1049:(2013) observed that the non-African Y component in the Lemba is around 73.7% to 79.6%. However, overall, the study shows that Y chromosomes which are typically linked to Jewish ancestry were not detected through higher resolution analysis. It seems more likely that Arab traders, who are known to have established long-distance trade networks which stretched thousands of kilometers along the western rim of the Indian Ocean, from Sofala in the south to the Red Sea in the north and beyond, to the Hadramut, to India, and even to China from about 900 AD, are more likely linked with the ancestry of the non-African founding males of the Lemba/Remba.
662:
644:
Lemba religion and practice it, follow Lemba dietary rules, and practice other Lemba customs. The woman may not bring any cooking utensils from her previous home into the Lemba man's home. Initially, the woman may have to shave her head. Their children must be brought up as Lemba. If the Lemba had Jewish ancestors, the shaving of a non-Lemba woman's head may have been one of a series of rituals which were originally associated with the conversion of the first Lemba women to
Judaism, this would have been the way in which Jewish males acquired women for the purpose of making families.
653:
articles which were written during the early 1930s, in the 1920s, the Lembas' medical knowledge earned them respect among tribes in South Africa. Parfitt believes that colonial
Europeans had their own reasons for considering some tribes rather than other tribes indigenous to Africa, because they made the British believe that they had a right to be on the continent just like other migrants. Modern Y-DNA evidence confirms the extra-African origin of some of the Lemba's male ancestors. By contrast, the lead anthropologist in Zimbabwe firmly places them among African peoples.
870:), only a circumcised Lemba man who adhers to Kashrut may slaughter an animal. If a non-Lemba or non-circumcised male kills the animal, even if it is killed within the same manner as the Lemba, the wider community cannot eat the meat. The Lemba also engage in ritual drinking, especially on high holidays. It is worth noting, considering the Lemba's strict adherence to dietary and custom laws, if they were descendants of Muslims, it would be unlikely that they would partake of such activities, considering that it's
534:, the Reform branch of Judaism has acknowledged the existence of an unusual line of descent outside the European and indigenous Middle Eastern Jewish spheres. Especially since the publication of the genetic results of the Lemba, American Jewish communities have reached out to the people, offering assistance, sending books on Judaism and related study materials, and initiating ties in order to teach the Lemba about Rabbinic Judaism. So far, few Lemba have converted to Rabbinic Judaism.
1057:
contributions, showed the link to non-African ancestors. When trying to elucidate the most likely geographic region of origin of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba, the best that could be done was to narrow it to the Middle
Eastern region. While no evidence of the extended CMH 11 was found in the higher resolution study, CMH however, was present at a rate of 8.8% being one mutational step away from the extended form.
357:
278:
39:
778:. The only members of the tribe who were permitted to approach it were the male members of its hereditary priesthood because it was their responsibility to guard it. Other Lemba feared that if they ever touched it, they would be "struck down by the fire of God" which would erupt from the object. The Lemba continue to regard the ngoma as the sacred Ark.
441:
declaring themselves Jews through religious practice and ethnic identification." In 1992, Parfitt pointed to the strong cultural component in Lemba identification with
Judaism. In 2002, Parfitt wrote that "Those Lemba, who perceive themselves as ethnically Jewish, find no contradiction in regularly attending a Christian Church."
983:, or hereditary priests. As recounted in Lemba oral tradition, members of the Buba clan "had a leadership role in bringing the Lemba out of Israel". The genetic study found that 50% of the males in the Buba clan had the Cohen marker, a proportion which is higher than that which is found in the general Jewish population.
468:. Permitted and forbidden animals are seen in Leviticus 11:3–8 and Deuteronomy 14:4–8. Forbidden birds are listed in Leviticus 11:13–23 and Deuteronomy 14:12–20. The Lemba do not eat rodents, shellfish or any other "sea-scavengers" such as crustaceans, unlike in Islam, where consumption of prawns is permitted.
1056:
When blood groups and serum protein markers were used, the Lemba were indistinguishable from the neighbors among whom they lived; the same was true for mitochondrial DNA which represented the input of females in their gene pool. However, the Y chromosomes, which represented their history through male
652:
According to Tooke, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Lemba were highly esteemed for their mining and metalwork skills by the surrounding tribes which lived in the
Zoutpansberg region of South Africa. He wrote in his 1937 book that the other tribes considered the Lemba outsiders. According to
861:
Some of these practices and traditions are not exclusively Jewish; they are common to
Muslims in the Middle East and Africa, and they are also common to other African tribes and other non-African peoples. In the late 1930s, W. D. Hammond-Tooke wrote a book in which he identified Lemba practices that
766:
Parfitt says that the ngoma/ark was carried into battles. If it broke apart, it was rebuilt. The ngoma, he says, was possibly built from the remains of the original Ark. "So it's the closest descendant of the Ark that we know of," Parfitt says. "Many people say that the story is far-fetched, but the
475:
Some Lemba are forbidden from eating the food of non-Lemba people. A Lemba may only eat the meat of an animal which is slaughtered by another Lemba and any household utensil that touches "unclean" food must be thrown out. Any member of the Lemba who broke these taboos were ostracised, with some even
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is a descendant of the biblical Ark, which may have been destroyed or may have been repaired when more material was added to it as the artifact began to wear out. He says that the ark/ngoma was carried to Africa by its priestly guardians. The Lemba people's oral history claims that the Ark exploded
423:
may have participated in this architectural project but he does not believe that they were solely responsible for its completion. Writer Tudor
Parfitt thinks that they may have helped construct the massive city. (see below). Most academics who are experts in this field believe that the construction
617:
The Lemba of
Zimbabwe are divided into 12 distinct clans, namely Tovakare, Bubha, Seleman, Tsadik, Sarif, Hamis, Bakar, Mani, Usingarimi, Hadji, and Ngavi. To strengthen the bonds between the different clans, it is customary for members of each clan to intermarry with individuals from other clans.
