Ring-tailed lemur - Knowledge (XXG)

1453:. The thumb is both short and widely separated from the other fingers. Despite being set at a right angle to the palm, the thumb is not opposable since the ball of the joint is fixed in place. As with all strepsirrhines, the hand is ectaxonic (the axis passes through the fourth digit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passing through the third digit) as seen in monkeys and apes. The fourth digit is the longest, and only slightly longer than the second digit. Likewise, the fifth digit is only slightly longer than the second. The palms are long and leathery, and like other primates, they have dermal ridges to improve grip. The feet are semi- 1335: 2352: 664: 1599:, a trait unique to nearly all strepsirrhine primates. The toothcomb is used during oral grooming, which involves licking and tooth-scraping. It may also be used for grasping small fruits, removing leaves from the stem when eating, and possibly scraping sap and gum from tree bark. The toothcomb is kept clean using a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that covers a large part of the base of the tongue. The first lower premolar (p2) following the toothcomb is shaped like a canine (caniniform) and occludes the upper canine, essentially filling the role of the incisiform lower canine. There is also a 1524: 2337:. Behaviorally, there is a difference between regular urination, where the tail is slightly raised and a stream of urine is produced, and the urine-marking behavior, where the tail is held up in display and only a few drops of urine are used. The urine-marking behavior is typically used by females to mark territory, and has been observed primarily at the edges of the troop's territory and in areas where other troops may frequent. The urine marking behavior also is most frequent during the mating season, and may play a role in reproductive communication between groups. 1482: 1326: 247: 1236: 2240: 2236:

five years of age. Both sexes have separate dominance hierarchies; females have a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlated with age. Each troop has one to three central, high-ranking adult males who interact with females more than other group males and lead the troop procession with high-ranking females. Recently transferred males, old males or young adult males that have not yet left their natal group are often lower ranking. Staying at the periphery of the group they tend to be marginalized from group activity.

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objects in captivity. This behavior is usually connected with food association. Also, lemurs are known to displace objects with their nose or mouth more so than with their hands. Therefore, an experiment requiring a lemur to manipulate an object without prior training would favor simians over strepsirrhines. Second, individual ring-tailed lemurs accustomed to living in a troop may not respond well to isolation for laboratory testing. Past studies have reported hysterical behavior in such scenarios.

1500: 42: 1491: 2319:. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a handstand to mark vertical surfaces, grasping the highest point with its feet while it applies its scent. Use of scent marking varies by age, sex and social status. Male lemurs use their antebrachial and brachial glands to demarcate territories and maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on each wrist is scraped against tree trunks to create grooves anointed with their scent. This is known as 655: 1282:(back) coat varies from gray to rosy-brown, sometimes with a brown pygal patch around the tail region, where the fur grades to pale gray or grayish brown. The dorsal coloration is slightly darker around the neck and crown. The hair on the throat, cheeks, and ears is white or off-white and also less dense, allowing the dark skin underneath to show through. The muzzle is dark grayish and the nose is black, and the eyes are encompassed by black triangular patches. Facial vibrissae ( 7490: 1225: 2605: 2451: 103: 1286:) are developed and found above the lips (mystacal), on the cheeks (genal), and on the eyebrow (superciliary). Vibrissae are also found slightly above the wrist on the underside of the forearm. The ears are relatively large compared to other lemurs and are covered in hair, which has only small tufts if any. Although slight pattern variations in the facial region may be seen between individuals, there are no obvious differences between the sexes. 673: 2462:, although the dominant male in the troop typically breeds with more females than other males. Fighting is most common during the breeding season. A receptive female may initiate mating by presenting her backside, lifting her tail, and looking at the desired male over her shoulder. Males may inspect the female's genitals to determine receptiveness. Females typically mate within their troop, but may seek outside males. 61: 6912: 1611:, with males exhibiting slightly larger canines than females. Both sexes use them in combat by slashing with them. There is a small diastema between the upper canine and the first premolar (P2), which is smaller and more caniniform than the other premolars. Unlike other lemurs, the first two upper molars (M1 and M2) have prominent lingual cingulae, yet do not have a protostyle. 453:, being active exclusively during daylight hours. Due to this lifestyle, they also sunbathe; the lemurs can be observed sitting upright on their tails, exposing their soft, white belly fur towards the sun. They will often also have their palms open and eyes gently closed. Like other lemurs, this species relies strongly on their sense of smell, and 1429:), and is connected to the palm by a fine, 2 mm–high, hairless strip. However, only the male has a horny spur that overlays this scent gland. The spur develops with age through the accumulation of secretions from an underlying gland that may connect through the skin through as many as a thousand minuscule 1207:. This decision was later supported by further fieldwork that showed that the differences fell within the normal range of variation for the species. The thicker coat was considered a local adaptation to extreme low temperatures in the region, and the fading of the fur was attributed to increased exposure to 2576:

and discovered that, like monkeys, they used tools with functional properties (e.g., tool orientation or ease of use) instead of tools with nonfunctional features (e.g., color or texture). Although the ring-tailed lemur may not use tools in the wild, it can not only be trained to use a tool, but will

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The upper incisors are small, with the first incisors (I1) space widely from each other, yet closely to the second incisors (I2). Both are compressed buccolingually (between the cheek and the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are long, have a broad base, and curve down and back (recurved). The upper

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by males also occur occasionally. Due to harsh environmental conditions, predation and accidents such as falls, infant mortality can be as high as 50% within the first year and as few as 30% may reach adulthood. The longest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild was a female at the Berenty Reserve who

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as the core group. As with most lemurs, females socially dominate males in all circumstances, including feeding priority. Dominance is enforced by lunging, chasing, cuffing, grabbing and biting. Young females do not always inherit their mother's rank and young males leave the troop between three and

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The ring-tailed lemur is a relatively large lemur. Its average weight is 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb). Its head–body length ranges between 39 and 46 cm (15 and 18 in), its tail length is 56 and 63 cm (22 and 25 in), and its total length is 95 and 110 cm (37 and 43 in).

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Border disputes with rival troops occur occasionally and it is the dominant female's responsibility to defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches and occasional physical aggression, and conclude with troop members retreating toward the center of the home

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For males, social structure changes can be seasonal. During the six-month period between December and May a few males migrate between groups. Established males transfer on average every 3.5 years, although young males may transfer approximately every 1.4 years. Group fission occurs when groups

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has shown that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory and retrieve ordered sequences without language. The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs were using internal representation of the sequence to guide their responses and not simply following a trained sequence, where

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Troop size, home range, and population density vary by region and food availability. Troops typically range in size from 6 to 25, although troops with over 30 individuals have been recorded. The average troop contains 13 to 15 individuals. Home range size varies between 6 and 35 hectares

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The species has a slender frame and narrow face, fox-like muzzle. The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a long, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black and white transverse bands, numbering 12 or 13 white rings and 13 or 14 black rings and always ending in a black tip. The total number of

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lasts 4 to 6 hours, and females mate with multiple males during this period. Within a troop, females stagger their receptivity so that each female comes into season on a different day during the breeding season, reducing competition for male attention. Females lactate during the wet season,

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The ring-tailed lemur is highly social, living in groups—known as "troops"—of up to 30 individuals. It is also a female-dominant species, a commonality among lemurs. To keep warm and reaffirm social bonds, groups will huddle together. Mutual grooming is another vital aspect of lemur

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Since tool use is considered to be a key feature of primate intelligence, the apparent lack of this behavior in wild lemurs, as well as the lack of non-food object play, has helped reinforce the perception that lemurs are less intelligent than their simian cousins. However, another study at the

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of older tests may have favored the natural behavior and ecology of simians over that of strepsirrhines, making the experimental tasks inappropriate for lemurs. For example, simians are known for their manipulative play with non-food objects, whereas lemurs are only known to manipulate non-food

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in the following order: m 1/1 (first molars), i 2/2 (first incisors), i 3/3 (second incisors), C1 (upper canines), m 2/2 (second molars), c1 (lower canines), m 3/3 (third molars), p 4/4 (third premolars), p 3/3 (second premolars), p 2/2 (first premolars).

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surface of their shoulders (near the armpit). The brachial gland is larger than the antebrachial gland, covered in short hair around the periphery, and has a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the center. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance. The brachial gland is barely

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occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, one offspring is the norm, although twins may occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants have a birth weight of 70 g (2.5 oz) and are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 to 2 weeks, then dorsally (on the back).

568:, and ghostly cries of lemurs. It has also been speculated that Linnaeus may also have known that some Malagasy people have held legends that lemurs are the souls of their ancestors, but this is unlikely given that the name was selected for slender lorises from India. The species name, 2492:

lived for 20 years. In the wild, females rarely live past the age of 16, whereas the life expectancy of males is not known due to their social structure. The longest-lived male was reported to be 15 years old. The maximum lifespan reported in captivity was 27 years.

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The young lemurs begin to eat solid food after two months and are fully weaned after five months. Sexual maturity is reached between 2.5 and 3 years. Male involvement in infant rearing is limited, although the entire troop, regardless of age or sex, can be seen caring for the young.

2255:. However, it sits with its legs extended outward, not cross-legged, and will often support itself on nearby branches. Sunning is often a group activity, particularly during the cold mornings. At night, troops will split into sleeping parties huddling closely together to keep warm. 1349:

The skin of the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in color, even in places where the fur is white. It is exposed on the nose, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, and genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture of the hands and feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The

2512:(monkeys and apes), while strepsirrhine primates, such as the ring-tailed lemur and its allies, have been overlooked and popularly dismissed as unintelligent. A couple of factors stemming from early experiments have played a role in the development of this assumption. First, the 2202:. When available, tamarind makes up as much as 50% of the diet, especially during the dry, winter season. The ring-tailed lemur eats from as many as three dozen different plant species, and its diet includes flowers, herbs, bark and sap. It has been observed eating decayed wood, 1733:(forests along riverbanks). It strongly favors gallery forests, but such forests have now been cleared from much of Madagascar in order to create pasture for livestock. Depending on location, temperatures within its geographic range can vary from −12 °C (10 °F) at 1594:

Its lower incisors (i1 and i2) are long, narrow, and finely spaced while pointing almost straight forward in the mouth (procumbent). Together with the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lower canines (c1), which are slightly larger and also procumbent, form a structure called a

2395: 2178:) have been studied together. Little interaction takes place between the two species. While the diets of the two species overlap, they eat in different proportions since the ring-tailed lemur has a more varied diet and spends more time on the ground. 512:

trade. As of early 2017, the population in the wild is believed to have crashed to as low as 2,000 individuals due to these reasons, making them far more critically endangered. Local Malagasy farmers and logging industries frequently make use of

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by dousing their tails with their pheromones and “wafting” them at opponents. Additionally, lemurs of both sexes will scent-mark trees, logs, rocks or other objects by simply rubbing their faces and bodies onto it, not unlike a domestic cat.

