436:
the idea aloud during
Kennedy's White House years. Red Fay, a friend of the President from his World War II service, said of Billings: "I didn't see anything overtly gay about him; I think he was neutral." One historian wrote that after the 1963 assassination Billings was "probably the saddest of the Kennedy 'widows'." Though newspapers often mentioned Billings' attendance at major social events, they identified him either as the escort of a member of the Kennedy family or included him in a list of Kennedy friends. Otherwise he attended without female accompaniment. Billings had his own room in the White House.
759:, accessed January 25, 2011; "Lennen & Newell, which had 690 domestic employees in 1970 and 25 at the end of last year, has today between 40 and 50....So that pretty much marks the end of Lennen & Newell, the agency that began in 1916 as the J.T.H. Mitchell Agency, became Lennen & Mitchell in 1924 and under its present name rode into the top 15 of United States ad agencies. It will not be forgotten by those who worked there, nor by an industry that has been badly shaken by its financial failure."
336:
longer periods. When the First Lady was away, Billings organized White House dinner parties for the
President and old friends, and when the President traveled, he kept the First Lady company. One presidential aide later said that "some people saw him so much they thought he was the Secret Service." Billings never had a White House pass and said: "Jack and Jackie were so nice about this that I didn't even have to tell them whether I was coming or going." Historian Sally Bedell Smith compared him to
407:, who was banned from the White House after a run-in with Billings, was critical of Billings, but also thought Billings played an important role as an aide to Kennedy, who was often ill or in pain. "He needed Lem Billings to get around — better than a trained nurse" that would have made his political career impossible. Vidal thought Jacqueline Kennedy thought Billings "was kind of a nothing ... but Jack needed him and she was practical."
751:"The agency, which was the 13th largest in the United States in 1971, went bankrupt the following year, listing almost $ 11 million in liabilities. It remains the worst such failure in the history of advertising agencies. In its final year, Lennen & Newell had domestic billings of $ 140 million, and Mr. Toigo had said that the agency was worth between $ 12 million and $ 15 million and that he owned about 95 percent of the stock.
302:
453:
thought
Billings was "absolutely nobody," he also believed "it was a good idea that Jack had somebody he could trust like that around him." He believed Billings loved Kennedy. "Jack made a big difference in my life," Billings said. "Because of him, I was never lonely. He may have been the reason I never got married."
418:
Billings spent less time with the
President in the fall of 1963. One of their friends thought "that Jackie was trying to close Lem out." Billings spent the last weekend of October 1963 with the couple, the last time he saw them together. Billings saw the President for the last time when they dined at
435:
Friends from the 1970s confirmed that
Billings was gay, but not open to discussing it. In 2006, looking back to the Kennedy Administration, Ben Bradlee said: "I suppose it's known that Lem was gay....It impressed me that Jack had gay friends." At the same time, he admitted that no one ever expressed
410:
Many testify to
Billings' wit and ability to help the President relax. He once described the Kennedy family's lack of business awareness: "Listening to the Kennedy brothers talk about business was like hearing nuns talk about sex." Billings also served the President as an artistic adviser, selecting
525:
On May 28, 1981, Billings died in his sleep following a heart attack in his
Manhattan apartment. His dying wish was for the young Kennedy men to carry his casket to its final resting place. When they arrived at the cemetery, it was already in place to be lowered. The young Kennedys took the casket
335:
Billings visited the White House on most weekends during the
Kennedy Administration. When a butler commented on the fact that Billings was leaving his belongings in one of the third-floor guest rooms, the First Lady replied: "He's been my house guest since I was married." Sometimes he stayed for
209:
team. They became close friends. While at Choate, they formed a club and called themselves "The
Muckers". The Muckers would pull pranks around the school and even planned to dump horse manure in the school gym, but that fell through after the headmaster found out. Billings' first visit with the
452:
was Jack
Kennedy. I don't think it's true that he did not have views of his own, as some have said. He had a very independent mind. He had interests of his own that Jack didn't necessarily share. He certainly didn't have the same interest in politics and women that Jack had." Though Gore Vidal
387:
thought Billings "used to glare at me when we occasionally encountered each other in the company of JFK, and for a time I took this rather personally. Soon I discovered that he glared with equal suspicion at anyone whose friendship with JFK post-dated his own." Another said: "Members of the
292:
In 1960, on leave from his job, he worked on Kennedy's presidential campaign. He managed the campaign in the Third Congressional District in the Wisconsin primary and then served as a general troubleshooter and coordinator of television in the West Virginia primary.