311:
have come from a very remote place, on the other side of the sea. We were on a big boat. A terrible storm nearly destroyed us all. The boat was broken into two pieces. One half of us reached the shores of this country; the others were taken away with the second half of the boat, and we do not know
643:
between Lemba and non-Lemba make it nearly impossible for a male non-Lemba to become a member of the Lemba. Lemba men who marry non-Lemba women are expelled from the community unless the women agree to live in accordance with Lemba traditions. A woman who marries a Lemba man must learn about the
564:
South Africa the Lemba were not recognized as an ethnic group which was distinct from other black South
Africans. The Lemba Cultural Association face misconceptions about their goals such as the belief that the Lemba identify more with European Judaism, the belief that they aim to affiliate with
510:
rabbinism believe that "Jewish status by birth" is only passed from a Jewish female to her children (if she herself is a Jew by birth or a Jew by conversion to
Judaism) regardless of the Jewish status of the father. Because of the absence of matrilineal Jewish descent for the Lemba, Orthodox or
440:
wrote that "from a theological point of view, the Lemba’s customs and rituals reveal religious pluralism and interdependence of these various practices" and see membership of these religions "in cultural rather than religious terms. These apparently religious identities do not prevent them from
767:
oral traditions of the Lemba have been backed up by science", he said. The ngoma was on display in the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences, but in 2008, it disappeared. The story of Parfitt and the ngoma was updated in 2014 in the ZDF documentary "Tudor Parfitt and the Lost Tribe of Israel"
763:, and it was later misplaced inside the museum. Parfitt said he believed that the ngoma was the oldest wooden artifact in Zimbabwe. In February 2010, the 'Lemba ngoma lungundu' was put on display in the museum, along with a celebration of both its history and the history of the Lemba.
326:
interprets that the legend about the destruction of the boat and the division of the tribe is perhaps a way of explaining the fact that Lemba clans are to be found in several separate locations. However, it could equally be taken as an expression of a fractured sense of identity.
549:". In the 2000s, the Lemba Cultural Association approached the South African Jewish Board of Deputies, asking for the Lemba to be recognized as Jews by the Jewish community. The Lemba Association complained that "we like many non-European Jews are simply the victims of
540:
of European descent have long been aware of the Lemba, but they have never accepted them as Jews or thought of them as more than an "intriguing curiosity." Generally, the Lemba have not been accepted as Jews because of their lack of matrilineal descent. Several
591:
Rabbi Bernhard of South Africa has stated that the only way for a member of the Lemba tribe to be recognised as a Jew is to undergo the formal Halakhic conversion process. After that, the person "would be welcomed with open arms."
618:
However, it is considered culturally inappropriate and taboo for a Lemba to marry someone from their own clan. This custom helps to preserve the connectedness of the Lemba community and ensure continuity amongst the people.
986:
In order to more specifically define the Lemba people's origins, in 2002 Parfitt and other researchers conducted a larger study in order to compare additional Lemba subjects (whose clans were recorded) with males from
1615:
Pwiti, Gilbert (1996). Continuity and change: an archaeological study of farming communities in northern Zimbabwe AD 500–1700. Studies in African Archaeology, No.13, Department of Archaeology, Uppsala University,
844:; according to Junod's work in 1927, surrounding tribes regarded the Lemba as the masters and originators of that practice with their circumcision ceremonies involving recitations in Hebrew, Arabic and Kiswahili
1085:
William Rasdell, a researcher, photographer, and visual artist developed the JAD photographic field study that outfits Lemba people of Zimbabwe with a point-and-shoot camera to document aspects of their daily
881:, an expert on marginalized Jewish groups, became involved in researching the Lemba's claims. He helped trace the origin of their ancestors back to Senna, an ancient city which they believe was located on the
904:, it's not African. And the fact that every lad was given a knife with which he did his ritual throughout his life and took to his grave. That seemed to me to be remarkably, tangibly Semitic Middle Eastern.
899:
The other thing was the extraordinary importance they placed upon ritual slaughter of animals, which is not an African thing at all. Of course, it's Islamic as well as Judaic, but it's certainly from the
2324:
Thomas, MG; Parfitt, T; Weiss, DA; et al. (1 February 2000), "Y Chromosomes Traveling South: The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba – the "Black Jews of Southern Africa"",
912:
features, with on average, longer and thinner faces than that of the average bantu, their lips are thinner, their noses longer and more aquiline and their eyes smaller, darker and deeper-set.
