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situation. He appeared there, appealing for protection and repeating that neither had written the article. They advised him to leave town but he and Jones did not want to run. The mayor and Judge
Bramlette, and a local attorney, Ras Young, had talked to local whites and urged them to leave Jones alone. But "gangs" of both whites and blacks roamed the streets that night, ready for the next events. At about midnight on July 10, a group of between twelve and fifteen white men gathered at Bodie Park, located at the corner of Tyler and Fredonia streets. They went to Jones' house by car, reaching his place at Harrison and College streets south of the railroad tracks about 1:00 AM, July 11, 1919. Davis and Jones had gathered about 25 friends to defend the house; Davis warned them against shooting before he gave the word. When the whites approached the house, Jones and his friends opened fire on them with
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Ras Young as chairman; it also authorized Judge
Bramlette, Sheriff Bodenheim and Young to communicate with the military. The committee drafted a list of concerns. They "expressed disapproval" of Jones' newspaper article and the armed defense of his former home. Their resolution said, we will not "permit the negroes of this community and county to in any way interfere with our social affairs or to write or circulate articles about the white people of our city or county...." The committee stated their opposition to the burning of African-American property, and took steps to prevent any more losses. The members commended Governor Hobby for quickly sending the National Guard and the Texas Rangers.
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712:, whites believed he wrote the article. He denied having written it. The young woman's brothers attacked Jones on Thursday, July 10, 1919, giving him a severe beating across from the courthouse. Dr. Calvin P. Davis arrived in his car soon after and took Jones to his office to treat him. Meanwhile, "tension and anger" spread across town as whites learned of the article, and as blacks gathered at Melvin Street learned about the beating.
622:, settling in Northeastern and Midwestern cities. They had sometimes been hired as strikebreakers and competed with working-class whites for jobs. That summer riots took place in many cities across the country, where ethnic whites clashed with blacks in postwar social tensions brought on by fierce competition for jobs and housing. In Longview, racial tensions had deep roots. Most blacks in Texas and the South were
869:, at state expense, but that would have been illegal. The prisoners were separated into smaller groups and placed in various county jails, at Gregg County's expense, until they could be tried in a Gregg County court. The blacks who had helped Davis defend Jones at home were told not to return to Longview, but others returned to relative peace.
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captured was dead, so they raised the alarm for reinforcements. Davis reported that the fire bell was ringing and nearly 1,000 whites gathered near it. (Other accounts say the group numbered 100.) Near daybreak, about 4:00 AM, the mob returned to Jones' house. Finding it empty, they set it on fire. They also burned a neighboring house.
677:, allegedly for making "indecent advances" toward their sister. (One account said he was found in her bedroom.) Under Jim Crow, white men strictly monitored and discouraged relations between black men and white women, but not the reverse. Walters was arrested and put in jail in Longview. On June 17, he was abducted by a
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first allowed his wife and children to get out without harm. They burned a car on the street, and burned down his office. Going east on Nelson Street, the mob reached the homes of Ben
Sanders and Charlie Medlock. They set both on fire, attacking Medlock and Belle Sanders, Ben's wife, when they protested.
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After being warned that Jones was at risk for trouble that night, Davis appealed to the mayor for protection. Bodenheim sent a messenger to Jones at supper time, advising him and Davis to leave town that night. Davis later learned that Mayor
Bodenheim and other officials were holding a meeting on the
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published an article about
Walters' death. It said that "Walters' only crime was that he was loved by a white woman," and it quoted her (unnamed) as saying that she "would have married him if they had lived in the North." The article described her as "so distraught over his death that she required a
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consisting of ten men and subsequently shot to death later that night. His body was left near the railroad tracks. Dr. Davis, Jones, and some other respected black men went to Judge
Bramlette in town, asking him to investigate the lynching. He asked for the names of people Jones had talked to at the
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in
Longview, and prohibited groups of three or more people from gathering on the streets. He ordered the local telephone operators not to place any long-distance calls, to prevent recruiting of weapons or men from neighboring towns. He ordered all residents of Longview and Kilgore to surrender their
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Marion Bush was a 60-year-old black man who had worked with the local Kelly Plow
Company for thirty years. He was father-in-law of Calvin P. Davis, the physician. On the night of July 12, Sheriff Meredith and Ike Killingsworth went to Bush's house, located on the west side of Court Street, one block
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owned by
Charlie Medlock; they set it on fire, as there were rumors it held stored ammunition. A cache of ammunition began exploding "throughout the building." The mob next went to Dr. Davis' deserted house, located at the southeast corner of the Harrison and Nelson streets and burned it, too. They
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a weekly newspaper with nationwide coverage and circulation. The local reporter and newspaper distributor was Samuel L. Jones, a schoolteacher. At the time, Jones and Dr. Calvin P. Davis, a 34-year-old black physician, were prominent leaders in
Longview's African-American community. Not long before
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General McDill asked the town officials to organize a committee consisting of local citizens, to work with him and the military during the emergency. They identified only white businessmen and other leaders. The committee met on Monday, July 14, at Judge Bramlette's office and elected the attorney
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By that date, racial conflicts had erupted in numerous large and small cities across the country, including Chicago, which had a week of violence ending in early August that resulted in a total of 38 deaths and more than 500 people injured, as well as extensive property damage. Violence of whites
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Eventually, McDill asked the citizens' committee when they thought martial law should be ended. They said he should wait until all of the blacks who had been arrested were sent out of the county, because there were rumors that certain whites would kill some of these men as soon as they reclaimed
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and curfew. Some men were shot and numerous black homes and businesses were burned prior to the arrival of the law enforcement and military units. One black man was shot and killed by armed whites before the National Guard occupied the town. No one was prosecuted for the events, although numerous
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The governor lifted martial law at noon on Friday, July 18. Residents were allowed to begin picking up their guns the next day. Town officials tried to promote "harmonious relations" between the races. None of the blacks nor the whites was ever tried. Durham suggests that Gregg County officials
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General McDill organized an assembly at the courthouse and informed the public of the arrests, the presence of National Guard troops and Texas Rangers, and expectations. Brigadier General Jake F. Wolters also spoke to the citizens. According to Durham, the assembly had a "sobering effect" on the
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Captain Hanson also questioned black residents, ultimately arresting twenty-one black men for assault and attempted murder. He temporarily placed them in the county jail, removing them to Austin for safety. Neither Jones nor Davis were arrested, as they had secretly left town. Davis dressed as a
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guarding Walters had let the lynch mob take him, without offering resistance. While the article did not identify the woman, in those small towns many readers knew who she was. Some were offended at the suggestion that she had loved Walters, saying it was damaging to the young woman's reputation.
