967:
1825:
354:
1030:
980:
1042:
33:
4476:
1808:
4548:
1085:
research in Sony. One year later, he recognized that when the PN junction width of germanium is thinned, the current-voltage characteristic is dominated by the influence of the tunnel effect and, as a result, he discovered that as the voltage is increased, the current decreases inversely, indicating
1136:
will be formed to induce a differential negative-resistance effect via an artificially one-dimensional periodic structural changes in semiconductor crystals. His unique "molecular beam epitaxy" thin-film crystal growth method can be regulated quite precisely in ultrahigh vacuum. His first paper on
1878:
4807:
4727:
1467:
1151:
In 1972, Esaki realized his concept of superlattices in III-V group semiconductors, later the concept influenced many fields like metals, and magnetic materials. He was elected as a member into the
4732:
1871:
1147:
on the referee's unimaginative assertion that it was 'too speculative' and involved 'no new physics.' However, this proposal was quickly accepted by the Army
Research Office..."
1864:
4802:
4772:
1175:, Esaki suggests a list of "five don'ts" which anyone in realizing his creative potential should follow. Two months later, the chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics
4464:
4192:
1011:
4737:
1616:
2681:
1094:(or tunnel diode), the first quantum electronic device invention in history. He received a doctorate degree from UTokyo due to this breakthrough invention in 1959.
1343:
1789:
proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study
Institute on "Large Scale Integrated Circuits Technology: State of the Art and Prospects," Erice, Italy, July 15â27, 1981
1163:"for the creation and realization of the concept of man-made superlattice crystals which lead to generation of new materials with useful applications" in 1998.
4797:
4777:
1090:. This discovery was the first demonstration of solid tunneling effects in physics, and it was the birth of new electronic devices in electronics called
4757:
4352:
1313:
4767:
1411:
4747:
2746:
1364:
4457:
4185:
1004:
966:
4663:
4321:
2073:
1725:
2674:
2107:
4787:
4812:
4782:
4762:
2690:
1834:
4792:
4752:
4450:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4178:
2226:
997:
984:
4480:
4442:
2417:
1462:
1213:
1125:
2667:
1387:
1295:
1152:
169:
4240:
2798:
1399:
1172:
759:
2210:
1349:
414:
4632:
3930:
3854:
2881:
1381:
1256:
1217:
934:
235:
2956:
2605:
2186:
1608:
1405:
1846:
4614:
3573:
3338:
1252:
1159:"for contributions to and leadership in tunneling, semiconductor superlattices, and quantum wells" in 1991 and the
939:
564:
1137:
the semiconductor superlattice was published in 1970. A 1987 comment by Esaki regarding the original paper notes:
4556:
4279:
4236:
3741:
2389:
2101:
1369:
1186:
Don't allow yourself to become overly attached to any one authority in your field â the great professor, perhaps.
1106:
829:
504:
315:. He attended Doshisha Junior High School, then the Third Higher School. After graduating, he studied physics at
75:
1751:
4488:
4211:
3701:
3649:
3497:
2597:
2066:
1943:
1518:
824:
819:
345:
909:
291:, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now known as
4375:
3769:
3757:
3681:
3553:
3115:
2964:
2905:
2393:
2369:
1997:
1449:
1337:
1289:
1236:
1225:
919:
514:
4722:
4600:
4290:
4264:
3785:
3753:
3414:
3230:
3123:
2822:
2694:
2538:
2157:
1301:
1277:
904:
844:
814:
764:
484:
374:
272:
175:
4046:
3862:
3733:
3665:
3577:
3513:
2857:
1209:
944:
559:
544:
280:
245:
1812:
4742:
4717:
3962:
3894:
3549:
3310:
3182:
3046:
3003:
2944:
2790:
2643:
2059:
1937:
1691:
1540:
1417:
534:
424:
1566:
Esaki, L.; Tsu, R. (1970). "Superlattice and
Negative Differential Conductivity in Semiconductors".
3998:
3874:
3493:
3370:
3330:
3290:
3034:
3030:
2925:
2842:
2770:
2508:
2466:
2196:
2021:
1887:
1325:
1319:
1156:
1087:
774:
584:
434:
331:
316:
211:
181:
4341:
4225:
4219:
4030:
3822:
3765:
3709:
3697:
3653:
3597:
3589:
3509:
3489:
2587:
2532:
2518:
2421:
2379:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2292:
2288:
2268:
2264:
2240:
1979:
1913:
1729:
1707:
1439:
1393:
1220:. Esaki is also the recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence, the
1034:
914:
889:
637:
628:
284:
88:
4570:
4158:
3781:
2710:
2629:
2591:
1676:
1101:
for research conducted around 1958 regarding electron tunneling in solids. He became the first
4636:
4626:
4581:
4564:
4260:
4038:
3986:
3934:
3918:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3826:
3721:
3673:
3669:
3625:
3565:
3541:
3481:
3454:
3322:
3314:
3286:
3099:
2995:
2786:
2625:
2619:
2611:
2504:
2448:
2407:
2403:
2347:
2341:
2161:
2033:
1991:
1973:
1949:
1925:
1759:
884:
729:
619:
539:
4689:
4683:
4502:
4360:
4122:
4078:
4074:
3737:
3725:
3641:
3633:
3386:
3378:
3342:
3278:
3270:
3222:
3131:
3042:
2972:
2778:
2494:
2282:
2256:
2190:
2135:
2131:
1919:
1901:
