162:
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prisoner-of-war camps, military installations, motels, hotels, inns, the home, alternative communities, pubs, restaurants, laundrettes, holiday camps, coffee houses, community centres, in accommodations and facilities for workers and servants, lighthouse and seamen's establishments, prisons and asylums and is not complete. Libraries connected to transportation also abound from airliners, railways, tramcars, buses, various ships, and way stations.
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public as well as the parishioners and clergy. Though the collections were mainly religious, the collection extended to literature and the classics, due to an underlying desire of Bray to guide education in a proper fashion. He also lobbied for public financing, and promoted the circulation of books so that the inhabitants of the parish could take them home.
331:, the library was looked upon by townsfolk with civic pride, proclaiming that the library would bring fame, honor, and renown to the Corporation and place it was located. Bristol, Leicester and Manchester libraries all chained their books to the book press or desk for security purposes, at Leicester this was done right to the 1820s.
223:
362:"The term social library has come to signify the kind of library that generally provided a circulating collection of materials and frequently a reading room for the use of any persons meeting the established criteria, which usually involved a fee or subscription, or a payment to become a joint owner or stockholder, of the library".
340:
mainly medical libraries which early on included chemistry and botany, and later developed to serve medical professionals. Since there were few professional scientists before 1850, people interested in science relied mainly on general circulating libraries, rather than institutional libraries to meet their needs.
339:
Institutional libraries in
England were originally almost non-existent in 1750; however, by 1850 there was an established network of these specialized libraries, which had been developed mostly through private enterprise, though some government involvement had started. The specialized libraries were
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cleric who originally had the idea of the parish library, who wrote in 1697, "An Essay
Towards Promoting all Necessary and Useful Knowledge, Both Divine and human, In all the Parts of His Majesty's Dominions, Both at Home and Abroad", wanted the church to acquire books and lend them to the general
208:
Without tax from the community a library may be created with a gift or endowment, by subscription, or by adding it on to an existing structure or institution which also serves other purposes. Cost is assumed by the donor or donors in an endowed library; it is assumed by the users in a subscription
366:
These libraries were often referred to as "public libraries" during the nineteenth century. This appellation over time came to describe tax-supported, publicly administered libraries open to all regardless of class, race or age for free on an equal basis, at least in theory. It is understandable
213:
are not covered by Kelly due to individual or small group ownership and his focus on the 'public' aspect of these institutions. The
University of Zambia Library is an academic Library, which was founded in 1966 and officially opened in August 1969 by the first Republican President, Dr Kenneth D.
237:
and the end of the eighteenth century, over two hundred endowed libraries are known to have been established in
England alone, and existed due to the private library collections of individual benefactors or occasionally to multiple benefactors. Controlled by the local clergy, almost all endowed
323:, according to its catalog, revealed that all the early books were not in English but were in Greek or Latin, limiting their usefulness. Other libraries that were bequeathed or endowed by individual citizens to towns and cities, were managed by a non-religious group of trustees, such as in
375:
It is impossible to cover all types of libraries throughout all stages of history and classify or define them to the satisfaction of all, but the variety and evolution of libraries needs to be explored further. Hidden libraries is a widespread description of libraries in any place from
294:
Parochial libraries were defined by Kelly to distinguish them from parish church libraries, whose books could be used by the locals and were often chained to desks. Parochial libraries instead were restricted to the use of parochial authorities, and often meant only for reference. The
1890:
1124:
258:. The two dozen or so libraries that did not match this template in England include a small but important group which were controlled from early on or the start by municipal corporations, founded in market towns before 1680.
367:
that the nomenclature of libraries is varied among patrons, employees and historians, who have had the difficult task of defining and separating the various types of libraries into manageable classifications.
591:
Jacob, W. M.. "Libraries for the parish: individual donors and charitable societies". The
Cambridge History Of Libraries In Britain And Ireland. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 65-66
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which would teach the children of the poor the
Catechism and to read, establishing trust funds for the poor, and develop programs to repair existing parish churches and build new churches.
766:
327:, where the library was managed by a self elected body of up to twenty-four members, who also had the duty to purchase new books, even though they employed a full-time librarian. In
187:
that is not confusing. The major classifications, based on ownership are endowed libraries, institutional libraries (the most diverse), public libraries, and subscription libraries.