439:
Some historians believe that Billings expressed his sexual interest in Kennedy in writing in 1934 and that Kennedy rebuffed his advances. Kennedy knew that gay behavior on the part of Billings had been revealed by a fellow Choate student during their years there.
324:. He later said: "I realized that I did not want to work for the president—because I felt it would change our relationship." In September 1961, he accepted an appointment to the board of trustees of the planned National Cultural Center, which later became the
496:, and others, Billings began using drugs due to the influence of the Kennedy and Lawford boys. The elder Kennedys began to discourage the boys from associating with Billings because of his excessive recreational drug use (including alcohol).
461:
In 1964, Billings was named to select a memorial to Kennedy to be placed in the Kennedy Center. In 1965, Jacqueline Kennedy invited Billings to accompany her and her children to England for the unveiling of a memorial to President Kennedy at
480:
in 1968, Billings became depressed and started to drink in excess, an addiction that plagued him for most of his life. He maintained close ties to the Kennedys and their children for the rest of his life, frequently socializing with
359:
The press frequently reported on his presence at Kennedy family events, such as the arrival of the Kennedy children in Washington in February 1961. He accompanied the President to church, launched a kite for the President's daughter
1382:
By birthright and training (Robert Kennedy Jr.) was presidential timber, with family friends like Lem Billings, a close friend of John F. Kennedy's, expending considerable effort trying to mentor and tutor him after his father's
1152:
Smith, 433-4; see also: Smith, 113: "The only counterbalance to the family's philistinism had been Lem Billings, whose passion for art and antiques had begun with his Princeton theses on Tintoretto, a precociously sophisticated
33:
403:), was no friend of Billings, yet observed "they were childhood friends and stayed loyal to each other forever." Billings, he said, "had a natural jealousy. He didn't want to share his friendship with Jack."
231:
In 1941, Billings failed medical tests required for admission to the U.S. military during World War II. In 1942, supported by a recommendation from Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., was accepted by the
218:
had hurt the Billings family financially, and Lem Billings was at Choate on scholarship. Billings repeated his senior year so that he and Kennedy could graduate from Choate together in 1935.
364:, and delivered pet hamsters to the Kennedy children. He joined the President's entourage for his tours of Europe in both 1961 and 1963. In 1962, he escorted two of the President's sisters,
1646:
1671:
205:, an elite preparatory school in Wallingford, Connecticut, in the fall of 1933. As a teenager, Billings was 6' 2", weighed 175 pounds, and was the strongest member of the Choate
376:
estate, Jacqueline Kennedy invited Billings to join them more often than the President did. She needed Billings to keep the President company while she went horseback riding.
321:
164:, on April 15, 1916, the third child of Frederic Tremaine Billings (1873–1933) and Romaine LeMoyne (1882–1970). His father was a prominent physician and a graduate of the
32:
306:
136:
and the Kennedy family. Billings was a preparatory school roommate of Kennedy, an usher at his wedding, and a campaigner for his successful 1960 presidential bid.
1676:
522:
described how Billings structured her interviews with him. She had to submit questions in advance. Billings then prepared responses and read them aloud to her.
1631:
1681:
1656:
1621:
798:
235:, where his poor eyesight was not a disqualification. He was deployed to North Africa from 1942 to 1943. In 1944, he received a commission in the
1616:
635:
1324:
1641:
1626:
1606:
1439:
1289:
1651:
1574:
1503:
1424:
Many tried and failed to get him (RFK Jr) off heroin. Instead of guiding him to greater glory, Billings followed Bobby into heroin addiction.
1258:
561:
548:
1666:
1636:
1611:
756:
1227:, accessed September 23, 2011; One instance of Billings engaging in gay sex in the mid 1940s has been documented. Vidal, 380; Pitts, 202
1224:
242:
After working on John F. Kennedy's successful campaign for U.S. Congress in 1946, Billings toured seven Latin American countries with
391:
Most recognized that Billings and Kennedy had been friends from youth and did not question their relationship or Billings' presence.
905:
1308:
214:
in 1933; after that, he joined them for holidays, participated in family events, and was treated like a member of the family. The
1002:
441:
424:
353:
195:
1044:
986:
415:
for display in the Oval Office and, on one European tour, quickly assembling a selection of artworks to be presented as gifts.
349:
1018:
274:
taste. In 1958, Billings moved to the prominent Manhattan advertising firm Lennen & Newell, as an advertising executive.
