275:'s visit to Siberia early in 1928, during which the General Secretary ordered grain to be seized by force from producers who were unwilling to sell, a decision which was the precursor to the forced collectivisation of agriculture. In 1928, Zakovsky was given the additional role of head of the 'troika' system, created to administer extrajudicial reprisals against peasants who resisted the change in policy. From November 21, 1929, to January 21, 1930, alone, the troika handled 156 cases, in which 898 people were convicted and, of those, 347 were shot. At the height of collectivisation, in 1930, the troika handed out sentences on 16,553 people, of whom 4,762 (28.8%) were shot—their death signed by Zakovsky—and 8,576 (51.8%) were sent to the labour camps.
382:
the organization to me, Zakovsky told me that the NKVD would prepare the case of this center, remarking that the trial would be public....'You, yourself,' said
Zakovsky, ‘will not need to invent anything. The NKVD will prepare for you a ready outline for every branch of the center. You will have to study it carefully, and remember well all questions the Court might ask and their answers...If you manage to endure it, you will save your head and we will feed and clothe you at the Government’s cost until your death.'”
505:
354:, whom he accused of impeding the investigations in Leningrad and generally refusing to take action against former oppositionists in the communist party. At the plenary session of the Leningrad communist party on March 20, 1937, he declared that there were "enemies still active" within the organisation, an announcement that marked the onset of a purge of the Leningrad party that was "violent even by Soviet standards."
31:
424:, calling for the mass arrests of ethnic Latvians, was applied to serving NKVD officers. He was sacked on April 16, 1938, and on April 19 he was arrested and accused of being part of the 'Yagoda conspiracy,' of being a spy, and of organising a Latvian nationalist clique within the NKVD. He and his former deputy, Nikonovich, were both severely tortured. In summer 1938, as
337:
It was impossible to move in the milling throng, but this time people were sitting not on bundles, but on quite respectable-looking trunks and suitcases still covered with old foreign travel labels. As we pushed our way through to the platform, we were constantly greeted by old women we knew: former
381:
With unbelievable cynicism, Zakovsky told about the vile 'mechanism' for the crafty creation of fabricated 'anti-Soviet plots.' “In order to illustrate it to me,” stated
Rozenblum, “Zakovsky gave me several possible variants of the organization of this center and of its branches. After he detailed
1164:
260:, he led a detachment of sailors who seized control of Petrograd's telephone exchange. In December 1917, a few weeks after the Bolsheviks had seized power, renaming their organisation the All-Russian Communist Party, Zakovsky became one of the founding members of the
463:О некоторых методах и приемах иностранных разведывательных органов и их троцкистско-бухаринской агентуры. / О некоторых методах и приемах иностранных разведывательных органов и их троцкистско-бухаринской агентуры. Сборник. // Партиздат ЦК ВКПБ, 1937
581:Тепляков А. Г. «Как не подходящий по личным подвигам в боевой обстановке»: наградные документы Сибирских чекистов 1930—1931 годов // Вестник Новосибирского государственного университета. Том 11. Выпуск 1. История. 2012. Новосибирск. С. 159—167.
1159:
428:
was about to take over control of the NKVD, Zakovsky's successor, Mikhail
Frinovsky, decided rapidly to get rid of former officers who might incriminate him, including Zakovsky, who was shot on August 29, 1938.
365:(shot in 1938), and others. An Old Bolshevik named Rozenblum, who survived the purges, was lined up as a witness, brutally tortured, and then brought before Zakovsky. This case was included in the famous
471:Шпионов, диверсантов и вредителей уничтожим до конца! / О некоторых методах и приемах иностранных разведывательных органов и их троцкистско-бухаринской агентуры. Сборник. // Партиздат ЦК ВКПБ, 1937
347:
1154:
1179:
325:, and the round-up and mass deportation of the so-called 'Leningrad aristocrats'—11,702 people who had lived in comparative prosperity before the revolution. The writer
753:
1169:
298:
was assassinated. The police officers deemed responsible for this security lapse were sacked, and
Zakovsky was transferred in January 1935 as head of the Leningrad
413:
and stupefied him with chloroform, allowing another officer to inject him with poison. Zakovsky also took part in interrogating the former head of the NKVD,
498:Особая Краснознамённая Дальневосточная армия (Краснознамённый Дальневосточный фронт). Политические репрессии командно-начальствующего состава, 1937—1938 гг
401:
On
January 29, 1938, it was announced that Zakovsky had been transferred to Moscow as First Deputy head of the NKVD, second in command to the infamous
1174:
1144:
1139:
409:. Rather than have him arrested, which might have provoked foreign agents to defect, Zakovsky crept up on him while he was talking to fellow officer
1184:
283:
737:
513:
487:
454:
240:
ethnicity. He was arrested twice during 1913, and on the second occasion was convicted of belonging to an anarchist group, and deported to
482:Гвардейцы Октября. Роль коренных народов стран Балтии в установлении и укреплении большевистского строя. — М.: Индрик, 2009. —
156:
994:
651:
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577:Машина террора: ОГПУ–НКВД Сибири в 1929—1941 гг. / А. Г. Тепляков. — М.: Новый Хронограф; АИРО-XXI, 2008.