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preferentially select tools based on their functional qualities. Therefore, the conceptual competence to use a tool may have been present in the common primate ancestor, even though the use of tools may not have appeared until much later.

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from December through April, when resources are readily available. Females gestate during the dry season, from May through September, when resources are low. Females give birth during seasons where resources, such as flowers, are in peak.

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Regardless, research has continued to illuminate the complexity of the lemur mind, with emphasis on the cognitive abilities of the ring-tailed lemur. As early as the mid-1970s, studies had demonstrated that they could be trained through

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and seeing an analogy that fit with his naming scheme, Linnaeus adapted the term "lemur" for these nocturnal primates. However, it has been commonly and falsely assumed that Linnaeus was referring to the ghost-like appearance,

1473:, specifically to rake through fur that is unreachable by the mouth. The toilet-claw is a trait shared among nearly all living strepsirrhine primates. Unlike other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel is not covered by fur. 2636:. Finally, periodic drought common to southern Madagascar can impact populations already in decline. In 1991 and 1992, for example, a severe drought caused an abnormally high mortality rate among infants and females at the 2539:

in Madagascar and as well as baboons in Africa, she more recently concluded that this highly social lemur species does not demonstrate the equivalent social complexity of cercopithecine monkeys, despite general appearances.

2620:, have also taken their toll. Today, it is estimated that 90% of Madagascar's original forest cover has been lost. Rising populations have created even greater demand in the southwest portion of the island for fuel wood, 2647:

has been taken. Not only does field research and resource management involve international students and local people (including school children), livestock management is used at the peripheral zones of the reserve and

2616:. Starting nearly 2,000 years ago with the introduction of humans to the island, forests have been cleared to produce pasture and agricultural land. Extraction of hardwoods for fuel and lumber, as well mining and 957:, containing only the ring-tailed lemur. Because the differences in molecular data are so minute between the ring-tailed lemur and both genera of bamboo lemurs, it has been suggested that all three genera be merged. 2434: 2295: 2753:

brand, which started by selling T-shirts in Madagascar and now sells clothing across the Indian Ocean islands, is named after this lemur due to its popularity, even though the company's logo portrays the face of a

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Outside of its diminishing habitat and other threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily and has fared well in captivity. For this reason, along with its popularity, it has become the most populous lemur in

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Other measurements include a hind foot length of 102 and 113 mm (4.0 and 4.4 in), ear length of 40 and 48 mm (1.6 and 1.9 in), and cranium length of 78 and 88 mm (3.1 and 3.5 in).

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the ring-tailed lemur can rear up and balance on its hind legs, usually for aggressive displays. When threatened, the ring-tailed lemur may jump in the air and strike out with its short nails and sharp upper

457:, with scent glands, provides communication signals throughout a group's home range. The glands are located near the eyes, as well as near the anus. The males perform a unique scent-marking behavior called 4833: 912:

in 1962, and due to similarities between the ring-tailed lemur and the bamboo lemurs, particularly in regards to molecular evidence and scent glands similarities, the true lemurs were moved to the genus

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The relationship between the ring-tailed lemur and bamboo lemurs is the least understood. Molecular analysis suggests that either the bamboo lemurs diverged from the ring-tailed lemur, making the group

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due to its recognizability. As of 2017, only about 2,000 ring-tailed lemurs are estimated to be left in the wild, making the threat of extinction far more serious for them than previously believed.

1639:, or hostile in nature. A troop will usually occupy the same part of its range for three or four days before moving. When it does move, the average traveling distance is 1 km (0.62 mi). 2297: 2695:

in southern Madagascar. However, these interventions are not always seen favorably, since natural population fluctuations are not permitted. The species is thought to have evolved its high

591:, who noted its characteristic long, banded tail. (The term "maucauco" was a very common term for lemurs at this time.) The now universal English name "ring-tailed lemur" was first used by 404: 1313:, a moist, naked, glandular nose supported by the upper jaw and protruding beyond the chin. The rhinarium continues down where it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached to the 4539:

Sauther, Michelle L. (1993). "Resource Competition in Wild Populations of Ringtailed Lemurs (Lemur Catta): Implications for Female Dominance". In Kappeler, P. M.; Ganzhorn, J. U. (eds.).

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in Georgia, demonstrating that captive lemurs can readily adapt to their environment and exhibit a full range of natural behaviors, captive release is not currently being considered.

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used to maintain group cohesion during foraging and alert group members to the presence of a predator. Calls range from simple to complex. An example of a simple call is the purr (

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The ring-tailed lemur resides in several protected areas within its range, each offering varying levels of protection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach to

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socialization (as with all primates), reaffirming social and familial connections, while also helping rid each other of any potential insects. Ring-tailed lemurs are strictly

2871: 1211:. Additional genetic studies in 2000 further supported the conclusion that population did not vary significantly from the other ring-tailed lemur populations on the island. 882: 517:

deforestation techniques, with smoke being visible on the horizon on most days in Madagascar, in an effort to accommodate livestock and to cultivate larger fields of crops.

2624:, and lumber. Fires from the clearing of grasslands, as well as slash-and-burn agriculture destroy forests. Another threat to the species is harvesting either for food ( 2684:. Due to the high success of captive breeding, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations were to crash. Although experimental releases have met success on 7689: 1417:

measuring 1 cm long and located on the inner surface of the forearm nearly 25 cm (9.8 in) above the wrist joint. (This trait is shared between the

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Ring-tailed lemur populations can also benefit from drought intervention, due to the availability of watering troughs and introduced fruit trees, as seen at the

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one item in the sequence cues the selection of the next. But this is not the limit of the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Another study, performed at the

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with three included species, only one of which is still considered to be a lemur while another is no longer considered to be a primate. These species include:

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In the mornings the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes to warm itself. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently described as a "sun-worshipping" posture or

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Because of the difficulty in discerning the relationships within family Lemuridae, not all authorities agree on the taxonomy, although the majority of the

4709: 2271:. This is extremely rare outside of the breeding season when tensions are high and competition for mates is intense. Other aggressive behaviors include a 2391:. Some calls have variants and undergo transitions between variants, such as an infant "whit" (distress call) transitioning from one variant to another ( 4878: 760:

species have short snouts, while the ring-tailed lemur and the rest of Lemuridae have long snouts. However, differences in the relationship between the

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and semi-terrestrial. It is the most terrestrial of lemur species, spending as much as 33% of its time on the ground. However it is still considerably

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Gouzoules, H.; Gouzoules, S. (2007). "The Conundrum of Communication". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Stumpf, R.M.; Bearder, S. (eds.).

555:'s own explanation, the name was selected because of the nocturnal activity and slow movements of the slender loris. Being familiar with the works of 2375:), which expresses contentment. A complex call is the sequence of clicks, close-mouth click series (CMCS), open-mouth click series (OMCS) and yaps ( 904:), and its skeleton is nearly indistinguishable from that of the true lemurs. Consequently, the three genera were once grouped together in the genus 7663: 908:

and more recently are sometimes referred to as subfamily Lemurinae (within family Lemuridae). However, ruffed lemurs were reassigned to the genus

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Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W. (2006). "Chapter 2: Notes on the History of Ecological Studies of Malagasy Lemurs". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.).

2597:, which makes trade of wild-caught specimens illegal. Although there are more endangered species of lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a 4646: 2330:, which involves impregnating their tails with secretions from the antebrachial and brachial glands and waving the scented tail at male rivals. 3810: 2531:

noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, such as the ring-tailed lemur, have evolved a social complexity similar to that of

3228: 2556:. The ring-tailed lemur has also been shown to learn a variety of complex tasks often equaling, if not exceeding, the performance of simians. 1512:) on its second toe (left) and dermal ridges on its hands to improve its grip (center). Unlike other lemurs, it lacks fur on its heel (right). 5705: 5686: 5667: 5644: 5575: 5543: 5524: 5497: 5461: 5438: 5419: 5400: 5373: 5354: 5331: 5310: 5189: 4556: 2809:, which was filmed at the Berenty Reserve and followed a troop of lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, who was nearly 1305:(back surface of the eye), which is present in—but varies between—all lemurs, is very spotty. The ring-tailed lemur also has a rudimentary 614:

from Madagascar come from recent times. Thus, little is known about the evolution of the ring-tailed lemur, let alone the rest of the lemur

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and Olivier Langrand suggested that the ring-tailed lemur may demonstrate regional variations, particularly a high mountain population at

1635:(15 and 86 acres). Troops of the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but overlap is often high. When encounters occur, they are 3409:

Horvath, J.E.; Weisrock, D.W.; Embry, S.L.; Fiorentino, I.; Balhoff, J.P.; Kappeler, P.; Wray, G.A.; Willard, H.F.; Yoder, A.D. (2008).

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on the southeastern plateau, among the spiny forests of the southern part of the island, and north along the west coast to the town of

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while rRNA sequences of mtDNA place the split at 24.9 ±3.6 mya. The ruffed lemurs are the first genus to split away (most

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Pastorini, J.; Forstner, M.R.J.; Martin, R.D. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships among Lemuridae (Primates): evidence from mtDNA".

3323: 1882:), which was once found at Andringitra National Park; however, no sightings of the ruffed lemur have been reported in recent years. 4697: 1772:, north of Morondava. Its distribution throughout the rest of its range is very spotty, with population densities varying widely. 5764: 5737: 5242: 7728: 4521: 4049:

Howarth, C. J.; Wilson, J. M.; Adamson, A. P.; Wilson, M. E.; Boase, M. J. (1986). "Population ecology of the ring-tailed lemur,

3275: 1796: 65: 764:(eye socket) and the muzzle suggest that the ring-tailed lemur and the true lemurs evolved their elongated faces independently. 2351: 2346: 2143: 1457:

and more specialized than the hands. The big toe is opposable and is smaller than the big toe of other lemurs, which are more

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Gould, L.; Sauther, M. (2007). "Lemuriformes". In Campbell, C.; Fuentes, A.; MacKinnon, K.; Stumpf, R.M.; Bearder, S. (eds.).

