Köpke, headmaster of the 3747:(in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 134–135 1665: 1650:

intensified, accompanied by constant public attacks by retired Bismarck.

1468: 1241: 1237: 1000:

Caprivi's administration was marked by moves towards conciliation of the

745:

during his tenure as naval chief. He submitted two long memoranda to the

704: 508: 3103:, p. 705, on the content of the educational bill, cf. Thomas Nipperdey: 5152: 4305: 3964: 1988: 1304: 759: 524: 237: 3635:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

2908: 663:

Caprivi had gained a reputation as one of the most gifted students of

1092: 583: 512: 496: 269: 227: 2336:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class 1732:

An alternative evaluation of Caprivi developed gradually. In 1957,

1688: 1680: 1478: 1324: 1200: 651: 450:

angered Germany's conservative agrarian interests, especially the

1026:

characterises Caprivi at the time of his appointment as follows:

3899:"Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli, Georg Leo von, Count" 3544:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie

2346: 1297: 5470: 5256: 4793: 4533: 4415: 4046: 3801:

Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38.

3587:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig (Vol. 1898)

1279:

In sum, Caprivi's approach marked the end of the protectionist

1212:

Success in Caprivi's pro-British policy was exemplified by the

699:

After the war Caprivi first served as a department head in the

3820:

Die Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums 1817–1934/38

3314:

Frankfurt am Main 1992 (originally Frankfurt 1958), pp. 502 f.

5625: 3776:

Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Machtstaat vor der Demokratie.

2661:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

1693:

Otto von Bismarck significantly affected the image of Caprivi

1149:. Nevertheless, he followed the decision of officials of the 4515: 1189:. He then sought to expand this through good relations with 1091:, for example, were not removed, the disciplinary rules for 718:, a fierce opponent of Chancellor Bismarck, as Chief of the 539:

Raimund von Caprivi and his nephew, Leo von Caprivi was an

3105:

Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist

1521:

This proclamation in 1893 led to the establishment of the

641:. Afterwards he was appointed to the general staff of the 3014:. Droste, Düsseldorf 1978, ISBN 3-7700-0484-1, pp. 9–15. 1181:

In place of the Reinsurance Treaty, Caprivi pursued the

3756:

Klaus Rüdiger Metze, "Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899)." In

3669:

Württemberg (Kingdom). Statistisches Landesamt (1894).

3436:"Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecucculi" 3211:, 1930 (= Historische Studien, Band 192), Metze, p. 52. 2173:

Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig

1019:" ("New Course"), a term coined by Wilhelm II in 1890. 5779:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

3374:

Handbuch über den Königlich Preussischen Hof und Staat

2789:

Germany and England: Background of Conflict, 1848–1894

515:). The Caprivis were ennobled during the 17th century 433:

Count George Leo of Caprivi, Caprara, and Montecuccoli

5591: 3866:

Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung. Schriftenreihe

2979:

Caprivi in summer 1890 on combatting social democracy

625:

and in 1865 he was made the commander of an infantry

425:

Georg Leo Graf von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli

5699:

German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War

3973:(Columbia University Press, 1951) pp. 299–334. 3526:(1894) "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären" 5769:

Grand Crosses of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)