421:
855:
342:
After this operation, Zakovsky was promoted to the level of
Commissar of State Security, First Rank, and awarded the
493:
129:
573:
935:
386:
The public trial never took place: the victims were shot after closed trials. In 1937 Zakovsky was awarded the
366:
442:
338:'ladies' and just ordinary women. "I never knew I had so many friends among the aristocracy," said Akhmatova.
1149:
1129:
793:
1134:
264:. He served in this organisation, under its different names, for the remainder of his career. During the
896:
343:
321:
and others', at which 20 former party members suspected of loyalty to the former
Leningrad party boss,
904:
891:
1124:
1119:
257:
225:
945:
446:
271:
In
February 1926, he was appointed head of the OGPU in Siberia. He was in charge of security during
268:, he took part in suppressing anti-communist rebellions in Astrakhan, Saratov, Kazan and elsewhere.
930:
326:
249:
940:
925:
808:
747:
552:
357:
Zakovsky was planning a major trial of leading
Leningrad communists, including Zhdanov's deputy,
209:
106:
881:
876:
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483:
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642:
Zakovsky's speech is reproduced in translation in J. Arch Getty, and Oleg V.Naumov (1999).
373:
delivered to the 20th
Communist Party congress, in 1956, denouncing crimes committed under
333:
to the station to say goodbye to a woman who was being deported with her three small sons.
313:, he organized the secret trial of the so-called 'Leningrad counter-revolutionary group of
850:
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province in north Russia. He later concealed his anarchist past, claiming to have been a
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People's Commissars for Internal Affairs of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
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102:
256:, the building which the Bolsheviks commandeered for their headquarters. During the
405:. Among his first tasks was to dispose of the head of the NKVD foreign department,
374:
362:
295:
272:
197:
141:
137:
252:, he moved to Petrograd (St Petersburg), and was responsible for security at the
644:
The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939
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580:
245:
193:
151:
30:
16:
Latvian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician and intelligence officer
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237:
441:Ликвидация «пятой колонны» / Л. Заковский, С. Уранов. — М. :
350:
on 3 March 1937, he delivered a long personal attack on his former boss
1014:
Troops in Security of Industrial Infrastructure of Specially Importance
725:
Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940
294:
In December 1934, the Leningrad (St Petersburg) communist party leader
241:
233:
133:
467:
1160:
First convocation members of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
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390:. Around this time he is said to have boasted that if he had had
825:
420:
In spring 1938, Zakovsky became a victim of the Great Purge, as
299:
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201:
64:
797:
42:
People's Commissars of Internal Affairs of the Byelorussian SSR
394:
to interrogate he would make him confess to being an agent of
361:(who was executed in 1937), his wife Lyudmila Shaposhnikova,
784:
Let History Judge, The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism
417:, to get him to confess under torture to being a terrorist.
449:, 2009. — 272 с. — (Загадка 1937 года). —
204:
Commissar 1st Class of State Security (equivalent to the
63:
Position established (himself as the Chairman of the
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669:The Great Terror, Stalin's Purge of the Thirties
530:Кто руководил НКВД, 1934—1941 : справочник
379:
335:
309:In this capacity, alongside Kirov's successor,
809:
8:
1011:Troops in Security of Railway Infrastructure
752:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
278:In 1932, Zakovsky was appointed head of the
1155:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
824:People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs (
816:
802:
794:
728:. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institute. p.
29:
18:
1180:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
684:"Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U."
646:. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. 425–428.
617:. London: Collins & Harvill. p.
722:Jansen, Marc and Petrov, Nikita (2002).
192:; 1894 – August 29, 1938) was a Latvian
53:15 July 1934 – 10 December 1934
592:
1170:Commissars 1st Class of State Security
745:
561:
550:
537: ed.). М.: Звенья. p. 502.
7:
1032:Camps of Hydrotechnical Construction
671:. London: Penguin. pp. 324–325.
527:Петров Н. В., Скоркин К. В. (1999).
