2051:
33:
1890:
702:
531:, stating that she views her role as, at least in part, "enhanc the predictability and stability of the law" to improve "public confidence and trust in the work of the courts." She is sometimes considered one of the swing votes when the court is occasionally divided, and is seen as a moderate liberal on the
666:
471:. On her questionnaire for the high court position, Kruger acknowledged she had never before taken a deposition and that, “I have not tried any cases to verdict or judgment.” Although she had no prior judicial experience, her selection was publicly praised by then-
993:
550:
as not allowing a local agency to charge the costs of redacting statutorily exempt material from otherwise disclosable electronic records, and thereby clearing the way for members of the public to secure body camera footage from police officers. The
690:. Her young son attended her swearing-in ceremony to the California Supreme Court. About a year later, she gave birth to her second child, a girl, becoming the first member of the court to give birth while serving on it. She has two half-siblings.
571:, which requires police to collect DNA samples from all persons who are arrested for felony offenses. The law has led to the storing of DNA profiles of tens of thousands of individuals arrested but never charged or convicted of a crime.
735:
397:
2009:
2313:
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567:(2018) 4 Cal.5th 658, authored the majority opinion in a 4-3 decision applying United States Supreme Court precedent and declining to address a broader constitutional challenge to the
2343:
2002:
631:
664:
In
February 2022, Kruger faced questions from the Biden administration regarding her interpretation of religious liberty, particularly in relation to her role in arguing the case
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453:
100:
1305:
Wilson, Scott (February 17, 2022). "On the
California Supreme Court, Leondra Kruger is known for her 'persuasive powers' among the justices".
1266:
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1621:
423:, and the acting principal deputy solicitor general. She argued 12 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court, and worked on a case defending the
1439:
2363:
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437:
1712:
Stewart, Joshua (August 29, 2017). "California
Supreme Court suggests lower bar for passing tax increases through ballot initiatives".
2134:
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335:
291:
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is also Jewish, Breyer sits in a seat historically assigned to a Jew for a large part of the past 100 years. The seat was held by
2318:
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508:. At 38, she was the youngest appointee to the court in recent years and the third youngest appointee to the court ever, after
420:
276:
577:(2017) 3 Cal.5th 924, authored the concurring and dissenting opinion in a 5-2 decision in which Kruger would have applied the
561:(2019) 8 Cal.5th 353, which rejected warrantless vehicle searches for personal identification documents during traffic stops.
2098:
612:
586:
568:
552:
504:, who retired. She was sworn in on January 5, 2015, and became the court's second African-American woman justice, following
1658:
Dolan, Maura (April 2, 2018). "California
Supreme Court lets stand controversial law allowing DNA collection upon arrest".
2348:
1768:
1214:
547:
1105:
795:
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1053:
1464:
Murray had been appointed to the Court at age twenty-six, was Chief
Justice at thirty, and died when he was thirty-two.
1361:
287:
nominated Kruger to a seat on the
Supreme Court of California. She was confirmed, and was sworn in on January 5, 2015.
2224:
2116:
1972:
1386:
619:
596:
468:
405:
249:
45:
1987:
969:
814:
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1823:
1502:"As Gov. Jerry Brown ponders a California Supreme Court vacancy, one of his earlier appointees defies expectations"
903:
578:
311:
256:
1244:"Leondra Kruger '01, Associate Justice of the California Supreme Court, Delivered the 2015 Bernard Witkin Lecture"
2184:
2158:
1894:
1501:
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2059:
864:
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441:
280:
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2071:
1387:"Governor Brown to Swear in Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar and Leondra Kruger to the California Supreme Court"
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482:
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461:
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193:
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2027:
839:"Biden says he'll put a black woman on Supreme Court. This California justice is a leading candidate"
331:
307:
178:
1913:
1773:
1320:
505:
424:
350:
1941:
at the ABA Criminal
Justice Section annual meeting. August 5, 2016. Video 22:59 mins. YouTube.com.
1673:"Editorial: A DNA decision undermines Californians' privacy and their presumption of innocence".
1592:"California Cops Can No Longer Pass the Cost of Digital Redaction onto Public Records Requesters"
1477:
819:
667:
Hosanna-Tabor
Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
345:
327:
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219:
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1267:"What can we learn from Justice Leondra Kruger's arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court?"
