6020:
951:. Harrison built five chronometers over more than three decades. This work was supported and rewarded with thousands of pounds from the Board of Longitude, but he fought to receive money up to the top reward of ÂŁ20,000, finally receiving an additional payment in 1773 after the intervention of parliament. It was some while before either method became widely used in navigation. In the early years, chronometers were very expensive, and the calculations required for lunar distances were still complex and time-consuming. Lunar distances came into general use after 1790. Chronometers had the advantages that both the observations and the calculations were simpler, and as they became cheaper in the early 19th century they started to replace lunars, which were seldom used after 1850.
40:
1448:
206:
6014:
140:
910:
830:(2nd century CE) developed a mapping system using curved parallels that reduced distortion. He also collected data for many locations, from Britain to the Middle East. He used a prime meridian through the Canary Islands, so that all longitude values would be positive. While Ptolemy's system was sound, the data he used were often poor, leading to a gross over-estimate (by about 70%) of the length of the Mediterranean.
5795:
84:
901:
errors were consistently less than 1°. At sea during the same period, the situation was very different. Two problems proved intractable. The first was the need of a navigator for immediate results. The second was the marine environment. Making accurate observations in an ocean swell is much harder than on land, and pendulum clocks do not work well in these conditions.
5805:
998:. The systems all depended on transmissions from fixed navigational beacons. A ship-board receiver calculated the vessel's position from these transmissions. They allowed accurate navigation when poor visibility prevented astronomical observations, and became the established method for commercial shipping until replaced by
754:
obtained from a celestial event visible from both locations, such as a lunar eclipse, or from a time signal transmitted by telegraph or radio. The principle is straightforward, but in practice finding a reliable method of determining longitude took centuries and required the effort of some of the greatest scientific minds.
885:
on 29 February 1504 (fourth voyage). It is assumed that he used astronomical tables for reference. His determinations of longitude showed large errors of 13° and 38° W respectively. Randles (1985) documents longitude measurement by the
Portuguese and Spanish between 1514 and 1627 both in the Americas
1864:
along the equator (one equatorial minute of longitude) therefore a degree of longitude along the equator is exactly 60 geographical miles or 111.3 kilometers, as there are 60 minutes in a degree. The length of 1 minute of longitude along the equator is 1 geographical mile or 1.855 km or 1.153
975:
in 1878, was particularly active in this development, and not just in the United States. The Survey established chains of mapped locations through
Central and South America, and the West Indies, and as far as Japan and China in the years 1874â90. This contributed greatly to the accurate mapping of
900:
On land, the period from the development of telescopes and pendulum clocks until the mid-18th century saw a steady increase in the number of places whose longitude had been determined with reasonable accuracy, often with errors of less than a degree, and nearly always within 2° to 3°. By the 1720s
970:
in 1844. It was quickly realised that the telegraph could be used to transmit a time signal for longitude determination. The method was soon in practical use for longitude determination, especially in North
America, and over longer and longer distances as the telegraph network expanded, including
979:
While mariners benefited from the accurate charts, they could not receive telegraph signals while under way, and so could not use the method for navigation. This changed when wireless telegraphy (radio) became available in the early 20th century. Wireless time signals for the use of ships were
753:
varies with longitude: a difference of 15° longitude corresponds to a one-hour difference in local time, due to the differing position in relation to the Sun. Comparing local time to an absolute measure of time allows longitude to be determined. Depending on the era, the absolute time might be
1022:
The main methods for determining longitude are listed below. With one exception (magnetic declination) they all depend on a common principle, which was to determine an absolute time from an event or measurement and to compare the corresponding the local time at two different locations.
854:
In the later Middle Ages, interest in geography revived in the west, as travel increased, and Arab scholarship began to be known through contact with Spain and North Africa. In the 12th century, astronomical tables were prepared for a number of
European cities, based on the work of
1133:. An alternative representation uses degrees and minutes, and parts of a minute are expressed in decimal notation, thus: 23° 27.5âČ E. Degrees may also be expressed as a decimal fraction: 23.45833° E. For calculations, the angular measure may be converted to
1769:
1451:
Length of one degree (black), minute (blue) and second (red) of latitude and longitude in metric (upper half) and imperial units (lower half) at a given latitude (vertical axis) in WGS84. For example, the green arrows show that
Donetsk (green circle) at 48°N has a
1199:
must be handled with care in calculations. An example is a calculation of east displacement by subtracting two longitudes, which gives the wrong answer if the two positions are on either side of this meridian. To avoid these complexities, some applications use another
1085:
is used because the point might not be at the centre of the time zone; also the time zones are defined politically, so their centres and boundaries often do not lie on meridians at multiples of 15°. In order to perform this calculation, however, one needs a
2910:
Telegraphic
Determination of Longitudes in Japan, China, and the East Indies: Embracing the Meridians of Yokohama, Nagasaki, Wladiwostok, Shanghai, Amoy, Hong-Kong, Manila, Cape St. James, Singapore, Batavia, and Madras, with the Latitude of the Several
1810:
decreases from 1 at the equator to 0 at the poles, which measures how circles of latitude shrink from the equator to a point at the pole, so the length of a degree of longitude decreases likewise. This contrasts with the small (1%) increase in the
1577:
2662:"Extract of a letter from the Honble Edward Legge, Esq; F. R. S. Captain of his Majesty's ship the Severn, containing an observation of the eclipse of the moon, Dec. 21. 1740. at the Island of St. Catharine on the Coast of Brasil"
833:
After the fall of the Roman Empire, interest in geography greatly declined in Europe. Hindu and Muslim astronomers continued to develop these ideas, adding many new locations and often improving on
Ptolemy's data. For example
1041:
proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of the orbits of the satellites, their positions could provide a measure of absolute time. The method requires a telescope, as the moons are not visible to the naked
1328:
2069:
Hoffman, Susanne M. (2016). "How time served to measure the geographical position since
Hellenism". In Arias, Elisa Felicitas; Combrinck, Ludwig; Gabor, Pavel; Hohenkerk, Catherine; Seidelmann, P.Kenneth (eds.).