1699:
1594:
1575:
1548:
1307:
1221:
1066:
589:
554:
549:
509:
479:
449:
409:
369:
324:
60:
1155:
for contributions to the engineering of semiconductor devices in 1977. He also awarded the
4677:
4671:
4526:
4520:
4329:
4310:
4273:
4150:
4142:
4106:
3970:
3950:
3858:
3797:
3689:
3637:
3613:
3529:
3521:
3458:
3430:
3346:
3250:
3062:
2889:
2730:
2718:
2659:
2647:
2633:
2601:
2556:
2542:
2514:
2383:
2365:
2333:
2296:
2182:
2125:
2111:
2027:
2015:
1650:
1248:
1143:
1062:
899:
849:
719:
474:
386:
216:
64:
4508:
3266:
2814:
2498:
1703:
1493:
308:
1824:
1695:
1544:
4652:
4589:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4042:
4026:
4018:
3942:
3926:
3902:
3886:
3793:
3773:
3713:
3477:
3354:
3238:
3214:
3166:
3107:
3022:
2952:
2913:
2873:
2838:
2754:
2566:
2560:
2484:
2462:
2452:
2427:
2351:
2246:
2230:
2220:
2147:
2117:
2097:
2009:
1961:
1430:
1232:
1102:
1029:
971:
949:
929:
924:
879:
799:
734:
632:
519:
364:
353:
4711:
4646:
4642:
4608:
4536:
4514:
4496:
4335:
4249:
4154:
4102:
4094:
4070:
4014:
4010:
3990:
3974:
3946:
3878:
3657:
3621:
3505:
3442:
3390:
3326:
3306:
3242:
3202:
3190:
3170:
3139:
2762:
2722:
2639:
2615:
2552:
2522:
2488:
2470:
2431:
2361:
2236:
2178:
2003:
1711:
1375:
1176:
1133:
1118:
854:
660:
641:
623:
524:
444:
320:
4695:
4530:
4304:
4138:
4134:
4090:
4058:
4054:
3906:
3890:
3585:
3557:
3537:
3426:
3406:
3398:
3226:
3147:
3054:
2921:
2830:
2806:
2734:
2528:
2480:
2476:
2458:
2375:
2337:
2278:
2206:
2200:
2151:
2143:
2121:
2039:
1967:
1907:
1260:
1058:
874:
864:
834:
794:
789:
769:
614:
594:
454:
296:
276:
98:
4202:
4086:
4002:
3914:
3870:
3830:
3609:
3605:
3525:
3438:
3410:
3210:
3178:
2980:
2738:
2399:
2355:
2216:
2082:
1331:
1283:
1160:
1098:
1091:
1074:
894:
869:
839:
784:
779:
711:
288:
187:
93:
307:
Esaki was born in
Takaida-mura, Nakakawachi-gun, Osaka Prefecture (now part of
4062:
3978:
3958:
3801:
3749:
3362:
3298:
3254:
3091:
3007:
2897:
2865:
2570:
2546:
2313:
2260:
2139:
1955:
1931:
1129:
1070:
1041:
804:
646:
439:
4170:
1840:
1763:
3450:
3258:
2413:
2250:
1851:
1787:
Large scale integrated circuits technology: state of the art and prospects,
1552:
1078:
1050:
809:
682:
529:
429:
32:
1622:
1807:
3198:
2051:
1819:
1434:
419:
1579:
330:
Esaki received his BSc and PhD in 1947 and 1959, respectively, from the
1082:
739:
724:
687:
678:
673:
1856:
1852:
Freeview video 'An
Interview with Leo Esaki' by the Vega Science Trust
1531:
Esaki, L. (1958). "New
Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p-n Junctions".
692:
668:
399:
287:
in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the
1726:"ăăŒăă«èł:æ±ćŽăć°æăææ°žæ°ăźé
ćăăŹăȘăŒăèšçœź ćźæèšćż”ćŒă§ăæ«éČçź ăćă©ăă怹ăăââă€ăă°ă»äžć€źć
Źć ïŒèšć - æŻæ„æ°è"
1141:"The original version of the paper was rejected for publication by
295:). He has also contributed in being a pioneer of the semiconductor
1444:
1205:
1040:
1028:
697:
394:
312:
1054:
292:
240:
4446:
4174:
2663:
2055:
1860:
1845:
Sony
History â The Esaki Diode. Retrieved August 5, 2003 from
1468:
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the
University of Tokyo
1839:
IEEE History Center â Leo Esaki. Retrieved July 19, 2011 from
1122:
404:
232:
1183:
Don't allow yourself to be trapped by your past experiences.
1795:
Highlights in condensed matter physics and future prospects
1049:
From 1947 to 1960, Esaki joined
Kawanishi Corporation (now
4808:
Foreign associates of the
National Academy of Engineering
1045:
Leo Esaki works at Sony on June 27, 1959 in Tokyo, Japan
4728:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1208:
in 1992. Subsequently, he served as president of the
4662:
4599:
4580:
4555:
4487:
4351:
4320:
4289:
4259:
4235:
4210:
3811:
3468:
3157:
2935:
2701:
2580:
2441:
2306:
2171:
2090:
1894:
1841:
Leo Esaki - Engineering and Technology History Wiki
225:
204:
162:
154:
107:
81:
71:
42:
23:
4733:Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
1791:/ edited by Leo Esaki and Giovanni Soncini (1982)
1617:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
319:(now the University of Tokyo), where he attended
1195:Don't forget your spirit of childhood curiosity.
1105:to receive the prize from the hands of the King
323:'s course in nuclear theory. He experienced the
1828:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1973
1348:2007 â Honorary Distinguished Professor at the
1073:, which encouraged Esaki to change fields from
1344:Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
1259:were set up in the Central Park of Azuma 2 in
4458:
4186:
2675:
2067:
1872:
1166:
1005:
8:
1429:Esaki's daughter, Anna Esaki, is married to
4803:Academic staff of the University of Tsukuba
4773:Academic staff of Kwansei Gakuin University
1517:Esaki, Leo, "Long Journey into Tunneling,"
4465:
4451:
4443:
4193:
4179:
4171:
2682:
2668:
2660:
2074:
2060:
2052:
1879:
1865:
1857:
1823:
1179:incorporated the rules in his own speech.