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There are differing accounts as to what happened next. From interviews in 1978 and a contemporary Dallas newspaper, Durham says the sheriff called farmer Jim Stephens and asked him to stop Bush. He found him and ordered him to stop, but Bush ran into a cornfield. Stephens followed, shooting and
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The remaining whites fled back to the center of Longview. Most went to the fire station next to Bodie Park, where a crowd gradually grew. Some of the large crowd broke into the Welch Hardware Store to take more guns and ammunition. At this point, the mob feared that their companion who had been
562:, between July 10 and July 12, 1919, when whites attacked black areas of town, killed one black man, and burned down several properties, including the houses of a black teacher and a doctor. It was one of the many race riots in 1919 in the United States during what became known as
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weapons at the county courthouse in Longview. Residents were warned that their homes could be searched, with a severe penalty for concealing firearms. An estimated 5,000 to 7,000 guns were turned in at the courthouse, and stored in "scattered locations throughout the building."
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tracks. The sheriff is thought to have been either offering Bush protective custody (as his son, then 13, said in an interview decades later in 1978) or intending to arrest him. Apparently alarmed, Bush fled from the house, after reportedly firing shots at the sheriff.
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The riot ended after local and state officials took actions to impose military authority and quell further violence. After ignoring early rumors of planned unrest, local officials appealed to the governor for forces to quell the violence. In a short time, the
754:, on high alert, but he sent only eight Texas Rangers to Longview. They were not due to arrive before Saturday morning, July 12, and Longview authorities expected more trouble on Friday. They called Governor Hobby again, who sent some dismounted
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The Rangers learned the identity of the "ringleader" of the riot, who gave them names of sixteen other men involved in the first attack on Jones' house. All were arrested for attempted murder on July 14, but quickly released on
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soldiers to Longview. The soldiers were members of the 5th, 6th, and 7th Texas Cavalry Regiments, and numbered about 100 men altogether. They erected a large tent on the eastern side of the courthouse square to be used as a
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When local officials heard of Bush's killing, they feared a new wave of civil unrest. They called Governor Hobby again for aid, and he sent about 160 more soldiers and Texas Rangers. On Sunday, July 13, Hobby declared
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615:. In 1919 the county had a population of 16,700, of which 8,160, or forty-eight percent, was black. The area was still very rural; according to historian Kenneth E. Durham, Jr., cotton was a major commodity crop.
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720:. Some of the whites were also armed, and they returned fire as they retreated to cover. In all, over 100 rounds were expended during the skirmish. Three of the whites were slightly wounded by
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in northeast Texas. In 1919 it had a population of 5,700, of which 1,790, or thirty-one percent, were African American. It was an area of historic cotton cultivation, which had depended on
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Robert H. McDill in command of the soldiers and the rangers. On July 13, General McDill issued orders, dividing the town into two districts, giving command of one section to
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901:, a black dentist who served as secretary of the Chicago chapter, to report on the events in Longview. A summary of their account was published in the NAACP's newspaper,
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of this time period, that the whites were likely to be acquitted and the blacks convicted. No documentation relates to the decisions about not pursuing prosecution.
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at the turn of the century, based on new constitutions and laws passed by state legislatures. Excluded from the political system, they were oppressed under
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All Hell Broke Loose: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through World War II
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1,000 bonds ($ 17,600 in 2024). The Rangers learned the name of nine other suspects, arresting them for arson; they were also released on $ 1,000 bonds.
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whites and blacks were arrested. The black suspects were taken to Austin for their safety; half were advised against ever returning to Longview.
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after fleeing Longview and eventually settled there with their families. On August 18, 1919, they had a meeting and extended interview with
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jail. When no investigation was undertaken, the men returned to Judge Bramlette but became convinced he did not intend to pursue the case.
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the riot, the two were known to be encouraging local black farmers to avoid white cotton brokers and sell directly to buyers in
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blacks were in touch with national movements and media, as represented by the weekly delivery by train of the influential
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of July 13 and 14, "armed white citizens" hunted down Bush, killing the 60-year-old man in a cornfield south of town.