846:
with an error of less than 1°. This is considered to be the best that can be achieved with the methods then available: observation of the eclipse with the naked eye, and determination of local time using an
1667:
1053:
occurs when a star or planet passes behind the Moon â essentially a type of eclipse. Lunar eclipses continued to be used. The times of any of these events can be used as the measure of absolute time.
932:
passed by the
British parliament in 1714. It offered two levels of rewards, for solutions within 1° and 0.5°. Rewards were given for two solutions: lunar distances, made practicable by the tables of
1656:
5918:
5841:
1077:(UTC). Since there are 24 hours in a day and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun moves across the sky at a rate of 15 degrees per hour (360° ÷ 24 hours = 15° per hour). So if a location's
1059:. A clock is set to the local time of a starting point whose longitude is known, and the longitude of any other place can be determined by comparing its local time with the clock time.
3081:
889:
The telescope was invented in the early 17th century. Initially an observation device, developments over the next half century transformed it into an accurate measurement tool. The
3794:
897:
in 1657 and gave an increase in accuracy of about 30 fold over previous mechanical clocks. These two inventions would revolutionise observational astronomy and cartography.
1474:
1030:. In its orbit around the Earth, the Moon moves relative to the stars at a rate of just over 0.5°/hour. The angle between the Moon and a suitable star is measured with a
928:
In response to the problems of navigation, a number of
European maritime powers offered prizes for a method to determine longitude at sea. The best-known of these is the
1789:
3393:
1114:, ranging from â180° westward to +180° eastward. The Greek letter λ (lambda) is used to denote the location of a place on Earth east or west of the Prime Meridian.
565:
4573:
3266:
129:
with varying curvature in this projection; but are actually circular with different radii. All locations with a given latitude are collectively referred to as a
1090:(watch) set to UTC and needs to determine local time by solar or astronomical observation. The details are more complex than described here: see the articles on
856:
75:. The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface. In this example, meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals.
5834:
1849:. The distance between two points 1 degree apart on the same circle of latitude, measured along that circle of latitude, is slightly more than the shortest (
4780:
2279:
387:
555:
523:
2748:
4536:
4068:
3574:
3451:
6372:
533:
1168:) to give a precise position on the Earth's surface. Confusingly, the convention of negative for East is also sometimes seen, most commonly in the
5827:
5404:
5240:
4154:
3950:
3940:
3860:
972:
3141:
3945:
3526:
3227:
The Mercator Projections: The Normal and Transverse Mercator Projections on the Sphere and the Ellipsoid with Full Derivations of all Formulae
4869:
3353:
3324:
2786:
2240:
2128:
2087:
1265:
513:
3070:
6341:
3225:
2048:
1070:
With the exception of magnetic declination, all proved practicable methods. Developments on land and sea, however, were very different.
2600:
Olmsted, J.W. (1960). "The Voyage of Jean Richer to Acadia in 1670: A Study in the Relations of Science and Navigation under Colbert".
4566:
3955:
3756:
3210:
2842:
1201:
1173:
294:
3201:
1176:
used it on an older version of one of their pages, in order "to make coordinate entry less awkward" for applications confined to the
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4088:
4078:
4073:
4048:
4040:
3701:
3627:
3584:
3579:
3554:
3546:
2551:
1853:) distance between those points (unless on the equator, where these are equal); the difference is less than 0.6 m (2 ft).
1218:
The length of a degree of longitude (eastâwest distance) depends only on the radius of a circle of latitude. For a sphere of radius
593:
181:
3372:
2005:
39:
4479:
4276:
4203:
4159:
3855:
1764:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \beta \quad {\mbox{where }}\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }
727:
2740:
5354:
5009:
4324:
4271:
112:
with varying curvature in this projection, but are actually halves of great ellipses, with identical radii at a given latitude.
814:(2nd century BCE) used a coordinate system that assumed a spherical Earth, and divided it into 360° as we still do today. His
6598:
6165:
5233:
4770:
4432:
4401:
3975:
3824:
3602:
3531:
2303:
Said, S.S.; Stevenson, F.R. (1997). "Solar and Lunar Eclipse Measurements by Medieval Muslim Astronomers, II: Observations".
2207:
The geographical lore of the time of the Crusades: A study in the history of medieval science and tradition in Western Europe
1812:
1586:, the eccentricity of the ellipsoid, is related to the major and minor axes (the equatorial and polar radii respectively) by
1213:
379:
6346:
4785:
4559:
4516:
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4334:
3965:
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3622:
3612:
3444:
2769:
Wess, Jane (2015). "Navigation and Mathematics: A Match Made in the Heavens?". In Dunn, Richard; Higgitt, Rebekah (eds.).
1066:
from true north varies with location, and it was suggested that this could provide a basis for determination of longitude.
395:
5316:
4474:
4188:
3842:
3751:
3396:: an essay exposing a hoax solution to the problem of calculating longitude, undetected in Dava Sobel's Longitude, from
3177:
2246:
1957:
1931:
1905:
1875:
1592:
922:
731:
680:
44:
4464:
2843:"Report on the experience of the Coast Survey in regard to telegraph operations, for determination of longitude &c"
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6281:
6227:
6112:
5948:
5607:
4414:
4377:
4144:
3837:
3686:
3536:
1962:
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1161:
1027:
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3564:
1191:
and calculations that are sufficiently accurate for other positions may be inaccurate at or near the Poles. Also the
5519:
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5953:
5891:
5870:
4959:
4939:
4349:
4193:
3784:
3617:
3607:
1074:
31:
2103:
Mittenhuber, Florian (2010). "The Tradition of Texts and Maps in Ptolemy's Geography". In Jones, Alexander (ed.).