5543: 5508: 5143: 5084: 5040: 4956: 4827: 4757: 4699: 4686: 4567: 4304: 4266: 4165: 4105: 4080: 1329:"The February Concessions": idealised depiction of 404: 394: 386: 368: 314: 309: 297: 287: 277: 245: 217: 212: 196: 184: 176: 158: 146: 136: 128: 110: 98: 86: 74: 64: 46: 23: 5789:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class 3969:Tirrell, Sarah Rebecca. "The Fall of Caprivi." in 3929:Germany after Bismarck: The Caprivi Era, 1890-1894 3652:Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1888/89 2466:Germany after Bismarck, the Caprivi era, 1890-1894 1770:He received the following orders and decorations: 5794:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania 5754:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 5544:State Secretaries of the Naval Office (1889–1919) 3312:Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. 2563: 2561: 2454:. University of California Press. pp. 77–90. 1073:. At the imperial level, his key allies were the 3571:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 703:. There he was involved in drafting a law about 5774:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion 3762:Die deutschen Kanzler. Von Bismarck bis Merkel. 1721: 1514: 1028: 1008:. This approach is known to historians as the " 586:. After graduating in 1849, he enlisted in the 5799:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class 5764:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 2nd class 5759:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1870), 1st class 3468:The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite 3463:Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 3107:. München 1990, ISBN 3-406-34453-4, pp. 535 f. 2601:), Vol. 1, Bodung-Verlag, Berlin 1929, p. 949. 1578:into the conservative establishment after the 5482: 5268: 4805: 4545: 4427: 4058: 3778:C. H. Beck, München 1992, ISBN 3-406-34801-7. 3614:Italia : Ministero dell'interno (1898). 3524:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt 1737:came naturally to others. In the late 1950s, 1659:Prince Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1387:More consequential were his overtures to the 8: 5784:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun 5509:Chiefs of the Imperial Admiralty (1872–1889) 4132:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4035:Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 1259:result, he did not support expansion of the 3491:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.)" 3241: 3239: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 1677:Contemporary evaluations and historiography 1333:and the announcement of a "social empire" ( 749:regarding the interests of the fleet. When 464:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 5489: 5475: 5467: 5275: 5261: 5253: 4812: 4798: 4790: 4696: 4552: 4538: 4530: 4434: 4420: 4412: 4065: 4051: 4043: 3987: 2617:. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. 1420:and his replacement with the conservative 1346:) initially had a real chance of success. 769: 31: 20: 5719:Vice admirals of the Imperial German Navy 3730:New York: Random House, 1991. p. 110 1554:Education bill and resignation in Prussia 529:Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster 4198:(as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) 3650:Sachsen (1888–1889). "Königlich Orden". 3485: 3483: 3481: 3470:] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: 2216:: Cross of Honour, 1st Class with Swords 1376:, and permitted a Polish archbishop for 621:of 1864 as a member of the staff of the 60:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 16:German general and statesman (1831–1899) 5729:People from the Province of Brandenburg 5638: 5598: 3620:. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 3392: 3390: 3388: 2580:Univ. of California Press, 1974. p. 57. 2503: 2410: 1459:The "Miquelsche tax reform", named for 1357:in the Reichstag. The abolition of the 1232:, thus linking that territory with the 588:2nd (Emperor Francis) Guards Grenadiers 4623:Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 3918:International Review of Social History 3617:Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia 2919: 2917: 2892:International Review of Social History 2711:Neueste Mittheilungen of 18 April 1890 2175:, with Golden Crown and Swords on Ring 1632:rejected the plan completely, but the 1528:On 20 December 1893, the conservative 124:20 March 1890 – 22 March 1892 105:Chlodwig von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 5502:State Secretaries of the Naval Office 4653:Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 3701:Ernst Hofmann & Co., Berlin 1894 3186: 3184: 3142:Neueste Mittheilungen of 18 July 1893 2989: 2987: 1137:'s proposal for Germany to ally with 1004:on the domestic front, and towards a 531:and teacher of Caprivi's predecessor 7: 3675:. Druck von W. Kohlhammer. pp. 3637:(1891), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" 3601:Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste 3209:Der Sturz des Reichskanzlers Caprivi 2428:"Caprivi, Georg Leo, Graf von" 2380:Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown 1920:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 1542:of 1892 it declared its support for 466:. Frustrated, Britain turned to the 172:20 March 1883 – 5 July 1888 5679:19th-century chancellors of Germany 4074:Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) 3398:"Königlich Preussische Ordensliste" 2156:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 613:in the topographic division of the 511:origin (Caprara Montecuccoli, from 5724:Independent politicians in Germany 5709:German people of Slovenian descent 5576:Ernst Karl August Klemens von Mann 4446:– 20 March 1890 to 20 October 1894 3963:(September 1953) 25#3 pp 234–254, 3882:(Scarecrow Press, 1970) pp 94–103. 3812:21. März 1890 bis 9. Oktober 1900. 3472:Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn 2234:Grand Cross of the Star of Romania 443:from March 1890 to October 1894. 14: 3832:Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte: 3513:, 1886 – via hathitrust.org 3424:, 1886 – via hathitrust.org 2993:Metze, pp. 49 f., cf. Nipperdey, 2494:Massie, p. 110; Meisner, p. 134. 