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crowd. No other violent acts were reported; a couple of fires occurred but were not believed to be due to arson.
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642:: an increase of 15 lynchings over the total in 1918, and 30 more deaths than the lynchings of 1917.
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Colonel H.C. Smith was placed in command of the Texas Rangers. McDill ordered a 10:30 PM to 6:00 AM
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638:: in 1919, 78 blacks had been lynched in Texas, a substantial increase over the numbers during
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chose to avoid trials in order to defuse the tension, perhaps believing that at trial by the
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to ask for military support. Hobby responded by placing the National Guard units in Dallas,
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607:. Lumbering of pinelands was another major part of the rural economy. Longview is the
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In June, local man Lemuel Walters of Longview had been whipped by two white men from
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With sunrise, the mob dispersed. Sheriff D.S. Meredith and Judge Bramlette called
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in order to keep more of their profits. At the same time, members of the
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1329:(1972). "Violence in a "Heathen" Land: The Longview Race Riot of 1919".
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From there, the mob moved south to the Quick Hall, an African-American
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634:. Another reflection of postwar violence was a rise in the number of
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had set up a cooperative store that competed with white merchants.
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1240:"Searching for Climax: Black Erotic Lives in Slavery and Freedom"
803:
Contemperory News coverage showing the views of the press in 1919
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As Samuel L. Jones was known to be a local correspondent for the
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893:, the white executive secretary of the national office of the
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Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
916:, in late September; blacks continued to defend themselves.
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officials wanted to have the prisoners incarcerated at the
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
570:
known for numerous riots occurring mostly in urban areas.
4271:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
1238:
Lindsey, Treva B. & Johnson, Jessica Marie (2014).
946:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
618:
Thousands of blacks had already left the South in the
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sent forces to the town, where the Guard organized an
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Racially motivated violence against African Americans
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Longview is located approximately 125 miles east of
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769:reported that planes were used to stop the riots.
820:T.E. Barton, and the other to Colonel H.W. Peck.
3715:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
857:their guns. The twenty-one blacks were taken to
912:against blacks continued into the fall, with a
2109:List of lynching victims in the United States
2080:
2040:Riots and civil disorder in the United States
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8:
1305:Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919
1291:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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4145:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
1403:Racial Incidents during the 1919 Red Summer
1244:Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism
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931:United States home front during World War I
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3961:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3691:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
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4518:White American riots in the United States
4437:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3897:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2675:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
2045:White American riots in the United States
1843:Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6)
885:Dr. Davis and Samuel Jones both reached
798:
447:Texarkana, Texas riot of 1919 (August 6)
4266:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1111:
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3903:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3809:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
558:was a series of violent incidents in
7:
4478:Lynching deaths in the United States
3608:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
690:physician's care." It said that the
4139:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3915:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3697:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
787:killing him. According to the same
27:Race riot and lynching in Texas, US
1224:Texas State Historical Association
25:
4538:Riots and civil disorder in Texas
4039:American Crusade Against Lynching
3685:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1192:East Texas Historical Association
1165:Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt
4528:1919 crimes in the United States
4251:America's Black Holocaust Museum
4034:American anti-lynching activists
4006:Nadir of American race relations
3596:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3532:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1178:"The Longview Race Riot of 1919"
812:in all of Gregg County, placing
18:Lemuel Walters (lynching victim)
4523:1919 riots in the United States
4457:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
4091:National Conference on Lynching
3649:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3526:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2867:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1532:National Conference on Lynching
1095:"Planes Used to Stop Race Riot"
849:soldier and went out by train.
3573:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
1176:Durham, Kenneth R. Jr (1980).
936:Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
795:Reinforcements and martial law
1:
4473:Lynching in the United States
3774:Springfield race riot of 1908
2192:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
2096:Lynching in the United States
1214:Durham, Ken (June 15, 2010).
1183:East Texas Historical Journal
861:by the Texas National Guard.
4367:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
4298:And you are lynching Negroes
4150:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3885:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3791:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3733:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3579:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1614:Memphis, Tennessee (June 13)
1485:Morgan County, West Virginia
1309:University of Illinois Press
1250:(2). Project MUSE: 169–195.
1216:"Longview race riot of 1919"
1171:. Crisis Publishing Company.
256:Memphis, Tennessee (June 13)
4276:Southern Poverty Law Center
3921:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3549:? Lachenais and four others
2987:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
2304:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1101:. July 12, 1919. p. 1.
4559:
4513:Anti-black racism in Texas
3757:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3727:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3703:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3655:Benjamin and Mollie French
1797:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1707:Garfield Park riot of 1919
1677:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1544:Charleston, South Carolina
1256:10.2979/meridians.12.2.169
780:Texas and Pacific Railroad
704:Beating of Samuel L. Jones
104:Longview Race Riot of 1919
74:July 10–12, 1919
4064:William O'Connell Bradley
3974:
3803:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3555:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3538:New York City draft riots
3507:
3496:
2115:
2102:
2030:
2019:
1977:
1966:
1942:
1931:
1895:
1884:
1821:
1810:
1683:Coatesville, Pennsylvania
1660:
1649:
1604:
1593:
1521:
1510:
1480:
1469:
1445:
1434:
1420:
1409:
1169:The Crisis, Volumes 15-18
836:Investigation and arrests
763:. As part of this force,
168:
61:
53:
4328:Deaths in police custody
3815:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3626:Chinese massacre of 1871
3544:Detroit race riot (1863)
3179:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2971:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1920:(September 30–October 1)
1838:Hattiesburg, Mississippi
1779:Newberry, South Carolina
1341:Clark Atlanta University
1220:Handbook of Texas Online
1138:Collins, Ann V. (2012).