844:
329:
317:
224:
In 1939, Billings graduated from Princeton University, majoring in art and architecture and wrote his senior thesis on
165:
1340:
860:
876:
445:
278:
232:
1464:
448:
and friend of both Billings and Kennedy, described their relationship: "Lem was a stable presence for Jack. Lem's
1661:
384:
221:
In the summer of 1937, Billings and Kennedy took a summer trip through Europe which solidified their friendship.
187:
140:
called him "my second son," and he sometimes was an escort for several of the Kennedy women. Billings assisted
764:
132:(April 15, 1916 – May 28, 1981) was an American businessman known for his close and long-time friendship with
1529:
255:
105:
1408:
1366:
507:. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis included Billings as a guest at a party marking the birthdays of her children
332:. He represented the President when the Choate alumni association unveiled Kennedy's portrait in May 1963.
201:
Billings, a 16-year-old third-year student, and John F. Kennedy, a 15-year-old second-year student, met at
365:
175:
482:
145:
137:
492:
Billings' behavior changed drastically in the late 1960s. According to Kennedy family members, such as
1601:
1596:
519:
286:
202:
183:
101:
1286:
580:
512:
486:
266:
store. As Vice President at the Emerson Drug Company in Baltimore, he invented the 1950s fad drink
211:
469:
He escorted Jean Kennedy Smith, sister of the President, to a gala ballet performance in 1966 and
1555:
554:
Jack and Lem - John F. Kennedy and Lem Billings - The Untold Story of an Extraordinary Friendship
527:
449:
369:
348:
who is always present in the back row at major events. He sat with the President's family at the
282:
236:
91:
1570:
1499:
1495:
1488:
901:
557:
544:
477:
243:
170:
328:. The next year, Kennedy named Billings to the board planning America's participation in the
526:
and carried it around the gravesite before returning it to the burial plot. He is buried in
508:
361:
215:
1545:
1293:
1254:
678:
Princeton University Undergraduate Senior Theses, 1924-2018 Art and Archaeology, 1926-2018
504:
500:
141:
133:
305:
Billings (second from left) at the White House as Kennedy signs legislation creating the
1341:
Nan Robertson, "Glittering Audience Attends Kennedy Center's Opening," September 9, 1971
757:
Alfred E. Clark, "Adolph Toigo, Ex-Chairman of Advertising Agency Dies," January 1, 1982
379:
Billings' role as "first friend" was assessed by many observers at the time and since.
372:, around Europe for two weeks. When the Kennedys spent the weekend at Glen Ora, their
325:
271:
1409:"RFK Jr.'s Family Doesn't Want Him to Run. Even They May Not Know His Darkest Secrets"
1367:"RFK Jr.'s Family Doesn't Want Him to Run. Even They May Not Know His Darkest Secrets"
677:
1590:
493:
470:
380:
277:
On September 12, 1953, Billings was an usher at the wedding of John F. Kennedy and
179:
161:
312:
In 1961, Billings declined Kennedy's offers to appoint him the first head of the
420:
392:
341:
313:
404:
301:
225:
157:
60:
1541:
The Best of Friends: Profiles of Extraordinary Friendships (NY: Morrow, 1983)
473:, the president's sister-in-law, to the 1971 opening of the Kennedy Center.
463:
412:
259:
191:
79:
1287:
Luther Turmelle, "Book details JFK's friendship with gay man," May 16, 2007
503:
as a trustee for the Kennedy family trusts, working from an office in the
373:
569:
Louis Bayard, Workman Publishing, New York, 2022, ISBN 978-1-64375-035-4
388:
president's staff thought of him as a 'handy old piece of furniture.'"
267:
263:
1225:"Huntington Hartford Weds Diane Brown in New Jersey," October 8, 1962
206:
383:
called him "an admirer — almost a fawning admirer — of his friend."
144:
as a trustee for the Kennedy family trusts. He also was a mentor to
345:
337:
300:
1440:
Michael C. Jensen, "Managing the Kennedy Millions," June 12, 1977
1003:"Caroline Learns Father Isn't Much of a Kite Pilot," July 7, 1963
258:
and earned an MBA. He later had several jobs, including selling
239:
and served in the South Pacific until being discharged in 1946.
