33:
316:, becoming one of the first foreign professors at a Japanese university, bringing with him several documents, apparatuses and chemicals from Germany. His research in Japan focussed on potentiometric measurements and the cellular membrane. Nagatsu has provided an account of Michaelis's contributions to biochemistry in Japan.
494:
An equation of the same form and with the same meaning appeared in the doctoral thesis of Victor Henri, a decade before
Michaelis and Menten. However, Henri did not take it further: in particular he did not discuss the advantages of considering initial rates rather than time courses. Nonetheless, it
299:
From 1900 to 1904, Michaelis continued his study of clinical medicine at a municipal hospital in Berlin, where he found time to establish a chemical laboratory. He attained the position of
Privatdocent at the University of Berlin in 1903. In 1905 he accepted a position as director of the bacteriology
267:
During his time at Berlin
University, Michaelis worked in the lab of Oscar Hertwig, even receiving a prize for a paper on the histology of milk secretion. Michaelis's doctoral thesis work on cleavage determination in frog eggs led him to write a textbook on embryology. Through his work at Hertwig's
308:'s pregnancy tests could not be reproduced, a paper which fatally compromised Michaelis's position as an academic in Germany. In addition to that, he feared that being Jewish would make further advancement in the university unlikely, and in 1922, Michaelis moved to the Medical School of the
815:
of teaching the violin and other instruments. Suzuki asked his advice about whether he should become a professional violinist. Perhaps more honest than tactful, Michaelis advised him to take up teaching, and thus catalysed the invention of the Suzuki method.
228:
in 1893 after passing the
Abiturienten Examen. It was here that Michaelis's interest in physics and chemistry was first sparked as he was encouraged by his teachers to utilize the relatively unused laboratories at his school.
755:
1909 introduction of the pH scale with a study of the effect of hydrogen ion concentration on invertase, and he became the leading world expert on pH and buffers. His book was the major reference on the subject for decades.
836:
Lecturer in 1946. He was elected to be a Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1929, a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1943. In 1945, he received an honorary LL.D. from the
398:
682:
is important. Some authors call this non-competitive inhibition, but it is not non-competitive inhibition as understood by
Michaelis. The remaining important kind of inhibition,
741:
660:
599:
542:
489:
824:
Michaelis was married to Hedwig
Philipsthal; they had two daughters, Ilse Wolman and Eva M. Jacoby. Leonor Michaelis died on 8 October or 10 October, 1949 in New York City.
621:: Michaelis's competitive inhibitors are still competitive inhibitors by this definition. However, non-competitive inhibition by his criterion is very rare, but
704:
680:
619:
562:
460:
440:
420:
1454:
283:, and then moved to Berlin, where he received his doctorate in 1897. After receiving his medical degree, Michaelis worked as a private research assistant to
1264:
Michaelis, L; Rona, P (1914). "Die
Wirkungsbedingungen der Maltase au Bierhefe. III Ăśber die Natur der Verschiedenartigen Hemmungen der Fermentwirkungen".
1459:
328:
1439:
1464:
1311:
838:
1424:
1012:"In memory of Professor Leonor Michaelis in Nagoya: Great contributions to biochemistry in Japan in the first half of the 20th century"
1444:
862:
906:
340:
348:
1419:
777:
1059:
Michaelis, L.; Menten, M.L. (1913). "Die
Kinetik der Invertinwirkung" [The kinetics of invertin action].
1449:
320:
225:
781:
288:
709:
628:
567:
1283:
Michaelis, L; Pechstein, H (1914). "Ăśber der
Verschiedenartige Natur der Hemmungen der Invertasewirk".
799:
A full discussion of his life and contributions to biochemistry may be consulted for more information.
232:
With concerns about the financial stability of a pure scientist, he commenced his study of medicine at
518:
465:
1434:
1429:
1023:
752:
245:
237:
224:
Leonor Michaelis was born in Berlin, Germany, on 16 January 1875, and graduated from the humanistic
792:, a discovery that would come to have several implications in the cosmetic industry, including the
1348:
Die Wasserstoffionenkonzentration; Ihre Bedeutung fĂĽr die Biologie und die Methoden Ihrer Messung
1181:
Cornish-Bowden, A.; Mazat, J.-P.; Nicolas, S. (2014). "Victor Henri: 111 years of his equation".