867:Texas State Penitentiary
501:(September 30–October 1)
442:Hattiesburg, Mississippi
399:Newberry, South Carolina
4309:Battle of Liberty Place
4304:Attack on John Shillady
4292:James Allen (collector)
4125:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3909:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3833:Omaha race riot of 1919
3821:Longview, TX, race riot
3797:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3739:Julia and Frazier Baker
3721:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3673:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3631:Meridian, MS, race riot
3614:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2587:Paul Reed and Will Cato
2272:Big Nose George Parrott
1900:Clarksdale, Mississippi
1847:New York City, New York
1731:New York City, New York
1580:Monticello, Mississippi
1574:New London, Connecticut
1491:Jenkins County, Georgia
914:riot in Omaha, Nebraska
481:Clarksdale, Mississippi
245:Monticello, Mississippi
4443:United States v. Shipp
4195:Rebecca Latimer Felton
4026:Anti-lynching movement
3943:Freedom Summer Murders
3873:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3838:Knoxville riot of 1919
2707:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1743:New Orleans, Louisiana
1327:Tuttle, William M. Jr.
1301:Tuttle, William M. Jr.
804:
369:New Orleans, Louisiana
42:considered for merging
4414:Summer in Mississippi
4361:Mississippi Cold Case
4315:The Birth of a Nation
4256:Civil Rights Memorial
4185:Sidney Johnston Catts
4163:Defenders of lynching
3849:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3827:Elaine, AR, race riot
3785:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3751:Watkinsville lynching
3709:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3667:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3643:Election riot of 1874
3590:Camilla, GA, massacre
3512:Death of Joseph Smith
2136:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1785:Bloomington, Illinois
802:
773:Murder of Marion Bush
668:Negro Business League
405:Bloomington, Illinois
4132:Costigan-Wagner Bill
4069:Ella Barksdale Brown
3867:Perry, FL, race riot
3779:Slocum, TX, massacre
3679:Mart and Tom Horrell
3637:Colfax, LA, massacre
3620:Bear River City riot
3470:James Craig Anderson
3270:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2875:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
2000:Wilmington, Delaware
1865:Knoxville, Tennessee
1767:Hobson City, Alabama
1618:Bibb County, Alabama
1526:Pickens, Mississippi
1099:The Washington Times
766:The Washington Times
687:The Chicago Defender
657:The Chicago Defender
576:Texas National Guard
387:Hobson City, Alabama
297:Dublin, Georgia riot
260:Bibb County, Alabama
197:Pickens, Mississippi
4374:The Ox-Bow Incident
4354:Mississippi Burning
4205:John Trotwood Moore
3861:Tulsa race massacre
3855:Ocoee, FL, massacre
3350:Mack Charles Parker
3278:Willie James Howard
1947:Baltimore, Maryland
1912:Montgomery, Alabama
1871:Bogalusa, Louisiana
1749:Darby, Pennsylvania
1719:Louise, Mississippi
1701:Baltimore, Maryland
1689:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
1624:Annapolis, Maryland
1556:El Dorado, Arkansas
1159:- Total pages: 193
789:Dallas Morning News
493:Montgomery, Alabama
475:Bogalusa, Louisiana
345:Louise, Mississippi
315:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
221:El Dorado, Arkansas
50:
4388:Reconstruction era
4200:John Temple Graves
4044:Jessie Daniel Ames
3991:Indiana White Caps
3661:Ellenton, SC, riot
3584:Reno Brothers Gang
3334:Judge Edward Aaron
2531:Ballie Crutchfield
1994:Magnolia, Arkansas
1791:Syracuse, New York
1713:Port Arthur, Texas
1630:Macon, Mississippi
1550:Sylvester, Georgia
1497:Sylvester, Georgia
1456:Memphis, Tennessee
1084:, pp. 169–195
899:Charles E. Bentley
805:
605:American Civil War
556:Longview race riot
529:Magnolia, Arkansas
463:Laurens County, GA
395:(July 27–August 3)
272:Macon, Mississippi
215:Sylvester, Georgia
191:Sylvester, Georgia
49:Longview race riot
4508:Conflicts in 1919
4490:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4431:They Won't Forget
4348:Lynching postcard
4261:The Legacy Museum
4230:James K. Vardaman
4170:Theodore G. Bilbo
4158:
4157:
4049:Martin C. Ansorge
3970:
3969:
3955:Michael Schwerner
3762:Kemper County, MS
3602:Pulaski, TN, riot
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3195:Shedrick Thompson
3075:Bernice Raspberry
2795:Name unknown (MS)
2699:Name unknown (TX)
2320:Joseph Vermillion
2288:John Wesley Heath
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2015:
2014:
1962:
1961:
1927:
1926:
1908:(September 28–29)
1880:
1879:
1859:Ocmulgee, Georgia
1832:Lincoln, Arkansas
1806:
1805:
1773:Chicago, Illinois
1737:Norfolk, Virginia
1645:
1644:
1589:
1588:
1568:Putnam County, GA
1506:
1505:
1465:
1464:
1430:
1429:
1423:Blakeley, Georgia
1160:
814:Brigadier General
685:On July 5, 1919,
566:, a period after
551:
550:
489:(September 28–29)
436:Lincoln, Arkansas
424:August – November
333:Garfield Park, IN
233:Putnam County, GA
179:Morgan County, WV
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
4550:
4543:July 1919 events
4285:Related articles
4235:Thomas E. Watson
4225:Benjamin Tillman
4190:Thomas Dixon Jr.