6122:
5933:
5670:
5399:
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4862:
4811:
4775:
4329:
3714:
2145:
2026:
999:
358:
4063:
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notation as, for example, 23° 27âČ 30âł E. For higher precision, the seconds are specified with a
5369:
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4339:
3970:
3932:
3897:
3437:
3316:
3312:
2972:
1184:
963:
325:
3384:
1164:, with the North Pole up. A specific longitude may then be combined with a specific latitude (positive in the
1081:
is three hours ahead of UTC then that location is near 45° longitude (3 hours à 15° per hour = 45°). The word
272:
2569:"Friction and Dynamics of Verge and Foliot: How the Invention of the Pendulum Made Clocks Much More Accurate"
826:
at two different places, thus demonstrating an understanding of the relationship between longitude and time.
6382:
6160:
6062:
5978:
5973:
5625:
5276:
3632:
3476:
3419:
423:
1073:
Longitude at a point may be determined by calculating the time difference between that at its location and
4979:
4531:
4164:
4139:
3681:
3471:
1017:
863:. The lunar eclipse of September 12, 1178 was used to establish the longitude differences between Toledo,
443:
205:
6535:
5440:
5385:
5339:
5324:
4969:
4454:
4244:
4198:
4025:
4002:
3985:
3696:
3424:
1976:
1920:
1910:
988:
in Paris from 1910. These signals allowed navigators to check and adjust their chronometers frequently.
971:
western Europe with the completion of transatlantic cables. The United States Coast Survey, renamed the
793:
586:
503:
253:
174:
3382:
IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites
1447:
3149:
2994:
1865:
miles, while the length of 1 second of it is 0.016 geographical mile or 30.916 m or 101.43 feet.
1572:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi a\cos \phi }{180{\sqrt {1-e^{2}\sin ^{2}\phi }}}}}
838:
used simultaneous observations of two lunar eclipses to determine the difference in longitude between
6362:
6276:
6102:
5963:
5691:
5660:
5109:
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4855:
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4459:
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4017:
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2312:
2170:
1925:
1063:
1011:
981:
874:
805:
715:
696:
493:
463:
403:
353:
279:
60:
2630:"Observations on the Eclipse of the Moon, June 18, 1722. and the Longitude of Port Royal in Jamaica"
2435:
Randles, W.G.L. (1985). "Portuguese and Spanish attempts to measure longitude in the 16th century".
2074:. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Vol. 50. Springer International. pp. 25â36.
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156:
152:
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The History of Cartography Vol. 2 Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies
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4608:
4603:
4281:
3892:
3597:
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3123:
3051:
2964:
2889:
2823:
2609:
2512:
2504:
2417:
2328:
2186:
1890:
1880:
1177:
1153:
1087:
1056:
959:
918:
894:
235:
130:
109:
72:
2112:
17:
6395:
6260:
6077:
5595:
5474:
5374:
5227:
5130:
5034:
4821:
4806:
4737:
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4208:
4149:
4119:
4114:
4030:
4007:
3887:
3882:
3801:
3746:
3724:
3349:
3330:
3320:
3242:
3043:
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2782:
2722:
2547:
2362:
2236:
2124:
2107:
Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century
2083:
1947:
1857:
1188:
779:
768:
719:
335:
320:
5808:
2538:. Vol. 1278. ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. pp. 91â102.
2042:
27:
Geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface
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6286:
6265:
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6180:
5993:
5713:
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5329:
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3994:
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2995:"Wireless Time Signals from the St. John Observatory of the Canadian Meteorological Service"
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2409:
2320:
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2178:
2116:
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1971:
1774:
1130:
1095:
991:
941:
937:
764:
653:
612:
579:
330:
167:
126:
2646:"The Longitude of Buenos Aires, Determin'd from an Observation Made There by PÚre Feuillée"
2392:
Pickering, Keith (1996). "Columbus's Method of Determining Longitude: An Analytical View".
6271:
6250:
6082:
6054:
5775:
5640:
5617:
5585:
5537:
5524:
5487:
5469:
5099:
5094:
3388:
3376:
3205:
3198:
3181:
2221:
Ragep, F.Jamil (2010). "Islamic reactions to Ptolemy's imprecisions". In Jones, A. (ed.).
2001:
1967:
1900:
1038:
944:
775:
2348:
Observations and predictions of eclipse times by astronomers in the pre-telescopic period
1034:, and (after consulting tables and lengthy calculations) gives a value for absolute time.
3369:
3284:. Columbus, Ohio.: Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State University.
3029:
2942:
2877:
2543:
2448:
2405:
2378:
2316:
2174:
2161:
Shcheglov, Dmitry A. (2016). "The Error in Longitude in Ptolemy's Geography Revisited".
909:
6567:
6326:
6316:
6255:
6212:
6044:
6034:
6003:
5903:
5875:
5718:
5708:
5507:
5379:
5349:
5334:
5119:
5077:
5072:
4944:
4658:
4446:
4392:
4369:
4316:
4304:
4259:
4236:
4218:
4178:
3920:
3874:
3811:
3766:
3738:
3646:
3508:
3496:
3460:
3343:
2908:
2471:
1885:
1196:
1111:
1091:
890:
815:
723:
708:
704:
543:
310:
284:
139:
3170:"λ = Longitude east of Greenwich (for longitude west of Greenwich, use a minus sign)."