2425:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 2351:Grand Cross of the White Elephant 1795:; 1st Class with Swords on Ring, 1558:Caprivi was also attacked by the 1108:Prussian House of Representatives 1082:Secretary for the Foreign Affairs 828:Secretary for the Foreign Affairs 5704:German people of Italian descent 5641: 5613: 5601: 5534: 5498:Chiefs of the Imperial Admiralty 5454: 5145: 5086: 5042: 4958: 4829: 4608:Friedrich Wilhelm of Brandenburg 4520:Coat of Arms of the Second Reich 4308: 4270: 4169: 4109: 4084: 3573:(1896), "Großherzogliche Orden" 2997:, pp. 700 f., p. 704, Spenkuch, 2356: 2340: 2326: 2294: 2272: 2240: 2221: 2207: 2179: 2161: 2144: 2139:Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown 2128: 2106: 2087: 2066: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2019: 1998: 1981: 1953: 1931: 1897: 1890: 1870: 1776: 1655:Carl Ferdinand von Stumm-Halberg 1120:History of German foreign policy 974:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 956:22 April 1890 – 26 October 1894 886:20 March 1890 – 2 February 1891 868:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 850:26 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 819:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 795:20 March 1890 – 26 October 1894 656:Contemporary press image of the 639:Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia 503:supreme court and member of the 373: 355: 343: 331: 319: 301: 4467:Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein 3708:Letters: M. Schneidewin (ed.): 2936:, p. 272 f., p. 704, Spenkuch, 2905:Journal of Contemporary History 2881:(Scarecrow Press, 1970) p. 101. 2284:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 1839:Commander's Cross of the Royal 925:10 July 1893 – 26 October 1894 899:2 February 1891 – 2 March 1892 707:and in the introduction of the 687:, receiving the military order 573:Friedrichswerdersches Gymnasium 441:chancellor of the German Empire 160:Chief of the Imperial Admiralty 48:Chancellor of the German Empire 5804:Military personnel from Berlin 5734:Generals of Infantry (Prussia) 4628:Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen 4561:Ministers President of Prussia 3862:Deutsche Geschichte 1806–1933. 3792:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3697:Speeches: Rudolf Arndt (ed.): 3672:Staatshandbuch für Württemberg 3277:Kontroversen um die Geschichte 2968:, pp. 700 f., Metze, pp. 49 f. 2100:Grand Cordon of the Rising Sun 1801:War Commemorative Cross (1866) 1586:Robert von Zedlitz-Trützschler 1407:Prussian three-class franchise 1405:and announcing reforms to the 1228:after him, which was added to 1224:and a strip of land named the 943:26 March 1890 – 22 April 1890 837:20 March 1890 – 26 March 1890 1: 5375:Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow 4663:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 4142:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 3654:. Dresden: Heinrich. p. 3260:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 3247:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 3165:Metze, pp. 51 f., Nipperdey, 2999:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 2938:Einleitung in Acta Borussica. 2860:Metze, pp. 46 f., Nipperdey, 1825:, 2nd Class with Oak Leaves, 1205:Parade for the annexation of 1125:Ending the Reinsurance Treaty 989:Minister President of Prussia 507:. His father's family was of 112:Minister President of Prussia 5749:Foreign ministers of Prussia 5284:Foreign Ministers of Prussia 4821:Foreign Ministers of Germany 4462:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher 4315:Bundeskanzler (1949–present) 2774:Metze, pp. 44f.; Nipperdey, 2699:Einleitung in Acta Borussica 1607:Clash over the Military bill 1428:Social policy and tax reform 912:2 March 1892 – 10 July 1893 571:Caprivi was educated at the 483:Leo von Caprivi was born in 81:Karl Heinrich von Boetticher 5153:Federal Republic of Germany 4588:Adolf von Arnim-Boitzenburg 3658:– via hathitrust.org. 3121:(3 ed.). Klett-Cotta. 2809:Metze, pp. 44f; Nipperdey, 1847:; Grand Commander's Cross, 1841:House Order of Hohenzollern 1597:Prussian Minister President 1517:our strength known to them. 1368:decreased tension with the 1071:Hans von Kaltenborn-Stachau 685:Battle of Beaune-la-Rolande 5820: 5094:German Democratic Republic 4293:Count Schwerin von Krosigk 4175:Reichskanzler (1919–1933) 4157:Prince Maximilian of Baden 4082:North German Confederation 3961:Journal of Modern History, 3858:Der lange Weg nach Westen. 3190:"Leo, count von Caprivi." 2658:Massie, Robert K. (2013). 2119:Knight of the Annunciation 2061:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 2030:Order of the Double Dragon 1833:; Grand Cross with Crown, 1673:) and died there in 1899. 1630:Free-minded People's Party 1599:and was replaced by Count 1443:Hans Hermann von Berlepsch 1214:Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty 1163:Pavel Andreyevich Shuvalov 1117: 1075:Secretary for the Interior 1049:Hans Hermann von Berlepsch 1006:pro-British foreign policy 859:Secretary for the Treasury 810:Secretary for the Interior 806:Vice-Chancellor of Germany 351:North German Confederation 5694:German Empire politicians 5532: 5451: 5290: 5243: 4868:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst 4780: 4513: 4451: 4400: 4276:Reichskanzler (1933–1945) 4115:Reichskanzler (1871–1918) 4090:Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) 4031: 4022: 4012: 4006:Prime Minister of Prussia 4003: 3995: 3990: 3935:; the main scholarly book 3288:Full discussion in Frie, 3036:Metze, p. 46, Nipperdey, 3023:Metze, p. 51, Nipperdey, 2847:A. Freiherr von Houwald: 2664:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2399:Caprivi cabinet (Prussia) 2195:, 1st Class in Brilliants 1854:Knight of the Black Eagle 1791:, 3rd Class with Swords, 1789:Knight of the Crown Order 1701:wrote a retrospective in 1536:German Conservative Party 1436:meant that a progressive 1353:and the recently annexed 1185:with Austria-Hungary and 932: 877:Secretary for the Justice 875: 826: 781: 778: 775: 772: 418: 208: 165: 117: 53: 42: 30: 4487:Rudolf Arnold Nieberding 4391:(SPD, 2021–present) 3799:Hartwin Spenkuch (ed.), 3744:Neue Deutsche Biographie 3495:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3460:Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). 3402:Preussische Ordens-Liste 3360:Gesellschaftsgeschichte. 3273:Das Deutsche Kaiserreich 3192:Encyclopædia Britannica. 3085:John C. G. Röhl (1967). 2448:John C. G. Röhl (1967). 