4114:
3976:
3879:Jim and Mark Fox
3567:Memphis massacre
3502:Multiple victims
3498:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3398:Wharlest Jackson
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3294:John Cecil Jones
3289:
3281:
3273:
3265:
3257:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3187:Matthew Williams
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3022:
3014:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2947:Berry Washington
2942:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2811:Anthony Crawford
2806:
2803:Jesse Washington
2798:
2790:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2734:
2726:
2723:Zachariah Walker
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2686:
2683:Grant Richardson
2678:
2670:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2627:Earnest Williams
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2507:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2480:John Henry James
2475:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2432:Stephen Williams
2427:
2419:
2411:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2384:Ephraim Grizzard
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2344:Brown Washington
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2248:Arthur St. Clair
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2208:John W. Stephens
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2128:Francis McIntosh
2117:
2104:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2066:
2021:
1968:
1953:Corbin, Kentucky
1933:
1918:Elaine, Arkansas
1886:
1826:Whatley, Alabama
1812:
1725:Washington, D.C.
1651:
1595:
1512:
1471:
1436:
1411:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1368:
1322:
1296:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1190:(2, Article 6).
1172:
1158:
1157:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:, pp. 87–88
1067:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1039:
1008:
1003:
891:John R. Shillady
875:all-white juries
744:William P. Hobby
163:
153:
146:
139:
130:
85:
83:
79:
66:
51:
45:
21:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4547:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4482:
4461:
4398:Scottsboro Boys
4280:
4239:
4154:
4112:
4020:
3966:
3931:Harriette Moore
3891:Tate County, MS
3503:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3438:Arthur McDuffie
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3241:
3235:Elbert Williams
3233:
3227:Austin Callaway
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3131:Thomas Williams
3129:
3121:
3115:Thomas Bradshaw
3113:
3107:Albert Williams
3105:
3097:
3091:Joseph Upchurch
3089:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2985:
2977:
2969:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2747:George Saunders
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2595:Bunk Richardson
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2521:
2510:
2504:Benjamin Thomas
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2464:Joseph H. McCoy
2462:
2456:William Andrews
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2424:Richard Puryear
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2280:Charles Thurber
2278:
2270:
2264:Joseph Standing
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2184:Clubfoot George
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2111:
2098:
2093:
2063:
2054:
2026:
2011:
1973:
1958:
1938:
1923:
1906:Omaha, Nebraska
1891:
1876:
1817:
1802:
1775:(July 27–Aug 3)
1695:Longview, Texas
1671:Dublin, Georgia
1665:Bisbee, Arizona
1656:
1641:
1600:
1585:
1517:
1502:
1476:
1461:
1441:
1426:
1416:
1405:
1400:
1325:
1319:
1299:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1213:
1204:
1202:
1175:
1163:
1154:
1137:
1129:
1125:, pp. 3–31
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1011:
1004:
963:
954:
922:
883:
838:
797:
775:
706:
701:
648:
632:white supremacy
624:disenfranchised
620:Great Migration
593:
560:Longview, Texas
552:
547:
546:
351:Washington D.C.
339:Port Arthur, TX
309:Coatesville, PA
164:
159:
157:
96:, United States
94:Longview, Texas
81:
77:
75:
46:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4556:
4554:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4439:
4434:
4427:
4417:
4410:
4408:Stone Mountain
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4377:
4370:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Goodloe Sutton
4217:
4212:
4210:John T. Morgan
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4180:Julian S. Carr
4177:
4175:Cole L. Blease
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4118:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Flossie Bailey
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3951:Andrew Goodman
3940:
3934:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3745:Pana, IL, riot
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3462:James Byrd Jr.