2804:"The Decline of the Lunar Distance for the Determination of the Time and Longitude at"
1997:
1049:
is the least apparent distance between two objects (the Moon, a star or a planet); an
822:. He also proposed a method of determining longitude by comparing the local time of a
6592:
6454:
6405:
6390:
6336:
6107:
5943:
5938:
5854:
5798:
5748:
5696:
5630:
5602:
5590:
5580:
5570:
5452:
5296:
5222:
5171:
5124:
5039:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4922:
2516:
2456:
2421:
2332:
2205:
2190:
2105:
1861:
1169:
1118:
948:
929:
914:
860:
823:
735:
3127:
1062:
Magnetic declination. A compass needle does not in general point exactly north. The
6552:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6416:
6155:
5770:
5764:
5430:
5364:
5286:
5217:
5166:
5014:
4954:
4469:
3414:
3055:
2968:
2864:
Knox, Robert W. (1957). "Precise Determination of Longitude in the United States".
2182:
1942:
995:
985:
967:
933:
878:
268:
3403:
2044:
Hipparchus : a critical edition of the extant material for his life and works
738:. Positive longitudes are east of the prime meridian, and negative ones are west.
5819:
6562:
6557:
6202:
6185:
6117:
6097:
5983:
5865:
5780:
5758:
5665:
5650:
5445:
5425:
5415:
5344:
5301:
5281:
5210:
5029:
4931:
4582:
3481:
2120:
2079:
1126:
1050:
947:; and for the chronometers developed by the Yorkshire carpenter and clock-maker
877:
made two attempts to use lunar eclipses to discover his longitude, the first in
225:
3119:
2324:
6577:
6530:
6514:
6400:
6306:
6127:
5988:
5958:
5896:
5675:
5575:
5482:
5457:
5260:
5044:
3174:
2718:
2413:
2232:
1952:
1915:
955:
835:
819:
811:
750:
3047:
2960:
2907:
Green, Francis Mathews; Davis, Charles Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1883).
2778:
2726:
2222:
1152:
For calculations, the West/East suffix is replaced by a negative sign in the
6474:
6311:
6195:
6170:
6150:
6067:
6019:
6013:
5998:
5738:
5655:
5291:
5203:
5178:
5159:
5049:
4826:
3334:
2585:
2568:
1465:
1137:, so longitude may also be expressed in this manner as a signed fraction of
1122:
1078:
864:
848:
746:
230:
56:
2803:
2661:
2645:
2629:
810:
The concept of longitude was first developed by ancient Greek astronomers.
6509:
6489:
6331:
6237:
6137:
5928:
5923:
5306:
5067:
5059:
4917:
4907:
4691:
4590:
4521:
3280:
Rapp, Richard H. (April 1991). "Chapter 3: Properties of the Ellipsoid".
3238:
1937:
1850:
1157:
868:
759:
483:
300:
289:
117:
68:
6504:
6494:
6424:
6296:
6207:
6072:
5645:
5635:
5557:
5548:
5533:
5435:
5420:
5265:
5188:
4897:
4765:
4725:
4551:
4382:
2487:
Van Helden, Albert (1974). "The Telescope in the Seventeenth Century".
2363:"Notes on the Knowledge of Latitudes and Longitudes in the Middle Ages"
1895:
1323:{\displaystyle \Delta _{\rm {long}}^{1}={\frac {\pi }{180}}a\cos \phi }
1046:
1031:
882:
839:
827:
363:
220:
197:
147:
83:
64:
3289:
2893:
2827:
2613:
2508:
1815:(northâsouth distance), equator to pole. The table shows both for the
6499:
6449:
6444:
5743:
4902:
4755:
4686:
4676:
3038:
3013:
2951:
1256:
1231:
1134:
711:
473:
433:
371:
52:
2926:
3409:
3381:
3224:
Osborne, Peter (2013). "Chapter 5: The geometry of the ellipsoid".
2885:
2819:
2500:
757:
A location's northâsouth position along a meridian is given by its
6479:
6291:
6190:
6145:
5753:
5502:
5193:
5149:
5141:
4618:
1816:
1107:
908:
843:
692:
258:
92:
59:. The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude, or
48:
38:
3429:
6484:
6469:
6459:
5913:
5850:
4892:
4878:
4831:
4816:
4711:
4706:
4648:
3186:
688:
684:
560:
453:
5823:
4851:
4555:
4505:
4302:
3918:
3494:
3433:
1456:
of 74.63 km/° (1.244 km/min, 20.73 m/sec etc) and a Δ
6464:
4836:
4696:
4623:
88:
2771:
Navigational Enterprises in Europe and its Empires, 1730-1850
636:
138:
3397:
2999:
Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada
1142:
786:
can differ slightly from the ordinary longitude because of
665:
633:
5919:
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
3014:"International Time and Weather Radio-Telegraphic Signals"
2111:. Archimedes. Vol. 23. Dordrecht: Springer. pp.
1160:)âthat East is positiveâis consistent with a right-handed
881:, on 14 September 1494 (second voyage), and the second in
662:
627:
621:
2705:
Forbes, Eric Gray (2006). "Tobias Mayer's lunar tables".
722:
to pole that connect points with the same longitude. The
671:
668:
630:
3404:
Board of Longitude Collection, Cambridge Digital Library
4847:
3415:
Length Of A Degree Of Latitude And Longitude Calculator
792:, small variations in Earth's gravitational field (see
1724:
3370:
Resources for determining your latitude and longitude
1777:
1670:
1595:
1477:
1268:
624:
1180:. They have since shifted to the standard approach.
851:
to measure the altitude of a suitable "clock star".
659:
639:
618:
6523:
6414:
6381:
6355:
6236:
6136:
6053:
6027:
5884:
5731:
5684:
5616:
5556:
5546:
5468:
5395:
5315:
5256:
5140:
5058:
4968:
4930:
4916:
4885:
4794:
4746:
4720:
4657:
4589:
4445:
4400:
4391:
4368:
4315:
4258:
4235:
4217:
4177:
4087:
4039:
4016:
3993:
3984:
3931:
3873:
3823:
3810:
3765:
3737:
3654:
3645:
3545:
3516:
3507:
3420:
Esame critico intorno alla scoperta di Vespucci ...
2773:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 201â222.