1465:
Doris Kearns Goodwin, "Fitzgeralds and Kennedys," March 8, 1987
1309:"Friend of Kennedy Named To Head Memorial Group," July 8, 1964
281:. In 1956, he was an usher at the wedding of Kennedy's sister
1567:
Jack and Lem: The Untold Story of an Extraordinary Friendship
1560:
Grace and Power: The Private World of the Kennedy White House
1019:"Caroline's 2 Hamsters Hunted in White House," March 5, 1961
1325:"Humphreys Attend a Gala Ballet Premiere," January 19, 1966
399:
during the Kennedy Administration (and later, as editor of
1490:
The Best Of Friends: Profiles Of Extraordinary Friendships
1045:"2 Kennedy Sisters in Poland for Visit," September 2, 1961
423:
on November 13, 1963, nine days before the President was
543:, Oliver Lubrich (Hrsg.), Wien : DVB Verlag, 2021,
861:"U.S. Board Formed to Advise on Fair," January 12, 1962
987:"Prayer for Nation Joined by Kennedy," January 2, 1961
485:, to whom he became almost a surrogate father, and
316:, director of a new agency to promote tourism, the
111:
97:
87:
68:
42:
23:
1487:
765:"End Comes at Lennen & Newell," April 12, 1972
636:"JFK's Best Friend Lem: Transcript | JFK Library"
190:, and was responsible for constructing the first
1647:American Field Service personnel of World War II
877:"Choate Unveils Kennedy's Portrait," May 5, 1963
194:in the United States. The Billings family were
556:, David Pitts, New York, Da Capo Press, 2007,
539:John F. Kennedy ; Kirk LeMoyne Billings:
1393:
1391:
799:"Miss Jean Ann Kennedy Married," May 20, 1956
8:
1672:United States Navy personnel of World War II
186:who helped establish what is today known as
1161:
1159:
1121:
1119:
930:
928:
926:
827:
825:
352:and walked not far behind his widow at the
1091:
1089:
942:
940:
891:
889:
887:
885:
845:"Kennedy Names Friend," September 20, 1961
499:Billings served for many years along with
262:dispensers to drugstores and working at a
31:
20:
444:, a journalist who introduced Kennedy to
270:by adding a fruit flavor to disguise the
1351:
1349:
896:Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (2001).
593:
541:Das geheime Tagebuch : Europa 1937
1526:(San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2002)
1278:
1276:
174:descendant and his great-grandfather,
1245:Perret, 405n26; Pitts, 87; Vidal, 380
254:From 1946 to 1948, Billings attended
7:
1677:20th-century American businesspeople
630:
628:
626:
624:
210:Kennedy family was for Christmas in
16:Kennedy Administration staff member
1632:Military personnel from Pittsburgh
1522:Peter Collier and David Horowitz,
330:New York World's Fair of 1964–1965
14:
1682:20th-century American LGBT people
1259:"Women: Jackie," January 20, 1961
395:, a Kennedy friend who worked at
1657:American LGBT military personnel
1622:Kennedy administration personnel
1569:(NY: Carroll & Graf, 2007),
1524:The Kennedys: An American Drama
898:The Kennedys: An American Drama
1617:Harvard Business School alumni
1236:Perret, 38, 405n.; Pitts, 22-3
1:
1642:United States Navy reservists
1627:LGBT people from Pennsylvania
1607:Burials at Allegheny Cemetery
530:in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
340:, a nondescript character in
1652:American LGBT businesspeople
1667:United States Navy officers
1637:Princeton University alumni
1612:Choate Rosemary Hall alumni
1467:, accessed January 21, 2011
1442:, accessed January 23, 2011
1407:Hagan, Joe (July 2, 2024).
1365:Hagan, Joe (July 2, 2024).
1343:, accessed January 23, 2011
1327:, accessed January 23, 2011
1311:, accessed January 23, 2011
1292:September 13, 2012, at the
1261:, accessed January 18, 2011
1047:, accessed January 23, 2011
1021:, accessed January 23, 2011
1005:, accessed January 23, 2011
989:, accessed January 23, 2011
879:, accessed January 23, 2011
863:, accessed January 23, 2011
847:, accessed January 23, 2011
801:, accessed January 23, 2011
767:, accessed January 25, 2011
476:After the assassination of
1698:
1550:Jack: A Life Like No Other
1174:Pitts, 205-6; Smith, 483-4
148:after his father's death.
1486:Michaelis, David (2008).