3458:
3450:
3446:Michael Donald
3442:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3342:Willie Edwards
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3262:Johannes Kunze
3258:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3203:George Armwood
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3123:Winston Pounds
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2931:John Hartfield
2927:
2923:Wesley Everest
2919:
2911:
2907:Wallace Baynes
2903:
2899:Olli Kinkkonen
2895:
2891:Jim McIlherron
2887:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2855:
2847:
2839:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2771:Charles Fisher
2767:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2579:Marie Thompson
2575:
2567:
2559:
2555:J. D. Mayfield
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2392:Samuel J. Bush
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2328:George Meadows
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2216:Alexander Boyd
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2144:Josefa Segovia
2140:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:(November 2–3)
1985:
1982:Macon, Georgia
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:(September 29)
1909:
1903:
1902:(September 10)
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1867:(August 30–31)
1862:
1861:(August 27–29)
1856:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1636:New London, CT
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1591:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1562:Milan, Georgia
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1349:10.2307/273678
1323:
1317:
1297:
1235:
1211:
1173:
1161:
1152:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1104:
1086:
1074:
1059:
1045:
1009:
960:
953:
950:
949:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
921:
918:
882:
879:
837:
834:
796:
793:
774:
771:
756:National Guard
705:
702:
700:
697:
647:
644:
592:
589:
549:
548:
545:
544:
538:
535:Wilmington, DE
532:
526:
525:(November 2–3)
520:
517:Macon, Georgia
514:
508:
502:
496:
495:(September 29)
490:
484:
483:(September 10)
478:
472:
471:(August 30–31)
466:
465:(August 27–29)
460:
454:
448:
445:
439:
433:
426:
425:
421:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
390:
384:
378:
372:
366:
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
318:
312:
306:
300:
294:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:New London, CT
275:
269:
263:
257:
254:
248:
242:
239:New London, CT
236:
230:
227:Milan, Georgia
224:
218:
212:
209:Charleston, SC
206:
200:
194:
188:
182:
175:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
158:
156:
155:
148:
141:
133:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
72:
68:
67:
59:
58:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4555:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:1919 in Texas
4501:
4500:
4498:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Silent Parade
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4342:Hang 'Em High
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:Strange Fruit
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:Father Divine
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Jim Crow laws
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3962:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3768:Walker family
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3499:
3495:
3479:
3478:Ahmaud Arbery
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:Yusef Hawkins
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:Betty Gardner
3427:
3423:
3422:Marian Pyszko
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:Carol Jenkins
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3390:Vernon Dahmer
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:George W. Lee
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:James Cameron
3168:
3164:
3163:George Hughes
3160:
3156:
3155:J. C. Collins
3152:
3148:
3147:Leonard Woods
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3083:Owen Flemming
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:Fred N. Selak
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:George Taylor
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:Robert Prager
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:Charles Jones
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:"Mose" Creole
2656:
2652:
2651:Matthew Chase
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:William Burns
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2523:Fred Rochelle
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2488:F. W. Stewart
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2472:John Anderson
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:Alfred Blount
2405:
2401:
2400:John Peterson
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:Michael Green
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2168:Henry Plummer
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2152:Pancho Daniel
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2008:(November 22)
2007:
2004:
2002:(November 13)
2001:
1998:
1996:(November 11)
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1954:
1951:
1949:(October 1–2)
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:Gilmer, Texas
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:Pace, Florida
1448:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:9780252065866
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:9780313396007
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
962:
959:
958:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
915:
909:
908:in October.
907:
905:
900:
897:(NAACP), and
896:
892:
888:
880:
878:
876:
870:
868:
864:
863:Travis County
860:
854:
850:
846:
844:
835:
833:
829:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
801:
794:
792:
790:
784:
781:
778:south of the
772:
770:
768:
767:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:
737:
734:
729:
725:
723:
719:
713:
711:
703:
698:
696:
693:
688:
683:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
660:
658:
653:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
588:
585:
581:
580:Texas Rangers
577:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
543:(November 22)
542:
539:
537:(November 13)
536:
533:
531:(November 11)
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
507:(October 1–2)
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:New York City
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
427:
423:
422:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:New York City
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
167:
162:
154:
149:
147:
142:
140:
135:
134:
131:
122:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:Also known as
99:
95:
92:
88:
73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
52:
43:
39:
38:
37:Infobox event
34:
19:
4449:
4441:
4429:
4420:Sundown town
4412:
4380:
4372:
4359:
4352:
4340:
4333:
4322:The Clansman
4320:
4313:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4108:Ida B. Wells
4096:Paul Robeson
4001:Ku Klux Klan
3947:James Chaney
3937:Anniston, AL
3820:
3561:Plummer Gang
3516:Joseph Smith
3414:Henry Marrow
3374:Frank Morris
3302:Willie Earle
3211:Cordie Cheek
3139:Henry Choate
3059:Dan Anderson
3019:Raymond Byrd
3003:Samuel Smith
2955:Willie Baird
2835:Frank Little
2827:Paulo Boleta
2755:Robert Perry
2731:Mary Jackson
2691:King Johnson
2643:James Hodges
2563:George White
2547:Walker Davis
2448:Jacob Henson
2376:Robert Lewis
2336:Ellen Watson
2224:Jim Williams
2200:Wyatt Outlaw
2006:Bogalusa, LA
1984:(November 2)
1955:(October 31)
1761:Newberry, SC
1727:(July 19–24)
1697:(July 10–12)
1694:
1538:Philadelphia
1425:(February 8)
1336:
1330:
1304:
1287:cite journal
1275:. Retrieved
1247:
1243:
1227:. Retrieved
1203:. Retrieved
1187:
1181:
1168:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1118:
1112:Du Bois 1917
1107:
1098:
1089:
1082:Lindsey 2014
1077:
1070:Collins 2012
956:
955:
952:Bibliography
910:
902:
884:
871:
855:
851:
847:
839:
830:
822:
806:
788:
785:
776:
764:
761:command post
738:
730:
726:
714:
709:
707:
686:
684:
672:
655:
649:
617:
613:Gregg County
594:
572:
555:
553:
541:Bogalusa, LA
519:(November 2)
513:(October 31)
417:Syracuse, NY
411:Philadelphia
381:Newberry, SC
353:(July 19–24)
323:(July 10–12)
321:Longview, TX
320:
303:Philadelphia
203:Philadelphia
173:April – June
35:
4452:(1999 film)
4336:(1936 film)
4215:James Rolph
4117:Legislation
4080:Flag Salute
3520:Hyrum Smith
3366:Lemuel Penn
3358:Louis Allen
3326:Emmett Till
3310:Lamar Smith
3286:Recy Taylor
3219:Claude Neal
3067:Will Sherod
3051:John Carter
3027:James Clark
2979:Henry Lowry
2851:Ell Persons
2739:Rob Edwards
2715:Will Porter
2571:David Wyatt
2539:George Ward
2416:Henry Smith
2312:Amos Miller
2296:Eliza Woods
2232:David Jones
2176:Bill Sketoe
2160:Joshua Boyd
2120:Before 1900
1873:(August 31)
1855:(August 22)
1849:(August 21)
1570:(May 27–28)
1343:: 324–333.