1012:
998:
352:
341:
126: 1959–1986)
31:
20:
1314:James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials
1132:in 1967. He predicted that semiconductor
271:, is a Japanese physicist who shared the
4738:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1412:Korean Academy of Science and Technology
1677:"How to get the Nobel Prize in physics"
1568:IBM Journal of Research and Development
1479:
1365:Fellow of the American Physical Society
1251:' contributions, the bronze statues of
344:
1645:
1643:
267:, born March 12, 1925), also known as
1504:
1502:
1189:Don't hold on to what you don't need.
7:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1216:. Since 2006 he is the president of
1508:æ±ćŽçČæŒć„ăéçăžăźææŠâç§ăźć±„æŽæžăïŒæ„æŹç”æžæ°èćșç瀟ïŒ2007ćčŽ
1224:(1974) and the Grand Cordon of the
4798:Recipients of the Order of Culture
4778:Academic staff of Kyoto University
1752:"Anna Esaki Wed To Craig S. Smith"
1057:). Meanwhile, American physicists
14:
1592:"This Weeks's Citation Classic",
4758:20th-century Japanese physicists
4546:
4474:
1806:
1621:. April 22, 2015. Archived from
1609:"IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients"
1463:List of Japanese Nobel laureates
1410:1995 â Honorary Foreign Member,
1214:Shibaura Institute of Technology
979:
978:
965:
4768:20th-century Japanese inventors
2501:/ John Frederick Grassle (2013)
1388:National Academy of Engineering
1357:Membership in learned societies
1153:National Academy of Engineering
1097:In 1973, Esaki was awarded the
1053:) and Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now
141:
123:
59:Takaida-mura, Nakakawachi-gun,
4748:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
1704:10.1088/0031-8949/1995/T59/001
1400:American Philosophical Society
1342:2001 â Honorary Doctor at the
1173:Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings
1033:1N3716 Esaki diode (with 0.1"
16:Japanese physicist (born 1925)
1:
2211:Ernest John Christopher Polge
1350:National Tsing Hua University
1235:in 2015, Esaki is the eldest
1830:Long Journey into Tunnelling
1797:/ edited by Leo Esaki (1991)
1651:"The Japan Prize Foundation"
1382:National Academy of Sciences
1218:Yokohama College of Pharmacy
1126:T. J. Watson Research Center
236:T. J. Watson Research Center
1406:Russian Academy of Sciences
1336:1998 â Grand Cordon of the
1167:Esaki's "five don'ts" rules
4829:
4813:University of Tokyo alumni
4783:Nobel laureates in Physics
4763:Japanese nanotechnologists
1847:Sony Global | Sony History
1386:1977 â Foreign Associate,
1380:1976 â Foreign Associate,
1192:Don't avoid confrontation.
1113:Semiconductor superlattice
565:Spin gapless semiconductor
4544:
4370:
2227:William Hayward Pickering
2102:Ephraim Katchalski-Katzir
1370:Physical Society of Japan
505:Electronic band structure
317:Tokyo Imperial University
254:
197:
76:Tokyo Imperial University
30:
4793:Semiconductor physicists
4788:People from HigashiĆsaka
4753:Japanese Nobel laureates
4481:Japanese Nobel laureates
1247:In recognition of three
415:BoseâEinstein condensate
346:Condensed matter physics
303:Early life and education
2368:/ Keith J. Sainsbury /
1675:Nordling, Carl (1995).
1553:10.1103/PhysRev.109.603
1450:The Wall Street Journal
1404:1994 â Foreign Member,
1338:Order of the Rising Sun
1290:Stuart Ballantine Medal
1237:Japanese Nobel laureate
1226:Order of the Rising Sun
1121:in 1960 and joined the
4664:Physiology or Medicine
4376:Nobel Prize recipients
4322:Physiology or Medicine
2695:Nobel Prize in Physics
2539:Emmanuelle Charpentier
2158:Frank Sherwood Rowland
1302:Nobel Prize in Physics
1278:Nishina Memorial Prize
1149:
1046:
1038:
273:Nobel Prize in Physics
176:Nobel Prize in Physics
4311:Brian David Josephson
1815:at Wikimedia Commons
1598:No 28, July 13, 1987.
1210:University of Tsukuba
1139:
1128:, where he became an
1044:
1032:
560:Topological insulator
327:while at university.
281:Brian David Josephson
246:University of Tsukuba
4615:Shin'ichirĆ Tomonaga
2644:John Michael Wallace
1938:Nicolaas Bloembergen
1758:. January 14, 1990.
1521:, December 12, 1973.