1910:Knight of the Iron Crown 1881:Order of Albert the Bear 1508:colonial policy was the 1230:German South West Africa 1058:, the interior minister 921:Rudolf Arnold Nieberding 535:. Caprivi's brother was 5684:Politicians from Berlin 4883:Hatzfeldt zu Wildenburg 4582:Office established 1848 3909:Encyclopædia Britannica 3894:Headlam, James Wycliffe 3854:Heinrich August Winkler 3806:(PDF; 2,8 MB) and 2864:, pp. 701 f., Winkler, 2684:quoted in Metze, p. 43. 2646:Gesellschaftsgeschichte 2319:Knight of the Rue Crown 2266:, 2nd Class with Swords 2010:Order of Henry the Lion 1943:House Order of Fidelity 1823:Knight of the Red Eagle 1746:Heinrich August Winkler 1370:German-Hanoverian Party 1104:Prussian State Ministry 1069:, and the war minister 1022:The American historian 609:and from 1860 he was a 519:. They later moved to 505:Prussian House of Lords 493:Province of Brandenburg 5556:Friedrich von Hollmann 4908:Tschirschky-Bögendorff 4613:Adalbert von Ladenberg 4521: 4497:Friedrich von Hollmann 4190:(as Ministerpräsident) 3818:Neue Folge, 1. Reihe: 3290:Deutsches Kaiserreich. 3207:, pp. 707f., R. Geis: 2851:. Görlitz 1939, p. 81. 2787:Raymond James Sontag, 2589:Erich Ekkehard (ed.): 2434:Encyclopedia Americana 1991:: Grand Cordon of the 1726: 1694: 1686: 1622:early election in 1893 1523:German Agrarian League 1519: 1502:Emperor Franz Joseph I 1487: 1465:progressive income tax 1411:Ernst Ludwig Herrfurth 1344:Politik des Ausgleichs 1338: 1261:German Colonial Empire 1209: 1155:Friedrich von Holstein 1060:Ernst Ludwig Herrfurth 1036: 965:Secretary for the Post 952:Friedrich von Hollmann 934:Secretary for the Navy 714:In 1883, he succeeded 677:Battle of Mars-la-Tour 660: 658:Battle of Mars-la-Tour 607:Prussian Staff College 495:, today a district of 398:General der Infanterie 5630:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4688:Free State of Prussia 4519: 4472:Otto von Oehlschläger 4383:(CDU, 2005–2021) 4375:(SPD, 1998–2005) 4367:(CDU, 1982–1998) 4359:(SPD, 1974–1982) 4351:(SPD, 1969–1974) 4343:(CDU, 1966–1969) 4335:(CDU, 1963–1966) 4327:(CDU, 1949–1963) 4296:(as Leading Minister) 4208:Constantin Fehrenbach 4025:Chancellor of Germany 3941:Warship International 3885:Carroll, E. Malcolm. 3787:Caprivi, Leo Graf von 3758:Wilhelm von Sternburg 3735:Heinrich Otto Meisner 3271:cited in Ewald Frie: 2953:deutsche-und-polen.de 2907:10.3 (1975): 513-530 2199:Order of the Medjidie 2075:: Grand Cross of the 2059:: Grand Cross of the 2008:: Grand Cross of the 1879:: Grand Cross of the 1734:Heinrich Otto Meisner 1692: 1684: 1495:Right-wing opposition 1482: 1475:Opposition to Caprivi 1328: 1204: 1118:Further information: 1089:rights of association 1085:Adolf von Bieberstein 882:Otto von Oehlschläger 846:Adolf von Bieberstein 766:Chancellor of Germany 701:Prussian War Ministry 655: 554:and straw." He was a 517:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 472:French Third Republic 437:Georg Leo von Caprivi 387:Years of service 222:Georg Leo von Caprivi 5739:Prussian politicians 5076:Schwerin von Krosigk 4598:Rudolf von Auerswald 4593:Gottfried Camphausen 4507:Helmuth von Maltzahn 4502:Heinrich von Stephan 4340:Kurt Georg Kiesinger 3810:(PDF; 2,3 MB): 3766:Aufbau-Taschenbücher 3440:the Prussian Machine 3178:Massie, pp. 116–117. 2951:Entry on Caprivi on 2725:, pp. 114, 485, 700. 2697:, p. 700; Spenkuch, 2405:Notes and references 2280:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 2255:Knight of St. Andrew 1974:Military Merit Order 1968:Knight of St. Hubert 1613:Imperial German Army 1568:Free-minded liberals 1510:Alldeutscher Verband 1321:Policy of compromise 1252:Alldeutscher Verband 1176:Alliance with France 1135:Alfred von Waldersee 970:Heinrich von Stephan 864:Helmuth von Maltzahn 833:Herbert von Bismarck 619:Second Schleswig War 615:German General Staff 409:Second Schleswig War 339:German Confederation 5551:Karl Eduard Heusner 5526:Alexander von Monts 5516:Albrecht von Stosch 5335:Canitz und Dallwitz 4747:Kurt von Schleicher 4618:Otto von Manteuffel 4492:Karl Eduard Heusner 4403:List of chancellors 4258:Kurt von Schleicher 4187:Philipp Scheidemann 3927:Nichols, J. Alden. 3920:12.1 (1967): 31-65 3878:Carlson, Andrew R. 3258:cited in Spenkuch: 2894:12.1 (1967): 31-65. 2877:Andrew R. Carlson, 2611:Calleo, D. (1980). 2032:, Class I Grade III 1972:Grand Cross of the 1918:Grand Cross of the 1804:Service Award Cross 1461:Johannes von Miquel 1403:Anti-Socialist Laws 1355:Province of Hanover 1078:Karl von Boetticher 1041:Johannes von Miquel 939:Karl Eduard Heusner 815:Karl von Boetticher 722:, with the rank of 716:Albrecht von Stosch 673:Franco-Prussian War 631:Austro-Prussian War 629:. He served in the 617:. He served in the 413:Austro-Prussian War 203:Alexander von Monts 191:Albrecht von Stosch 5714:German Protestants 5566:Eduard von Capelle 5561:Alfred von Tirpitz 4977:Brockdorff-Rantzau 4948:Brockdorff-Rantzau 4673:Georg von Hertling 4658:Bernhard von Bülow 4648:Botho zu Eulenburg 4569:Kingdom of Prussia 4522: 4152:Georg von Hertling 4137:Bernhard von Bülow 4016:Botho zu Eulenburg 3991:Political offices 3827:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 3783:Bernhard von Poten 3739:"Caprivi, Leo von" 3599:"Ludewigs-orden", 3229:Robert K. Massie, 2721:Thomas Nipperdey, 2693:Thomas Nipperdey, 2464:J. Alden Nichols, 2264:Knight of St. Anna 1760:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 1695: 1687: 1615:and a decrease in 1601:Botho zu Eulenburg 1572:Free Conservatives 1488: 1484:Botho zu Eulenburg 1422:Botho zu Eulenburg 1339: 1210: 1131:Reinsurance Treaty 994:Berliner Tageblatt 669:lieutenant colonel 665:Helmuth von Moltke 661: 605:, he attended the 537:lieutenant general 232:Kingdom of Prussia 153:Botho zu Eulenburg 5689:Counts in Germany 5589: 5588: 5464: 5463: 5340:Arnim-Boitzenburg 5250: 5249: 4918:Kiderlen-Waechter 4787: 4786: 4782:Co-prime minister 4776: 4775: 4633:Otto von Bismarck 4527: 4526: 4409: 4408: 4223:Gustav Stresemann 4122:Otto von Bismarck 4097:Otto von Bismarck 4041: 4040: 4032:Succeeded by 4013:Succeeded by 3999:Otto von Bismarck 3839:. München: Beck. 3546:, 1899, pp. 3194:17 February 2018. 3128:978-3-608-98318-0 3089:. pp. 77–90. 2701:, vol. 8/I, p. 5. 