1123:Tuttle 1970
1056:Durham 2010
1042:Tuttle 1972
1006:Durham 1980
810:martial law
752:Nacogdoches
640:World War I
603:before the
601:slave labor
568:World War I
477:(August 31)
459:(August 22)
453:(August 21)
430:Whatley, AL
363:Norfolk, VA
235:(May 27–28)
185:Jenkins, GA
31:‹ The
4533:Red Summer
4497:Categories
4466:Categories
4393:Red Summer
4086:N.A.A.C.P.
4011:Red Shirts
3843:Red Summer
3382:James Reeb
3254:Felix Hall
3246:After 1940
2995:Joe Pullen
2963:Roy Belton
2915:Will Brown
2819:Jeff Brown
2779:John Evans
2763:? Anderson
2667:"Pie" Hill
2635:Jim Miller
2611:Slab Pitts
2603:Ed Johnson
2440:Amos Hicks
2360:Dick Lundy
2352:Jim Taylor
2035:Red Summer
2025:Categories
1853:Austin, TX
1840:(August 4)
1834:(August 3)
1828:(August 1)
1499:(April 14)
1493:(April 13)
1487:(April 10)
1458:(March 14)
1452:(March 12)
1132:References
926:Red Summer
904:The Crisis
733:dance hall
718:small arms
652:East Texas
630:rules and
591:Background
584:occupation
564:Red Summer
511:Corbin, KY
499:Elaine, AR
457:Austin, TX
444:(August 4)
438:(August 3)
432:(August 1)
291:Bisbee, AZ
193:(April 14)
187:(April 13)
181:(April 10)
161:Red Summer
82:1919-07-12
78:1919-07-10
56:Red Summer
4383:(musical)
3099:Joe Smith
3043:Tom Payne
3011:L. Q. Ivy
2939:Jay Lynch
2787:Leo Frank
2515:1900–1940
1988:Ocoee, FL
1890:September
1799:(July 31)
1793:(July 31)
1787:(July 31)
1781:(July 28)
1769:(July 26)
1763:(July 24)
1757:(July 24)
1751:(July 23)
1745:(July 23)
1739:(July 21)
1733:(July 20)
1721:(July 15)
1715:(July 15)
1709:(July 14)
1703:(July 11)
1638:(June 29)
1632:(June 27)
1626:(June 27)
1620:(June 18)
1609:Macon, MS
1534:(May 5–6)
1357:0031-8906
1272:144571028
1264:1547-8424
1200:0424-1444
941:Red Scare
881:Aftermath
679:lynch mob
664:Galveston
636:lynchings
523:Ocoee, FL
505:Baltimore
469:Knoxville
419:(July 31)
413:(July 31)
407:(July 31)
401:(July 28)
389:(July 26)
383:(July 24)
377:(July 23)
375:Darby, PA
371:(July 23)
365:(July 21)
359:(July 20)
347:(July 15)
341:(July 15)
335:(July 14)
329:(July 11)
327:Baltimore
280:(June 29)
274:(June 27)
268:(June 27)
266:Annapolis
262:(June 18)
251:Macon, MS
40:is being
4450:Vendetta
3986:Lynching
3957:) (1964)
3522:) (1844)
2496:Sam Hose
1972:November
1691:(July 9)
1685:(July 8)
1679:(July 7)
1673:(July 6)
1667:(July 3)
1611:(June 7)
1582:(May 31)
1576:(May 30)
1564:(May 26)
1558:(May 21)
1552:(May 10)
1546:(May 10)
1415:February
1303:(1970).
1277:July 10,
1229:July 10,
1205:July 10,
1167:(1917).