7746: 7489: 5489: 2568:, suggests that this species along with several other closely related lemur species understand simple arithmetic operations. 1792: 1343:

Scent glands on a male: the brachial glands on the upper chest (left), and antebrachial gland and spur on the forearm (right)

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and supporting the current two-genera taxonomy, or that the ring-tailed lemur is nested in with the bamboo lemurs, requiring

7707: 5742: 1354:, located at the joint of the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The area around the anus (circumanal area) and the 5212: 2552:. The species has been shown to be capable of learning pattern, brightness, and object discrimination, skills common among 1643:

ranges from 100 individuals per 1 km (0.39 sq mi) in dry forests to 250–600 individuals per km in

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primates. For this to have happened, it is thought that a very small ancestral population came to Madagascar via a single

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monkeys, but not the corresponding intelligence. After years of observations of wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the

6082: 6023: 5343:"Chapter 4: Impact of Ecology on the Teeth of Extant Lemurs: A Review of Dental Adaptations, Function, and Life History" 5143: 2839: 2077: 2007: 1878:. Historically, the species used to be sympatric with the critically endangered southern black-and-white ruffed lemur ( 1279: 1275: 681:

Genetic analysis indicates that ring-tailed lemurs (left) are more closely related to the two genera of bamboo lemurs (

7741: 7611: 6150: 6073: 6064: 5787: 5602: 5562: 1996: 1765: 7824: 3672: 2951: 2926: 2051: 5475: 1823:, and marginally at Kirindy Mitea National Park. Unprotected forests that the species has been reported in include 1631:, 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer and 13% in small bushes. Troop travel is 70% terrestrial. 828: 5607: 5567: 5018: 4451: 4289:

Palagi, E.; Dapporto, L.; Borgognini-Tarli, S.M. (2005). "The neglected scent: on the marking function of urine in

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described them as being comparable in size to a monkey and having a fox-like long tail with black and white rings.

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worldwide, with more than 2,000 captive-raised individuals), the wild population of ring-tailed lemur is listed as

3411:"Development and application of a phylogenomic toolkit: resolving the evolutionary history of Madagascar's lemurs" 2846:

in Madagascar. The project had been partly funded by Cleese's donation of the proceeds from the London premier of

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Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation of tool functionality in both the ring-tailed lemur and the

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Goodman, S.M.; Rakotoarisoa, S.V.; Wilmé, L. (2006). "The Distribution and Biogeography of the Ringtailed Lemur (

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The first mention of the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 when English traveller and writer

1405:(four nipples), but only one pair is functional. The anterior pair (closest to the head) are very close to the 752:, genetics, and several morphological traits, such as scent gland similarities. However, other data concerning 6091: 1948: 1780: 5910: 2660:

worldwide, with more than 2500 in captivity as of 2009. It is also the most common of all captive primates.

1904: 1808: 1334: 7837: 572:, refers to the ring-tailed lemur's cat-like appearance. Its purring vocalization is similar to that of the 102: 7283: 1769: 1663: 858: 712: 592: 4473: 2745:). Being the most widely recognized endemic primate on the island, it has been selected as the symbol for 488:

Despite adapting to and breeding easily under captive care (and being the most popular species of lemur in

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communication is critically important for strepsirrhines like the ring-tailed lemur. Males and females

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depression on the retina. Another shared characteristic with the other strepsirrhine primates is the

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than to the other two genera in its family. This has been supported by comparisons in communication,

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reviewed the evidence and came to a different conclusion, instead favoring to return the members of

477:. Experiments have shown that the ring-tailed lemur, despite the lack of a large brain (relative to 7143: 6100: 5756: 5593: 5553: 5181: 3485:"Molecular phylogeny and evolution of prosimians based on complete sequences of mitochondrial DNAs" 2613: 2312: 2062: 1985: 1788: 1636: 1458: 934: 596: 580: 501: 454: 50: 41: 7058: 6970: 6603: 6346: 2963:

The pale fork-marked lemur found at Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park may instead be a new species.

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Its fingers are slender, padded, mostly lacking webbing, and semi-dexterous with flat, human-like

6568: 5919: 5901: 5275: 4943: 4811: 4769: 4701: 4318: 3938: 3484: 3169: 2801: 2573: 2099: 1832: 1734: 1687: 1671: 1651: 1640: 1387: 1193: 716: 548: 493: 442: 262: 97: 7798: 1362:

lacks fur, is covered in small, horny spines, and the two sacs of the scrotum are divided. The

7694: 7113: 7076: 7048: 6789: 3581:"Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Lemurs Inferred with Recent and Ancient Fossils in the Tree" 2450: 1844: 1289:

Unlike most diurnal primates, but like all strepsirrhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur has a

7780: 7624: 7470: 7311: 7304: 6425: 5982: 5955: 5928: 5701: 5682: 5663: 5640: 5621: 5611: 5581: 5571: 5539: 5520: 5503: 5493: 5457: 5434: 5415: 5396: 5369: 5350: 5327: 5321: 5306: 5010: 4935: 4870: 4803: 4761: 4552: 4429: 4387: 4074: 3983: 3930: 3909:

Drea, Christine M.; Weil, Anne (2008). "External genital morphology of the ring-tailed lemur (

3773: 3602: 3556: 3504: 3443: 3290: 2843: 2741: 2735: 2717: 2665: 2560: 2388: 2171: 2121: 2110: 1937: 1828: 1608: 1470: 1325: 1189: 820: 397: 384: 7566: 5634: 1370:, as well as having two pairs of larger spines on both sides. Males have a relatively small 7785: 7157: 6032: 5483: 5002: 4927: 4860: 4852: 4795: 4753: 4693: 4627: 4594: 4544: 4492: 4421: 4379: 4310: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4146: 4066: 3973: 3922: 3829: 3763: 3753: 3592: 3548: 3496: 3433: 3425: 3159: 3007: 2818: 2598: 2359:

The ring-tailed lemur is one of the most vocal primates and has a complex array of distinct

2228: 1926: 1824: 1718: 696: 7819: 7720: 3732:

Orlando, L.; Calvignac, S.; Schnebelen, C.; Douady, C.J.; Godfrey, L.R.; Hänni, C. (2008).

1717:, the ring-tailed lemur ranges further into highland areas than other lemurs. It inhabits 1413:

are present on both males and females. Both sexes have small, dark antebrachial (forearm)

1235: 533:

Malagasy primates, which have been known as "lemurs" ever since. The name derives from the

7870: 7767: 7511: 7463: 7066: 6997: 6710: 6353: 6339: 6125: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 2692: 2681: 2536: 2532: 1816: 1757: 1628: 1584: 1568: 1306: 1290: 1264: 1260: 1224: 1208: 954: 922: 866: 837: 761: 627: 584: 565: 418: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3338: 5248: 4749: 4590: 4306: 3749: 3544: 2608:

Ring-tailed lemurs are a common sight at Berenty Private Reserve in southern Madagascar.

1481: 1196:

that has a thicker coat, lighter coloration, and variations in its tail rings. In 2001,

7274: 7252: 7232: 7168: 7031: 7014: 6841: 6820: 6782: 6541: 6241: 5964: 5656: 4865: 3833: 3768: 3733: 3438: 2835: 2762: 2459: 2315:

both vertical and horizontal surfaces at the overlaps in their home ranges using their

2252: 1730: 1655: 1644: 1587: 1430: 930: 588: 514: 430: 3298: 2989: 2664:

facilities actively involved in the conservation of the ring-tailed lemur include the

1531:(4 incisors and 2 canine teeth), while the first premolars resemble canines. 1523: 246: 7854: 7715: 7449: 7392: 7133: 6740: 6655: 6614: 6555: 6446: 6418: 6374: 6360: 6224: 6211: 6166: 5973: 5840: 5772: 5479: 4631: 4598: 4525: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 2998: 2779: 2549: 2484: 2214:(birds and chameleons). During the dry season it becomes increasingly opportunistic. 1812: 1564: 1402: 1375: 1367: 1245: 1197: 756:

and other morphological traits fail to support this close relationship. For example,

635: 631: 552: 526: 497: 351: 233: 191: 164: 70: 7580: 5452:) in Madagascar". In Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W.; Koyama, N.; Rasamimanana, H. (eds.). 5216: 4947: 4815: 4773: 3942: 3173: 7629: 7412: 7385: 7376: 7362: 7338: 6929: 6883: 6582: 6575: 6411: 6288: 6265: 6047: 6006: 5681:. Vol. 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers. Pearson Custom Pub. pp. 154–173. 5471: 4787: 4733: 4705: 4674: 4615: 4515: 3377: 3375: 2784: 2629: 2528: 2520:

The notion that lemurs are unintelligent has been perpetuated by the view that the

2264: 1848: 1753: 1726: 1699: 1695: 1556: 1499: 1490: 1302: 1298: 1200: 1114: 1057: 1017: 1008: 926: 918: 889: 874: 800: 796: 739: 707:) in the family, a view that is further supported by analysis of DNA sequences and 654: 474: 5727: 4322: 3276:"Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1" 783:

The karyotype of the ring-tailed lemur has 56 chromosomes, of which four are

672: 630:

evidence suggest that lemurs are more closely related to each other than to other

5384: 5342: 4757: 4548: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3483:

Matsui, A.; Rakotondraparany, F.; Munechika, I.; Hasegawa, M.; Horai, S. (2009).

1301:. The tapetum is highly visible in this species because the pigmentation of the 7811: 7733: 7676: 7560: 7506: 7440: 7297: 7290: 7242: 7191: 7103: 6754: 6692: 6678: 6623: 6596: 6525: 6511: 6504: 6483: 6453: 6439: 6309: 6251: 5892: 5534:

Jolly, A.; Sussman, R.W.; Koyama, N.; Rasamimanana, H., eds. (2006). "Preface".

5006: 4856: 4790:(1998). "Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies". 4511: 4337: 2921:

is sometimes omitted because it was technically a vernacular term for the genus

2823: 2789: 2617: 2525: 2316: 2239: 1745: 1509: 1462: 1454: 1450: 1426: 1414: 1410: 961: 749: 3500: 1768:, just south of Morondava, though at very low densities. It does not occur in 7355: 7331: 7177: 7150: 6942: 6872: 6850: 6775: 6733: 6685: 6664: 6497: 6490: 6390: 6332: 6295: 5875: 4931: 4577:

Ehrlich, E.; Fobes, J.L.; King, J.E. (1976). "Prosimian learning capacities".

4314: 2649: 2633: 2604: 2553: 2475: 2304:

Male ring-tailed lemurs will scent-mark saplings and branches by spur-marking.

2211: 1854:

Within the protected regions it is known to inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is

1756:. Historically, the northern limits of its range in the west extended to the 1714: 1620: 1314: 1204: 1141: 999: 897: 792: 788: 784: 753: 720: 700: 699:, the branching of the family Lemuridae has been dated to 26.1 ±3.3 643: 623: 509: 450: 380: 376: 7551: 5625: 5585: 5147: 4970:"How prosimian primates represent tools: Experiments with two lemur species ( 3294: 2326:

In displays of aggression, males engage in a social display behaviour called

2243:

The ring-tailed lemur will sit facing the sun to warm itself in the mornings.