2671:978-1-78185-668-0 2576:Röhl, John C. G. 2369:Commander of the 2308:Commander of the 2257:, in Brilliants, 2193:Order of Osmanieh 2057:Ernestine duchies 1810:(1870), 1st Class 1634:Free-minded Union 1560:National Liberals 1374:cooperative banks 1282:Schutzzollpolitik 1045:National Liberals 981: 980: 695:Chief of the Navy 603:second lieutenant 533:Otto von Bismarck 422: 421: 273: 241: 180:Otto von Bismarck 142:Otto von Bismarck 93:Otto von Bismarck 5811: 5654: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5618: 5617: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5581:Maximilian Rogge 5538: 5537: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5458: 5430:Bethmann Hollweg 5277: 5270: 5263: 5254: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5148: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5045: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4832: 4814: 4807: 4800: 4791: 4715:Heinrich Ströbel 4697: 4693: 4574: 4554: 4547: 4540: 4531: 4436: 4429: 4422: 4413: 4392: 4384: 4376: 4372:Gerhard Schröder 4368: 4360: 4352: 4344: 4336: 4328: 4312: 4306:Federal Republic 4297: 4274: 4248:Heinrich Brüning 4199: 4191: 4173: 4113: 4088: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4044: 3996:Preceded by 3988: 3956: 3913: 3901: 3850: 3796: 3772:Thomas Nipperdey 3751:full text online 3748: 3726:Massie, Robert. 3716:Vol. 47/2, 1922. 3685: 3684: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3536: 3530: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3487: 3476: 3475: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3377:. 1899. p. 3369: 3363: 3362:vol. 3, p. 1005. 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3334:Weg nach Westen. 3330: 3324: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3301:Meisner, p. 135. 3299: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3269: 3263: 3262:Vol. 8/I, p. 27. 3256: 3250: 3249:Vol. 8/I, p. 27. 3243: 3234: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3188: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3049:Metze, pp. 48 f. 3047: 3041: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3010:Rolf Weitowitz: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2982: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2956: 2947: 2941: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2875: 2869: 2858: 2852: 2845: 2839: 2829: 2823: 2822:Metze, pp. 45 f. 2820: 2814: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2655: 2649: 2648:Vol. 3, p. 1005. 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2608: 2602: 2587: 2581: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2556: 2555:Metze, pp. 42 f. 2553: 2547: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2430: 2422: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2334:Schaumburg-Lippe 2332: 2330: 2329: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2297: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2133: 2132: 2131: 2123:10 November 1890 2116: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2097: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2071: 2070: 2069: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1993:Order of Leopold 1987: 1985: 1984: 1963: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1941:: Knight of the 1937: 1935: 1934: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1894: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1751:Thomas Nipperdey 1617:military service 1594: 1454:workers' housing 1451: 1419: 1393:Social Democrats 1367: 1290: 1141:and carry out a 1068: 1057: 1043:, leader of the 1024:Robert K. Massie 1018: 1002:Social Democrats 792:Leo von Caprivi 770: 732:Thomas Nipperdey 728:Robert K. Massie 637:in the staff of 596: 581: 491:in the Prussian 456:Kaiser Wilhelm's 379: 377: 376: 361: 359: 358: 349: 347: 346: 337: 335: 334: 325: 323: 322: 310:Military service 305: 267: 256: 254: 235: 225:24 February 1831 213:Personal details 199: 187: 170: 149: 139: 122: 101: 89: 58: 35: 21: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5633:sister projects 5632: 5628:Leo von Caprivi 5624: 5612: 5602: 5600: 5592: 5590: 5585: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5521:Leo von Caprivi 5504: 5495: 5465: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5286: 5281: 5251: 5246: 5239: 5156:(1949–present) 5155: 5146: 5144: 5139: 5096: 5087: 5085: 5080: 5052: 5043: 5041: 5036: 4968: 4966:Weimar Republic 4959: 4957: 4952: 4858:B. E. von Bülow 4839: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4788: 4783: 4772: 4753: 4742:Franz von Papen 4736:Reichskommisars 4725:Adam Stegerwald 4691: 4690: 4682: 4668:Georg Michaelis 4643:Leo von Caprivi 4603:Ernst von Pfuel 4572: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4528: 4523: 4511: 4456:Leo von Caprivi 4447: 4444:Caprivi Cabinet 4440: 4410: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4358: 4350: 4342: 4334: 4326: 4324:Konrad Adenauer 4313: 4300: 4295: 4288:Joseph Goebbels 4275: 4262: 4253:Franz von Papen 4197: 4189: 4182:Friedrich Ebert 4174: 4167:Weimar Republic 4161: 4147:Georg Michaelis 4127:Leo von Caprivi 4114: 4101: 4089: 4076: 4071: 4037: 4028: 4018: 4009: 4001: 3938: 3892: 3875: 3873:Further reading 3847: 3825: 3816:Acta Borussica. 3781: 3733: 3723: 3694: 3689: 3688: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3649: 3648: 3644: 3633: 3629: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3522: 3518: 3489: 3488: 3479: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3396: 3395: 3386: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3220:Massie, p. 117. 3219: 3215: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169:, pp. 209, 544. 3164: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3005: 3001:Band 8/I, S. 4. 2992: 2985: 2976: 2972: 2963: 2959: 2948: 2944: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2876: 2872: 2866:Weg nach Westen 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2808: 2804: 2800:Massie, p. 137. 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2765:Massie, p. 115. 2764: 2760: 2756:Massie, p. 114. 2755: 2751: 2742: 2738: 2734:Massie, p. 113. 2733: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2672: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2588: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2567:Massie, p. 111. 2566: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2528: 2524:Massie, p. 110. 