866:
codified by Muslims and Jews, as are certain dietary restrictions. There are many similarities between Lemba and Jewish animal slaughter. Known to the Lemba as kuShisha (derived from the term
794:
wrote that "Historians of religion have found among the Lemba certain religious and cultural practices which unmistakably resemble Middle Eastern rituals, and there are reflections of
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2902:
2747:
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They practice ritual animal slaughter and ritual preparation of meat for consumption, a Middle Eastern practice rather than one which is common to African ethnicities.
511:
Conservative Judaism would not recognise them as 'Halakhically Jewish.' The Lemba would need to complete a formal conversion process in order to be accepted as Jews.
444:
There has, in recent years, been a Jewish "renaissance" amongst the Lemba, with many reverting to religious Judaism under halakhic laws. Some members have even made
929:
studies by Amanda B. Spurdle & Trefor Jenkins (1996), Mark G. Thomas et al. (2000), and Himla Soodyall (2013), the Lemba are paternally most closely related to
847:
Traditionally, the Lemba are buried facing North (towards Jerusalem, as Zimbabwe is in the Southern Hemisphere) and stones are placed on tombs at the funeral.
1121:
712:
was the legendary Ark of the Covenant. Following the lead of eighth-century accounts of the Ark in Arabia, Parfitt learned of a ghost town which was named
2285:
Spurdle, AB; Jenkins, T (November 1996), "The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers.",
1282:
Spurdle, AB; Jenkins, T (November 1996), "The origins of the Lemba "Black Jews" of southern Africa: evidence from p12F2 and other Y-chromosome markers.",
2963:
2081:
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because they considered it an intensely sacred object. It was carried by poles which were inserted into rings which were attached to each side of the
2740:
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marriage practices, discouraging unions between Lemba and non-Lemba; mostly against tribes they live amongst (which they collectively refer to as
1628:, and Pwiti, G. (1997). Marketing the past: The Shona village at Great Zimbabwe. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 2(3): 3–8.
2968:
2439:
1650:
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at the hands of the European Jewish establishment worldwide". They threatened to start a campaign to "protest and ultimately destroy 'Jewish
452:
were lesser celebrated are being observed in greater numbers, with many communities coming together for passover seders all over the region.
2115:
2953:
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1794:
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where they are now. We climbed the mountains and arrived among the Banyai. There we settled, and after a time we moved southwards to the
537:
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museum in 2007. It had last been exhibited in 1949 by colonial officials in Bulawayo. They took it to Harare for protection during the
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2157:
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1716:
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In May 2013, the Harare Lemba Synagogue was established in a rental building in Bluffhill, Harare, Zimbabwe with the assistance from
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2534:
1892:
2948:
2427:
661:
2410:
Increased Resolution of Y Chromosome Haplogroup T Defines Relationships among Populations of the Near East, Europe, and Africa"
1266:
1082:, includes content about the Lemba. Website includes transcript of an interview with Tudor Parfitt based on his work with them.
805:
According to Rudo Mathivha, a Lemba of South Africa, practices and beliefs which are related to Judaism include the following:
666:
202:
Since the late twentieth century, there has been increased media and scholarly attention about the Lemba's common descent from
2147:
1706:
850:
Since the late 20th century and due to an increasing amount of interest in their possible Jewish ancestry, they have placed
1914:
Trevor, Tudor G. (December 1930). "Some Observations on the Relics of Pre-European Culture in Rhodesia and South Africa".
1126:
1018:
More recently, Mendez et al. (2011) observed that a moderately high frequency of the studied Lemba samples carried Y-DNA
684:
or the "drum that thunders", which they brought from the place which was called Sena. Their oral history claims that the
964:
The study by Thomas et al. (2000) revealed that a substantial number of Lemba men carry a particular haplotype of the
469:
98:
1003:. They found that significant similarities exist between the markers of the Lemba and the markers of the men of the
2917:
2897:
2628:
1382:
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They teach their children to honour their mothers and fathers. (This is common to many ethnicities and religions.)
1753:
1388:
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821:
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Whilst most Lemba are Christians, there is also a sizeable minority of Lemba who are practicing Jews or Muslims.
246:
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2714:
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449:
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in 2000, Parfitt said he was struck by the Lemba's maintenance of rituals which seemed Jewish and/or Semitic:
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which is found in some Jews, as well as in other populations which live across the Middle East and Arabia.
704:
about the rediscovery of this object. His book was adapted into a television documentary that aired on the
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2922:
2866:
2689:
2070:
World Jewish Congress, Lemba tribe in southern Africa has Jewish roots, genetic tests reveal, 03, 18, 2010
717:
1829:
TAMARKIN, NOAH (2011). "Religion as Race, Recognition as Democracy: Lemba "Black Jews" in South Africa".
1811:
569:. However, while the Lemba do identify with their religious Judaism, many practice Christianity as well.
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1136:
596:
499:
365:
288:
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word meaning turban. Thus, in context, the word "Lemba" as an ethnic identifier therefore translates to
2143:
1325:"Lemba origins revisited: Tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba"
1458:"Genes, Religion, and History: The Creation of a Discourse of Origin Among a Judaizing African Tribe"
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950:
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507:
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are not prepared or eaten, with traditional Lemba households having separate pots for each of them.