1144:ABC-CLIO
920:See also
741:Governor
722:birdshot
710:Defender
628:Jim Crow
317:(July 9)
311:(July 8)
305:(July 7)
299:(July 6)
293:(July 3)
253:(June 7)
247:(May 31)
241:(May 30)
229:(May 26)
223:(May 21)
217:(May 10)
211:(May 10)
90:Location
80: –
54:Part of
44:. ›
33:template
3979:General
2368:Joe Coe
2240:Jo Reed
1937:October
1540:(May 9)
1528:(May 5)
887:Chicago
818:Colonel
748:Terrell
692:sheriff
675:Kilgore
393:Chicago
205:(May 9)
199:(May 5)
76: (
4381:Parade
4369:(1965)
4244:Memory
3963:(1964)
3939:(1961)
3933:(1952)
3923:(1946)
3917:(1945)
3911:(1943)
3905:(1937)
3899:(1933)
3893:(1932)
3887:(1930)
3881:(1927)
3875:(1923)
3869:(1922)
3863:(1921)
3857:(1920)
3851:(1920)
3845:(1919)
3829:(1919)
3823:(1919)
3817:(1919)
3811:(1918)
3805:(1917)
3799:(1916)
3793:(1912)
3787:(1911)
3781:(1910)
3770:(1908)
3764:(1906)
3753:(1905)
3747:(1899)
3741:(1898)
3735:(1898)
3729:(1898)
3723:(1897)
3717:(1892)
3711:(1892)
3705:(1891)
3699:(1880)
3693:(1879)
3687:(1879)
3681:(1878)
3675:(1878)
3669:(1876)
3663:(1876)
3657:(1876)
3651:(1874)
3639:(1873)
3633:(1871)
3622:(1868)
3616:(1868)
3610:(1868)
3604:(1868)
3598:(1868)
3592:(1868)
3586:(1868)
3575:(1866)
3569:(1866)
3563:(1864)
3557:(1864)
3551:(1863)
3540:(1863)
3534:(1862)
3528:(1858)
3480:(2020)
3472:(2011)
3464:(1998)
3456:(1989)
3448:(1981)
3440:(1979)
3432:(1978)
3424:(1975)
3416:(1970)
3408:(1968)
3400:(1967)
3392:(1966)
3384:(1965)
3376:(1964)
3368:(1964)
3360:(1964)
3352:(1959)
3344:(1957)
3336:(1957)
3328:(1955)
3320:(1955)
3312:(1955)
3304:(1947)
3296:(1946)
3288:(1944)
3280:(1944)
3272:(1943)
3264:(1943)
3256:(1941)
3237:(1940)
3229:(1940)
3221:(1934)
3213:(1933)
3205:(1933)
3197:(1932)
3189:(1931)
3181:(1931)
3173:(1930)
3165:(1930)
3157:(1928)
3149:(1927)
3141:(1927)
3133:(1927)
3125:(1927)
3117:(1927)
3109:(1927)
3101:(1927)
3093:(1927)
3085:(1927)
3077:(1927)
3069:(1927)
3061:(1927)
3053:(1927)
3045:(1927)
3037:(1926)
3029:(1926)
3021:(1926)
3013:(1925)
3005:(1924)
2997:(1923)
2989:(1922)
2981:(1921)
2973:(1921)
2965:(1920)
2957:(1920)
2949:(1919)
2941:(1919)
2933:(1919)
2925:(1919)
2917:(1919)
2909:(1919)
2901:(1918)
2893:(1918)
2885:(1918)
2877:(1918)
2869:(1918)
2861:(1918)
2853:(1917)
2845:(1917)
2837:(1917)
2829:(1916)
2821:(1916)
2813:(1916)
2805:(1916)
2797:(1915)
2789:(1915)
2781:(1914)
2773:(1914)
2765:(1913)
2757:(1913)
2749:(1912)
2741:(1912)
2733:(1912)
2725:(1911)
2717:(1911)
2709:(1911)
2701:(1911)
2693:(1911)
2685:(1910)
2677:(1909)
2669:(1909)
2661:(1909)
2653:(1909)
2645:(1909)
2637:(1909)
2629:(1907)
2621:(1907)
2613:(1906)
2605:(1906)
2597:(1906)
2589:(1904)
2581:(1904)
2573:(1903)
2565:(1903)
2557:(1903)
2549:(1903)
2541:(1901)
2533:(1901)
2525:(1901)
2506:(1899)
2498:(1899)
2490:(1898)
2482:(1898)
2474:(1898)
2466:(1897)
2458:(1897)
2450:(1896)
2442:(1894)
2434:(1894)
2426:(1894)
2418:(1893)
2410:(1893)
2402:(1893)
2394:(1893)
2386:(1892)
2378:(1892)
2370:(1891)
2362:(1891)
2354:(1891)
2346:(1890)
2338:(1889)
2330:(1889)
2322:(1889)
2314:(1888)
2306:(1886)
2298:(1886)
2290:(1884)
2282:(1882)
2274:(1881)
2266:(1879)
2258:(1878)
2250:(1877)
2242:(1875)
2234:(1872)
2226:(1871)
2218:(1870)
2210:(1870)
2202:(1870)
2194:(1868)
2186:(1864)
2178:(1864)
2170:(1864)
2162:(1863)
2154:(1858)
2146:(1851)
2138:(1837)
2130:(1836)
1816:August
1365:273678
1363:
1355:
1332:Phylon
1315:
1270:
1262:
1198:
1150:
859:Austin
825:curfew
750:, and
646:Causes
597:Dallas
120:Deaths
3927:Harry
1475:April
1440:March
1361:JSTOR
1339:(4).
1268:S2CID
957:Notes
487:Omaha
112:Race
4424:list
4334:Fury
4016:Jews
3929:and
3645:(AL)
1655:July
1599:June
1353:ISSN
1313:ISBN
1293:link
1279:2019
1260:ISSN
1231:2019
1207:2019
1196:ISSN
1148:ISBN
699:Riot
609:seat
578:and
554:The
285:July
114:riot
109:Type
71:Date
1516:May
1345:doi
1252:doi
611:of
4499::
3953:,
3949:,
3518:,
1359:.
1351:.
1337:33
1335:.
1311:.
1307:.
1289:}}
1285:{{
1266:.
1258:.
1248:12
1246:.
1242:.
1222:,
1218:.
1194:.
1188:18
1186:.
1180:.
1146:.
1142:.
1097:.
1062:^
1048:^
1012:^
964:^
843:$
4426:)
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4104:"
4100:"
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1295:)
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1233:.
1209:.
1156:.
906:,
659:,
152:e
145:t
138:v
123:1
84:)
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