2227:

Ring-tailed lemurs live in groups known as "troops," which are classified as

17: 7650: 7456: 7403: 7322: 7087: 6959: 6857: 6811: 6796: 6768: 6761: 6747: 6726: 6719: 6671: 6637: 6534: 6302: 6281: 5937: 5804: 5507: 4496: 4150: 3978: 3957: 3758: 3597: 3580: 2696: 2521: 2505: 2471: 2308: 2259: 2232: 2207: 1864: 1761: 1722: 1596: 1536: 1528: 1443: 1425:

genera.) The gland is soft and compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (like

1310: 1042: 982: 769: 744: 708: 434: 363: 174: 114: 5014: 4939: 4874: 4391: 3987: 3934: 3789: 3787: 3777: 3606: 3560: 3552: 3508: 3447: 1267:. Instead, it is only used for balance, communication, and group cohesion. 4807: 4765: 4433: 4133:

Sussman, R.W. (1991). "Demography and social organization of free-ranging

4078: 1577: 1574: 1545: 1542: 7772: 7603: 7545: 7263: 7024: 6865: 6644: 6467: 6432: 6397: 6383: 6184: 5822: 2625: 2621: 2589:

in 2014 by the IUCN, the ring-tailed lemur has been listed since 1977 by

2501: 2275:, used to intimidate or start a fight, and a submissive gesture known as 2203: 2191: 2187: 1855: 1624: 1560: 1439: 1383: 1355: 1283: 544: 505: 438: 134: 4408:

Macedonia, J.M. (1993). "The vocal repertoire of the ring-tailed lemur (

3962:): Glandular differences, seasonal variation, and individual signatures" 3734:"DNA from extinct giant lemurs links archaeolemurids to extant indriids" 2813:, with white fur, bright blue eyes, and the characteristic ringed tail. 362:

species, owing to its long, black-and-white, ringed tail. It belongs to

7832: 7668: 7225: 6827: 6630: 6589: 6404: 6274: 6196: 5834: 4383: 3926: 3429: 1959: 1710: 1552: 1446:

glands in their genital or perianal regions, which are covered in fur.

1391: 1371: 1359: 619: 539: 530: 469:

As one of the most vocal primates, the ring-tailed lemur uses numerous

355: 154: 4799: 4698:

10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8

4425: 4070: 7681: 7588: 7426: 6981: 6476: 6190: 6178: 5828: 5816: 2810: 2755: 2509: 2466: 1434: 1406: 1395: 1294: 1271: 611: 608: 556: 478: 144: 124: 7522: 3815:) from the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar" 3809:

Yoder, A.D.; Irwin, J.A.; Goodman, S.M.; Rakotoarisoa, S.V. (2000).

587:"ring-tailed maucauco" was first penned in 1771 by Welsh naturalist 7655: 5168: 5085: 4168: 3719: 3467: 2487:

between troop females has been reported. Kidnapping by females and

1378:

are usually coated with a foul-smelling secretion. Females have a

1248:

primate, with a protruding muzzle and a wet nose. Top is the skull.

885:(ICZN) formalized this decision in its publication of Opinion 122. 738:

The ring-tailed lemur is thought to share closer affinities to the

7806: 7419: 7211: 7184: 7124: 5272:"Four More Lemurs To Be Released Into Madagascar Jungle This Fall" 4834:"A comparative analysis of serial ordering in ring-tailed lemurs ( 3164: 2775:, calling it the "Maucauco" and regarding it as a type of monkey. 2603: 2594: 2590: 2449: 2350: 2290: 2238: 1870: 1522: 1379: 1363: 878: 615: 534: 372: 359: 87: 81: 5485:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3811:"Genetic tests of the taxonomic status of the ring-tailed lemur ( 2612:

Three factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First and foremost is

1884: 966: 877:

for the genus, despite the term initially being used to describe

485:, and preferentially select tools based on functional qualities. 6135: 2454:

In the wild, females typically give birth to a single offspring.

1461:. The second toe is short, has a small terminal pad, and has a 1351: 560: 7642: 7526: 6927: 6209: 6139: 5776: 5073: 3872: 3649: 3381: 1508:

Like other lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur has a claw-like nail (

4618:(1964). "Prosimians' manipulation of simple object problems". 4370:: Economic design and territorial function of urine marking". 4366:

Palagi, E.; Norscia, I. (2005). "Multimodal signaling in wild

4204: 3958:"Chemical composition of scent marks in the ringtailed lemur ( 3207: 3205: 3203: 2827: 2657: 2524:(as a measure of brain size) indicates intelligence. In fact, 2418:) (low-to-moderate arousal, group cohesion), early-high wail ( 2190:

primarily eating fruits and leaves, particularly those of the

1438:

developed if present at all in females. Both sexes also have

1374:(penis bone) compared to their size. The scrotum, penis, and 573: 489: 4832:

Merritt, D.; MacLean, E.L.; Jaffe, S.; Brannon, E.M. (2007).

4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 2826:, who has a passion for lemurs. Cleese later hosted the 1998 4897:"Expectations about numerical events in four lemur species ( 2210:(spiders, caterpillars, cicadas and grasshoppers) and small 949:. However, this view was not widely accepted and the genus 366:, one of five lemur families, and is the only member of the 5636:

Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet

2954:(1817), although it was actually used as a vernacular name. 1203:

concluded that this does not represent a locally occurring

4736:(1966). "Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence". 3229:"Ring-Tailed Lemur Populations Have Crashed by 95 Percent" 2816:

A Ring-tailed lemur played a role in the 1997 comedy film

2430:) (moderate-to-high arousal, group cohesion), and clicks ( 1603:(gap) between the second and third premolars (p2 and p3). 1274:(fur) is so dense that it can clog electric clippers. The 3579:

Herrera, James P.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (September 2016).

689:) than they are to other members of the family Lemuridae. 646:

has created the diversity of Malagasy lemurs seen today.

3793: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 2170:

In western Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs and

5247:(DVD). Tigress Productions Ltd. for BBC. Archived from 4654:

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Symposium on Zoo Research

3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2799:. The ring-tailed lemur was also the focus of the 1996 2355:

Ring-tailed lemurs are some of the most vocal primates.

595:

in his illustrated scientific publication covering the

2707:

The ring-tailed lemur is known locally in Malagasy as

5560:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 1886:

List of species sympatric with the ring-tailed lemur

638:

between 50 and 80 million years ago. Subsequent

7437: 7373: 7351: 7259: 7248: 7238: 7139: 7109: 7099: 7072: 7054: 7044: 7020: 7010: 6966: 6955: 6838: 6808: 6707: 6552: 6522: 6464: 6371: 6320: 6262: 6247: 6237: 5104:

Animals drawn from Nature and engraved in aqua-tinta

2772:

Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta

2465:

The breeding season runs from mid-April to mid-May.

2406:

The most commonly heard vocalizations are the moan (

1737:

to 48 °C (118 °F) in the spiny forests of

888:

The ring-tailed lemur shares many similarities with

481:

primates), can organize sequences, understand basic

473:, including calling for group cohesion and predator 7535: 7436: 7402: 7372: 7321: 7273: 7209: 7167: 7123: 7086: 6980: 6940: 6882: 6837: 6807: 6706: 6654: 6613: 6551: 6521: 6463: 6370: 6319: 6261: 6222: 6045: 6004: 5873: 5849: 3274:Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2011). 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 2872:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

1433:. The males also have brachial (arm) glands on the 1263:(~25). Its tail is longer than its body and is not 883:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

