714:
There is a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession in the noun phrase. In inalienable possession, a singular possessor is marked by a suffix on the noun indexing the possessor (possessor agreement suffix). In plural inalienable possession and all alienable, the possessor
736:
The reference system makes a 10-way distinction. Gender is distinguished in second and third person singular pronouns. The first person non-singular pronouns include a dual inclusive form, a plural inclusive form, and a plural exclusive form. The plural inclusive form is a bimorphemic pronoun which
710:
Nouns are grammatically masculine or feminine, but there are no morphological markings of gender on the nouns. This distinction is only seen in the agreement system (covert gender). Only a subset of nouns are marked for plural: large animals, kinship terms and a few inanimate objects. Plurals nouns
723:
The tense-aspect-mood system includes four verbal forms labeled "past", "future", "nominal" and "imperative". The "past" form normally has a stem-final vowel /i/. The "future" and "nominal" forms both have a stem-final vowel /e/. They are distinguished from each other by a high tone on the first
727:
Some verbs also have a plural form indicated by a suffix /-wi/ or a devoiced initial consonant. The plural form of the verb can indicate the plurality of an action, a plural intransitive subject, or a plural object. Verbs can also be modified by adverbs, including a class of ideophones, by a
711:
are marked in a variety of ways including a suffix /-e/ or /-we/ and an infix /-a-/. There are three nouns that have irregular plural forms: "woman", "hen" and "person".
874:
Studia chadica et hamitosemitica: Akten des internationalen
Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 6.-8. Mai 1991
963:
833:
847:
Dictionnaire lélé-français : suivi d'un index français-lélé. Essai de description lexicale de la langue tchadique parlée dans la région de Kélo, Tchad
745:
In a pragmatically neutral sentence, nominal arguments occur in a SVO word order. However, third person subject pronouns usually follow the verb.
822:
728:"ventive" marker (derived from the verb "come") following the verb, or an "inceptive" marker (derived from the verb "leave") preceding the verb.
855:
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Lele has five underlying vowels. The mid vowels are lower mid rather than higher mid. All vowels may have long variants.
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Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1995. Two complementizers in Lele. In
Ibriszimow, Dymitr and Leger, Rudolf (eds.),
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syllable of the "future" form. The imperative form normally has a stem-final vowel /a/ or /u/.
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Comptes rendus du première conférence international des africanistes de l'ouest, Dakar 1945
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combines the first person dual inclusive form with the second person plural form.
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Lami, Pierre. 1951. Le nombre et le genre dans la langue lélé. In
45:
945:
897:, 197-208. Dakar: Inst. Français de l'Afrique Noire (IFAN).
298:
There are some asymmetries in Lele's consonant inventory.
888:
Etude succincte de la langue lélé et du dialecte nantchoa
937:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
715:
is indexed by a pronominal word following the noun.
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832:Cope, Pamela Simons and Donald A. Burquest. 1986.
850:(in French). Nicolas Quint. Paris: L'Harmattan.
902:Nè... be marking in Lele: a cleft construction
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807:. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.
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890:. Beirut: Imprimérie Catholique. 197pp.
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876:, 163-170. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
834:Some comments on nasalization in Lele
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758:
7:
933:World Atlas of Language Structures
14:
21:Lele language (Papua New Guinea)
906:Studies in African Linguistics
883:. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
1:
803:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt (2001).
879:Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 2001.
844:Cope, Pamela Simons (2010).
16:East Chadic language of Chad
821:Cope, Pamela Simons. 1993.
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19:Not to be confused with
775:(subscription required)
161:language spoken in the
900:Simons, Pamela. 1982.
29:Lele language (Guinea)
1340:East Chadic languages
1168:Jonkor (Bourmataguil)
973:East Chadic languages
169:department, south of
25:Lele language (Bantu)
886:Lami, Pierre. 1942.
192:IPA chart of vowels
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193:
57:(26,000 cited 1991)
924:Haspelmath, Martin
823:The plural in Lele
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191:
1335:Languages of Chad
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1312:extinct languages
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920:Dryer, Matthew S.
881:A grammar of Lele
857:978-2-296-10335-1
805:A Grammar of Lele
773:(18th ed., 2015)
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88:East Chadic A
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1314:. See also:
1307:
1264:Barain (B.4)
1228:Sokoro (B.3)
1197:Mubi (B.1.2)
1068:
931:
908:13. 217-229.
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530:prenasalized
297:
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154:
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137:
98:
73:Afro-Asiatic
1109:Kwang (A.3)
630:Approximant
332:Labio-velar
304:Consonants
159:East Chadic
83:East Chadic
1329:Categories
770:Ethnologue
749:References
741:Word order
294:Consonants
1310:indicate
1163:Dangaléat
866:608164729
571:Fricative
495:implosive
397:voiceless
177:Phonology
165:, in the
139:Glottolog
123:ISO 639-3
1219:Zirenkel
732:Pronouns
317:Alveolar
146:lele1276
1308:Italics
1292:Mokilko
1276:Jelkung
1209:Masmaje
1204:Kajakse
1178:Migaama
1100:Tobanga
1090:Kabalai
1074:Nancere
701:Grammar
671:lateral
636:central
391:Plosive
337:Glottal
322:Palatal
205:Central
95:(A.2.1)
93:Nancere
1285:Others
1271:Barein
1245:Sokoro
1173:Mabire
1158:Birgit
1153:Bidiyo
1038:Gadang
1004:Somrai
935:Online
928:"Lele"
864:
854:
446:voiced
312:Labial
182:Vowels
157:is an
78:Chadic
1294:(B.2)
1250:Tamki
1188:Toram
1183:Mogum
1121:Kwang
1064:Kimré
1048:Sarua
1043:Miltu
1016:Motun
1013:Mawer
1009:Tumak
840:16(2)
829:23(1)
719:Verbs
706:Nouns
683:]
679:[
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604:Trill
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344:Nasal
327:Velar
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278:[
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260:[
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249:[
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233:[
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222:[
200:Front
155:Lele
27:, or
1240:Saba
1235:Mawa
1214:Mubi
1125:Buso
1116:Kera
1069:Lele
1033:Boor
999:Ndam
994:Mire
862:OCLC
852:ISBN
838:JWAL
827:JWAL
765:Lele
217:High
210:Back
171:Kélo
99:Lele
46:Chad
37:Lele
1255:Ubi
767:at
271:Low
244:Mid
130:lln
1331::
930:.
922:;
904:.
860:.
836:.
825:.
781:^
757:^
560:ᵑb
547:ⁿd
538:ᵐb
483:ɡb
434:kp
173:.
23:,
965:e
958:t
951:v
868:.
681:l
655:j
644:w
613:r
595:h
580:s
512:ɗ
503:ɓ
474:ɡ
463:d
454:b
425:k
414:t
405:p
378:ŋ
369:ɲ
360:n
351:m
280:a
262:o
251:e
235:u
224:i
31:.
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