2523: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2476: 2463: 2459: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2424: 2423: 2412: 2407: 2395: 2390: 2371:Friedrich Order 2357: 2355: 2341: 2339: 2327: 2325: 2295: 2293: 2292: 2273: 2271: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2222: 2220: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2180: 2178: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2143: 2129: 2127: 2107: 2105: 2104: 2088: 2086: 2085: 2073:Hesse-Darmstadt 2067: 2065: 2049: 2042: 2035: 2020: 2018: 2012:, with Swords, 1999: 1997: 1982: 1980: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1932: 1930: 1904:Austria-Hungary 1896: 1889: 1871: 1869: 1864:; in Brilliants 1862:17 January 1891 1860:; with Collar, 1845:12 January 1878 1831:18 January 1884 1818:18 January 1871 1777: 1775: 1768: 1685:Leo von Caprivi 1679: 1671:Skórzyn, Poland 1643: 1609: 1588: 1556: 1540:Tivoliparteitag 1497: 1477: 1463:, introduced a 1445: 1434:social question 1430: 1413: 1361: 1335:Neuruppin print 1323: 1318: 1316:Domestic policy 1309:Agrarian League 1284: 1269: 1199: 1197:Colonial policy 1183:Triple Alliance 1172:First World War 1159:Austria-Hungary 1139:Austria-Hungary 1127: 1122: 1116: 1062: 1051: 1012: 808: 768: 726:. According to 697: 590: 575: 569: 564: 562:Military career 481: 468:Empire of Japan 411: 399: 374: 372: 356: 354: 353: 344: 342: 341: 332: 330: 329: 320: 318: 278:Political party 266: 258: 252: 250: 249:6 February 1899 234: 226: 224: 223: 197: 185: 171: 166: 147: 137: 123: 118: 99: 87: 59: 54: 38: 37:Caprivi in 1880 26: 25:Leo von Caprivi 17: 12: 11: 5: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5744:Zambezi Region 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5610: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873:Limburg-Stirum 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4768:Hermann Göring 4764: 4762: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4694: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4577: 4575: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4525: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4482:Eduard Hanauer 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4385: 4377: 4369: 4361: 4356:Helmut Schmidt 4353: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4279: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4243:Hermann Müller 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4203:Hermann Müller 4200: 4192: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4093: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3977: 3967: 3957: 3947:(4): 317–355. 3936: 3925: 3914: 3904:Chisholm, Hugh 3890: 3883: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3851: 3845: 3823: 3797: 3779: 3769: 3754: 3731: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3712:Deutsche Revue 3706: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3661: 3642: 3627: 3606: 3591: 3589:. Meyer. p. 11 3578: 3563: 3540:"Ritter-Orden" 3531: 3516: 3477: 3474:. p. 511. 3452: 3427: 3384: 3364: 3351: 3338: 3325: 3316: 3303: 3294: 3281: 3264: 3251: 3235: 3222: 3213: 3196: 3180: 3171: 3158: 3145: 3134: 3127: 3109: 3092: 3077: 3064: 3051: 3042: 3029: 3016: 3003: 2983: 2970: 2957: 2942: 2940:vol. 8/I, p. 5 2925: 2913: 2896: 2883: 2870: 2853: 2840: 2832:Volker Ullrich 2824: 2815: 2802: 2793: 2780: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2736: 2727: 2714: 2703: 2686: 2677: 2670: 2650: 2637: 2623: 2603: 2599:Semi-Kürschner 2595:Philipp Stauff 2582: 2569: 2557: 2548: 2546:Massie, p. 110 2539: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2506:, p. 291. 2496: 2487: 2474: 2457: 2440: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2377: 2353: 2337: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2290: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2236: 2217: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2187:Ottoman Empire 2176: 2158: 2141: 2125: 2102: 2083: 2081:7 October 1890 2063: 2033: 2016: 1995: 1978: 1977: 1976: 1970: 1949: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1887: 1867: 1866: 1865: 1851: 1837: 1820: 1814:Pour le Mérite 1811: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1678: 1675: 1642: 1639: 1608: 1605: 1555: 1552: 1544:Adolf Stoecker 1496: 1493: 1476: 1473: 1429: 1426: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1268: 1265: 1247:Ottoman Empire 1198: 1195: 1151:Foreign Office 1143:preventive war 1126: 1123: 1115: 1114:Foreign Policy 1112: 979: 978: 975: 972: 967: 961: 960: 957: 954: 948: 947: 944: 941: 936: 930: 929: 926: 923: 917: 916: 913: 910: 908:Eduard Hanauer 904: 903: 900: 897: 891: 890: 887: 884: 879: 873: 872: 869: 866: 861: 855: 854: 851: 848: 842: 841: 838: 835: 830: 824: 823: 820: 817: 812: 802: 801: 796: 793: 790: 784: 783: 780: 777: 774: 767: 764: 696: 693: 689:Pour le Mérite 568: 565: 563: 560: 485:Charlottenburg 480: 477: 460:Russian Empire 420: 419: 416: 415: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 370: 369:Branch/service 366: 365: 316: 312: 311: 307: 306: 299: 295: 294: 292:Pour le Mérite 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 268:(Now Skórzyn, 257:(aged 67) 247: 243: 242: 221: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206: 205: 200: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 178: 174: 173: 163: 162: 156: 155: 150: 144: 143: 140: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 115: 114: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 51: 50: 44: 43: 40: 39: 36: 28: 27: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5816: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5652: 5651: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5599: 5595: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5478: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5457: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Seyss-Inquart 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4967: 4955: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4838: 4837:German Empire 4826: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4779: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4543: 4541: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4518: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4437: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4380:Angela Merkel 4378: 4373: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4332:Ludwig Erhard 4330: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4107:German Empire 4104: 4098: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4048: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3846:3-406-32490-8 3842: 3838: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3703:(Digitalisat) 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3665: 3662: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3497:(in German), 3496: 3492: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3453: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3404:(in German), 3403: 3399: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3323:Metze, p. 53. 