14:
1175:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
1145:People from Courland Governorate
1140:People from Skrunda Municipality
962:Camps and Places of Imprisonment
1185:Great Purge victims from Latvia
346:(1936). During a plenum of the
1029:Political Propaganda of Troops
967:Workers' and Peasants' Militia
220:He was born Henriks Štubis in
186:Леони́д Миха́йлович Зако́вский
1:
987:Construction at the Far North
977:State Filming and Cartography
611:Mandelstam, Nadezhda (1971).
157:All-Union Communist Party (b)
971:Border and Internal Security
170:Leonid Mikhailovich Zakovsky
127:August 29, 1938 (aged 43–44)
329:later described going with
284:Belorussian Soviet Republic
1201:
1041:Railway Construction Camps
1038:Railway Construction Camps
1026:Railway Construction Camps
769:Stalin's Loyal Executioner
614:Hope Against Hope,a Memoir
130:Kommunarka shooting ground
786:. Spokesman. p. 259.
687:Marxists Internet Archive
667:Conquest, Robert (1971).
504: ed.). СПб.: Изд-во
185:
163:
83:
46:
37:
28:
983:Measurements and Weights
369:which the Soviet leader
290:Role in the 1930s purges
67:of the Byelorussian SSR)
1035:Local Anti-Air Defense
782:Medvedev, Roy (1976).
384:
340:
248:since 1913. After the
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1023:Military Construction
344:Order of the Red Star
1049:Territorial agencies
682:Khrushchev, Nikita.
258:Bolshevik Revolution
226:Courland Governorate
377:. Khrushchev said:
327:Nadezhda Mandelstam
250:February Revolution
188:; originally named
1020:Military Logistics
901:Aleksandr Kovalyov
897:Vasiliy Chernyshov
771:. pp. 135–36.
600:КТО РУКОВОДИЛ НКВД
560:Unknown parameter
210:Komandarm 1st rank
107:Grodno Governorate
1107:
1106:
955:Main Directorates
877:Mikhail Frinovsky
739:978-0-8179-2902-2
515:978-5-288-04193-8
488:978-5-91674-014-1
455:978-5-699-37482-3
411:Mikhail Frinovsky
371:Nikita Khrushchev
348:Central Committee
266:Russian Civil War
236:) in a family of
178:Leonīds Zakovskis
167:
166:
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914:NKVD Secretaries
905:Vasiliy Karutsky
892:Semyon Zhukovsky
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88:Personal details
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222:Kreis Hasenpoth
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206:Soviet Red Army
200:politician and
196:revolutionary,
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148:Political party
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23:Leonid Zakovsky
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958:
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946:Stepan Mamulov
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936:Mikhail Petrov
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872:Nikolai Yezhov
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865:NKVD Collegium
862:
861:
859:
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856:Sergei Kruglov
853:
848:
846:Nikolai Yezhov
843:
841:Genrikh Yagoda
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711:. p. 137.
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426:Lavrenti Beria
415:Genrikh Yagoda
403:Nikolai Yezhov
388:Order of Lenin
359:Mikhail Chudov
352:Genrikh Yagoda
331:Anna Akhmatova
311:Andrei Zhdanov
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230:Russian Empire
217:
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190:Henriks Štubis
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111:Russian Empire
97:Henriks Štubis
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1091:Turkmenistan
941:Pyotr Sharia
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690:. Retrieved
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497:
477:Bibliography
469:Заковский Л.
468:
461:Заковский Л.
460:
439:Заковский Л.
438:
433:Publications
419:
400:
385:
380:
375:Josif Stalin
363:Boris Pozern
356:
341:
336:
308:
302:, replacing
296:Sergei Kirov
293:
277:
273:Josif Stalin
270:
219:
216:Early career
189:
169:
168:
154:(1913–1918)
142:Soviet Union
138:Russian SFSR
73:Succeeded by
48:
1125:1938 deaths
1120:1894 births
926:Yakov Deich
422:Order 49990
159:(1918–1938)
59:Preceded by
1114:Categories
1097:Tajikistan
1094:Uzbekistan
1088:Kyrgyzstan
1085:Kazakhstan
1070:Azerbaijan
1058:Belorussia
882:Lev Belsky
707:Conquest.
587:References
123:1938-08-29
1079:Lithuania
834:Ministers
748:cite book
564:ignored (
553:cite book
392:Karl Marx
246:Bolshevik
194:Bolshevik
152:RSDLP (b)
49:In office
1082:Moldavia
991:Archives
980:Highways
767:Jansen.
692:9 August
535:3000 экз
502:1000 экз
496:(2007).
445: :
443:Алгоритм
396:Bismarck
319:Zalutsky
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315:Safarov
282:in the
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754:link
734:ISBN
694:2018
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623:ISBN
566:help
539:ISBN
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451:ISBN
300:NKVD
280:OGPU
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100:1894
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