1460:
of 111.2 km/° (1.853 km/min, 30.89 m/sec etc).
656:
615:
2567:Blumenthal, Aaron S.; Nosonovsky, Michael (2020).
1783:
1763:
1651:{\displaystyle e^{2}={\frac {a^{2}-b^{2}}{a^{2}}}}
1650:
1571:
1322:
3406:â complete digital version of the Board's archive
3345:Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longitude
3106:Pierce, J.A. (1946). "An introduction to Loran".
3071:"The first wireless time signals to ships at sea"
2686:Siegel, Jonathan R. (2009). "Law and Longitude".
2602:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
2227:. Archimedes. Vol. 23. Dordrecht: Springer.
2741:"There was no such thing as the Longitude Prize"
2532:Huygens and the advancement of time measurements
2530:Grimbergen, Kees (2004). Fletcher, Karen (ed.).
1117:Each degree of longitude is sub-divided into 60
2047:(PhD). Birkbeck College, University of London.
763:, which is approximately the angle between the
718:are imaginary semicircular lines running from
5835:
4863:
4567:
3445:
2808:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
2350:(PhD). University of Durham (United Kingdom).
587:
175:
8:
3410:Longitude And Latitude Of Points of Interest
2269:"The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition"
2274:. In Harley, J.B.; Woodward, David (eds.).
5842:
5828:
5820:
5553:
4927:
4870:
4856:
4848:
4574:
4560:
4552:
4502:
4397:
4312:
4299:
3990:
3928:
3915:
3820:
3651:
3513:
3504:
3491:
3452:
3438:
3430:
3265:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2210:. New York: American geographical society.
1045:Appulses, occultations, and eclipses. An
691:position of a point on the surface of the
594:
580:
561:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
556:International Terrestrial Reference System
193:
182:
168:
78:
4537:Map projection of the tri-axial ellipsoid
3037:
2950:
2681:
2679:
2584:
1776:
1742:
1723:
1700:
1691:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1640:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1552:
1542:
1530:
1507:
1498:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1298:
1289:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1156:. The international standard convention (
6373:International Commission on Stratigraphy
2476:. Courier Corporation. pp. 259â276.
1446:
1332:
886:and Asia. Errors ranged from 2° to 25°.
726:defines 0° longitude; by convention the
3425:A land beyond the stars - Museo Galileo
2626:See, for example, Port Royal, Jamaica:
2534:. Titan - From Discovery to Encounter.
2036:
2034:
1989:
973:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
774:Longitude is generally given using the
196:
116:
99:
3258:
2660:Legge, Edward; Atwell, Joseph (1743).
747:between longitude and time measurement
2927:"Time-Signals by Wireless Telegraphy"
2914:. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.
1963:Planetary coordinate system#Longitude
1238:, and the length of a one-degree (or
1012:Celestial navigation § Longitude
734:, south-east London on the island of
7:
5804:
2847:American Journal of Science and Arts
2305:Journal for the History of Astronomy
1259:) arc along a circle of latitude is
994:systems came into general use after
419:
3199:NOAA ESRL Sunrise/Sunset Calculator
2536:Titan - from Discovery to Encounter
2150:. Vol. 2. London: John Murray.
1860:is defined to be the length of one
1125:. A longitude is thus specified in
1121:, each of which is divided into 60
566:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
528:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
3211:Earth System Research Laboratories
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1270:
1202:horizontal position representation
1174:Earth System Research Laboratories
771:from the ground at that location.
438:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
404:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
295:Horizontal position representation
25:
6093:Discrete time and continuous time
3348:. Philip Wilson Publishers, Ltd.
3175:Map Projections, A Working Manual
3087:from the original on 11 July 2020
2008:from the original on 16 June 2018
1464:When the Earth is modelled by an
6018:
6012:
5803:
5794:
5793:
4480:Quadrilateralized spherical cube
4160:Quadrilateralized spherical cube
3189:Professional Paper 1395, page ix
3080:. Antique Wireless Association.
984:, starting in 1907 and from the
728:International Reference Meridian
652:
611:
354:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
204:
82:
3307:Andrews, William J. H. (1996).
3012:Lockyer, William J. S. (1913).
2975:from the original on 2021-04-14
2751:from the original on 2023-01-22
2285:from the original on 2020-09-21
2278:. University of Chicago Press.
2249:from the original on 2022-07-07
2051:from the original on 2021-04-14
1722:
1208:Length of a degree of longitude
1145:), or an unsigned fraction of 2
958:were established in Britain by
518:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
18:Length of a degree of longitude
6166:History of timekeeping devices
4069:Lambert cylindrical equal-area
2361:Wright, John Kirtland (1923).
2204:Wright, John Kirtland (1925).
2183:10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000098
2147:A History of Ancient Geography
1813:length of a degree of latitude
1214:Length of a degree of latitude
745:, there is a close connection
732:Royal Observatory in Greenwich
730:for the Earth passes near the
548:Internet link to a point 2010
478:Geodetic Reference System 1980
396:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
63:. The circles parallel to the
1:
4786:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
4517:Interruption (map projection)
3214:. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
2346:Steele, John Michael (1998).
538:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
4155:Lambert azimuthal equal-area
3951:Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square
3941:Adams hemisphere-in-a-square
2457:10.1016/0083-6656(85)90031-5
2267:Tibbetts, Gerald R. (1992).
1932:The Island of the Day Before
1906:Geographic coordinate system
1876:American Practical Navigator
923:Royal Observatory, Greenwich
488:Geographic point coord. 1983
6113:Gravitational time dilation
5949:Barycentric Coordinate Time
5608:Geological history of Earth
2121:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7_4
2080:10.1007/978-3-319-59909-0_4
1162:Cartesian coordinate system
448:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
159:, and has a latitude of 0°.