3320: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2626: 2624:9780521299664 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593:2nd edition ( 2592: 2591:Sigilla veri. 2586: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2515:Metze, S. 42. 2512: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373:, 1st Class, 2372: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2335: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312:, 2nd Class, 2311: 2307: 2306: 2303: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2237: 2235: 2230: 2218: 2215: 2205: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1962: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1912:, 2nd Class, 1911: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1849:16 March 1894 1846: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1829:; with Star, 1828: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:22 March 1884 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1704:Die Neue Zeit 1700: 1699:Franz Mehring 1691: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1648:Conservatives 1640: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626:Eugen Richter 1623: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1494: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1438:social policy 1435: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1274: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Zambezi River 1231: 1227: 1226:Caprivi Strip 1223: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1203: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1121: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1066: 1061: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 995: 990: 986: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 931: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 825: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 807: 804: 803: 800: 797: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 771: 765: 763: 761: 758:stationed in 757: 752: 748: 744: 743:torpedo boats 739: 737: 736:State Council 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:Imperial Navy 717: 712: 710: 706: 702: 694: 692: 690: 686: 682: 681:Siege of Metz 678: 674: 670: 666: 659: 654: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 633:of 1866 as a 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:Prussian Army 594: 589: 585: 579: 574: 566: 561: 559: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 478: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 454:. As part of 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 417: 414: 410: 407: 403: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382: 381:Prussian Army 371: 367: 364: 363:German Empire 352: 340: 328: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 271: 265: 264:German Empire 261: 248: 244: 239: 233: 229: 220: 216: 211: 207: 204: 201: 195: 192: 189: 183: 179: 175: 169: 164: 161: 157: 154: 151: 145: 141: 135: 131: 127: 121: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 97: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 57: 52: 49: 45: 41: 34: 29: 22: 19: 5653:from Commons 5648: 5627: 5571:Paul Behncke 5520: 5414: 5245:East Germany 5169:von Brentano 5050:Nazi Germany 4898:B. von Bülow 4840:(1871–1918) 4734: 4730:Wilhelm Marx 4678:Max of Baden 4642: 4580: 4477:Robert Bosse 4458:(Chancellor) 4455: 4348:Willy Brandt 4283:Adolf Hitler 4268:Nazi Germany 4238:Wilhelm Marx 4228:Wilhelm Marx 4218:Wilhelm Cuno 4213:Joseph Wirth 4195:Gustav Bauer 4126: 4023: 4004: 3980: 3970: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3928: 3917: 3907: 3886: 3879: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3837: 3833: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3800: 3790: 3775: 3765: 3761: 3749:; ( 3742: 3728:Dreadnought. 3727: 3721:Bibliography 3709: 3698: 3671: 3664: 3651: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3616: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3555:, retrieved 3543: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3498: 3494: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3439: 3430: 3405: 3401: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3346: 3341: 3333: 3328: 3319: 3311: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3259: 3254: 3246: 3230: 3225: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3199: 3191: 3174: 3166: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3137: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3086: 3080: 3072: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3045: 3037: 3032: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2978: 2973: 2965: 2960: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923:Metze, p. 50 2904: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2878: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2813:, pp. 623 f. 2810: 2805: 2796: 2788: 2783: 2778:, pp. 621 f. 2775: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2744: 2739: 2730: 2722: 2717: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2680: 2660: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2628:. Retrieved 2613: 2606: 2598: 2590: 2585: 2577: 2572: 2551: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2504:Headlam 1911 2499: 2490: 2482: 2477: 2465: 2460: 2450: 2443: 2432: 2383: 2374: 2313: 2310:Albert Order 2287: 2258: 2122: 2080: 2077:Ludwig Order 2013: 1946: 1923: 1913: 1884: 1861: 1858:17 June 1890 1857: 1848: 1844: 1835:12 June 1892 1834: 1830: 1826: 1817: 1816:(military), 1796: 1792: 1769: 1755:party system 1744: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1702: 1696: 1663: 1652: 1644: 1610: 1579: 1576:Centre Party 1564:Progressives 1557: 1548:anti-semitic 1539: 1531:Kreuzzeitung 1529: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1506: 1498: 1489: 1458: 1431: 1396: 1389:Centre Party 1386: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1302: 1280: 1278: 1270: 1267:Trade policy 1257: 1250: 1211: 1180: 1168: 1128: 1097: 1037: 1031: 1029: 1021: 999: 992: 982: 895:Robert Bosse 756:X Army Corps 740: 724:Vice-admiral 713: 709:Mauser rifle 698: 662: 647:X Army Corps 643:Guards Corps 623:5th Division 570: 549: 541:aide-de-camp 482: 445: 436: 432: 424: 423: 405:Battles/wars 400:Vize Admiral 198:Succeeded by 167: 148:Succeeded by 119: 100:Succeeded by 55: 18: 5674:1899 deaths 5669:1831 births 5380:Brandenburg 5370:H. A. Bülow 5365:Brandenburg 5217:Westerwelle 5135:de Maizière 4710:Paul Hirsch 4692:(1918–1947) 4573:(1701–1918) 4388:Olaf Scholz 4364:Helmut Kohl 4233:Hans Luther 3347:Machtstaat. 