30:
1583:(NY: Random House, 1995)
1562:(NY: Random House, 2004)
1552:(NY: Random House, 2002)
1536:(NY: Random House, 1992)
1056:Smith, 127; Pitts, 211-2
1039:Smith, 245; Pitts, 220;
1030:Smith, 230; Pitts, 220-3
567:Jackie and Me: a Novel,
256:Harvard Business School
1183:Pitts, 263-4, 267, 292
964:Pitts, 176; Smith, 513
425:assassinated in Dallas
309:
297:Kennedy administration
279:Jacqueline Lee Bouvier
176:Francis Julius LeMoyne
419:the White House with
401:[[The Washington Post
322:ambassador to Denmark
304:
233:AFS ambulance service
156:Billings was born in
146:Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
138:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
47:Kirk LeMoyne Billings
609:Pitts, 120; Smith 30
520:Doris Kearns Goodwin
350:Kennedy inauguration
287:Stephen Edward Smith
188:LeMoyne–Owen College
184:underground railroad
102:Princeton University
63:, Pennsylvania, U.S.
1534:JFK: Reckless Youth
900:. Encounter Books.
581:JFK: Reckless Youth
518:In 1987, historian
487:Christopher Lawford
442:Charles L. Bartlett
318:U.S. Travel Service
307:U.S. Travel Service
168:. His mother was a
1556:Sally Bedell Smith
1494:. Morrow. p.
1283:New Haven Register
715:Pitts, 99–101, 115
640:www.jfklibrary.org
528:Allegheny Cemetery
446:Jacqueline Bouvier
385:Arthur Schlesinger
370:Jean Kennedy Smith
310:
237:U.S. Naval Reserve
178:, was a prominent
166:U.S. Naval Academy
106:Harvard University
92:Allegheny Cemetery
1575:978-0-7867-1989-1
1539:David Michaelis,
1505:978-0-688-01558-9
1113:Vidal, 380, 391–2
562:978-0-78671-989-1
549:978-3-903244-18-4
483:Bobby Kennedy Jr.
478:Robert F. Kennedy
244:Robert F. Kennedy
198:and Republicans.
119:
118:
1689:
1662:American gay men
1510:
1509:
1493:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:Pitts 2009 p.294
1353:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1012:
1006:
996:
990:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
935:
932:
921:
918:
912:
911:
893:
880:
870:
864:
854:
848:
838:
832:
829:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
792:
786:
783:
777:
774:
768:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
716:
713:
707:
704:
698:
695:
689:
686:
680:
675:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
650:
648:
646:
632:
619:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
515:(18th) in 1978.
82:, New York, U.S.
75:
56:
54:
37:Billings in 1962
35:
21:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1587:
1586:
1546:Geoffrey Perret
1519:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1389:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1294:Wayback Machine
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1013:
1009:
997:
993:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
954:
950:
945:
938:
933:
924:
919:
915:
908:
895:
894:
883:
871:
867:
855:
851:
839:
835:
830:
823:
818:
814:
809:
805:
793:
789:
784:
780:
775:
771:
750:
746:
741:
737:
732:
728:
723:
719:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
692:
687:
683:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:Pitts, 123, 322
658:
654:
644:
642:
634:
633:
622:
617:
613:
608:
604:
599:
595:
590:
576:
536:
505:Pan Am Building
501:Sargent Shriver
459:
433:
354:Kennedy funeral
299:
252:
154:
142:Sargent Shriver
134:John F. Kennedy
104:
98:Alma mater
83:
77:
73:
64:
58:
52:
50:
49:
48:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1537:
1530:Nigel Hamilton
1527:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1478:
1469:
1461:New York Times
1453:
1444:
1436:New York Times
1428:
1399:
1387:
1357:
1345:
1337:New York Times
1329:
1321:New York Times
1313:
1305:New York Times
1297:
1272:
1263:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1221:New York Times
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1155:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1115:
1106:
1097:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1041:New York Times
1032:
1023:
1015:New York Times
1007:
999:New York Times
991:
983:New York Times
975:
966:
957:
948:
936:
922:
913:
906:
881:
873:New York Times
865:
857:New York Times
849:
841:New York Times
833:
821:
812:
803:
795:New York Times
787:
778:
769:
761:New York Times
753:New York Times
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
690:
681:
670:
661:
652:
620:
611:
602:
592:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
575:
572:
571:
570:
564:
551:
535:
532:
458:
455:
432:
429:
366:Eunice Shriver