6625:
5969:Geocentric Coordinate Time
5954:Barycentric Dynamical Time
5892:Coordinated Universal Time
4960:Orders of magnitude (time)
3120:10.1109/JRPROC.1946.234564
2802:Littlehales, G.W. (1909).
2666:Philosophical Transactions
2650:Philosophical Transactions
2634:Philosophical Transactions
2325:10.1177/002182869702800103
1661:An alternative formula is
1211:
1075:Coordinated Universal Time
1015:
1009:
966:in 1839, and in the US by
803:
508:World Geodetic System 1984
151:divides the planet into a
108:Lines of longitude appear
32:Longitude (disambiguation)
29:
6123:Time-translation symmetry
6010:
5934:International Atomic Time
5861:
5789:
5671:Time translation symmetry
4776:Global Positioning System
4512:
4501:
4428:
4311:
4298:
4110:
3927:
3914:
3851:
3710:
3593:
3503:
3490:
3467:
3001:. Ser. 3 Vol. 2: 153â154.
2993:Hutchinson, D.L. (1908).
2719:10.1080/00033796600203075
2470:Pannekoek, Anton (1989).
2414:10.1017/S037346330001314X
2394:The Journal of Navigation
2233:10.1007/978-90-481-2788-7
2027:Oxford English Dictionary
1998:"Definition of LONGITUDE"
1106:Longitude is given as an
749:. Scientifically precise
498:North American Datum 1983
468:South American Datum 1969
125:Lines of latitude appear
3317:Harvard University Press
3313:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3282:Geometric Geodesy Part I
2841:Walker, Sears C (1850).
2779:10.1057/9781137520647_11
2658:Santa Catarina, Brazil:
2163:The Cartographic Journal
1468:this arc length becomes
1222:that radius at latitude
359:Global Pos. System (GPS)
326:Spatial reference system
67:are circles of constant
6383:Astronomical chronology
6356:Archaeology and geology
6063:Absolute space and time
5979:IERS Reference Meridian
5974:International Date Line
5885:International standards
5626:Absolute space and time
5277:Astronomical chronology
3956:Lambert conformal conic
3309:The Quest for Longitude
3142:"Coordinate Conversion"
2745:Royal Museums Greenwich
2628:Halley, Edmond (1722).
2586:10.3390/applmech1020008
1037:Satellites of Jupiter.
703:, usually expressed in
5676:Time reversal symmetry
4980:Italian six-hour clock
4089:Tobler hyperelliptical
3702:Tobler hyperelliptical
3628:Space-oblique Mercator
3108:Proceedings of the IRE
2473:A history of astronomy
2224:Ptolemy in Perspective
2144:Bunbury, E.H. (1879).
1785:
1784:{\displaystyle \beta }
1765:
1652:
1573:
1461:
1324:
1018:Latitude determination
925:
784:astronomical longitude
143:
76:
6599:Meridians (geography)
6342:Weekday determination
6228:Sundial markup schema
5441:Time and fate deities
5386:The Unreality of Time
5325:A series and B series
3342:Howse, Derek (1980).
3069:Zimmerman, Arthur E.
2644:Halley, Edm. (1722).
1977:World Geodetic System
1921:Great-circle distance
1911:Geographical distance
1786:
1766:
1653:
1574:
1450:
1325:
1010:Further information:
919:H4 marine chronometer
912:
794:astronomical latitude
681:geographic coordinate
254:Geographical distance
142:
42:
6363:Chronological dating
6103:Theory of relativity
5964:Daylight saving time
5692:Chronological dating
5661:Theory of relativity
5005:Daylight saving time
4583:Time signal stations
4465:CahillâKeyes M-shape
4325:Chamberlin trimetric
3400:, November 12, 2008.
3239:10.5281/zenodo.35392
3152:on 29 September 2009
2925:Munro, John (1902).
2041:Dicks, D.R. (1953).
1926:History of longitude
1775:
1668:
1593:
1475:
1266:
1002:in the early 1990s.
982:Halifax, Nova Scotia
875:Christopher Columbus
806:History of longitude
428:Sea Level Datum 1929
280:Geodetic coordinates
30:For other uses, see
6573:Time value of money
6368:Geologic time scale
6223:History of sundials
6088:Cosmological decade
6040:Greenwich Mean Time
5871:Orders of magnitude
4985:Thai six-hour clock
4532:Tissot's indicatrix
4433:Central cylindrical
4074:Smyth equal-surface
3976:Transverse Mercator
3825:General perspective
3580:Smyth equal-surface
3532:Transverse Mercator
3078:antiquewireless.org
3030:1913Natur..91...33L
2943:1902Natur..66..416M
2878:1957GeoRv..47..555K
2866:Geographical Review
2640:(370â380): 235â236.
2544:2004ESASP1278...91G
2449:1985VA.....28..235R
2437:Vistas in Astronomy
2406:1996JNav...49...95P
2379:1922nkll.book.....W
2317:1997JHA....28...29S
2175:2016CartJ..53....3S
2072:The Science of Time
1958:Orders of magnitude
1696:
1503:
1294:
1166:northern hemisphere
1108:angular measurement
789:vertical deflection
707:and denoted by the
701:angular measurement
683:that specifies the
458:European Datum 1950
416:Standards (history)
316:Reference ellipsoid
264:Figure of the Earth
157:Southern Hemisphere
153:Northern Hemisphere
6548:Mental chronometry
6176:Marine chronometer
6028:Obsolete standards
5515:Rosy retrospection
5493:Mental chronometry
5317:Philosophy of time
4485:Waterman butterfly
4335:Miller cylindrical
3966:Peirce quincuncial
3861:Lambert equal-area
3613:Gall stereographic
3394:"Longitude forged"
3387:2006-04-06 at the
3375:2008-05-19 at the
3204:2019-10-31 at the
3180:2010-07-01 at the
1891:Ecliptic longitude
1881:Cardinal direction
1781:
1761:
1728:
1671:
1648:
1569:
1478:
1462:
1320:
1269:
1178:Western Hemisphere
1154:western hemisphere
1098:for more details.