5655: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4445: 4443: 4284: 4282: 4261: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 1551:, meaning that on each side of the jaw it has two 375:. Like all lemurs, it is endemic to the island of 5752:Lemur Conservation Foundation: ring-tailed lemurs 1775:The ring-tailed lemur can be easily seen in five 525:Although the term "lemur" was first intended for 5723:Official ring-tailed lemur species survival plan 5236: 5234: 5213:"John Cleese Visits Lemurs at San Francisco Zoo" 4968:Santos, L.R.; Mahajan, N.; Barnes, J.L. (2005). 4895:Santos, L.R.; Barnes, J.L.; Mahajan, N. (2005). 4403: 4401: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 1278:(chest) coat and throat are white or cream. The 5389:ecology: What we know and what we need to know" 4541:Lemur Social Systems and Their Ecological Basis 4036: 3013:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T11496A115565760.en 1259:rings nearly matches the approximate number of 543:, which refers to specters or ghosts that were 4827: 4825: 4572: 4570: 4568: 3956:Scordato, E.S.; Dubay, G.; Drea, C.M. (2007). 3574: 3572: 3570: 3404: 3402: 2727: 2709: 423: 389: 6151: 5788: 5767:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 5700:. Columbia University Press. pp. 43–46. 5244:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 4478:at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar" 3478: 3476: 2832:In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese 599:, which was published between 1792 and 1796. 437:in the southern regions of the island. It is 8: 4610: 4608: 4192: 4120: 4024: 4012: 4000: 3884: 3804: 3802: 1627:, spending 23% of its time in the mid-level 622:primate population of the island. However, 411: 5606:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (2nd ed.). 5566:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). 4137:in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar". 3354: 2778:The species was further popularized by the 2333:Ring-tailed lemurs have also been shown to 2248:get too large and resources become scarce. 795:(the short arm is hardly observable). The 7523: 7217: 7092: 6948: 6937: 6924: 6560: 6230: 6219: 6206: 6158: 6144: 6136: 5795: 5781: 5773: 5738:images and movies of the ring-tailed lemur 5658:The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates 5215:. PythOnline's Daily Llama. Archived from 5056:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) 4543:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 135–152. 4244:. Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) 3252: 3211: 2186:The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic 1650:The ring-tailed lemur has both native and 245: 59: 40: 31: 4996: 4864: 4520:. Series 1. Episode 6. 8:40 minutes in. 4485:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4372:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4139:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3977: 3767: 3757: 3596: 3437: 3163: 3011: 2929:named the type species for this genus as 2442:) ("location marker" to draw attention). 5433:. Oxford University Press. p. 624. 5050:"Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur ( 4238:"Primate Factsheets: Ring-tailed lemur ( 3913:): Females are naturally masculinized". 2937:Linnaeus, 1758) in the same year (1878). 1654:predators. Native predators include the 787:(arms of nearly equal length), four are 441:, as well as the most adapted to living 358:and the most internationally recognized 5414:. Oxford University Press. p. 53. 5366:Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide 4474:"Reproductive behavior of free-ranging 4108: 3630: 3393: 3222: 3220: 3025: 3023: 2975: 2859: 2758:and its name uses the French spelling. 929:and Robert H. Eaglen (1988). In 1991, 5391:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.). 5345:. In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L. (eds.). 3794:Goodman, Rakotoarisoa & Wilmé 2006 3668: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2769:included the species in his 1788 book 2508:in non-human primates have focused on 1858:(shares its range) with as many as 24 1527:The front, lower dentition includes a 723:relationship between the true lemurs ( 5120:. Southern Star Group. Archived from 4180: 3366: 2740: 2734: 2716: 1862:, covering every living genus except 1744:This species is found as far east as 791:(arms of unequal length), and 46 are 396: 7: 7838:634A04B1-73F2-4F4F-8C3D-532712D26541 5679:Primate Ecology and Social Structure 5341:Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. (2006). 5192:from the original on 19 January 2015 5146:. Online Video Guide. Archived from 4273: 3896: 1686:). Introduced predators include the 776:to be split off into its own genus, 7881:Species endangered by the pet trade 5270:Duke University (12 October 1998). 4295:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2999:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2474:lasts for about 135 days, and 1394:is closer to the clitoris than the 1366:is nearly cylindrical in shape and 1358:are covered in fur. In males, the 1088: 1081: 1074: 1049: 1038: 964:favors the current classification. 811:Linnaeus first used the genus name 4342:: a comparison of design features" 3834:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00814.x 3227:Platt, John R. (13 January 2017). 2946:Muirhead (1819) credited the name 2834:, which tracked the progress of a 1748:, inland towards the mountains of 25: 5323:Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist 5048:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005-09-21). 4985:Journal of Comparative Psychology 4845:Journal of Comparative Psychology 4336:Palagi, E.; Dapporto, L. (2006). 4236:Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005-09-21). 4057:, at Berenty, Madagascar, 1981". 3139:Wilson, D.E.; Hanlon, E. (2010). 2676:in Myakka City, Florida, and the 1293:, or reflective layer behind the 7861:IUCN Red List endangered species 7488: 6910: 5320:Blunt, W.; Stearn, W.T. (2002). 5305:(3rd ed.). Academic Press. 4338:"Urine marking and urination in 2870:was declared unavailable by the 2749:(formerly known as ANGAP). The 2496:Cognitive abilities and tool use 1797:Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park 1498: 1489: 1480: 1333: 1324: 1234: 1223: 1021:: lesser gentle or bamboo lemurs 671: 662: 653: 101: 5596:; Konstant, W.R.; Hawkins, F.; 5274:. Science Daily. Archived from 5211:ten Cate, Hans (13 June 2002). 4647:"A glimpse into the lemur mind" 4055:Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi 2988:LaFleur, M.; Gould, L. (2020). 2900:Type species was designated as 2883:Type species was designated as 2585:In addition to being listed as 2559:More recently, research at the 2347:ring-tailed lemur vocalizations 2206:, spider webs, insect cocoons, 350:) is a medium- to larger-sized 7876:National symbols of Madagascar 6083:Southern lesser bamboo lemur ( 6024:Black-and-white ruffed lemur ( 5517:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5490:Johns Hopkins University Press 5395:. Springer. pp. 255–274. 5393:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5347:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation 5326:. Princeton University Press. 4262:Gouzoules & Gouzoules 2007 2788:, as well as by the character 2699:due to its harsh environment. 1793:Tsimanampetsotse National Park 973:Phylogeny of family Lemuridae 829:Museum of King Adolf Frederick 551:of ancient Rome. According to 1: 6074:Western lesser bamboo lemur ( 6065:Eastern lesser bamboo lemur ( 4679:"The social brain hypothesis" 4472:Sauther, Michelle L. (1991). 2840:black-and-white ruffed lemurs 2674:Lemur Conservation Foundation 2638:Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve 2500:Historically, the studies of 1809:Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve 1805:Kalambatritra Special Reserve 1801:Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve 1739:Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve 1713:to southern and southwestern 970:Taxonomy of family Lemuridae 853:(the ring-tailed lemur), and 827:) in his 1754 catalog of the 618:, which comprises the entire 529:, it was soon limited to the 27:A large lemur from Madagascar 5639:. Harvard University Press. 5538:. Springer. pp. v–vii. 5519:. Springer. pp. 19–39. 5482:; Reeder, D. M (eds.). 5368:. A&C Black Publishers. 5349:. Springer. pp. 67–96. 4758:10.1126/science.153.3735.501 4632:10.1016/0003-3472(64)90080-6 4599:10.1016/0047-2484(76)90005-1 4549:10.1007/978-1-4899-2412-4_10 3031:"Checklist of CITES Species" 2144:Coquerel's giant mouse lemur 2078:Southern lesser bamboo lemur 2008:Small-toothed sportive lemur 1965:Daubentonia madagascariensis 1777:national parks in Madagascar 1764:. It can still be found in 1706:Geographic range and habitat 1684:Acrantophis madagascariensis 1535:The ring-tailed lemur has a 1465:(sometimes referred to as a 881:. On January 10, 1929, the 727:) and the other two genera: 7891:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7886:Endemic fauna of Madagascar 5456:. Springer. pp. 3–15. 5007:10.1037/0735-7036.119.4.394 4857:10.1037/0735-7036.121.4.363 4794:. 69 (Suppl. 1) (7): 1–13. 4037:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006 2652:benefits the local people. 1997:White-footed sportive lemur 1799:. It can also be found in 1766:Kirindy Mitea National Park 1244:The ring-tailed lemur is a 7907: 6092:Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur ( 5698:The Primates of Madagascar 5608:Conservation International 5568:Conservation International 4579:Journal of Human Evolution 3533:Journal of Human Evolution 3501:10.1016/j.gene.2008.08.024 2550:schedules of reinforcement 2344: 2074: 1982: 1890: 1880:Varecia variegata editorum 1401:Females have two pairs of 1368:is covered in small spines 1297:of the eye, that enhances 1030:: the greater bamboo lemur 7866:Mammals described in 1758 7501: 7486: 7220: 7095: 6951: 6936: 6923: 6908: 6563: 6233: 6218: 6205: 6173: 6122: 5811: 5803:Extant species of family 5301:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007). 4932:10.1007/s10071-005-0252-4 4686:Evolutionary Anthropology 4349:Annales Zoologici Fennici 4315:10.1007/s00265-005-0963-1 3337:(1): 7–14. Archived from 2747:Madagascar National Parks 2566:Myakka City Lemur Reserve 2458:The ring-tailed lemur is 2446:Breeding and reproduction 2030:Red-tailed sportive lemur 1785:Andringitra National Park 1619:The ring-tailed lemur is 1138: 1111: 1093: 1086: 1079: 1072: 1054: 1047: 695:According to analysis of 268: 261: 253: 244: 223: 216: 98:Scientific classification 96: 79: 57: 48: 39: 34: 5536:Ringtailed Lemur Biology 5454:Ringtailed Lemur Biology 5100:"The Maucauco, Plate 23" 5098:Catton, Charles (1788). 4193:Jolly & Sussman 2006 4121:Gould & Sauther 2007 4053:, and the white sifaka, 3738:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2952:Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest 2052:Hubbard's sportive lemur 1949:Reddish-gray mouse lemur 1781:Andohahela National Park 1398:, forming a "drip tip". 1386:that protrudes from the 1382:with a thick, elongated 962:primatological community 807:Taxonomic classification 461:and will participate in 5992:Blue-eyed black lemur ( 5911:Sanford's brown lemur ( 5696:Tattersall, I. (1982). 5431:Primates in Perspective 5412:Primates in Perspective 5182:"A Lemur's Tale: About" 5169:Mittermeier et al. 2010 5086:Mittermeier et al. 2010 5074:Mittermeier et al. 2006 4497:10.1002/ajpa.1330840409 4169:Mittermeier et al. 2010 4151:10.1002/ajpa.1330840105 3873:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3759:10.1186/1471-2148-8-121 3720:Mittermeier et al. 2010 3650:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3468:Mittermeier et al. 2010 3382:Mittermeier et al. 2006 3355:Blunt & Stearn 2002 2693:Berenty Private Reserve 2317:anogenital scent glands 2287:Olfactory communication 2041:Wright's sportive lemur 2019:Petter's sportive lemur 1916:Peyrieras' woolly lemur 1817:Berenty Private Reserve 1664:Madagascar harrier-hawk 1647:and secondary forests. 