326:Kennedy Center
298:
295:
272:sodium citrate
251:
248:
182:linked to the
153:
150:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
76:(aged 65)
70:
66:
65:
59:
57:April 15, 1916
46:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1694:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1565:David Pitts,
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:For example:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
952:
949:
943:
941:
937:
931:
929:
927:
923:
917:
914:
909:
907:1-893-55431-7
903:
899:
892:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
858:
853:
850:
846:
842:
837:
834:
828:
826:
822:
816:
813:
810:Pitts, 158-61
807:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
691:
685:
682:
679:
674:
671:
665:
662:
656:
653:
641:
637:
631:
629:
627:
625:
621:
615:
612:
606:
603:
600:Pitts, 319-20
597:
594:
587:
583:
582:
578:
577:
573:
568:
565:
563:
559:
555:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:
533:
531:
529:
523:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
494:Peter Lawford
490:
488:
484:
479:
474:
472:
471:Ethel Kennedy
467:
465:
456:
454:
451:
450:raison d'ĂŞtre
447:
443:
437:
431:Personal life
430:
428:
426:
422:
416:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Leonard Zelig
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
303:
296:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
229:
227:
222:
219:
217:
213:
208:
204:
199:
197:
196:Episcopalians
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
151:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
62:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1580:
1579:Gore Vidal,
1566:
1559:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1489:
1481:
1472:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1402:
1381:
1374:. Retrieved
1370:
1360:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1304:
1300:
1282:
1266:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1220:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1109:
1100:
1079:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1014:
1010:
998:
994:
982:
978:
969:
960:
951:
916:
897:
872:
868:
856:
852:
840:
836:
815:
806:
794:
790:
781:
772:
760:
752:
747:
742:Pitts, 126-6
738:
729:
720:
711:
706:Pitts, 93–95
702:
697:Pitts, 87–88
693:
684:
673:
664:
655:
643:. Retrieved
639:
618:Perret, 35-6
614:
605:
596:
579:
566:
553:
540:
524:
517:
498:
491:
475:
468:
460:
438:
434:
417:
409:
400:
396:
390:
381:Ted Sorensen
378:
358:
334:
311:
291:
276:
264:General Shoe
253:
241:
230:
223:
220:
200:
180:abolitionist
169:
162:Pennsylvania
155:
129:
125:
122:Kirk LeMoyne
121:
120:
88:Burial place
74:(1981-05-28)
72:May 28, 1981
25:Lem Billings
18:
1602:1981 deaths
1597:1916 births
1413:Vanity Fair
1371:Vanity Fair
688:Pitts, 81-2
645:February 7,
511:(21st) and
457:Later years
421:Greta Garbo
393:Ben Bradlee
342:Woody Allen
314:Peace Corps
192:crematorium
152:Early years
115:Businessman
1591:Categories
1581:Palimpsest
1476:Pitts, 306
1451:Pitts, 210
1418:August 24,
1397:Pitts, 293
1376:August 24,
1270:Pitts, 207
1210:Smith, 465
1192:Pitts, 265
1165:Smith, 510
1125:Pitts, 232
1104:Pitts, 231
1074:Pitts, 196
1065:Pitts, 195
973:Pitts, 189
934:Pitts, 192
920:Pitts, 191
831:Pitts, 187
819:Pitts, 186
785:Pitts, 140
776:Pitts, 128
724:Pitts, 277
668:Smith, 113
588:References
534:Literature
405:Gore Vidal
226:Tintoretto
216:Depression
212:Palm Beach
158:Pittsburgh
112:Occupation
61:Pittsburgh
53:1916-04-15
1201:Smith, 31
1143:Smith, 86
1134:Smith, 56
1095:Pitt, 197
955:Pitt, 193
946:Smith, 29
733:Smith, 30
464:Runnymede
413:scrimshaw
346:1983 film
260:Coca-Cola
171:Mayflower
80:Manhattan
1290:Archived
1083:Smith, 8
574:See also
513:John Jr.
509:Caroline
397:Newsweek
374:Virginia
362:Caroline
130:Billings
1517:Sources
1153:study."
268:Fizzies
1573:
1502:
1383:death.
904:
560:
547:
250:Career
203:Choate
320:, or
1571:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1420:2024
1378:2024
1255:TIME
902:ISBN
647:2020
558:ISBN
545:ISBN
368:and
283:Jean
207:crew
69:Died
43:Born
1496:188
344:'s
285:to
126:Lem
1593::
1558:,
1548:,
1532:,
1498:.
1463::
1438::
1422:.
1411:.
1390:^
1380:.
1369:.
1348:^
1339::
1323::
1307::
1285::
1275:^
1257::
1223::
1158:^
1118:^
1088:^
1043::
1017::
1001::
985::
939:^
925:^
884:^
875::
859::
843::
824:^
797::
763::
755::
638:.
623:^
489:.
466:.
427:.
356:.
289:.
246:.
228:.
160:,
128:"
1508:.
910:.
649:.
124:"
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