1418:Accademia dei Lincei
1253:Shin'ichirĆ Tomonaga
1204:Esaki moved back to
578:Electronic phenomena
425:Fermionic condensate
2628:/ Kazuo Hagimoto /
2467:Tadamitsu Kishimoto
2197:Jacques-Louis Lions
2022:George H. Heilmeier
1888:IEEE Medal of Honor
1696:1995PhST...59...21N
1580:10.1147/rd.141.0061
1545:1958PhRv..109..603E
1374:1975 â Member, the
1326:IEEE Medal of Honor
1320:Harold Pender Award
1296:Japan Academy Prize
1231:After the death of
1157:IEEE Medal of Honor
1117:Esaki moved to the
1088:negative resistance
585:Quantum Hall effect
332:University of Tokyo
212:Solid-state physics
182:IEEE Medal of Honor
170:Japan Academy Prize
4342:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4226:Geoffrey Wilkinson
4220:Ernst Otto Fischer
2606:Robert A. Weinberg
2588:Robert G. Gallager
2533:Steven D. Tanksley
2519:Theodore Friedmann
2422:Victor A. McKusick
2380:Masatoshi Takeichi
2328:Timothy R. Parsons
2324:John B. Goodenough
2318:Kimishige Ishizaka
2293:Jack L. Strominger
2289:W. Wesley Peterson
2269:Hiroyuki Yoshikawa
2265:Joseph Engelberger
2241:Edward F. Knipling
1980:Robert G. Gallager
1822:on Nobelprize.org
1756:The New York Times
1440:The New York Times
1394:Max Planck Society
1047:
1039:
972:Physics portal
285:electron tunneling
89:Electron tunneling
4705:
4704:
4637:Toshihide Maskawa
4627:Masatoshi Koshiba
4565:Yasunari Kawabata
4440:
4439:
4353:Economic Sciences
4168:
4167:
2657:
2656:
2626:Masataka Nakazawa
2620:Christopher Field
2505:Yasuharu Suematsu
2449:Shun-ichi Iwasaki
2408:Peter Shaw Ashton
2348:Benoit Mandelbrot
2342:Andrzej Tarkowski
2162:Elias James Corey
2049:
2048:
2034:Charles Concordia
1998:Karl Johan Ă
ström
1992:Amos E. Joel, Jr.
1950:John Roy Whinnery
1926:Sidney Darlington
1811:Media related to
1732:on April 24, 2015
1655:www.japanprize.jp
1628:on April 22, 2015
1267:Awards and honors
1255:, Leo Esaki, and
1077:to heavily-doped
1022:
1021:
730:Granular material
498:Electronic phases
311:) and grew up in
309:HigashiĆsaka City
258:
257:
199:Scientific career
4820:
4690:Yoshinori Ohsumi
4633:Makoto Kobayashi
4550:
4549:
4503:Hideki Shirakawa
4479:
4478:
4477:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4378:
4361:Wassily Leontief
4344:(United Kingdom)
4313:(United Kingdom)
4228:(United Kingdom)
4195:
4188:
4181:
4172:
4161:
4145:
4129:
4113:
4097:
4081:
4065:
4049:
4033:
4021:
4005:
3993:
3981:
3965:
3953:
3937:
3921:
3909:
3897:
3881:
3865:
3849:
3833:
3804:
3788:
3776:
3760:
3744:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3660:
3644:
3628:
3616:
3600:
3592:
3580:
3568:
3560:
3544:
3532:
3516:
3500:
3484:
3461:
3445:
3433:
3417:
3401:
3393:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3333:
3317:
3301:
3293:
3281:
3273:
3261:
3245:
3233:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3185:
3173:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3037:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3010:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2947:
2928:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2833:
2825:
2823:Kamerlingh Onnes
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2725:
2713:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2495:C. Grant Willson
2283:Marc Van Montagu
2257:Takashi Sugimura
2191:Xavier Le Pichon
2136:Donald Henderson
2132:Georges Vendryes
2076:
2069:
2062:
2053:
1920:William Shockley
1902:H. Earle Vaughan
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1827:
1810:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:. Archived from
1722:
1716:
1715:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1605:
1599:
1595:Current Contents
1590:
1584:
1583:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1447:bureau chief of
1437:bureau chief of
1308:Order of Culture
1257:Makoto Kobayashi
1222:Order of Culture
1067:William Shockley
1014:
1007:
1000:
987:
982:
981:
974:
970:
969:
590:Spin Hall effect
480:Phase transition
450:Luttinger liquid
387:States of matter
370:Phase transition
356:
342:
325:Bombing of Tokyo
283:for his work in
145:
143:
127:
125:
61:Osaka Prefecture
56:
52:
50:
35:
21:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4678:Shinya Yamanaka
4672:Susumu Tonegawa
4658:
4595:
4576:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4527:Ei-ichi Negishi
4521:Osamu Shimomura
4483:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4441:
4436:
4374:
4366:
4363:(United States)
4347:
4330:Karl von Frisch
4316:
4307:(United States)
4285:
4276:(United States)
4274:Henry Kissinger
4255:
4231:
4206:
4199:
4169:
4164:
4148:
4132:
4116:
4100:
4084:
4068:
4052:
4036:
4024:
4008:
3996:
3984:
3968:
3956:
3940:
3924:
3912:
3900:
3884:
3868:
3852:
3836:
3820:
3813:
3807:
3791:
3779:
3763:
3754:Cohen-Tannoudji
3747:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3663:
3647:
3631:
3619:
3603:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3563:
3547:
3535:
3519:
3503:
3487:
3475:
3464:
3448:
3436:
3420:
3404:
3396:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3336:
3320:
3304:
3296:
3284:
3276:
3264:
3248:
3236:
3220:
3208:
3196:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2950:
2942:
2931:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2728:
2716:
2708:
2697:
2688:
2658:
2653:
2648:Ronald M. Evans
2634:Karl Deisseroth
2630:Gero Miesenböck
2602:Bert Vogelstein
2598:Martin A. Green
2576:
2557:Max Dale Cooper
2543:Jennifer Doudna
2515:Yutaka Takahasi
2437:
2384:Erkki Ruoslahti
2366:Akira Fujishima
2334:Tim Berners-Lee
2302:
2297:Don Craig Wiley
2183:W. Jason Morgan
2167:
2126:Theodore Maiman
2112:Willem J. Kolff
2086:
2080:
2050:
2045:
2028:Donald Pederson
2016:Robert Metcalfe
1914:Richard Bellman
1890:
1885:
1804:
1784:
1782:Further reading
1779:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1684:Physica Scripta
1679:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1587:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1533:Physical Review
1530:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1496:. japanprize.jp
1492:
1481:
1476:
1459:
1427:
1422:
1416:1996 â Member,
1398:1991 â Member,
1392:1989 â Member,
1359:
1354:
1269:
1249:Nobel laureates
1245:
1202:
1169:
1144:Physical Review
1115:
1107:Carl XVI Gustaf
1063:Walter Brattain
1027:
1018:
977:
964:
963:
956:
955:
954:
754:
746:
745:
744:
720:Amorphous solid
714:
704:
703:
702:
681:
663:
653:
652:
651:
640:
638:Antiferromagnet
631:
629:Superparamagnet
622:
609:
608:Magnetic phases
601:
600:
599:
579:
571:
570:
569:
499:
491:
490:
489:
475:Order parameter
469:
468:Phase phenomena
461:
460:
459:
389:
379:
340:
305:
250:
221:
217:Applied physics
193:
150:
147:
144: 1986)
139:
135:
129:
121:
117:
103:
72:Alma mater
67:
65:Empire of Japan
57:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4710:
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4653:Takaaki Kajita
4650:
4640:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4534:
4524:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4357:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4326:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4270:
4268:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4246:
4244:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4146:
4130:
4114:
4098:
4082:
4066:
4050:
4034:
4022:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3966:
3954:
3938:
3922:
3910:
3898:
3882:
3866:
3850:
3834:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3789:
3777:
3761:
3745:
3729:
3717:
3705:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3661:
3645:
3629:
3617:
3601:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3561:
3545:
3533:
3517:
3501:
3490:P. W. Anderson
3485:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3446:
3434:
3418:
3402:
3394:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3334:
3318:
3311:Goeppert Mayer
3302:
3294:
3282:
3274:
3262:
3246:
3234:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3186:
3174:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3038:
3035:C. D. Anderson
3026:
3018:
3011:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2948:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2846:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2726:
2714:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2637:
2623:
2612:Katalin KarikĂł
2609:
2595:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:Yoshio Okamoto
2564:
2561:Jacques Miller
2550:
2536:
2526:
2512:
2509:C. David Allis
2502:
2492:
2485:Nicholas Lydon
2474:
2463:Dennis Ritchie
2456:
2453:Peter Vitousek
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2428:Dennis Meadows
2425:
2418:Robert E. Kahn
2411:
2404:Peter GrĂŒnberg
2397:
2387:
2373:
2370:John H. Lawton
2359:
2352:James A. Yorke
2345:
2331:
2321:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2286:
2272:
2254:
2247:Charles K. Kao
2244:
2234:
2231:Arvid Carlsson
2224:
2221:Kary B. Mullis
2214:
2204:
2194:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2155:
2148:Luc Montagnier
2129:
2118:Henry Beachell
2115:
2108:David Turnbull
2105:
2098:John R. Pierce
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2010:Lotfi A. Zadeh
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1974:C. Kumar Patel
1971:
1965:
1962:Paul Lauterbur
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1803:
1802:External links
1800:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1743:
1717:
1667:
1639:
1600:
1585:
1558:
1523:
1510:
1498:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1431:Craig S. Smith
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1244:
1241:
1233:Yoichiro Nambu
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1168:
1165:
1114:
1111:
1103:Nobel laureate
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
975:
958:
957:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
743:
742:
737:
735:Liquid crystal
732:
727:
722:
716:
715:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
676:
671:
665:
664:
661:Quasiparticles
659:
658:
655:
654:
650:
649:
644:
635:
626:
620:Superdiamagnet
617:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
545:Thermoelectric
542:
540:Superconductor
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Mott insulator
517:
512:
507:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
482:
477:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
357:
349:
348:
339:
336:
304:
301:
256:
255:
252:
251:
249:
248:
243:
238:
229:
227:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
208:
206:
202:
201:
195:
194:
192:
191:
185:
179:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
149:
148:
137:
133:
132:
130:
119:
115:
114:
111:
109:
105:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
85:
83:
82:Known for
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
58:
53:March 12, 1925
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4825:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Living people
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4684:Satoshi Ćmura
4682:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4647:Hiroshi Amano
4644:
4643:Isamu Akasaki
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4609:Hideki Yukawa
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4538:
4537:Akira Yoshino
4535:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4515:Koichi Tanaka
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:Kenichi Fukui
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4456:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:Konrad Lorenz
4334:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4250:Patrick White
4248:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4182:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3742:R. Richardson
3739:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:Chandrasekhar
3570:
3567:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3048:
3047:G. P. Thomson
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2966:
2965:O. Richardson
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2811:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2799:Van der Waals
2795:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2764:
2763:J. J. Thomson
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2640:Brian Hoskins
2638:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2616:Drew Weissman
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:Akira Yoshino
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:Alain Fischer
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:Masato Sagawa
2486:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:Toshio Hirano
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2432:David E. Kuhl