361:
313:
210:
analyses have established a paternal Middle-Eastern origin for the majority of the Lemba population.
1196:
1015:, Yemen was relatively recent, so its members and the Lemba would not have shared common ancestors.
2907:
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787:
689:
465:
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2267:
1958:
1931:
1854:
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populations. Some Lemba women have also carried markers denoting descendance from the Near East.
1004:
760:
2220:
2105:"Zimbabwe displays 'Ark of Covenant replica'", BBC News, 18 February 2010 accessed 7 March 2010
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origin. The Lemba T carriers exclusively belonged to T1b, which is rare and was not sampled in
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of the enclosure at Great Zimbabwe is largely attributable to the ancestors of the indigenous
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1923:
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395:, building what was referred to as another Sena, or "Sena II". Others supposedly settled in
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61:
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523:
139:
1324:
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European Jewry rather than other black Jews, and the belief that they are distanced from
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What is possibly the oldest recorded origin story of the Lemba people was documented by
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135:
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details the efforts of the Lemba to reengage in religious Judaism within the community
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2805:
2709:
2669:
2428:"Human Genetics and Genomics and Sociocultural Beliefs and Practices in South Africa"
2409:
2016:
1858:
1795:"The Lemba/Jewish Community of Zimbabwe: Its History, Jewish Practice and Challenges"
1591:
Beach, D. N. (1994). A Zimbabwean past: Shona dynastic histories and oral traditions.
1553:
1427:, edited by Parfitt, Tudor and Trevisan-Semi, E., London: Routledge Curzon, pp. 42–43
1000:
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44:
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820:(a deity) for looking after the Lemba, and they identify themselves as part of the
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425:
420:
408:
277:
164:
160:
111:
57:
2815:
2694:
2679:
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1949:
Jaques, Rev. A.A. (1931). "Notes on the Lemba Tribe of the Northern Transvaal".
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901:
713:
585:
416:
336:
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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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345:
281:
196:
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69:
2432:
Genomics and Society: Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Socioeconomic Implications
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1842:
1691:
1473:
1052:
In a 2016 publication, Himla Soodyall and Jennifer G. R Kromberg state that:
2725:
2374:, Public Broadcasting System (PBS), November 2000, accessed 26 February 2008
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1023:
732:
728:
602:
575:
561:
554:
372:
According to the Lemba's oral tradition, their male ancestors migrated from
296:
2592:
2535:"Zimbabwe's Lemba build first synagogue, but struggle to keep the faithful"
2355:
2308:
1305:
908:
In a 1931 article H.A. Stayt described them as an Arabic-Bantu tribe with
38:
2825:
2820:
2684:
2061:"Professor says he found Ark of the Covenant," Hamm, Britinni, 03/13/2008
1991:
1579:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Essays
867:
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They refrain from eating pig and other beasts which are forbidden by the
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Many pre-modern Lemba beliefs and practices can be tentatively linked to
756:
670:
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and Jewish associations support their recognition as descendants of the "
527:
404:
388:
373:
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heritage. Within South Africa, they are particularly concentrated in the
176:
73:
2575:
1962:
1893:"Zimbabwe's Lemba Build Their First Synagogue | Al Jazeera America"
1850:
1481:
1457:
2271:
2239:
2082:"Lemba tribe in southern Africa has Jewish roots, genetic tests reveal"
1935:
1259:
Wuriga, Rabson (1999) "The Story of a Lemba Philosopher and His People"
810:
674:
488:
188:
119:
1643:
The Zimbabwe culture: origins and decline of southern Zambezian states
862:
are similar to those of Muslim Arabs: for instance, their practice of
2840:
2810:
2790:
1039:
992:
752:
550:
445:
396:
168:
65:
2255:
1927:
1423:
Parfitt, Tudor. (2002), "The Lemba: An African Judaising Tribe", in
1358:
Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel.
1233:
Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel,
530:
all recognize patrilineage. As more is learned about the widespread
456:
Dietary laws which are followed by some Lemba who identify as Jewish
241:
Another theory is that the word "Lemba" may originate from the word
2337:
1740:
Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel
1437:
Junod, Henri-Alexandre (1908). "The Balemba of the Zoutspansberg".
1198:
Journey to the Vanished City: The Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel
1831:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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871:
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693:
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331:
276:
207:
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115:
2517:"What?! A Passover Seder in a rural African village in ZIMBABWE?"
2049:"A Lead on the Ark of the Covenant," Biema, David Van, 02/21/2008
1773:"What?! A Passover Seder in a rural African village in ZIMBABWE?"
1534:
van Warmelo, N.J. (1966). "Zur Sprache und Herkunft der Lemba".
631:
381:
2729:
2601:
2578:(PBS documentary on the Lemba and their origins), February 2000
448:. Many religious holidays which due to urban migration and the
218:
It has been suggested that the exonym "Lemba" may originate in
1034:
or North Africa. T1b has been observed in low frequencies in
498:
and when no such line of descent exists, it is determined by
1668:"The History and 'Re-Conversion' of the Varemba of Zimbabwe"
1520:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 81–84, 115–116.
1384:
Community and Conscience: the Jews in Apartheid South Africa
428:. Such works were typical of their ancestral civilizations.