1607:canines exhibit slight 1118:(lesser bamboo lemurs) 994:: the ring-tailed lemur 799:is metacentric and the 6110:Greater bamboo lemur ( 5947:Collared brown lemur ( 5733:– Tree of Life Project 5677:Sussman, R.W. (1999). 5600:; et al. (2006). 5188:. PBS. February 1997. 4656:: 5–10. Archived from 4454:. Animal Diversity Web 3553:10.1006/jhev.2002.0587 3145:(Primates: Lemuridae)" 3006:: e.T11496A115565760. 2728: 2710: 2678:Madagascar Fauna Group 2670:Durham, North Carolina 2609: 2455: 2356: 2341:Auditory communication 2305: 2244: 2155:Pale fork-marked lemur 2083:Hapalemur meridionalis 2035:Lepilemur ruficaudatus 1971:Fat-tailed dwarf lemur 1954:Microcebus griseorufus 1821:Anja Community Reserve 1770:Kirindy Forest Reserve 1532: 1390:. The opening of the 1215:Anatomy and physiology 640:evolutionary radiation 445:of the extant lemurs. 424: 412: 390: 7794:Paleobiology Database 6101:Golden bamboo lemur ( 5241:Cleese, John (1998). 4450:Anderson, R. (1999). 3979:10.1093/chemse/bjm018 3915:Journal of Morphology 3598:10.1093/sysbio/syw035 2927:René Primevère Lesson 2797:film and TV franchise 2686:St. Catherines Island 2680:headquartered at the 2607: 2453: 2354: 2303: 2267:in a behavior termed 2242: 2198:), known natively as 2057:Lepilemur hubbardorum 1905:Milne-Edwards' sifaka 1899:Propithecus verreauxi 1727:montane humid forests 1680:Madagascar ground boa 1668:Polyboroides radiatus 1526: 1188:In 1996, researchers 579:Following Linnaeus's 483:arithmetic operations 5920:White-headed lemur ( 5902:Common brown lemur ( 5603:Lemurs of Madagascar 5563:Lemurs of Madagascar 5492:. pp. 111–184. 5364:Garbutt, N. (2007). 5278:on 26 September 2010 5124:on 12 September 2007 4645:Hosey, G.R. (2000). 2645:in-situ conservation 2546:operant conditioning 2133:Collared brown lemur 2089:Greater bamboo lemur 1910:Propithecus edwardsi 1100:(ring-tailed lemur) 697:amino acid sequences 603:Evolutionary history 504:, local hunting for 7441:Palaeopropithecidae 5983:Red-bellied lemur ( 5956:Gray-headed lemur ( 5929:Red-fronted lemur ( 5861:Ring-tailed lemur ( 5728:Ring-tailed Lemur: 5219:on 16 December 2010 5106:. I. and J. Taylor. 4792:Folia Primatologica 4750:1966Sci...153..501J 4591:1976JHumE...5..599E 4414:Folia Primatologica 4307:2005BEcoS..58..437P 4111:, pp. 154–173. 4059:Folia Primatologica 4027:, pp. 224–283. 4003:, pp. 391–505. 3875:, pp. 246–249. 3750:2008BMCEE...8..121O 3722:, pp. 358–375. 3633:, pp. 146–148. 3545:2002JHumE..43..463P 3324:"What are lemures?" 3233:Scientific American 2703:Cultural references 2614:habitat destruction 2581:Conservation status 2514:experimental design 2127:Eulemur rubriventer 2063:Golden bamboo lemur 1986:Greater dwarf lemur 1976:Cheirogaleus medius 1887: 1837:Anbatotsilongolongo 1789:Isalo National Park 1569:deciduous dentition 1409:(armpit). Furless 935:Jeffrey H. Schwartz 863:Cynocephalus volans 597:Leverian collection 581:species description 502:habitat destruction 455:territorial marking 383:. Known locally in 51:Conservation status 6324:Ekgmowechashalidae 6033:Red ruffed lemur ( 5662:. Pogonias Press. 5633:Nield, T. (2007). 5480:Wilson, D. E. 5472:Groves, C. P. 5383:Gould, L. (2006). 5150:on 23 January 2015 4384:10.1002/ajpa.20971 4015:, pp. 47–160. 3927:10.1002/jmor.10594 3822:Journal of Zoology 3585:Systematic Biology 3430:10.1101/gr.7265208 2782:television series 2610: 2574:common brown lemur 2456: 2357: 2306: 2245: 2172:red-fronted lemurs 2100:Common brown lemur 2046:Lepilemur wrightae 2013:Lepilemur microdon 2002:Lepilemur leucopus 1991:Cheirogaleus major 1932:Microcebus murinus 1885: 1735:Andringitra Massif 1692:Viverricula indica 1688:small Indian civet 1676:Buteo brachypterus 1672:Madagascar buzzard 1660:Cryptoprocta ferox 1641:Population density 1533: 1469:) specialized for 1194:Andringitra Massif 925:(1988) as well as 717:genetic divergence 35:Ring-tailed lemur 7848: 7847: 7781:Open Tree of Life 7529:Taxon identifiers 7520: 7519: 7497: 7496: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7471:Palaeopropithecus 7205: 7204: 7201: 7200: 6919: 6918: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6702: 6701: 6133: 6132: 6058: 6017: 5886: 5743:Primate Info Net 5707:978-0-231-04704-3 5688:978-0-536-02256-1 5669:978-0-9648825-0-8 5654:Rowe, N. (1996). 5646:978-0-674-02659-9 5594:Mittermeier, R.A. 5577:978-1-934151-23-5 5554:Mittermeier, R.A. 5545:978-0-387-32669-6 5526:978-0-387-34585-7 5499:978-0-8018-8221-0 5463:978-0-387-32669-6 5440:978-0-19-517133-4 5421:978-0-19-517133-4 5402:978-0-387-34585-7 5375:978-0-300-12550-4 5356:978-0-387-34585-7 5333:978-0-691-09636-0 5312:978-0-12-372576-9 5171:, pp. 93–95. 4800:10.1159/000052693 4744:(3735): 501–506. 4558:978-1-4899-2414-8 4426:10.1159/000156749 4205:Jolly et al. 2006 4071:10.1159/000156262 4039:, pp. 67–96. 4025:Ankel-Simons 2007 4013:Ankel-Simons 2007 4001:Ankel-Simons 2007 3885:Ankel-Simons 2007 3396:, pp. 85–86. 3384:, pp. 23–26. 3255:, pp. 43–44. 3214:, pp. 43–46. 3152:Mammalian Species 2844:Betampona Reserve 2718:[ˈmakʲi̥] 2666:Duke Lemur Center 2561:Duke Lemur Center 2301: 2229:multi-male groups 2196:Tamarindus indica 2176:Eulemur rufifrons 2168: 2167: 2160:Phaner pallescens 2122:Red-bellied lemur 2116:Eulemur rufifrons 2111:Red-fronted lemur 2024:Lepilemur petteri 1938:Brown mouse lemur 1894:Verreaux's sifaka 1719:deciduous forests 1609:sexual dimorphism 1471:personal grooming 1186: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1172: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1154: 1153: 1127: 1126: 859:Philippine colugo 847:Lemur tardigradus 841:listed the genus 825:Loris tardigradus 821:red slender loris 817:Lemur tardigradus 711:. Additionally, 429:, it ranges from 342:ring-tailed lemur 338: 337: 332: 319: 311: 303: 295: 287: 279: 198: 91: 74: 16:(Redirected from 7898: 7841: 7840: 7828: 7827: 7815: 7814: 7802: 7801: 7789: 7788: 7776: 7775: 7763: 7762: 7750: 7749: 7737: 7736: 7724: 7723: 7711: 7710: 7698: 7697: 7685: 7684: 7672: 7671: 7659: 7658: 7646: 7645: 7633: 7632: 7620: 7619: 7607: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7584: 7583: 7571: 7570: 7569: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7524: 7492: 7439: 7377:Archaeolemuridae 7375: 7353: 7261: 7250: 7240: 7218: 7158:Xanthonycticebus 7141: 7111: 7101: 7093: 7074: 7056: 7046: 7022: 7012: 6968: 6957: 6949: 6938: 6925: 6914: 6840: 6810: 6709: 6561: 6554: 6524: 6466: 6373: 6322: 6264: 6249: 6239: 6231: 6220: 6207: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6016: 6015: 6011: 5965:Mongoose lemur ( 5885: 5884: 5880: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5711: 5692: 5673: 5661: 5650: 5629: 5589: 5549: 5530: 5511: 5488:(3rd ed.). 5476:"Order Primates" 5467: 5444: 5425: 5406: 5379: 5360: 5337: 5316: 5294:Literature cited 5288: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5045: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5017:. Archived from 5000: 4982: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4950:. Archived from 4920:Animal Cognition 4917: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4877:. Archived from 4868: 4842: 4829: 4820: 4819: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4708:. Archived from 4683: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4651: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4620:Animal Behaviour 4612: 4603: 4602: 4574: 4563: 4562: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4514:. "Home Alone". 4507: 4501: 4500: 4482: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4233: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4154: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4083: 4082: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3836:. Archived from 3819: 3806: 3797: 3796:, pp. 3–15. 3791: 3782: 3781: 3771: 3761: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3678: 3666: 3653: 3647: 3634: 3628: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3576: 3565: 3564: 3528: 3513: 3512: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3450:. Archived from 3441: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3328: 3322:Lux, J. (2008). 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3303: 3297:. Archived from 3280: 3271: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3224: 3215: 3209: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3149: 3136: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3027: 3018: 3017: 3015: 2985: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2944: 2938: 2915: 2909: 2908:Linnaeus, 1758). 2898: 2892: 2891:Linnaeus, 1758). 2881: 2875: 2864: 2848:Fierce Creatures 2819:Fierce Creatures 2792:in the animated 2744: 2739:or colloquially 2738: 2731: 2720: 2713: 2599:flagship species 2441: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2413: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2389:predator mobbing 2386: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2335:mark using urine 2302: 2277:pulled-back lips 2138:Eulemur collaris 2068:Hapalemur aureus 1943:Microcebus rufus 1927:Gray mouse lemur 1921:Avahi peyrierasi 1888: 1860:species of lemur 1582: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1550: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1337: 1328: 1261:caudal vertebrae 1238: 1227: 1089: 1082: 1075: 1061:(ruffed lemurs) 1050: 1039: 967: 831:. In 1758, his 803:is acrocentric. 715:suggests a deep 675: 666: 657: 549:Lemuria festival 427: 415: 408: 407: 406: 400: 393: 330: 317: 310:Trouessart, 1878 309: 301: 293: 285: 277: 254:Native range of 249: 229: 190: 106: 105: 85: 68: 63: 62: 44: 32: 21: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7836: 7831: 7823: 7818: 7810: 7805: 7797: 7792: 7784: 7779: 7771: 7768:Observation.org 7766: 7758: 7753: 7745: 7740: 7732: 7727: 7719: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7693: 7688: 7680: 7675: 7667: 7662: 7654: 7649: 7641: 7636: 7628: 7623: 7615: 7610: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7587: 7579: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7531: 7521: 7516: 7512:Subfossil lemur 7493: 7476: 7464:Mesopropithecus 7432: 7398: 7368: 7317: 7269: 7214: 7197: 7163: 7119: 7082: 6976: 6945: 6932: 6915: 6898: 6878: 6833: 6803: 6711:Caenopithecidae 6698: 6650: 6609: 6547: 6517: 6459: 6366: 6354:Muangthanhinius 6340:Ekgmowechashala 6315: 6257: 6227: 6214: 6201: 6169: 6164: 6134: 6129: 6118: 6085:H. meridionalis 6076:H. occidentalis 6055:(Bamboo lemurs) 6054: 6053: 6051: 6041: 6014:(Ruffed lemurs) 6013: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5974:Crowned lemur ( 5882: 5881: 5879: 5869: 5845: 5807: 5801: 5719: 5714: 5708: 5695: 5689: 5676: 5670: 5653: 5647: 5632: 5618: 5592: 5578: 5552: 5546: 5533: 5527: 5514: 5500: 5470: 5464: 5447: 5441: 5428: 5422: 5409: 5403: 5382: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5340: 5334: 5319: 5313: 5303:Primate Anatomy 5300: 5296: 5291: 5281: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5180: 5179: 5175: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5054:) Conservation" 5047: 5046: 5029: 5021: 4998:10.1.1.504.2097 4980: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4954: 4915: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4840: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4681: 4673: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4576: 4575: 4566: 4559: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4407: 4406: 4399: 4365: 4364: 4360: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4288: 4287: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4245: 4235: 4234: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4086: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3966:Chemical Senses 3955: 3954: 3950: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3848: 3840: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3785: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3681: 3667: 3656: 3648: 3637: 3629: 3614: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3530: 3529: 3516: 3482: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3418:Genome Research 3413: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3344:on 6 June 2010. 