507:
Michaelis was one of the first to study enzyme inhibition, and to classify inhibition types as
1384:
1307:
1246:
1198:
1150:
1101:
1041:
992:
951:
785:
309:
301:
233:
205:
98:
1374:
1236:
1190:
1140:
1132:
1091:
1031:
982:
941:
933:
888:
769:
305:
189:
808:
201:
108:
1327:
Michaelis, L; Davidsohn, H (1911). "Die Wirkung der Wasserstoffionen auf das Invertin".
1027:
1145:
1120:
946:
921:
793:
689:
665:
604:
547:
445:
425:
405:
1413:
812:
284:
273:
253:
79:
75:
57:
773:
601:
to be decreased in competitive inhibition, with no effect on the apparent value of
313:
269:
169:
1363:"Leonor Michaelis and Music: Transcript of a Conversation with Kunio Yagi in 1986"
1096:
1079:
1036:
1011:
1401:
1194:
1121:"The Original Michaelis Constant: Translation of the 1913 Michaelis–Menten Paper"
765:
197:
32:
1379:
1362:
987:
970:
261:
241:
185:
743:, was not considered by Michaelis. Fuller discussion can be found elsewhere.
324:
257:
249:
193:
1388:
1250:
1202:
1154:
1105:
1045:
996:
955:
892:
922:"Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes"
833:
280:
213:
116:
1241:
1220:
937:
789:
276:; he worked as Ehrlich's private research assistant from 1898 to 1899.
1306:(4th ed.). Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 133–168.
1219:
Deichmann, U.; Schuster, S.; Mazat, J.-P.; Cornish-Bowden, A. (2013).
1136:
865:
A Biographical Memoir by L. Michaelis, D. A. MacInnes and S. Granick J
764:
In his later career he worked extensively on quinones, and discovered
544:
is increased, and in non-competitive inhibition the apparent value of
158:
53:
876:
300:
lab in the Klinikum Am Urban, becoming Professor extraordinary at
1167:
V. Henri: Théorie générale de l’action de quelques diastases.
327:
as resident lecturer in medical research and in 1929 to the
209:
112:
564:
is decreased. Nowadays we consider the apparent value of
706:
is decreased with no effect on the apparent value of
304:
in 1908. In 1914 he published a paper suggesting that
184:(16 January 1875 – 8 October 1949) was a German
712:
692:
668:
631:
607:
570:
550:
521:
468:
448:
428:
408:
351:
165:
153:
145:
130:
122:
104:
94:
86:
64:
39:
23:
807:During his time in Japan Michaelis knew the young
735:
698:
674:
654:
613:
593:
556:
536:
515:. In competitive inhibition the apparent value of
483:
454:
434:
414:
393:{\displaystyle v={\frac {Va}{K_{\mathrm {m} }+a}}}
392:
279:He passed his physician's examination in 1896 in
803:"Catalysing" the Suzuki method of music teaching
1221:"Commemorating the 1913 Michaelis–Menten paper
877:"Die Abderhaldensche Schwangerschaftsdiagnose"
832:Michaelis was a Harvey Lecturer in 1924 and a
625:, with effects on the apparent values of both
495:is historically more accurate to refer to the
1119:Johnson, Kenneth A.; Goody, Roger S. (2011).
1090:(17). Translated by Boyde, T.R.C: 2712–2720.
8:
343:equation. This is now available in English.
331:in New York City, where he retired in 1941.
907:"Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten"
875:Michaelis, L.; von Lagermarck, L. (1914).
31:
20:
1378:
1240:
1144:
1095:
1035:
986:
945:
751:Michaelis built virtually immediately on
726:
725:
716:
711:
691:
667:
645:
644:
635:
630:
606:
584:
583:
574:
569:
549:
527:
526:
520:
474:
473:
467:
447:
427:
407:
374:
373:
358:
350:
329:Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research
1214:
1212:
879:[Abderhalden's pregnancy test].