2463:, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), aired 22 February 2000
1916:
J. Royal Anthropological Inst. Of Great Britain and Ireland
1170:
The term Falasha is now considered derogatory and the name
291:(a Swiss-born South African missionary). In 1908, he wrote:
2426:
Himla Soodyall; Jennifer G. R Kromberg (29 October 2015).
834:, and they forbid certain combinations of permitted foods.
588:. As a group they have no conceivable status in Judaism."
2391:
2389:
344:) which is located within the easternmost portion of the
2593:
Scholar's Ark of the Covenant Claims Spark African Storm
1542:. Deutsches Institut für Afrika-Forschung: 273, 281–282.
1122:
Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites#Lemba people
460:
These Lemba practice dietary laws based on the books of
415:, now preserved as a monument. Ken Mufuka, a Zimbabwean
399:, where their descendants reside today. Some settled in
1425:
Judaising Movements: Studies in the Margins of Judaism
1708:
The Black Jews of Africa: History, Religion, Identity
1227:
1225:
249:
meaning a "non-African" or a "respected foreigner".
2890:
2849:
2763:
2187:, NOVA, PBS, 22 February 2000, accessed 10 May 2013
1754:"Passover in Mapakomhere, Zimbabwe Some Highlights"
1503:
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 22 February 2000
125:
105:
79:
51:
29:
387:The Lemba claim that this second group settled in
1560:. New York: Vintage (Random House). pp. 1–2.
874:, suggesting closer links to Judaism than Islam.
2582:BBC News – Lost Jewish tribe 'found in Zimbabwe'
2479:PBS, 22 February 2000, accessed 26 February 2008
1201:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 40.
979:Among Jews, the CMH marker is most prevalent in
727:was related to the Ark of the Covenant, lost in
647:
601:As of 2015, the Lemba were building their first
305:country told my informant the following legend:
1054:
897:
744:700 years ago, and was rebuilt on its remains.
2430:. In Kumar, Dhavendra; Chadwick, Ruth (eds.).
2368:"The Lemba, The Black Jews of Southern Africa"
1127:History of the Jews in Africa#The Lemba People
1106:detailing his stay amongst the Lemba of Harare
877:In the late 20th century, the British scholar
857:Lemba are discouraged from marrying non-Lemba.
680:Lemba tradition tells of a sacred object, the
636:). Endogamy is also common among many groups.
411:. They claim that their ancestors constructed
2741:
2613:
2319:
2317:
2101:
2099:
2042:
2040:
1985:
1983:
1981:
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1527:
1518:The Bantu-speaking Peoples of Southern Africa
1419:
1417:
1415:
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1374:
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1370:
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1318:
1316:
1314:
330:The original Sena was most likely located in
8:
1067:Channel Four documentary based on Parfitt's
24:
1011:. They also learned that the population of
584:the Lemba are not at all comparable to the
2748:
2734:
2726:
2620:
2606:
2598:
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2176:
572:According to Gideon Shimoni, in his book,
264:) as an endonym for their city of origin.
37:
23:
2345:
2298:
1439:Folklore: Journal of the Folklore Society
1295:
2434:. Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 316.
2205:. London: Macmillan. pp. 72–73, 94.
2199:The Life of a South African Tribe, vol.
1711:. Oxford University Press. p. 168.
1511:
1509:
1360:see the full explanatory note on p. 263.
1254:
1252:
1250:
972:(CMH), as well as a haplogroup of Y-DNA
957:= 24.5%); with minor contributions from
889:. In an interview which was featured on
747:Parfitt believes that he discovered the
648:Lemba's role in Southern African society
419:, believes that either the Lemba or the
1992:"Lost Jewish tribe 'found in Zimbabwe'"
1187:
1163:
941:= 51.7%); Central and Southern Asians (
496:an unbroken matrilineal line of descent
252:The 'Lemba' themselves prefer the name
2587:"The Lemba, their origins and the Ark"
2395:Parfitt (2002), "The Lemba", pp. 47–48
1975:Parfitt (2002), "The Lemba", pp. 43–44
1666:Mandivenga, Ephraim (1 January 1989).
1569:
1567:
574:Community and Conscience: The Jews in
334:, specifically in the ancient town of
2214:
2212:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1788:
1786:
708:, tracing the Lemba's claim that the
7:
1575:"Great Zimbabwe (11th–15th Century)"
1352:
1350:
1235:New York: Random House (2nd edition)
1022:, which is also considered to be of
731:after the city's destruction by the
52:Regions with significant populations
2491:"Dilemma for the Lemba of Zimbabwe"
1536:Hamburger Beiträge zur Afrika-Kunde
1091:A Passover Seder in Rural Zimbabwe?
605:in Great Zimbabwe, Mapakomhere, in
476:being expelled from the community.
2473:"Tudor Parfitt's Remarkable Quest"
2383:Parfitt (2002), "The Lemba", p. 49
2326:American Journal of Human Genetics
2287:American Journal of Human Genetics
494:is determined by documentation of
14:
2964:Groups claiming Israelite descent
2515:Journal, Jewish (13 April 2015).
2416:Human Biology 83(1):39–53, (2011)
1771:Journal, Jewish (13 April 2015).