3341: 3326: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3259: 3253:Tattersall 1982 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3212:Tattersall 1982 3210: 3181: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3021: 2987: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2916: 2912: 2899: 2895: 2882: 2878: 2866:The genus name 2865: 2861: 2856: 2736:[ˈhirə] 2705: 2682:Saint Louis Zoo 2583: 2548:using standard 2537:Berenty Reserve 2522:neocortex ratio 2498: 2448: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2423: 2421: 2420: 2419: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2407: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2380: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2291: 2289: 2225: 2220: 2184: 2157: 2149:Mirza coquereli 2146: 2135: 2124: 2113: 2102: 2091: 2080: 2065: 2054: 2043: 2032: 2021: 2010: 1999: 1988: 1973: 1962: 1951: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1907: 1896: 1758:Morondava River 1731:gallery forests 1708: 1617: 1585:permanent teeth 1573: 1572: 1541: 1540: 1521: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1495: 1494: 1486: 1485: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1329: 1291:tapetum lucidum 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1217: 1209:solar radiation 1182: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1128: 1012:: ruffed lemurs 923:Elwyn L. Simons 867:Oldfield Thomas 861:, now known as 838:Systema Naturae 823:, now known as 809: 774:Hapalemur simus 693: 692: 691: 690: 678: 677: 676: 668: 667: 659: 658: 605: 566:reflective eyes 527:slender lorises 523: 431:gallery forests 403: 402: 401: 240: 231: 225: 212: 189: 100: 92: 75: 64: 60: 53: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7904: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7852: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7842: 7829: 7816: 7803: 7790: 7777: 7764: 7751: 7738: 7725: 7712: 7699: 7686: 7673: 7660: 7647: 7634: 7621: 7608: 7598: 7585: 7572: 7557: 7541: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7527: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7443: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7325: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7277: 7275:Cheirogaleidae 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7257: 7253:Plesiopithecus 7246: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7171: 7169:Perodicticinae 7165: 7164: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7137: 7129: 7127: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7107: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7070: 7063: 7052: 7042: 7035: 7028: 7018: 7008: 7001: 6994: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6952: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6895: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6846: 6844: 6842:Djebelemuridae 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6821:Algeripithecus 6816: 6814: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6786: 6783:Mescalerolemur 6779: 6772: 6765: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6660: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6627: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6545: 6542:Marcgodinotius 6538: 6530: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6328: 6326: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6268: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6242:Plesiopithecus 6234: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6131: 6130: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6094:H. alaotrensis 6089: 6080: 6071: 6061: 6059: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5989: 5985:E. rubriventer 5980: 5971: 5962: 5958:E. cinereiceps 5953: 5944: 5935: 5926: 5917: 5908: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5762: 5759:A Lemur's Tale 5754: 5749: 5740: 5734: 5725: 5718: 5717:External links 5715: 5713: 5712: 5706: 5693: 5687: 5674: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5630: 5616: 5590: 5576: 5550: 5544: 5531: 5525: 5512: 5498: 5468: 5462: 5445: 5439: 5426: 5420: 5407: 5401: 5380: 5374: 5361: 5355: 5338: 5332: 5317: 5311: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5262: 5251:on 5 June 2010 5230: 5203: 5173: 5161: 5144:"Lemur Street" 5135: 5118:"Lemur Street" 5109: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5027: 5024:on 2012-07-13. 4991:(4): 394–403. 4972:Eulemur fulvus 4960: 4957:on 2012-10-13. 4926:(4): 253–262. 4903:Eulemur mongoz 4899:Eulemur fulvus 4887: 4884:on 2010-04-20. 4851:(4): 363–371. 4821: 4779: 4725: 4692:(5): 178–190. 4675:Dunbar, R.I.M. 4666: 4663:on 2006-04-23. 4637: 4626:(4): 560–570. 4604: 4585:(6): 599–617. 4564: 4557: 4531: 4502: 4491:(4): 463–477. 4464: 4439: 4420:(4): 186–217. 4397: 4378:(2): 182–192. 4358: 4328: 4301:(5): 437–445. 4278: 4266: 4264:, p. 624. 4254: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4183:, p. 263. 4173: 4156: 4125: 4113: 4084: 4041: 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3972:(5): 493–504. 3948: 3921:(4): 451–463. 3901: 3889: 3887:, p. 294. 3877: 3846: 3843:on 2011-06-10. 3798: 3783: 3724: 3679: 3654: 3652:, p. 237. 3635: 3612: 3591:(5): 772–791. 3566: 3539:(4): 463–478. 3514: 3495:(1–2): 53–66. 3472: 3460: 3457:on 2011-06-10. 3424:(3): 489–499. 3398: 3386: 3371: 3359: 3357:, p. 252. 3347: 3314: 3257: 3245: 3216: 3179: 3158:(854): 58–74. 3048: 3019: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2956: 2939: 2931:Prosimia catta 2910: 2893: 2876: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2842:back into the 2836:reintroduction 2807:A Lemur's Tale 2767:Charles Catton 2763:Samuel Purchas 2725:in French) or 2721:, and spelled 2704: 2701: 2582: 2579: 2533:cercopithecine 2497: 2494: 2460:polygynandrous 2447: 2444: 2387:) used during 2345:Main article: 2342: 2339: 2328:stink fighting 2288: 2285: 2258:Despite being 2253:lotus position 2224: 2223:Social systems 2221: 2219: 2216: 2183: 2180: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2163: 2152: 2141: 2130: 2119: 2108: 2105:Eulemur fulvus 2097: 2094:Prolemur simus 2086: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2049: 2038: 2027: 2016: 2005: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1968: 1957: 1946: 1935: 1924: 1913: 1902: 1707: 1704: 1616: 1613: 1520: 1517: 1507: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1403:mammary glands 1342: 1341: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1243: 1242: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1190:Steven Goodman 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1145:(true lemurs) 1137: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1004: 1003:: brown lemurs 995: 975: 974: 971: 931:Ian Tattersall 808: 805: 789:submetacentric 713:Molecular data 680: 679: 670: 669: 661: 660: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 604: 601: 589:Thomas Pennant 522: 519: 515:slash and burn 398:[makʲ] 379:, where it is 336: 335: 334: 333: 331:Muirhead, 1819 321: 320: 312: 304: 302:Muirhead, 1819 296: 288: 280: 266: 265: 259: 258: 251: 250: 242: 241: 232: 221: 220: 214: 213: 206: 204: 200: 199: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 94: 93: 80: 77: 76: 58: 55: 54: 49: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7903: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7839: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7573: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7525: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7491: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7450:Archaeoindris 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7393:Hadropithecus 7390: 7388: 7387: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7360: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7208: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7160: 7159: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7146: 7145: 7144:Nycticeboides 7138: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7067:Sciurocheirus 7064: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7029: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7002: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6913: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6868: 6867: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6843: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6798: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6741:Caenopithecus 6738: 6736: 6735: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6705: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6656:Sivaladapinae 6653: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6615:Hoanghoniinae 6612: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Sivaladapidae 6550: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6447:Pronycticebus 6444: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6421: 6420: 6419:Mazateronodon 6416: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6375:Cercamoniidae 6369: 6363: 6362: 6361:Palaeohodites 6358: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6226: 6225:Strepsirrhini 6221: 6217: 6213: 6212:Strepsirrhini 6208: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6168: 6167:Strepsirrhini 6161: 6156: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6128: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5997: 5995: 5994:E. flavifrons 5990: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5893:Black lemur ( 5891: 5890: 5888: 5883:(True lemurs) 5878: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5841:Strepsirrhini 5838: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5784: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5617:1-881173-88-7 5613: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5388: 5385:"Chapter 12: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5204: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5162: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5079: 5076:, p. 57. 5075: 5070: 5067: 5055: 5053: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4911:Varecia rubra 4908: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4715:on 2010-06-27 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4535: 4532: 4527: 4526:Animal Planet 4523: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4465: 4453: 4452:"Lemur catta" 4446: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4276:, p. 38. 4275: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4207:, p. vi. 4206: 4201: 4198: 4195:, p. 28. 4194: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4171:, Appendix C. 4170: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4126: 4123:, p. 53. 4122: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4045: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3899:, p. 27. 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369:, p. 41. 