3345:Nipperdey: 3310:Golo Mann, 3203:Nipperdey, 3152:Nipperdey, 3099:Nipperdey, 3071:Nipperdey, 3058:Nipperdey, 2964:Nipperdey, 2932:Nipperdey, 2791:(1938) ch 9 2743:Nipperdey, 2630:27 February 2533:Nipperdey, 2481:Nipperdey, 2472:pp 367–377. 2364:Württemberg 2201:, 1st Class 2152:Netherlands 2135:Mecklenburg 1709:Karl Bachem 1589: [ 1581:Kulturkampf 1446: [ 1414: [ 1398:Kulturkampf 1362: [ 1359:Welfenfonds 1285: [ 1273:Great Power 1063: [ 1052: [ 1013: [ 671:during the 591: [ 576: [ 543:to Emperor 282:Independent 262:, Prussia, 186:Preceded by 138:Preceded by 88:Preceded by 5663:Categories 5405:Bernstorff 5400:Schleinitz 5395:Manteuffel 5385:Schleinitz 5350:Schleinitz 5310:Bernstorff 5305:Hardenberg 5221:Steinmeier 5212:Steinmeier 5207:J. Fischer 5125:O. Fischer 5097:(1949–90) 5066:Ribbentrop 5053:(1933–45) 5017:Stresemann 4969:(1918–33) 4928:Zimmermann 4903:Richthofen 4720:Otto Braun 4029:1890–1894 4010:1890–1892 3557:14 January 3501:, Berlin: 3408:, Berlin: 3349:pp. 708 f. 3292:pp. 57–67. 3245:Spenkuch: 3205:Machtstaat 3167:Machtstaat 3154:Machtstaat 3101:Machtstaat 3073:Machtstaat 3060:Machtstaat 3038:Machtstaat 3025:Machtstaat 2995:Machtstaat 2966:Machtstaat 2934:Machtstaat 2868:, pp. 267. 2862:Machtstaat 2811:Machtstaat 2776:Machtstaat 2745:Machtstaat 2723:Machtstaat 2695:Machtstaat 2535:Machtstaat 2483:Machtstaat 2214:Reuss-Gera 1808:Iron Cross 1550:position. 1337:from 1890) 1331:Wilhelm II 1294:free trade 1218:Heligoland 1207:Heligoland 1010:Neuer Kurs 985:Chancellor 788:Chancellor 779:In office 776:Incumbent 751:Wilhelm II 556:Protestant 545:Wilhelm II 479:Early life 448:free trade 315:Allegiance 253:1899-02-07 177:Chancellor 132:Wilhelm II 69:Wilhelm II 5608:Biography 5435:Michaelis 5420:Marschall 5355:Auerswald 5295:Hertzberg 5110:Ackermann 5105:Dertinger 5012:Rosenberg 4893:Marschall 3953:0043-0374 3808:Band 8/II 3785:(1903), " 3332:Winkler: 3156:, p. 533. 3075:, p. 326. 3062:, p. 703. 3027:, p. 700. 2537:, p. 243. 2485:, p. 699. 2169:Oldenburg 2006:Brunswick 1739:Golo Mann 1222:North Sea 1100:Reichstag 1032:The Times 747:Reichstag 611:Hauptmann 390:1849–1888 298:Signature 168:In office 120:In office 56:In office 5620:Politics 5440:Hertling 5425:B. Bülow 5410:Bismarck 5390:Radowitz 5330:H. Bülow 5315:Ancillon 5235:Baerbock 5198:Genscher 5189:Genscher 5174:Schröder 5164:Adenauer 5007:Rathenau 4933:Kühlmann 4888:Bismarck 4863:Radowitz 3965:in JSTOR 3896:(1911). 3860:Vol. 1: 3834:Vol. 3: 3829:(1995). 3804:Band 8/I 3737:(1957), 3710:Briefe: 3692:Writings 3358:Wehler: 3040:, p. 603 2747:, p. 212 2644:Wehler, 2393:See also 1666:Montreux 1628:and his 1546:and his 1469:suffrage 1391:and the 1242:Zanzibar 1238:Wituland 1145:against 705:barracks 683:and the 501:Prussian 487:(then a 470:and the 5594:Portals 5415:Caprivi 5360:Dönhoff 5325:Maltzan 5320:Werther 5225:Gabriel 5194:Schmidt 5061:Neurath 5032:Neurath 5027:Brüning 5022:Curtius 3975:oenline 3931:(1958) 3906:(ed.). 3889:(1938). 3760:(ed.): 3445:1 March 3336:p. 268. 2468:(1958) 2229:Romania 1989:Belgium 1961:Bavaria 1783:Prussia 1766:Honours 1382:Gniezno 1305:Junkers 1220:in the 1191:Britain 1153:around 773:Office 760:Hanover 627:company 601:. As a 597:of the 525:Silesia 509:Italian 452:Junkers 435:; born 429:English 327:Prussia 251: ( 238:Germany 129:Monarch 65:Monarch 5202:Kinkel 5184:Scheel 5179:Brandt 5150: 5130:Meckel 5120:Winzer 5091: 5047: 4992:Simons 4987:Köster 4982:Müller 4963: 4938:Hintze 4913:Schoen 4834: 4761:period 4703:period 4701:Weimar 3951: 3933:Online 3922:online 3843: 3768:8032). 3125: 2909:online 2668: 2621: 2470:online 2361: 2331: 2302:Saxony 2299: 2277: 2248:Russia 2245: 2226: 2184: 2166: 2149: 2111: 2092: 2003: 1986: 1958: 1936: 1877:Anhalt 1570:, and 1378:Poznań 1147:Russia 1093:Beamte 782:Party 679:, the 584:Berlin 521:Landau 513:Modena 497:Berlin 378: 360: 348: 336: 324: 288:Awards 270:Poland 260:Skyren 228:Berlin 76:Deputy 5650:Media 5445:Baden 5345:Arnim 5300:Goltz 5002:Wirth 4997:Rosen 4923:Jagow 4878:Busch 4853:Balan 4848:Thile 3902:. In 3639:p. 28 3575:p. 64 3528:p. 20 3466:[ 2114:Italy 2095:Japan 2026:China 1939:Baden 1724:time. 1593:] 1450:] 1418:] 1366:] 1351:Poles 1298:Count 1289:] 1187:Italy 1067:] 1056:] 1017:] 977:None 959:None 946:None 928:None 915:None 902:None 889:None 871:None 853:None 840:None 822:None 635:major 595:] 580:] 236:(Now 5500:and 5230:Maas 5115:Bolz 4943:Solf 4759:Nazi 4638:Roon 4442:The 3949:ISSN 3945:LXIX 3868:85). 3841:ISBN 3559:2021 3447:2021 3123:ISBN 2949:cf. 2666:ISBN 2632:2015 2619:ISBN 2384:1890 2375:1875 2347:Siam 2314:1875 2288:1891 2259:1894 2014:1889 1947:1890 1924:1890 1914:1872 1885:1893 1827:1879 1793:1866 1641:Fall 1432:The 1380:and 1240:and 1080:and 799:None 567:Rise 489:town 395:Rank 246:Died 218:Born 3822:.). 3789:", 3552:100 3511:129 3422:939 3418:560 3275:(= 2597:'s 649:. 582:in 552:are 523:in 5665:: 3943:. 3856:: 3774:, 3741:, 3681:98 3679:, 3677:43 3656:90 3622:54 3550:, 3548:60 3542:, 3509:, 3505:, 3493:, 3480:^ 3438:. 3420:, 3416:, 3414:60 3412:, 3410:14 3400:, 3387:^ 3379:54 3238:^ 3183:^ 2986:^ 2916:^ 2834:: 2560:^ 2431:. 2413:^ 2382:, 2366:: 2349:: 2305:: 2286:, 2282:: 2251:: 2232:: 2189:: 2171:: 2154:: 2137:: 2121:, 2117:: 2098:: 2079:, 2028:: 1964:: 1945:, 1922:, 1906:: 1883:, 1856:, 1843:, 1785:: 1661:. 1591:de 1566:, 1562:, 1525:. 1448:de 1424:. 1416:de 1364:de 1287:de 1263:. 1255:. 1193:. 1065:de 1054:de 1015:de 762:. 738:. 691:. 593:de 578:de 547:. 431:: 230:, 5636:: 5596:: 5490:e 5483:t 5476:v 5276:e 5269:t 5262:v 4813:e 4806:t 4799:v 4553:e 4546:t 4539:v 4435:e 4428:t 4421:v 4066:e 4059:t 4052:v 3955:. 3924:. 3849:. 3753:) 3714:. 3683:. 3624:. 3507:7 3503:5 3499:1 3449:. 3406:1 3381:. 3131:. 2911:. 2674:. 2634:. 2437:. 427:( 272:) 255:) 240:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index