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:John Houghton
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:Kenichi Honda
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2237:Nick Holonyak
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:Marvin Minsky
2177:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:Alfred Y. Cho
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:Norman Ramsey
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1519:Nobel Lecture
1514:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:Dr. Leo Esaki
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1376:Japan Academy
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:Carl Nordling
1174:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1134:superlattices
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1119:United States
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:invented the
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
992:
986:
976:
973:
968:
962:
961:
960:
959:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
760:Van der Waals
758:
757:
750:
749:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
708:
707:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
662:
657:
656:
648:
645:
643:
639:
636:
634:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
605:
604:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
575:
574:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:Ferroelectric
553:
551:
550:Piezoelectric
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:Semiconductor
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
495:
494:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
465:
464:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Superfluidity
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
388:
383:
382:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
355:
351:
350:
347:
343:
337:
335:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:Hideki Yukawa
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
297:superlattices
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:in 1973 with
274:
270:
266:
262:
253:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
231:
230:
228:
224:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
207:
203:
200:
196:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
131:
113:
112:
110:
106:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
55:(age 99)
45:
41:
37:Esaki in 1959
34:
29:
22:
19:
4696:Tasuku Honjo
4620:
4571:KenzaburĆ Će
4531:Akira Suzuki
4509:RyĆji Noyori
4406:
4305:Ivar Giaever
4298:
3598:von Klitzing
3590:Van der Meer
3422:
2592:Svante PÀÀbo
2529:Hideo Hosono
2499:Jean Fréchet
2481:Brian Druker
2477:Janet Rowley
2459:Ken Thompson
2376:Makoto Nagao
2338:Anne McLaren
2279:Jozef Schell
2274:
2207:Gerhard Ertl
2201:John J. Wild
2187:Dan McKenzie
2152:Robert Gallo
2144:Frank Fenner
2122:Gurdev Khush
2040:Andrew Grove
1985:
1968:Calvin Quate
1908:Robert Noyce
1829:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1767:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1720:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1654:
1630:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1615:
1603:
1593:
1588:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1513:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1270:
1261:Tsukuba City
1246:
1230:
1203:
1170:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1116:
1096:
1059:John Bardeen
1048:
890:von Klitzing
859:
595:Kondo effect
455:Time crystal
435:Fermi liquid
329:
306:
277:Ivar Giaever
268:
264:
260:
259:
226:Institutions
198:
134:Masako Kondo
116:Masako Araki
99:Superlattice
18:
4743:IBM Fellows
4718:1925 births
4590:Eisaku SatĆ
4252:(Australia)
4203:Nobel Prize
3642:Steinberger
3558:K. Siegbahn
3550:Bloembergen
3271:Chamberlain
3004:Schrödinger
2914:M. Siegbahn
2843:W. H. Bragg
2839:W. L. Bragg
2400:Albert Fert
2356:Seiji Ogawa
2217:Frank Press
2083:Japan Prize
1332:Japan Prize
1284:Asahi Prize
1243:Recognition
1200:Later years
1161:Japan Prize
1099:Nobel Prize
1092:Esaki diode
1075:vacuum tube
1025:Esaki diode
712:Soft matter
633:Ferromagnet
289:Esaki diode
265:Esaki Reona
261:Reona Esaki
188:Japan Prize
94:Esaki diode
4712:Categories
4557:Literature
4280:LĂȘ Äức Thá»
4237:Literature
4159:L'Huillier
4123:Hasselmann
4079:Strickland
4047:Kosterlitz
3971:Perlmutter
3710:Brockhouse
3415:Schrieffer
3287:Hofstadter
3239:C. N. Yang
2996:Heisenberg
2973:De Broglie
2571:Rattan Lal
2547:Adi Shamir
2394:Akira Endo
2314:Ian McHarg
2261:Bruce Ames
2140:Isao Arita
2085:recipients
1956:Jack Kilby
1932:John Tukey
1835:IBM record
1769:August 19,
1539:(2): 603.
1474:References
1130:IBM Fellow
1071:transistor
1037:for scale)
855:Louis NĂ©el
845:Schrieffer
753:Scientists
647:Spin glass
642:Metamagnet
624:Paramagnet
440:Supersolid
334:(UTokyo).
49:1925-03-12
4621:Leo Esaki
4489:Chemistry
4338:(Austria)
4332:(Germany)
4299:Leo Esaki
4282:(Vietnam)
4222:(Germany)
4212:Chemistry
4205:laureates
4143:Zeilinger
3963:Novoselov
3931:Kobayashi
3855:Abrikosov
3702:J. Taylor
3682:de Gennes
3674:R. Taylor
3566:K. Wilson
3514:R. Wilson
3498:Van Vleck
3469:1976â2000
3459:Rainwater
3455:Mottelson
3431:Josephson
3379:Gell-Mann
3343:Schwinger
3331:Prokhorov
3291:Mössbauer
3251:Cherenkov
3243:T. D. Lee
3167:Cockcroft
3158:1951â1975
2957:C. Wilson
2936:1926â1950
2882:Guillaume
2771:Michelson
2731:Becquerel
2702:1901â1925
2691:Laureates
2414:Vint Cerf
2275:Leo Esaki
2251:Masao Ito
1986:Leo Esaki
1895:1976â2000
1820:Leo Esaki
1813:Leo Esaki
1764:0362-4331
1736:August 9,
1712:250817314
1690:: 21â25.
1660:August 9,
1632:August 9,
1574:: 61â65.
1433:, former
1263:in 2015.
1079:germanium
1051:Denso Ten
935:Abrikosov
850:Josephson
820:Van Vleck
810:Luttinger
683:Polariton
615:Diamagnet
535:Conductor
530:Semimetal
515:Insulator
430:Fermi gas
269:Leo Esaki
25:Leo Esaki
4151:Agostini
4039:Thouless
4031:McDonald
4019:Nakamura
3987:Wineland
3919:GrĂŒnberg
3875:Politzer
3859:Ginzburg
3847:Giacconi
3827:Ketterle
3782:'t Hooft
3766:Laughlin
3758:Phillips
3738:Osheroff
3666:Friedman
3638:Schwartz
3634:Lederman
3554:Schawlow
3530:Weinberg
3339:Tomonaga
3231:Brattain
3223:Shockley
3132:Blackett
3124:Appleton
3116:Bridgman
3063:Lawrence
3043:Davisson
3023:Chadwick
2906:Millikan
2890:Einstein
2779:Lippmann
2747:Rayleigh
2739:M. Curie
2735:P. Curie
1457:See also
1435:Shanghai
1228:(1998).