141:; III. xii. 475 " of Cambridge are Lending-libraries; that is, he that is qualified may borrow out of it any book he wants". This definition is closely associated with libraries in
1002:
137:. v, "He is ... Most liberall and lending," referring to the books of an unknown type of library, and later in a context familiar to users of contemporary English, in 1708, by
478:
Magnae
Britanniae notitia : or, the present state of Great Britain, with divers remarks upon the antient state thereof ..., Two and twentieth edition ... In two parts ...
270:
libraries were stated to be for the use of local layman and clergy, but the books were not in
English, were largely in Latin, and exclusively theological in character.
46:
600:
Powell, Michael. "Endowed libraries for towns". The
Cambridge History Of Libraries In Britain And Ireland. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 88-99
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was passed which allowed cities to use taxes to create and maintain libraries but did not require cities build them. This definition is also applicable in the
183:(founded 1768) a private subscription or proprietary library, is also referred to as a public library and a circulating library, illustrating the need for a
1364:
759:
686:
582:
Lowell, Martin. Enrichment: A History of the Public
Library in the United States in the Twentieth Century. Lanham, M.D.: Scarecrow Press, 1998, p. 1-2.
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wished to reform the ministry of the church by investing in the learning and development of their pastoral care and teaching. Building libraries in poor
209:
library, and could or could not be assumed by the users depending on the function of the institution, these variations could be combined in some cases.
2013:
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Professor Thomas Gram Bell Kelly was the first library historian to address the problem of classification and nomenclature of libraries in his book
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Social libraries peaked in significance by the mid-nineteenth century, and all their many forms have been the object of intense research in
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from which books and other media are lent out. The major classifications are endowed libraries, institutional libraries (the most diverse),
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and isolated ones was part of that initiative, and an extension of a major philanthropic movement during that time. The movement included
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Municipal corporation libraries were to be for the use of shopkeepers and aldermen, and to disseminate knowledge, but the one in
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The earliest reference to or use of the term "lending library" yet located in English correspondence dates from ca. 1586;
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121:. It may also refer to a library or other institution that sends materials on request to another library, usually via
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before 1850 and widespread School District Library Acts which were passed in many states at the same time.
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Perkin, Michael. (1998) "Parochial Libraries: Founders and Readers" in Peter Isaac and Barry McKay (eds)
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maintain lending libraries on theological and religious subjects for the use of their parishioners.
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Das Alvar-Aalto-Kulturhaus auf der Website des Alvar Aalto Zentrums Deutschland e.V. Wolfsburg
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690:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 545–577, see page 558.
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libraries were attached to parish churches in towns and cities, and were kept in the
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Early Public Libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850
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Early public libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850
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Symons, John. "Scientific and medical libraries: the rise of the institution".
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Black, Alistair, & Hoare, Peter. "Libraries and the modern world".
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Description of a chained library at Christ Church Library, Oxford, UK
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American Library History: a comprehensive guide to the literature
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626:. Santa Barbara, California: Clio Press Ltd., 1989, p. 56.
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The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland
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The Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland
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540:
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457:"Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science"
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613:. 3 vols. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 388-389
639:. 3 vols. Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 10-12.
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The Reach of Print: Making, Selling and Using Books
710:Birmingham History & origins of the University
674:Tedder, Henry Richard; Brown, James Duff (1911).
101:, a small village in the Midwestern United States
195:Akron-Summit County Public Library Main Library
1411:
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43:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
548:. London: Library Association, 1966, p. 68.
358:and Europe. Davis and Tucker explain that:
491:"Concordia - University College of Alberta"
436:"Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1989)"
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622:Davis, Donald G., Jr., Tucker, John Mark.
493:. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 2008.
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
692:Club libraries & Municipal libraries
427:
559:"History of the University of Zambia"
532:. London: Clive Bingley, 1979, p. 36.
7:
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282:Some contemporary churches such as
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507:. New York: Continuum, p. 143.
252:Francis Trigge Chained Library
139:J. Chamberlayne; St. Gt. Brit.