1244:Parfitt(2002), "The Lemba", p. 39
256:as an exonym but call themselves
2116:"ZDFE.factual - ZDF Enterprises"
1793:Maeresera, Modreck Zvakavapano.
1605:. Big Picture Press. p. 10.
1097:Zimbabwe's Lemba build synagogue
739:in 587 BC. He believes that the
2184:Tudor Parfitt' Remarkable Quest
1990:Vickers, Steve (8 March 2010).
1195:Parfitt, Tudor (4 April 2000).
723:Parfitt has suggested that the
667:Royal Museum for Central Africa
245:a term which occurs in several
16:Ethnic group in Southern Africa
2576:"Lost Tribes of Israel (2000)"
191:province (historically around
1:
2152:. David Philip. p. 130.
2149:Living Faiths in South Africa
2146:; De Gruchy, John W. (eds.).
2130:The Lost Ark of the Covenant,
1891:Cengel, Katya (24 May 2015).
1742:London: Hodder and Stoughton.
1672:Journal of Religion in Africa
1329:South African Medical Journal
1062:Representation in other media
665:Small drum from Congo in the
295:Some old Balemba of both the
2969:Jewish South African history
2477:NOVA: Lost Tribes of Israel,
2021:The Lost Ark of the Covenant
1874:"Harare Synagogue a Reality"
1558:Journey to the Vanished City
1516:Hammond Tooke, W.D. (1974).
1387:. United States of America:
1152:Ten Lost Tribes#Lemba people
1069:Journey to the Vanished City
770:The Lemba did not touch the
702:The Lost Ark of the Covenant
532:history of the Jewish people
247:Northeastern Bantu languages
222:(most likely spread via the
2954:Ethnic groups in Mozambique
2629:Ethnic groups in Mozambique
316:; but we are not the Banyai
99:Old South Arabian languages
2995:
2556:Junod, H. A. "The Lemba".
1231:Parfitt, Tudor (1993/2000)
1147:Religion in Africa#Judaism
698:SOAS, University of London
696:. Parfitt, a professor at
403:, eventually migrating to
2974:Jewish Zimbabwean history
2959:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
2757:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe
2635:
2132:Harper Collins Publishers
1389:Brandeis University Press
933:-speaking populations in
761:struggle for independence
470:Mixtures of milk and meat
130:
110:
84:
56:
36:
1843:10.1177/0002716211407702
1814:, Jewish Virtual Library
1381:Shimoni, Gideon (2003).
782:Jewish and Islamic links
700:, wrote a book in 2008,
626:The Lemba follow strict
450:Evangelicalism in Africa
2949:Ethnic groups in Malawi
2489:Mohlomi, Setumo-Thebe.
2084:. World Jewish Congress
2080:World Jewish Congress.
1895:. America.aljazeera.com
1738:Parfitt, Tudor (1992)
1684:10.1163/157006689X00134
1456:Parfitt, Tudor (2002).
480:Halakhic status as Jews
2690:Portuguese Mozambicans
2240:"Notes on the Balemba"
2142:Ebrahim Moosa (1995).
1705:Bruder, Edith (2008).
1356:Parfitt, Tudor (1992)
1059:
968:which is known as the
906:
677:
567:South African politics
369:
321:
284:
236:those who wear turbans
2539:america.aljazeera.com
2456:Lost Tribes of Israel
2238:Stayt, H. A. (1931).
1812:"Patrilineal descent"
1496:Lost Tribes of Israel
1137:Islam in South Africa
1080:Lost Tribes of Israel
1071:(1992 first edition).
1045:A study conducted by
970:Cohen modal haplotype
664:
597:Kulanu (organization)
580:(2003): "In terms of
547:Lost Tribes of Israel
502:. Jews who adhere to
500:conversion to Judaism
360:A Lemba man from the
359:
352:Migration into Africa
293:
289:Henri-Alexandre Junod
280:
126:Related ethnic groups
43:A Lemba man from the
2791:Coloured Zimbabweans
2221:"Zimbabwe with Love"
2197:Junod, H.A. (1927).
1872:Maeresera, Modreck.
1038:as well as in a few
854:on their tombstones.
802:in their language."
639:The restrictions on
2219:Feinberg*, Mickey.
1645:. Rowman Altamira.
1601:Nelson, Jo (2019).
1323:Soodyal, H (2013).
1269:16 May 2012 at the
1095:Aljazeera article:
840:They practice male
788:Abrahamic religions
690:Ark of the Covenant
522:denominations, the
380:in order to obtain
163:which is native to
26:
2495:The M&G Online
2023:. Harper Collins.
1639:Pikirayi, Innocent
1581:. MetPublications.
1284:Am. J. Hum. Genet.
1104:Zimbabwe with love
692:which was made by
678:
538:South African Jews
370:
285:
2936:
2935:
2723:
2722:
2589:, Extrageographic
2441:978-0-12-420195-8
1652:978-0-7591-0091-6
1398:978-1-58465-329-5
1265:6(2): pp.1,11–12
1208:978-0-375-72454-1
1142:Islam in Zimbabwe
1102:Mickey Feinberg:
885:, in present-day
883:Arabian Peninsula
737:Nebuchadnezzar II
688:was the biblical
607:Masvingo District
520:Reconstructionist
282:Yemen, Hadhramaut
206:peoples. Genetic
145:
144:
2986:
2776:Northern Ndebele
2750:
2743:
2736:
2727:
2622:
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2188:
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2171:
2170:
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2166:
2144:Prozesky, Martin
2139:
2133:
2128:Parfitt, Tudor,
2126:
2120:
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2106:
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2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2077:
2071:
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2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1987:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1957:(1/2): 245–251.