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275:, and subsequently worked in private practice and as a professor. She served as acting
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was ultimately nominated to the seat). If she had been nominated to replace
Justice
2121:
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2035:
1554:"Potential Biden Supreme Court pick Leondra Kruger known as moderate in California"
494:
363:
319:
232:
121:
1907:
865:"Justice Leondra R. Kruger of the California Supreme Court is a possible nominee"
322:
whose parents had immigrated to the U.S. from Europe. Kruger's parents were both
2267:
2247:
2112:
904:"Gov. Jerry Brown names Obama administration lawyer to California Supreme Court"
815:"Gov. Jerry Brown names Obama administration lawyer to California Supreme Court"
635:
513:
486:
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464:
393:
284:
133:
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voter approval requirements, including the supermajority vote requirements, of
2019:
1938:
1932:
980:
She credited her late father, the son of Jewish immigrants from
Eastern Europe
928:
Dolan, Maura (November 25, 2014). "Brown again surprises with court nominee".
697:
651:
555:
praised the decision as "an unqualified victory for government transparency."
456:
Kruger in 2015, shortly after her confirmation to the California Supreme Court
409:
323:
182:
1835:
1742:"Supreme Court Says: Anti-SLAPP Not Dependent on Subject Matter Jurisdiction"
1157:"Conversation with Justice Leondra Kruger '01, sponsored by Yale Law Journal"
1031:
876:
2094:
655:
615:
389:
54:
32:
944:"Leondra Kruger: New California Supreme Court Judge Boasts Jamaican Parent"
1889:
1824:"Potential Supreme Court nominee faces questions on religious rights case"
1336:"California Supreme Court: Leondra Kruger easily confirmed as new justice"
1185:"Expected California Supreme Court nominee Leondra Kruger a 'mind blower'"
994:"Focus Sharpens on Leondra Kruger in Wake of Justice Breyer's Resignation"
622:, Kruger became the subject of speculation as a potential future nominee (
618:
made a campaign pledge to appoint the first African American woman to the
500:
Kruger was confirmed on December 29, 2014, and replaced Associate Justice
412:
in Washington, D.C. She was a visiting assistant professor in 2007 at the
408:
from 2003 to 2004. She then returned to private practice for two years at
2103:
1054:"Leondra R. Kruger appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown to state Supreme Court"
796:"Leondra R. Kruger appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown to state Supreme Court"
1944:
1321:"Governor Brown Selects Leondra R. Kruger for California Supreme Court"
1020:"California's Supreme Court Was Split. Leondra Kruger Found the Center"
315:
1441:
History of the California Supreme Court: The Justices 1850-1900, vol 1
1414:"Why you should care about who will sit on California's Supreme Court"
1390:
1948:
1901:
1292:"Brief for Respondents Department of Health and Human Services et al"
736:
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)
1919:
1854:
1852:
1688:
Apartment Assn. of Los Angeles County, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles
1622:"California Cops Can't Search Vehicles for ID Without Warrant (1)"
600:
451:
436:
In 2013, Kruger became a deputy assistant attorney general at the
314:. Her mother, Audrey Reid, immigrated to the United States from
1991:
1447:. San Francisco, CA: Bender Moss Co. p. 54. Archived from
1801:
1495:
1493:
1491:
759:
Other, younger members of the court in the past were elected:
654:, and Breyer, but also was occupied from 1970 to 1994 by the
1861:"California Justice Leondra Kruger Gives Birth to Daughter"
589:) to local tax increases enacted via the initiative power.
248:(born July 28, 1976) is an American judge who serves as an
1362:"Gov. Brown's Surprise Pick to Fill Supreme Court Vacancy"
398:
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
630:, she would have continued the tradition of the court's "
430:
National Federation of Independent Businesses v. Sebelius
1916:. SCOCAL. Robert Crown Law Library, Stanford Law School.
1769:"This Black Jew Could Be The Next Supreme Court Justice"
2018:
Statewide elected officials and legislative leaders of
277:
Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States
101:
Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States
970:"Leondra Kruger confirmed to California Supreme Court"
1215:"Second Black woman confirmed to state supreme court"
2314:
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
250:
associate justice of the Supreme Court of California
2223:
2183:
2143:
2058:
2026:
1935:. Video 35:49 mins. December 22, 2014. YouTube.com.
731:
List of justices of the Supreme Court of California
372:, the first Black woman ever to hold the position.
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127:
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23:
1360:Schaffer, Scott; Brekke, Dan (November 24, 2015).
546:(2020) 9 Cal.5th 488, an opinion interpreting the
419:From 2007 to 2013, Kruger was an assistant to the
290:Kruger was considered a potential nominee for the
2389:People associated with Munger, Tolles & Olson
1100:
1098:
1096:
1018:Hubler, Shawn; Benner, Katie (February 6, 2022).
585:(“Right to Vote on Taxes Act” and the progeny of
2394:Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr associates
516:. In November 2015, Kruger delivered the annual
489:, and former Solicitor General (under President
1700:California Cannabis Coalition v. City of Upland
575:California Cannabis Coalition v. City of Upland
2344:African-American people in California politics
2003:
1590:Mackey, Dave Maass and Aaron (June 1, 2020).
8:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1106:"Background of court nominee Leondra Kruger"
897:
895:
893:
380:After law school, Kruger spent a year as an
338:. She then earned a Bachelor of Arts degree
2289:Justices of the Supreme Court of California
467:announced the appointment of Kruger to the
318:, and her late father, Leon Kruger, was an
2399:American people of European-Jewish descent
2010:
1996:
1988:
1953:
485:, Obama's former Acting Solicitor General
31:
20:
2384:People associated with Jenner & Block
1933:Confirmation Hearing of Leondra R. Kruger
1578:National Lawyers Guild v. City of Hayward
1246:. Yale Law School News. November 12, 2015
1238:
1236:
789:
787:
544:National Lawyers Guild v. City of Hayward
2334:University of Chicago Law School faculty
1910:before the U.S. Supreme Court. Oyez.com.
1797:"The 'Jewish Seat' On The Supreme Court"
832:
830:
410:Wilmer, Cutler, Pickering, Hale and Dorr
294:, following the announcement of Justice
2329:American scholars of constitutional law
1178:
1176:
1174:
783:
752:
527:On the court, Kruger has emerged as an
2409:People from South Pasadena, California
1528:"Biden's Likeliest Supreme Court Pick"
2309:21st-century African-American lawyers
1112:. Associated Press. November 14, 2014
1013:
1011:
279:from 2010 to 2011, and worked in the
7:
1526:Godfrey, Elaine (January 26, 2022).
1159:. Yale Law School. November 17, 2016
1144:Leondra Reid Kruger, Editor-in-chief
678:Kruger is married to Brian Hauck, a
366:. Kruger was editor-in-chief of the
113:May 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011
2414:21st-century African-American women
2404:American people of Jamaican descent
1908:Oral arguments of Leondra R. Kruger
1389:. December 22, 2014. Archived from
1334:Mintz, Howard (December 22, 2014).
992:Miller, Cheryl (January 26, 2022).
902:Siders, David (November 24, 2014).
813:Siders, David (November 24, 2014).
438:United States Department of Justice
2299:21st-century American women judges
1552:Chung, Andrew (January 26, 2022).
1478:"Opinion Analysis: People v. Buza"
1183:Dolan, Maura (November 24, 2014).
1052:Dolan, Maura (November 24, 2014).
794:Dolan, Maura (November 25, 2014).
716:Joe Biden Supreme Court candidates
522:Los Angeles County Bar Association
400:from 2002 to 2003 and for Justice
292:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
1939:Presentation of Leondra R. Kruger
1265:Little, Rory (January 12, 2015).
863:Liptak, Adam (January 26, 2022).
595:(2017) 2 Cal.5th 318, concerning
2229:(appointed, retention elections)
2049:
1888:
1859:Miller, Cheryl (March 2, 2016).
1767:Fox, Blake (February 22, 2021).
1728:Barry v. State Bar of California
1134:. Yale Law Journal. October 2000
721:List of African-American jurists
700:
607:U.S. Supreme Court consideration
593:Barry v. State Bar of California
414:University of Chicago Law School
298:'s intention to retire in 2022.
1702:(2017) 3 Cal.5th 924, 948-960 .
837:Savage, David (April 2, 2020).
726:List of Jewish American jurists
583:1996 California Proposition 218
421:United States Solicitor General
283:. In 2014, California Governor
2339:Obama administration personnel
1596:Electronic Frontier Foundation
670:at the Supreme Court in 2012.
587:1978 California Proposition 13
569:2004 California Proposition 69
553:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1:
2379:Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
2324:American women legal scholars
1500:Dolan, Maura (June 1, 2018).
1412:Egelko, Bob (July 28, 2017).
548:California Public Records Act
535:-leaning seven-member court.
2294:21st-century American judges
1914:Profile of Leondra R. Kruger
1746:Metropolitan News-Enterprise
1690:(2001) 24 Cal.4th 830, 838 .
1219:Our Weekly (Los Angeles, CA)
362:, graduating in 2001 with a
1973:Supreme Court of California
1922:. California Supreme Court.
1920:Past & Present Justices
1867:. ALM Media Properties, LLC
1795:Rudin, Ken (May 28, 2009).
1438:Johnson, J. Edward (1963).
1110:The San Diego Union-Tribune
620:United States Supreme Court
597:subject matter jurisdiction
460:On November 24, 2014, then
46:Supreme Court of California
2440:
2364:The Harvard Crimson people
1904:. California State Courts.
267:. Kruger then clerked for
257:South Pasadena, California
16:American judge (born 1976)
2047:
1979:
1971:Associate Justice of the
1969:
1961:
1956:
948:Jamaica Gleaner Newspaper
239:
149:
106:
62:
51:
44:Associate Justice of the
39:
30:
2374:Lawyers from Los Angeles
1731:, (2017) 2 Cal.5th 318 .