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246:over the south porch, in the
97:A public library building in
1891:Conservation and restoration
563:History University of Zambia
1068:Education for librarianship
57:, discuss the issue on the
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725:Leeds About the University
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157:Types of lending libraries
1963:
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740:Picture of a chained book
519:, retrieved Jan. 25, 2015
147:Public Libraries Act 1850
1345:Category:Library science
1030:Information professional
927:Learning Resource Centre
659:Chambers's Encyclopaedia
284:St James' Church, Sydney
135:C'Tess Pembroke Ps. CXII
1549:Collection (publishing)
1473:Illuminated manuscripts
687:Encyclopædia Britannica
654:"Circulating Libraries"
335:Institutional libraries
262:Parish church libraries
2024:Subscription libraries
1115:Collection development
505:The Story of Libraries
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168:Municipal Library by
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1223:History of libraries
1140:Information literacy
503:Lerner, Fred (1998)
438:. Dictionary.oed.com
411:Subscription library
350:Subscription library
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
1160:Library instruction
1020:Periodicals/serials
939:Special collections
705:Aristotle's Library
670:(Winchester, 1998).
476:Chamberlayne, John
416:Browne Issue System
290:Parochial libraries
218:Endowment libraries
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396:List of libraries
297:Church of England
211:Private libraries
123:interlibrary loan
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1500:instant book
1468:Illustration
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1554:Book series
1539:Typesetting
1385:WikiProject
1105:Circulation
301:Restoration
272:Thomas Bray
235:Reformation
170:Alvar Aalto
145:before the
2008:Categories
1816:audiobooks
1715:By country
1668:Furniture
1659:Digitizing
1654:Collecting
1644:Censorship
1627:book towns
1512:Publishing
1495:incunabula
1434:Production
1310:Archivists
1293:Librarians
1251:by country
1088:Cataloging
1083:Assessment
821:Consortium
811:Children's
568:5 February
463:2012-05-20
442:2012-05-20
422:References
348:See also:
325:Manchester
299:after the
1886:Book tour
1859:incidents
1791:miniature
1786:fictional
1672:bookcases
1612:Bookmarks
1527:paperback
1522:hardcover
1303:fictional
1266:destroyed
1246:Libraries
1185:Reference
1145:Inventory
1058:Five laws
998:E-science
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983:Types of
974:Traveling
816:Christian
776:Libraries
391:Librarian
329:Leicester
305:benefices
248:parsonage
242:, in the
166:Wolfsburg
59:talk page
1983:Category
1896:Dog ears
1812:Formats
1808:Grimoire
1801:textbook
1752:Pakistan
1699:literacy
1677:bookends
1596:tsundoku
1480:Printing
1365:Glossary
1276:national
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917:Research
910:Carnegie
878:National
863:Medicine
796:Academic
459:. Lu.com
380:See also
276:Anglican
214:Kaunda.
185:taxonomy
53:You may
1973:Outline
1933:Outline
1842:Related
1782:Genres
1732:Germany
1706:Reviews
1694:Reading
1684:Library
1632:history
1490:history
1485:edition
1463:Editing
1441:Binding
1375:Outline
1355:Commons
1271:medical
1261:ancient
1256:by size
1216:History
1207:Weeding
1190:virtual
1093:catalog
932:virtual
900:Private
848:Lending
826:Digital
801:Archive
684:(ed.).
321:Bristol
254:and at
143:England
129:History
111:library
1993:Portal
1906:scroll
1821:Ebooks
1796:pop-up
1727:France
1722:Brazil
1622:blurbs
1570:Awards
1458:Design
1446:Covers
1195:roving
1025:School
949:Street
922:School
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895:Prison
868:Mobile
838:Hybrid
831:shadow
806:Branch
662:, 1860
266:Early
244:parvis
240:vestry
117:, and
1928:Novel
1911:codex
1826:Folio
1776:Other
1757:Spain
1742:Japan
1737:Italy
1649:Clubs
1427:Books
1315:women
1298:women
1238:Lists
1008:Music
873:Music
680:. In
199:Akron
109:is a
61:, or
1923:ISBN
1864:Nazi
1637:used
1580:list
1534:Size
1098:OPAC
959:Tool
888:U.S.
778:and
570:2021
226:The
203:Ohio
1003:Law
964:Toy
858:Map
843:Law
274:an
197:in
179:.
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