1946:
1940:
1939:
1911:
1905:
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1900:
1888:
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1229:
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1217:
1215:
1192:
1175:
1168:
1089:Jewish Journal:
961:speaking males.
486:Orthodox Judaism
378:Southeast Africa
62:Limpopo Province
41:
27:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
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2572:
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2552:
2550:Further reading
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2256:10.2307/2843832
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2010:
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1998:
1989:
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1928:10.2307/2843783
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1752:Leeder, Sandy.
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1403:
1401:
1399:
1391:. p. 178.
1380:
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1322:
1321:
1312:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:Wayback Machine
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1189:
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1179:
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1169:
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1160:
1132:Islam in Africa
1113:
1064:
1028:indigenous Jews
923:
921:Uniparental DNA
918:
784:
706:History Channel
659:
650:
624:
615:
482:
458:
434:
354:
340:(also known as
275:
273:Oral traditions
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5:
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2570:External links
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2548:
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2526:
2521:Jewish Journal
2507:
2481:
2465:
2459:, Transcript,
2447:
2440:
2418:
2397:
2385:
2376:
2360:
2338:10.1086/302749
2313:
2293:(5): 1126–33,
2277:
2230:
2208:
2189:
2172:
2159:978-0864862532
2158:
2134:
2121:
2107:
2095:
2072:
2063:
2051:
2036:
2030:978-0007262670
2029:
2008:
1977:
1968:
1941:
1906:
1883:
1864:
1816:
1804:
1782:
1777:Jewish Journal
1763:
1744:
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1718:978-0195333565
1717:
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1651:
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1584:
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1554:Parfitt, Tudor
1545:
1523:
1505:
1487:
1468:(2): 209–219.
1448:
1429:
1411:
1397:
1362:
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1290:(5): 1126–33,
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1072:
1063:
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1047:Himla Soodyall
1036:Ashkenazi Jews
1030:of either the
922:
919:
917:
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858:
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852:Stars of David
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710:ngoma lungunda
682:ngoma lungundu
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2332:(2): 674–86,
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2059:ReporterNews,
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2018:
2017:Tudor Parfitt
2012:
2009:
1997:
1993:
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1984:
1982:
1978:
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1960:
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1678:(2): 98–124.
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1412:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1174:is preferred.
1173:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:documentary:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:Sephardi Jews
998:
995:, as well as
994:
990:
984:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:According to
920:
915:
913:
911:
905:
903:
896:
894:
893:
888:
884:
880:
879:Tudor Parfitt
875:
873:
869:
865:
856:
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
826:
823:
822:chosen people
819:
815:
812:
809:They observe
808:
807:
806:
803:
801:
797:
793:
792:Ebrahim Moosa
789:
781:
779:
777:
773:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
676:
672:
668:
663:
656:
654:
645:
642:
637:
635:
634:
629:
621:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
587:
583:
579:
577:
570:
568:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
533:
529:
528:Haymanot Jews
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Jewish status
490:
487:
479:
477:
473:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
442:
439:
431:
429:
427:
422:
418:
417:archaeologist
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
367:
363:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
328:
325:
324:Tudor Parfitt
317:
315:
308:
307:
306:
304:
303:
298:
292:
290:
283:
279:
272:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
193:Sekhukuneland
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
45:Gutu District
40:
35:
28:
19:
2979:African Jews
2800:
2785:Xhosa people
2781:Fengu people
2654:
2561:
2557:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2510:
2498:. Retrieved
2494:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2431:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2404:F.L. Mendez
2400:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2329:
2325:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2224:
2200:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2163:. Retrieved
2148:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2110:
2086:. Retrieved
2075:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2020:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1995:
1971:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1886:
1877:
1867:
1834:
1830:
1807:
1798:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1707:
1700:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1642:
1633:
1621:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1517:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1402:. Retrieved
1383:
1357:
1337:. Retrieved
1332:
1328:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1262:
1240:
1232:
1212:. Retrieved
1197:
1190:
1166:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1024:Near Eastern
1020:Haplogroup T
1017:
989:South Arabia
985:
978:
974:Haplogroup J
966:Y-chromosome
963:
937:(Haplogroup
935:Western Asia
927:Y chromosome
924:
907:
898:
890:
876:
860:
842:circumcision
817:
816:They praise
804:
785:
775:
771:
769:
765:
748:
746:
740:
724:
722:
709:
701:
685:
681:
679:
657:Sacred ngoma
651:
638:
632:
625:
616:
600:
594:
590:
581:
578:South Africa
573:
571:
559:
536:
513:
508:Conservative
483:
474:
459:
443:
438:Edith Bruder
435:
409:South Africa
386:
371:
366:South Africa
341:
335:
329:
322:
310:
302:Duiwelskloof
300:
294:
286:
261:
257:
253:
251:
242:
240:
235:
227:
219:
217:
201:
165:South Africa
161:ethnic group
156:
152:
148:
146:
112:Christianity
97:(Previously
58:South Africa
21:Ethnic group
18:
2918:Mozambicans
2250:: 231–238.