954:The first working
936:developed into an
926:
921:on display at the
895:Christiaan Huygens
336:Vertical positions
144:
131:circle of latitude
77:
6586:
6585:
6396:Nuclear timescale
6078:Continuous signal
5817:
5816:
5727:
5726:
5702:Circadian rhythms
5520:Tenseâaspectâmood
5375:Temporal finitism
5252:
5251:
5228:Grandfather clock
4845:
4844:
4738:Radio Data System
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4441:
4440:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4173:
4172:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3869:
3868:
3757:Lambert conformal
3733:
3732:
3647:Pseudocylindrical
3641:
3640:
3355:978-0-19-215948-9
3326:978-0-9644329-0-1
2788:978-1-349-56744-7
2707:Annals of Science
2688:Tulane Law Review
2573:Applied Mechanics
2242:978-90-481-2788-7
2130:978-90-481-2787-0
2089:978-3-319-59908-3
1948:Natural Area Code
1858:geographical mile
1791:is the so-called
1750:
1727:
1708:
1646:
1567:
1564:
1445:
1444:
1306:
1183:The longitude is
980:transmitted from
913:The clockwork in
780:gravity direction
604:
603:
552:
551:
331:Spatial relations
321:Satellite geodesy
276:
192:
191:
16:(Redirected from
6616:
6287:Dominical letter
6218:Equation of time
6181:Marine sandglass
6022:
6016:
5994:Terrestrial Time
5851:Time measurement
5844:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5807:
5806:
5797:
5796:
5714:Glottochronology
5554:
5470:Human experience
5330:B-theory of time
4928:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4553:
4503:
4460:Cahill Butterfly
4398:
4378:Goode homolosine
4313:
4300:
4265:
4264:(Mecca or Qibla)
4145:Goode homolosine
3991:
3929:
3916:
3821:
3816:
3687:Goode homolosine
3652:
3537:Oblique Mercator
3514:
3505:
3492:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3431:
3359:
3338:
3294:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3247:
3241:. Archived from
3232:
3221:
3215:
3196:
3190:
3172:John P. Snyder,
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3148:. Archived from
3138:
3132:
3131:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3075:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3041:
3039:10.1038/091033b0
3009:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2954:
2952:10.1038/066416d0
2922:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2657:
2642:; Buenos Aires:
2641:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2110:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1994:
1972:celestial sphere
1848:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1809:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1751:
1743:
1729:
1725:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1531:
1525:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1386:107.551 km
1375:111.320 km
1364:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1148:
1140:
1131:decimal fraction
1096:equation of time
992:Radio navigation
942:Astronomer Royal
938:nautical almanac
893:was patented by
828:Claudius Ptolemy
765:equatorial plane
743:Earth's rotation
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
650:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
596:
589:
582:
420:
399:
391:
383:
375:
367:
307:
266:
208:
194:
184:
177:
170:
86:
79:
21:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6519:
6410:
6377:
6351:
6232:
6132:
6083:Coordinate time
6055:Time in physics
6049:
6023:
6017:
6008:
5880:
5857:
5848:
5818:
5813:
5785:
5776:Time immemorial
5723:
5680:
5641:Coordinate time
5612:
5566:Geological time
5542:
5525:Time management
5488:Generation time
5472:
5464:
5409:
5391:
5311:
5270:
5248:
5136:
5054:
4971:
4964:
4920:
4912:
4881:
4876:
4846:
4841:
4790:
4742:
4716:
4653:
4639:TDF time signal
4585:
4580:
4550:
4541:
4508:
4489:
4437:
4424:
4387:
4364:
4350:Van der Grinten
4307:
4305:By construction
4286:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4231:
4213:
4194:Equirectangular
4180:
4169:
4106:
4083:
4079:Trystan Edwards
4035:
4012:
3980:
3923:
3902:
3875:Pseudoazimuthal
3865:
3847:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3761:
3729:
3725:Winkel I and II
3706:
3637:
3618:Gall isographic
3608:Equirectangular
3589:
3585:Trystan Edwards
3541:
3499:
3486:
3463:
3458:
3389:Wayback Machine
3377:Wayback Machine
3366:
3356:
3341:
3327:
3306:
3303:
3301:Further reading
3298:
3297:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3230:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3206:Wayback Machine
3197:
3193:
3182:Wayback Machine
3171:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3024:(2263): 33â36.
3011:
3010:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2976:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2752:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2659:
2656:(370â380): 2â4.
2643:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2250:
2243:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
2002:Merriam-Webster
1996:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1968:Right ascension
1901:Geodetic system
1871:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:ellipsoid with
1807:
1773:
1772:
1666:
1665:
1636:
1625:
1612:
1611:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1548:
1538:
1526:
1509:
1473:
1472:
1459:
1455:
1438:111.694 km
1430:28.902 km
1427:111.618 km
1419:55.800 km
1416:111.412 km
1408:78.847 km
1405:111.133 km
1397:96.486 km
1394:110.852 km
1383:110.649 km
1372:110.574 km
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1264:
1263:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1146:
1138:
1110:with 0° at the
1104:
1028:Lunar distances
1020:
1014:
1008:
945:Nevil Maskelyne
907:
905:The chronometer
818:passed through
808:
802:
776:geodetic normal
741:Because of the
699:body. It is an
655:
651:
648:
614:
610:
600:
571:
570:
417:
409:
408:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
349:
341:
340:
299:
249:
241:
240:
216:
188:
95:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6622:
6620:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6568:Time metrology
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6533:
6527:
6525:
6524:Related topics
6521:
6520:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6421:
6419:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:Dialing scales
6210:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6045:Prime meridian
6042:
6037:
6035:Ephemeris time
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6004:180th meridian
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5839:
5832:
5824:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5801:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5719:Time geography
5716:
5711:
5709:Clock reaction
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5562:
5560:
5551:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5508:time signature
5505:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5380:Temporal parts
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5350:Eternal return
5347:
5342:
5337:
5335:Chronocentrism
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:Hindu Panchang
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4925:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Kavrayskiy VII
4327:
4321:
4319:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4260:Retroazimuthal
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4183:
4179:Equidistant in
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3818:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Kavrayskiy VII
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:Map projection
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3391:
3379:
3365:
3364:External links
3362:
3361:
3360:
3354:
3339:
3325:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3272:
3216:
3208:(deprecated).