858:
856:
854:
422:in terms of the substrate concentration
339:Michaelis's work with Menten led to the
16:German chemist and physician (1875–1949)
850:
839:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
1078:Michaelis, L.; Menten, M.L. (2013).
236:in 1893. Among his instructors were
1455:Academic staff of Nagoya University
736:{\displaystyle V/K_{\mathrm {m} }}
727:
655:{\displaystyle V/K_{\mathrm {m} }}
646:
594:{\displaystyle V/K_{\mathrm {m} }}
585:
528:
503:Classification of Inhibition types
475:
375:
14:
1080:"The kinetics of invertin action"
926:The Journal of General Physiology
686:, in which the apparent value of
1460:Johns Hopkins University faculty
537:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {m} }}
484:{\displaystyle K_{\mathrm {m} }}
204:in 1913, as well as for work on
149:Biochemistry, physical chemistry
1304:Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics
1223:Die Kinetik der Invertinwirkung
497:Henri–Michaelis–Menten equation
491:(written with modern symbols).
164:
1350:(in German). Berlin: Springer.
1169:C. R. Hebd. SĂ©ances Acad. Sci.
1:
1440:Rockefeller University people
1097:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.015
1037:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.04.020
335:The Michaelis-Menten equation
1195:10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.018
268:lab, Michaelis came to know
1302:Cornish-Bowden, A. (2012).
971:"Leonor Michaelis in Japan"
1481:
1425:German medical researchers
969:(Bill) Slater, E. (2006).
863:Leonor Michaelis 1875–1949
747:Hydrogen ion concentration
287:(1899–1902) and for
196:, known for his work with
134:Ilse Wolman, Eva M. Jacoby
1465:Physicians of the Charité
1380:10.1080/15216540600702230
988:10.1080/15216540600702222
175:
138:
30:
1445:German physical chemists
1285:Biochemische Zeitschrift
1266:Biochemische Zeitschrift
1061:Biochemische Zeitschrift
782:urinary tract infections
684:uncompetitive inhibition
402:for a steady-state rate
321:Johns Hopkins University
312:(Japan) as Professor of
220:Early life and education
820:Personal life and death
811:, later famous for the
289:Ernst Viktor von Leyden
1346:Michaelis, L. (1914).
920:Michaelis, L. (1925).
893:10.1055/s-0029-1190182
881:Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr
784:(1902). He found that
778:Michaelis–Gutmann body
737:
700:
676:
656:
615:
595:
558:
538:
485:
456:
436:
416:
394:
272:and his work on blood
1225:: three perspectives"
738:
701:
677:
657:
616:
596:
559:
539:
486:
457:
437:
417:
395:
319:In 1926, he moved to
226:Köllnisches Gymnasium
1402:Whonamedit Biography
1010:Nagatsu, T. (2013).
710:
690:
666:
629:
605:
568:
548:
519:
466:
446:
426:
406:
349:
310:University of Nagoya
238:Emil du Bois-Reymond
1028:2013FEBSL.587.2721N
291:(1902–1906).
1420:German biochemists
1242:10.1111/febs.12598
1171:135 (1902) 916–919
938:10.1085/jgp.8.2.33
733:
696:
672:
652:
611:
591:
554:
534:
481:
452:
432:
412:
390:
126:Hedwig Philipsthal
1313:978-3-527-33074-4
1137:10.1021/bi201284u
1131:(39): 8264–8269.
1022:(17): 2721–2724.
786:thioglycolic acid
699:{\displaystyle V}
675:{\displaystyle V}
614:{\displaystyle V}
557:{\displaystyle V}
455:{\displaystyle V}
435:{\displaystyle a}
415:{\displaystyle v}
388:
302:Berlin University
234:Berlin University
206:enzyme inhibition
179:
178:
140:Scientific career
99:Berlin University
1472:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1361:Azzi, A (2006).
1358:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
981:(5–6): 376–377.