2203:Social Life
2165:21 February
1922:: 389–399.
1837:: 148–164.
1724:21 February
1462:Jurimetrics
1172:Beta Israel
902:Middle East
466:Deuteronomy
226:derivative
2943:Categories
2882:Portuguese
2867:Afrikaners
2764:Indigenous
2564:(3): 1908.
2500:12 October
1445:: 279–280.
1182:References
733:Babylonian
718:Hadhramaut
628:endogamous
401:Mozambique
346:Hadhramaut
199:province.
197:Mpumalanga
195:) and the
173:Mozambique
85:Presently
70:Mozambique
2923:Malawians
2903:Congolese
2264:0307-3114
1951:Anthropos
1859:143763785
1692:1570-0666
1626:Ndoro, W.
1616:Uppsala:.
1603:Historium
1474:0897-1277
1040:Levantine
1032:Near East
1005:Ḥaḍramawt
997:Ashkenazi
729:Jerusalem
603:synagogue
576:Apartheid
562:Apartheid
555:apartheid
462:Leviticus
362:Transvaal
314:Transvaal
297:Spelonken
214:Etymology
179:of mixed
80:Languages
2928:Zambians
2877:Italians
2826:Tokaleya
2821:Ndwandwe
2685:Ndwandwe
2558:Folklore
2356:10677325
2019:(2008).
1996:BBC News
1963:40446148
1851:41328571
1641:(2001).
1556:(2000).
1482:29762754
1404:13 March
1267:Archived
1111:See also
916:Genetics
910:Armenoid
868:Shechita
864:endogamy
757:Zimbabwe
671:Tervuren
622:Marriage
524:Karaites
504:Orthodox
489:Halakhic
432:Religion
405:Zimbabwe
389:Tanzania
374:Ethiopia
299:and the
228:chilemba
177:Zimbabwe
140:Hadhrami
106:Religion
74:Zimbabwe
2908:Indians
2898:Chinese
2806:Manyika
2796:Kalanga
2705:Swahili
2660:Makonde
2347:1288118
2309:8900243
2300:1914832
2272:2843832
1936:2843783
1306:8900243
1297:1914832
981:Kohanim
931:Semitic
811:Shabbat
716:in the
675:Belgium
613:Culture
586:Falasha
582:halakha
268:History
232:Swahili
220:kilemba
204:Semitic
189:Limpopo
159:are an
136:Shirazi
132:Swahili
120:Judaism
91:Karanga
2891:Others
2872:Greeks
2841:Vadoma
2836:Tsonga
2811:Nambya
2710:Tsonga
2670:Maviha
2438:
2414:BioOne
2406:et al.
2354:
2344:
2307:
2297:
2270:
2262:
2225:Kulanu
2156:
2088:28 May
2027:
2001:28 May
1961:
1934:
1899:28 May
1878:Kulanu
1857:
1849:
1799:Kulanu
1758:Kulanu
1715:
1690:
1649:
1480:
1472:
1395:
1304:
1294:
1263:Kulanu
1214:19 May
1205:
1086:lives.
993:Africa
800:Arabic
796:Hebrew
753:Harare
551:racism
543:rabbis
526:, and
516:Reform
446:aliyah
397:Malawi
368:(1940)
254:Mwenye
243:lembi,
185:Yemeni
169:Malawi
157:Mwenye
66:Malawi
60:(esp.
2857:White
2850:White
2831:Tonga
2801:Lemba
2771:Shona
2700:Shona
2675:Mwani
2665:Makua
2655:Lemba
2650:Kunda
2640:Chopi
2268:JSTOR
2047:Time,
1959:JSTOR
1932:JSTOR
1855:S2CID
1847:JSTOR
1478:JSTOR
1339:9 May
1158:Notes
1009:Yemen
959:Bantu
887:Yemen
872:Haram
832:Torah
818:Nwali
776:ngoma
772:ngoma
751:in a
749:ngoma
741:ngoma
735:king
725:ngoma
694:Moses
686:ngoma
633:Senji
426:Shona
421:Venda
393:Kenya
342:Sanāw
332:Yemen
230:), a
224:Mwera
208:Y-DNA
181:Bantu
155:, or
153:Remba
149:Lemba
116:Islam
87:Venda
25:Lemba
2816:Ndau
2695:Sena
2680:Ndau
2645:Gaza
2502:2018
2461:NOVA
2436:ISBN
2372:NOVA
2352:PMID
2305:PMID
2260:ISSN
2167:2017
2154:ISBN
2090:2015
2025:ISBN
2003:2015
1955:XXVI
1901:2015
1726:2017
1713:ISBN
1688:ISSN
1647:ISBN
1501:NOVA
1470:ISSN
1406:2010
1393:ISBN
1341:2014
1335:(12)
1302:PMID
1216:2024
1203:ISBN
1076:Nova
1074:PBS
1013:Sena
999:and
991:and
892:NOVA
798:and
714:Sena
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518:and
514:The
464:and
407:and
391:and
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2562:XIX
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506:or
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