1079:"Writer: Leondra Kruger"
469:California Supreme Court
302:Early life and education
2319:American legal scholars
2304:African-American judges
1714:San Diego Union-Tribune
1418:San Francisco Chronicle
442:Office of Legal Counsel
281:Office of Legal Counsel
2369:American women lawyers
2359:Harvard College alumni
2354:Yale Law School alumni
2126:Insurance Commissioner
1648:(2018) 4 Cal.5th 658 .
1611:(2019) 8 Cal.5th 353 .
1580:(2020) 9 Cal.5th 488 .
996:. National Law Journal
599:and California's anti-
539:Notable court opinions
483:Donald B. Verrilli Jr.
480:U.S. Solicitor General
457:
348:, where she wrote for
336:National Merit Scholar
259:, she graduated from
2204:, Speaker pro tempore
2163:President pro tempore
1897:at Wikimedia Commons
1626:news.bloomberglaw.com
978:. December 22, 2014.
624:Ketanji Brown Jackson
473:U.S. Attorney General
455:
2349:California Democrats
2208:Cecilia Aguiar-Curry
1454:on December 27, 2016
1393:on December 19, 2017
1323:. November 24, 2015.
579:state constitutional
358:. She then attended
354:and was a member of
332:Pasadena, California
310:, Kruger grew up in
308:Glendale, California
2081:Lieutenant Governor
1774:The Times of Israel
1132:"Masthead, vol 110"
950:. December 23, 2014
520:lecture before the
506:Janice Rogers Brown
425:Affordable Care Act
351:The Harvard Crimson
246:Leondra Reid Kruger
163:Leondra Reid Kruger
2090:Secretary of State
1221:. January 22, 2015
1024:The New York Times
869:The New York Times
820:The Sacramento Bee
684:Jenner & Block
458:
406:U.S. Supreme Court
386:Jenner & Block
346:Harvard University
328:Polytechnic School
269:U.S. Supreme Court
220:Harvard University
2276:
2275:
2237:Patricia Guerrero
2216:, Minority Leader
2210:, Majority Leader
2176:, Minority Leader
2170:, Majority Leader
1986:
1985:
1893:Media related to
1748:. January 6, 2017
1675:Los Angeles Times
1660:Los Angeles Times
1506:Los Angeles Times
1189:Los Angeles Times
1081:. Harvard Crimson
1058:Los Angeles Times
930:Los Angeles Times
843:Los Angeles Times
800:Los Angeles Times
765:Erskine Mayo Ross
644:Felix Frankfurter
634:." While Justice
518:Bernard E. Witkin
402:John Paul Stevens
273:John Paul Stevens
243:
242:
2431:
2230:
2153:Eleni Kounalakis
2099:Attorney General
2077:Eleni Kounalakis
2060:State government
2053:
2052:
2012:
2005:
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1989:
1965:Joyce L. Kennard
1962:Preceded by
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1677:. April 4, 2018.
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708:Biography portal
705:
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640:Benjamin Cardozo
502:Joyce L. Kennard
384:at the law firm
369:Yale Law Journal
176:
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154:Personal details
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93:Joyce L. Kennard
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2228:
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2214:Jamie Gallagher
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2041:Laphonza Butler
2022:
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1609:People v. Lopez
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1307:Washington Post
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2248:Goodwin Liu
2174:Brian Jones
2155:, President
2113:Malia Cohen
1945:Appearances
1841:February 9,
1631:February 1,
1563:January 28,
1537:January 28,
1037:February 9,
1000:January 28,
882:January 28,
636:Elena Kagan
632:Jewish seat
533:progressive
514:M. C. Sloss
487:Neal Katyal
476:Eric Holder
465:Jerry Brown
394:David Tatel
388:. She then
285:Jerry Brown
203:Brian Hauck
145:Neal Katyal
134:Neal Katyal
129:Preceded by
88:Preceded by
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2283:Categories
2117:Controller
2020:California
1458:August 14,
1423:August 20,
1397:January 6,
1271:SCOCA Blog
747:References
652:Abe Fortas
392:for Judge
194:Democratic
183:California
169:1976-07-28
2108:Treasurer
2095:Rob Bonta
1981:Incumbent
1836:0190-8286
1482:SCOCAblog
1366:KQED News
1032:0362-4331
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767:, at 34;
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656:Methodist
616:Joe Biden
613:President
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382:associate
216:Education
118:President
109:In office
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2202:Jim Wood
2185:Assembly
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2072:Governor
954:April 3,
775:, at 38.
694:See also
462:Governor
306:Born in
271:Justice
208:Children
179:Glendale
2197:Speaker
1902:Profile
1558:Reuters
1511:May 20,
680:partner
404:of the
396:on the
390:clerked
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1949:C-SPAN
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