1171:In 1994
985:Category
940:Ginzburg
915:Laughlin
875:Kadanoff
830:Shockley
815:Anderson
770:von Laue
420:Bose gas
263:(æ±ćŽ çČæŒć„
155:Children
4601:Physics
4301:(Japan)
4291:Physics
4139:Clauser
4103:Penrose
4087:Peebles
4043:Haldane
4011:Akasaki
3999:Englert
3991:Haroche
3975:Schmidt
3935:Maskawa
3887:Glauber
3879:Wilczek
3863:Leggett
3843:Koshiba
3823:Cornell
3814:present
3798:Kroemer
3794:Alferov
3786:Veltman
3770:Störmer
3690:Charpak
3670:Kendall
3654:Dehmelt
3622:Bednorz
3522:Glashow
3510:Penzias
3506:Kapitsa
3478:Richter
3451:A. Bohr
3427:Giaever
3407:Bardeen
3371:Alvarez
3355:Kastler
3347:Feynman
3227:Bardeen
3191:Zernike
3183:Purcell
2953:Compton
2898:N. Bohr
2787:Marconi
2719:Lorentz
2711:Röntgen
2693:of the
1692:Bibcode
1541:Bibcode
1330:1998 â
1324:1991 â
1318:1989 â
1312:1985 â
1306:1974 â
1300:1973 â
1294:1965 â
1288:1961 â
1282:1960 â
1276:1959 â
1083:silicon
945:Leggett
920:Störmer
905:Bednorz
865:Giaever
835:Bardeen
825:Hubbard
800:Peierls
790:Onsager
740:Polymer
725:Colloid
688:Polaron
679:Plasmon
674:Exciton
146:
138:
128:
120:
108:Spouses
4698:(2018)
4692:(2016)
4686:(2015)
4680:(2012)
4674:(1987)
4655:(2015)
4649:(2014)
4639:(2008)
4629:(2002)
4623:(1973)
4617:(1965)
4611:(1949)
4592:(1974)
4573:(1994)
4567:(1968)
4539:(2019)
4533:(2010)
4523:(2008)
4517:(2002)
4511:(2001)
4505:(2000)
4499:(1981)
4155:Krausz
4149:2023:
4135:Aspect
4133:2022:
4127:Manabe
4119:Parisi
4117:2021:
4107:Genzel
4101:2020:
4095:Queloz
4085:2019:
4075:Mourou
4071:Ashkin
4069:2018:
4063:Thorne
4059:Barish
4053:2017:
4037:2016:
4027:Kajita
4025:2015:
4009:2014:
3997:2013:
3985:2012:
3969:2011:
3957:2010:
3941:2009:
3925:2008:
3913:2007:
3903:Mather
3901:2006:
3895:HĂ€nsch
3885:2005:
3869:2004:
3853:2003:
3837:2002:
3831:Wieman
3821:2001:
3792:2000:
3780:1999:
3764:1998:
3748:1997:
3734:D. Lee
3732:1996:
3726:Reines
3720:1995:
3708:1994:
3696:1993:
3688:1992:
3680:1991:
3664:1990:
3650:Ramsey
3648:1989:
3632:1988:
3626:MĂŒller
3620:1987:
3614:Rohrer
3610:Binnig
3604:1986:
3596:1985:
3586:Rubbia
3584:1984:
3578:Fowler
3572:1983:
3564:1982:
3548:1981:
3538:Cronin
3536:1980:
3520:1979:
3504:1978:
3488:1977:
3476:1976:
3449:1975:
3443:Hewish
3437:1974:
3421:1973:
3411:Cooper
3405:1972:
3397:1971:
3387:Alfvén
3385:1970:
3377:1969:
3369:1968:
3361:1967:
3353:1966:
3337:1965:
3323:Townes
3321:1964:
3315:Jensen
3307:Wigner
3305:1963:
3299:Landau
3297:1962:
3285:1961:
3279:Glaser
3277:1960:
3265:1959:
3249:1958:
3237:1957:
3221:1956:
3209:1955:
3197:1954:
3189:1953:
3177:1952:
3171:Walton
3165:1951:
3148:Powell
3146:1950:
3140:Yukawa
3138:1949:
3130:1948:
3122:1947:
3114:1946:
3106:1945:
3098:1944:
3090:1943:
3061:1939:
3053:1938:
3041:1937:
3029:1936:
3021:1935:
3002:1933:
2994:1932:
2979:1930:
2971:1929:
2963:1928:
2951:1927:
2945:Perrin
2943:1926:
2922:Franck
2920:1925:
2912:1924:
2904:1923:
2896:1922:
2888:1921:
2880:1920:
2872:1919:
2866:Planck
2864:1918:
2858:Barkla
2856:1917:
2837:1915:
2829:1914:
2821:1913:
2813:1912:
2805:1911:
2797:1910:
2785:1909:
2777:1908:
2769:1907:
2761:1906:
2755:Lenard
2753:1905:
2745:1904:
2729:1903:
2723:Zeeman
2717:1902:
2709:1901:
2650:(2024)
2636:(2023)
2622:(2022)
2608:(2021)
2594:(2020)
2573:(2019)
2563:(2018)
2549:(2017)
2535:(2016)
2525:(2015)
2511:(2014)
2491:(2012)
2473:(2011)
2455:(2010)
2434:(2009)
2424:(2008)
2410:(2007)
2396:(2006)
2386:(2005)
2372:(2004)
2358:(2003)
2344:(2002)
2330:(2001)
2320:(2000)
2299:(1999)
2285:(1998)
2271:(1997)
2253:(1996)
2243:(1995)
2239:Jr. /
2233:(1994)
2223:(1993)
2213:(1992)
2203:(1991)
2193:(1990)
2164:(1989)
2154:(1988)
2128:(1987)
2114:(1986)
2104:(1985)
2042:(2000)