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3318: 3315: 3304:on 2016-11-06 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3165:10.1644/854.1 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2780:Animal Planet 2776: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2742:[ˈir] 2737: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2526:primatologist 2523: 2518: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485:Alloparenting 2480: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2438: 2426: 2414: 2404: 2399: 2390: 2383: 2371: 2362: 2361:vocalizations 2353: 2348: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2269:jump fighting 2266: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2241: 2237: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:tamarind tree 2189: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2161: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Amboasary Sud 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1538: 1530: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1501: 1492: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1467:grooming claw 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1336: 1327: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:ocular fundus 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1247: 1246:strepsirrhine 1237: 1226: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1198:primatologist 1195: 1191: 1177: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 993: 992: 987: 986: 985: 984: 979: 978: 977: 976: 972: 969: 968: 965: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 945:to the genus 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 890:ruffed lemurs 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 865:). In 1911, 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 815:to describe " 814: 806: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 771: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 746: 742:of the genus 741: 740:bamboo lemurs 736: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 688: 684: 674: 665: 656: 647: 645: 641: 637: 636:rafting event 633: 632:strepsirrhine 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 602: 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 558: 554: 553:Carl Linnaeus 550: 546: 542: 541: 536: 532: 528: 520: 518: 516: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498:IUCN Red List 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 471:vocalizations 467: 464: 460: 456: 452: 446: 444: 443:terrestrially 440: 436: 432: 428: 426: 420: 416: 414: 405: 399: 394: 392: 386: 382: 378: 374: 371: 370: 365: 361: 357: 353: 352:strepsirrhine 349: 348: 343: 329: 326: 325: 324: 316: 313: 308: 305: 300: 297: 292: 289: 284: 281: 278:Brisson, 1762 276: 273: 272: 271: 267: 264: 260: 257: 252: 248: 243: 239: 235: 230: 228: 222: 219: 218:Binomial name 215: 211: 210: 209:L. catta 205: 202: 201: 197: 193: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165:Strepsirrhini 163: 160: 159: 156: 153: 150: 149: 146: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 95: 89: 83: 78: 72: 67: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 18:Lemur (genus) 7536: 7469: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7391: 7386:Archaeolemur 7384: 7361: 7354: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7291:Cheirogaleus 7289: 7282: 7262: 7251: 7241: 7231: 7224: 7190: 7185:Perodicticus 7183: 7176: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7132: 7112: 7102: 7075: 7065: 7059:Saharagalago 7057: 7047: 7037: 7030: 7023: 7013: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6971:Saharagalago 6969: 6958: 6930:Lemuriformes 6884:Lemuriformes 6871: 6864: 6856: 6849: 6826: 6819: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6760: 6753: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6691: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6604:Yunnanadapis 6602: 6595: 6588: 6583:Kyitchaungia 6581: 6576:Guangxilemur 6574: 6567: 6540: 6533: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6412:Donrussellia 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6359: 6352: 6347:Gatanthropus 6345: 6338: 6331: 6308: 6301: 6294: 6289:Hesperolemur 6287: 6280: 6273: 6266:Notharctidae 6250: 6240: 6124: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6046: 6034: 6026:V. variegata 6025: 6005: 5993: 5984: 5976:E. coronatus 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5931:E. rufifrons 5930: 5922:E. albifrons 5921: 5912: 5903: 5894: 5874: 5862: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5766: 5758: 5744: 5729: 5697: 5678: 5657: 5635: 5601: 5561: 5535: 5516: 5484: 5453: 5449: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5386: 5365: 5346: 5322: 5302: 5280:. 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Retrieved 4239: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4145:(1): 43–58. 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4116: 4109:Sussman 1999 4065:(1): 39–48. 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3838:the original 3825: 3821: 3812: 3744:(121): 121. 3741: 3737: 3727: 3673: 3631:Garbutt 2007 3588: 3584: 3536: 3532: 3492: 3488: 3470:, Chapter 2. 3463: 3452:the original 3421: 3417: 3394:Garbutt 2007 3389: 3362: 3350: 3339:the original 3334: 3330: 3317: 3306:. Retrieved 3299:the original 3286: 3282: 3248: 3236:. Retrieved 3232: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3039:. Retrieved 3034: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2959: 2947: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2917:The synonym 2913: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2888: 2885:Catta mococo 2884: 2879: 2867: 2862: 2847: 2831: 2830:documentary 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805:documentary 2800: 2794: 2785:Lemur Street 2783: 2777: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2733:(pronounced 2726: 2722: 2715:(pronounced 2708: 2706: 2690: 2654: 2642: 2630:fur clothing 2611: 2586: 2584: 2570: 2558: 2542: 2529:Alison Jolly 2519: 2499: 2481: 2464: 2457: 2405: 2358: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2321:spur-marking 2320: 2307: 2281: 2276: 2273:threat-stare 2272: 2268: 2265:canine teeth 2257: 2250: 2246: 2226: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2175: 2169: 2159: 2148: 2137: 2126: 2115: 2104: 2093: 2082: 2067: 2056: 2045: 2034: 2023: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1975: 1964: 1953: 1942: 1931: 1920: 1909: 1898: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1853: 1774: 1754:Belo sur Mer 1743: 1709: 1700:domestic dog 1696:domestic cat 1691: 1683: 1675: 1667: 1659: 1649: 1633: 1618: 1605: 1593: 1563:, and three 1557:canine tooth 1534: 1466: 1448: 1427:fingerprints 1422: 1418: 1411:scent glands 1400: 1348: 1299:night vision 1288: 1269: 1257: 1253: 1201:Colin Groves 1187: 1140: 1139: 1113: 1112: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1056: 1055: 1025: 1016: 1007: 998: 990: 988: 980: 959: 950: 946: 942: 938: 927:Colin Groves 919:Yves Rumpler 914: 909: 905: 901: 893: 887: 875:type species 870: 862: 855:Lemur volans 854: 850: 846: 842: 836: 833:10th edition 824: 816: 812: 810: 801:Y chromosome 797:X chromosome 782: 777: 773: 770:monophyletic 766: 757: 743: 737: 732: 728: 724: 721:sister group 694: 686: 682: 606: 578: 574:domestic cat 569: 538: 524: 487: 468: 463:stink fights 462: 459:spur-marking 458: 447: 422: 410: 388: 368: 367: 354:(wet-nosed) 346: 345: 341: 339: 327: 322: 318:Bolwig, 1960 314: 306: 298: 290: 282: 274: 269: 255: 226: 224: 208: 207: 185: 184: 29: 7677:iNaturalist 7594:lemur-catta 7581:Lemur_catta 7567:Lemur catta 7561:Wikispecies 7537:Lemur catta 7507:Adapiformes 7427:Propithecus 7243:Megaladapis 7226:Daubentonia 7192:Pseudopotto 7104:Mioeuoticus 6755:Europolemur 6693:Sivaladapis 6679:Siamoadapis 6624:Hoanghonius 6597:Paukkaungia 6569:Anthradapis 6526:Asiadapidae 6512:Palaeolemur 6505:Microadapis 6484:Cryptadapis 6454:Protoadapis 6440:Periconodon 6310:Smilodectes 6252:Sulaimanius 5949:E. collaris 5938:Red lemur ( 5913:E. sanfordi 5745:Lemur catta 5730:Lemur catta 5598:Louis, E.E. 5558:Louis, E.E. 5450:Lemur catta 5387:Lemur catta 5282:28 December 5255:28 December 5223:28 December 5052:Lemur catta 4976:Lemur catta 4907:Lemur catta 4836:Lemur catta 4512:Martin Shaw 4476:Lemur catta 4410:Lemur catta 4368:Lemur catta 4340:Lemur catta 4291:Lemur catta 4242:) Behavior" 4240:Lemur catta 4135:Lemur catta 4051:Lemur catta 3960:Lemur catta 3911:Lemur catta 3813:Lemur catta 3674:Lemur catta 3669:Groves 2005 3143:Lemur catta 3037:. UNEP-WCMC 2992:Lemur catta 2948:Maki mococo 2935:Lemur catta 2906:Lemur catta 2902:Maki mococo 2889:Lemur catta 2824:John Cleese 2822:, starring 2790:King Julien 2618:overgrazing 2554:vertebrates 2489:infanticide 2476:parturition 2260:quadrupedal 2212:vertebrates 1841:Mahazoarivo 1833:Anjatsikolo 1750:Andringitra 1565:molar teeth 1510:toilet-claw 1463:toilet-claw 1455:digitigrade 898:true lemurs 871:Lemur catta 851:Lemur catta 793:acrocentric 785:metacentric 750:chromosomes 624:chromosomal 593:George Shaw 585:common name 547:during the 475:alarm calls 347:Lemur catta 328:Maki mococo 286:Storr, 1780 256:Lemur catta 227:Lemur catta 7855:Categories 7505:See also: 7356:Pachylemur 7298:Microcebus 7212:Lemuroidea 7178:Arctocebus 7151:Nycticebus 7039:Paragalago 7005:Galagoides 6943:Lorisoidea 6893:see below↓ 6873:Shizarodon 6851:Djebelemur 6776:Masradapis 6734:Aframonius 6686:Sinoadapis 6665:Indraloris 6498:Magnadapis 6491:Leptadapis 6391:Anchomomys 6333:Bugtilemur 6296:Notharctus 6067:H. griseus 5839:Suborder: 5196:22 January 5154:22 January 5128:18 January 5060:2008-09-23 4719:2010-12-29 4510:Narrator: 4458:2008-04-18 4355:: 280–284. 4248:2008-09-23 4181:Gould 2006 3828:(1): 1–9. 3367:Nield 2007 3308:2014-09-20 3283:Lemur News 2971:References 2795:Madagascar 2650:ecotourism 2595:Appendix I 2587:endangered 2313:scent mark 2208:arthropods 1715:Madagascar 1678:) and the 1652:introduced 1315:premaxilla 1265:prehensile 1205:subspecies 754:immunology 709:karyotypes 644:speciation 510:exotic pet 494:endangered 439:omnivorous 409:, spelled 381:endangered 377:Madagascar 294:Link, 1806 161:Suborder: 84:Appendix I 66:Endangered 7457:Babakotia 7404:Indriidae 7339:Hapalemur 7323:Lemuridae 7284:Allocebus 7233:Lepilemur 7125:Lorisinae 7114:Namaloris 7088:Lorisidae 7077:Wadilemur 7049:Progalago 6982:Galagidae 6960:Karanisia 6858:Notnamaia 6812:Azibiidae 6797:Notnamaia 6790:Namadapis 6769:Mahgarita 6762:Godinotia 6748:Darwinius 6727:Afradapis 6720:Adapoides 6672:Ramadapis 6638:Rencunius 6535:Asiadapis 6303:Pelycodus 6282:Copelemur 6177:Kingdom: 6103:H. aureus 6048:Hapalemur 5967:E. mongoz 5904:E. fulvus 5895:E. macaco 5815:Kingdom: 5805:Lemuridae 5747:Factsheet 5736:ARKive – 5626:883321520 5586:670545286 4993:CiteSeerX 4788:Jolly, A. 4734:Jolly, A. 4616:Jolly, A. 4274:Rowe 1996 3897:Rowe 1996 3331:Humanitas 3295:1608-1439 3289:: 64–70. 2697:fecundity 2506:cognition 2472:Gestation 2309:Olfactory 2233:matriline 2231:, with a 1865:Allocebus 1856:sympatric 1845:Masiabiby 1762:Morondava 1637:agonistic 1597:toothcomb 1561:premolars 1537:dentition 1529:toothcomb 1519:Dentition 1444:sebaceous 1423:Hapalemur 1311:rhinarium 1115:Hapalemur 1043:Lemuridae 1018:Hapalemur 983:Lemuridae 955:monotypic 953:remained 758:Hapalemur 745:Hapalemur 733:Hapalemur 687:Hapalemur 628:molecular 609:mammalian 545:exorcised 521:Etymology 500:, due to 479:simiiform 433:to spiny 364:Lemuridae 323:Species: 315:Odorlemur 203:Species: 175:Lemuridae 121:Kingdom: 115:Eukaryota 7807:Species+ 7747:12100056 7695:10220084 7601:BioLib: 7546:Wikidata 7264:Propotto 7032:Otolemur 7025:Laetolia 6991:Euoticus 6866:Omanodon 6645:Wailekia 6468:Adapidae 6433:Panobius 6426:Nievesia 6398:Barnesia 6384:Agerinia 6197:Primates 6191:Mammalia 6185:Chordata 6183:Phylum: 6179:Animalia 6126:Category 6112:H. simus 6035:V. rubra 5940:E. rufus 5863:L. catta 5835:Primates 5829:Mammalia 5823:Chordata 5821:Phylum: 5817:Animalia 5757:Nature: 5508:62265494 5474:(2005). 5190:Archived 5015:16366773 4948:26227151 4940:15729569 4875:18085919 4816:46767773 4774:29181662 4677:(1998). 4392:19051254 3988:17488747 3943:29073999 3935:17972270 3778:18442367 3607:27113475 3561:12393004 3509:18824224 3448:18245770 3238:25 March 3174:20361726 3041:18 March 2923:Prosimia 2874:in 1998. 2868:Prosimia 2626:bushmeat 2622:charcoal 2502:learning 2218:Behavior 2188:omnivore 1829:Ankodida 1746:Tôlanaro 1698:and the 1625:arboreal 1601:diastema 1581:× 2 = 24 1559:, three 1553:incisors 1549:× 2 = 36 1459:arboreal 1440:apocrine 1435:axillary 1384:clitoris 1356:perineum 1284:whiskers 1027:Prolemur 778:Prolemur 683:Prolemur 508:and the 506:bushmeat 385:Malagasy 283:Procebus 275:Prosimia 263:Synonyms 234:Linnaeus 192:Linnaeus 171:Family: 155:Primates 145:Mammalia 135:Chordata 131:Phylum: 125:Animalia 111:Domain: 71:IUCN 3.1 7833:ZooBank 7734:1001008 7669:2436412 7552:Q185385 7363:Varecia 7332:Eulemur 6828:Azibius 6631:Lushius 6590:Laomaki 6405:Buxella 6275:Cantius 6195:Order: 6189:Class: 6007:Varecia 5876:Eulemur 5833:Order: 5827:Class: 4866:2953466 4808:9595685 4766:5938775 4746:Bibcode 4738:Science 4706:9555943 4587:Bibcode 4434:7959437 4303:Bibcode 4079:3557229 3769:2386821 3746:Bibcode 3541:Bibcode 3439:2259113 2662:Ex situ 2510:simians 2283:range. 1960:Aye-aye 1876:Varecia 1711:Endemic 1694:), the 1670:), the 1662:), the 1645:gallery 1621:diurnal 1615:Ecology 1583:. 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