966:
960:
959:
949:
917:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
872:
866:
860:
770:supravital stain
742:
740:
739:
734:
732:
731:
730:
720:
705:
703:
702:
697:
681:
679:
678:
673:
661:
659:
658:
653:
651:
650:
649:
639:
623:mixed inhibition
620:
618:
617:
612:
600:
598:
597:
592:
590:
589:
588:
578:
563:
561:
560:
555:
543:
541:
540:
535:
533:
532:
531:
490:
488:
487:
482:
480:
479:
478:
461:
459:
458:
453:
441:
439:
438:
433:
421:
419:
418:
413:
399:
397:
396:
391:
389:
387:
380:
379:
378:
367:
359:
341:Michaelis–Menten
306:Emil Abderhalden
190:physical chemist
182:Leonor Michaelis
71:
49:
47:
35:
25:Leonor Michaelis
21:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1450:Jewish chemists
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1396:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1009:
1008:
1004:
968:
967:
963:
919:
918:
914:
905:
904:
900:
874:
873:
869:
861:
852:
847:
830:
822:
809:Shinichi Suzuki
805:
788:could dissolve
762:
749:
721:
708:
707:
688:
687:
664:
663:
640:
627:
626:
603:
602:
579:
566:
565:
546:
545:
522:
517:
516:
513:non-competitive
505:
469:
464:
463:
444:
443:
424:
423:
404:
403:
369:
368:
360:
347:
346:
337:
297:
222:
202:enzyme kinetics
109:Enzyme kinetics
95:Alma mater
82:
73:
69:
60:
51:
50:16 January 1875
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1394:
1353:
1338:
1319:
1312:
1294:
1275:
1256:
1235:(2): 435–463.
1208:
1173:
1160:
1111:
1070:
1067:(17): 333–369.
1051:
1002:
961:
912:
898:
887:(1): 316–319.
867:
849:
848:
846:
843:
829:
826:
821:
818:
804:
801:
794:permanent wave
761:
758:
748:
745:
729:
724:
719:
715:
695:
671:
648:
643:
638:
634:
610:
587:
582:
577:
573:
553:
530:
525:
504:
501:
477:
472:
451:
442:and constants
431:
411:
386:
383:
377:
372:
366:
363:
357:
354:
336:
333:
296:
293:
221:
218:
177:
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155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
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136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
106:
105:Known for
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
74:
72:(aged 74)
68:8 October 1949
66:
62:
61:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
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1451:
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1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
913:
908:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
864:
859:
857:
855:
851:
844:
842:
840:
835:
827:
825:
819:
817:
814:
813:Suzuki method
810:
802:
800:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
759:
757:
754:
746:
744:
722:
717:
713:
693:
685:
669:
641:
636:
632:
624:
608:
580:
575:
571:
551:
523:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
492:
470:
449:
429:
409:
400:
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381:
370:
364:
361:
355:
352:
344:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
295:Life and work
294:
292:
290:
286:
285:Moritz Litten
282:
277:
275:
271:
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:Oscar Hertwig
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
174:
171:
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156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:United States
77:
76:New York City
67:
63:
59:
58:German Empire
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1397:
1373:(5–6): 378.
1370:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1128:
1125:Biochemistry
1124:
1114:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1019:
1015:
1005:
978:
974:
964:
932:(2): 33–59.
929:
925:
915:
909:. June 2016.
901:
884:
880:
870:
831:
823:
806:
798:
774:mitochondria
763:
750:
683:
622:
512:
508:
506:
496:
493:
401:
345:
338:
318:
314:biochemistry
298:
278:
270:Paul Ehrlich
266:
246:Emil Fischer
231:
223:
181:
180:
170:Paul Ehrlich
154:Institutions
139:
70:(1949-10-08)
18:
1435:1949 deaths
1430:1875 births
1189:: 161–166.
766:Janus green
509:competitive
198:Maud Menten
87:Nationality
1414:Categories
1367:IUBMB Life
1335:: 366–412.
1329:Biochem. Z
975:IUBMB Life
845:References
796:("perm").
753:Sørensen's
262:embryology
242:physiology
186:biochemist
161:, New York
46:1875-01-16
1183:Biochimie
1084:FEBS Lett
1016:FEBS Lett
325:Baltimore
258:histology
250:chemistry
194:physician
1389:16754335
1291:: 79–90.
1272:: 62–78.
1251:24180270
1203:25252213
1155:21888353
1106:23867202
1046:23628780
997:16754334
956:19872189
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