2036:(1999)
2030:(1998)
2024:(1997)
2018:(1996)
2012:(1995)
2006:(1994)
2000:(1993)
1994:(1992)
1988:(1991)
1982:(1990)
1976:(1989)
1970:(1988)
1964:(1987)
1958:(1986)
1952:(1985)
1946:(1984)
1940:(1983)
1934:(1982)
1928:(1981)
1922:(1980)
1916:(1979)
1910:(1978)
1904:(1977)
1762:
1710:
1619:(IEEE)
1425:Family
1271:List:
1065:, and
1035:jumper
983:
950:Parisi
910:MĂŒller
900:Rohrer
895:Binnig
885:Wilson
880:Fisher
840:Cooper
805:Landau
693:Magnon
669:Phonon
510:Plasma
410:Plasma
400:Liquid
365:Phases
338:Career
205:Fields
190:(1998)
184:(1991)
178:(1973)
172:(1965)
163:Awards
4582:Peace
4407:1973
4261:Peace
4201:1973
4091:Mayor
4055:Weiss
4015:Amano
4003:Higgs
3979:Riess
3951:Smith
3947:Boyle
3927:Nambu
3907:Smoot
3871:Gross
3839:Davis
3812:2001â
3802:Kilby
3714:Shull
3698:Hulse
3606:Ruska
3542:Fitch
3526:Salam
3423:Esaki
3399:Gabor
3363:Bethe
3327:Basov
3267:SegrĂš
3255:Frank
3215:Kusch
3203:Bothe
3179:Bloch
3108:Pauli
3092:Stern
3055:Fermi
3008:Dirac
2981:Raman
2926:Hertz
2874:Stark
2815:Dalén
2791:Braun
2581:2020s
2442:2010s
2307:2000s
2172:1990s
2091:1980s
1708:S2CID
1680:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
1612:(PDF)
1445:China
1363:1960
1206:Japan
860:Esaki
785:Bloch
780:Debye
775:Bragg
765:Onnes
698:Roton
395:Solid
313:Kyoto
140:(
136:
122:(
118:
4432:1978
4427:1977
4422:1976
4417:1975
4412:1974
4402:1972
4397:1971
4392:1970
4387:1969
4382:1968
4265:1973
4241:1973
4111:Ghez
3959:Geim
3915:Fert
3891:Hall
3774:Tsui
3722:Perl
3658:Paul
3494:Mott
3482:Ting
3439:Ryle
3391:NĂ©el
3259:Tamm
3211:Lamb
3199:Born
3100:Rabi
3084:1942
3077:1941
3070:1940
3031:Hess
3015:1934
2988:1931
2850:1916
2831:Laue
2807:Wien
1771:2021
1760:ISSN
1738:2019
1662:2019
1634:2019
1443:and
1212:and
1081:and
1055:Sony
930:Tsui
925:Yang
870:Kohn
795:Mott
293:Sony
279:and
241:Sony
43:Born
3943:Kao
3750:Chu
1700:doi
1576:doi
1549:doi
1537:109
1123:IBM
485:QCP
405:Gas
375:QCP
233:IBM
4714::
4645:/
4635:/
4529:/
4157:/
4153:/
4141:/
4137:/
4125:/
4121:/
4109:/
4105:/
4093:/
4089:/
4077:/
4073:/
4061:/
4057:/
4045:/
4041:/
4029:/
4017:/
4013:/
4001:/
3989:/
3977:/
3973:/
3961:/
3949:/
3945:/
3933:/
3929:/
3917:/
3905:/
3893:/
3889:/
3877:/
3873:/
3861:/
3857:/
3845:/
3841:/
3829:/
3825:/
3800:/
3796:/
3784:/
3772:/
3768:/
3756:/
3752:/
3740:/
3736:/
3724:/
3712:/
3700:/
3672:/
3668:/
3656:/
3652:/
3640:/
3636:/
3624:/
3612:/
3608:/
3588:/
3576:/
3556:/
3552:/
3540:/
3528:/
3524:/
3512:/
3508:/
3496:/
3492:/
3480:/
3457:/
3453:/
3441:/
3429:/
3425:/
3413:/
3409:/
3389:/
3345:/
3341:/
3329:/
3325:/
3313:/
3309:/
3289:/
3269:/
3257:/
3253:/
3241:/
3229:/
3225:/
3213:/
3201:/
3181:/
3169:/
3045:/
3033:/
3006:/
2955:/
2924:/
2841:/
2789:/
2737:/
2733:/
2721:/
2646:/
2642:/
2632:/
2618:/
2614:/
2604:/
2600:/
2590:/
2569:/
2559:/
2555:/
2545:/
2541:/
2531:/
2521:/
2517:/
2507:/
2497:/
2487:/
2483:/
2479:/
2469:/
2465:/
2461:/
2451:/
2430:/
2420:/
2416:/
2406:/
2402:/
2392:/
2382:/
2378:/
2364:/
2354:/
2350:/
2340:/
2336:/
2326:/
2316:/
2295:/
2291:/
2281:/
2277:/
2267:/
2263:/
2259:/
2249:/
2229:/
2219:/
2209:/
2199:/
2189:/
2185:/
2181:/
2160:/
2150:/
2146:/
2142:/
2138:/
2134:/
2124:/
2120:/
2110:/
2100:/
1754:.
1706:.
1698:.
1688:59
1686:.
1682:.
1653:.
1642:^
1614:.
1572:14
1570:.
1547:.
1535:.
1501:^
1482:^
1453:.
1239:.
1109:.
1061:,
299:.
142:m.
124:m.
63:,
51:)
4466:e
4459:t
4452:v
4267:)
4263:(
4243:)
4239:(
4194:e
4187:t
4180:v
2683:e
2676:t
2669:v
2075:e
2068:t
2061:v
1880:e
1873:t
1866:v
1773:.
1740:.
1714:.
1702::
1694::
1664:.
1636:.
1582:.
1578::
1555:.
1551::
1543::
1013:e
1006:t
999:v
158:3
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