3191:
3163:
3133:
3114:(5): 216â234.
3098:
3061:
3004:
2985:
2917:
2899:
2886:10.2307/211865
2872:(4): 555â563.
2856:
2853:(28): 151â160.
2833:
2820:10.2307/200792
2794:
2787:
2761:
2747:. 2012-03-07.
2732:
2713:(2): 105â116.
2697:
2675:
2619:
2608:(6): 612â634.
2592:
2579:(2): 111â122.
2559:
2552:
2522:
2501:10.1086/351216
2479:
2462:
2443:(1): 235â241.
2427:
2384:
2353:
2338:
2295:
2259:
2241:
2213:
2196:
2153:
2136:
2129:
2095:
2088:
2061:
2030:
2019:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1886:Dead reckoning
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1804:
1803:
1780:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1580:
1579:
1563:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:0.000 km
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1209:
1206:
1112:Prime Meridian
1103:
1100:
1092:Universal Time
1068:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1035:
1007:
1004:
906:
903:
891:pendulum clock
816:prime meridian
804:Main article:
801:
798:
724:prime meridian
649:AU and UK also
602:
601:
599:
598:
591:
584:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
558:
550:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
530:
529:
526:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
506:
500:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
460:
459:
456:
450:
449:
446:
440:
439:
436:
430:
429:
426:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
356:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
311:Map projection
308:
297:
292:
287:
285:Geodetic datum
282:
277:
261:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
223:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
201:
200:
190:
189:
187:
186:
179:
172:
164:
161:
160:
135:
134:
122:
121:
114:
113:
105:
104:
97:
96:
87:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6621:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6417:units of time
6413:
6407:
6406:Sidereal time
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:Galactic year
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6347:Weekday names
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Tropical year
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6302:Intercalation
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:(lunar Hijri)
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6108:Time dilation
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6015:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:24-hour clock
5942:
5940:
5939:12-hour clock
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5840:
5838:
5833:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5822:
5810:
5802:
5800:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:Chronobiology
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5631:Arrow of time
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:Geochronology
5601:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5453:Wheel of time
5451:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:Periodization
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Digital clock
5221:
5219:
5216:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Relative hour
4998:
4996:
4995:24-hour clock
4993:
4991:
4990:12-hour clock
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4644:Time from NPL
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4504:
4500:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4420:Stereographic
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4360:Winkel tripel
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Natural Earth
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4176:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Briesemeister
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3971:Stereographic
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3899:
3898:Winkel tripel
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3844:
3843:Stereographic
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3767:Pseudoconical
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3441:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3248:on 2016-05-09
3244:
3240:
3236:
3233:. Edinburgh.
3229:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3167:
3164:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2937:(1713): 416.
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:(462): 18â19.
2671:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2555:
2553:92-9092-997-9
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2400:(1): 96â111.
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:minute of arc
1859:
1854:
1852:
1818:
1814:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1778:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1449:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1353:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:180° meridian
1194:
1193:discontinuity
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:United States
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1006:Determination
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
987:
983:
977:
976:these areas.
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
949:John Harrison
946:
943:
939:
935:
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930:Longitude Act
924:
920:
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915:John Harrison
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6282:Astronomical
6161:Complication
6156:Atomic clock
5771:Time capsule
5765:Tempus fugit
5763:
5685:Other fields
5384:
5365:Perdurantism
5287:Calendar era
5239:
5232:
5218:Cuckoo clock
5155:astronomical
5129:
4955:Unit of time
4886:Key concepts
4526:
4415:Orthographic
3946:GaussâKrĂŒger
3838:Orthographic
3633:Web Mercator
3527:GaussâKrĂŒger
3344:
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3281:
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3243:the original
3226:
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3150:the original
3146:colorado.edu
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1057:Chronometers
1021:
996:World War II
990:
986:Eiffel Tower
978:
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215:Fundamentals
146:
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6563:System time
6558:Metric time
6277:Solar Hijri
6203:Water clock
6186:Radio clock
6118:Time domain
6098:Proper time
5984:Leap second
5866:Chronometry
5781:Time travel
5759:System time
5666:Time domain
5651:Proper time
5475:use of time
5446:Father Time
5426:Immortality
5416:Ages of Man
5345:Endurantism
5302:Regnal year
5282:Big History
5211:water-based
5110:Solar Hijri
5020:Hexadecimal
4970:Measurement
4932:Chronometry
4918:Measurement
4393:Perspective
4181:some aspect
4165:Strebe 1995
4140:Equal Earth
4059:GallâPeters
4041:Cylindrical
3856:Equidistant
3752:Equidistant
3682:Equal Earth
3565:GallâPeters
3509:Cylindrical
2169:(1): 3â14.
1726:where
1127:sexagesimal
1094:and on the
1088:chronometer
1051:occultation
226:Geodynamics
6604:Navigation
6593:Categories
6578:Timekeeper
6531:Chronology
6515:Millennium
6401:Precession
6307:Julian day
6128:T-symmetry
5989:Solar time
5959:Civil time
5483:Chronemics
5458:Kalachakra
5370:Presentism
5355:Eternalism
5261:Chronology
5199:mechanical
5150:Main types
5068:Main types
4455:AuthaGraph
4447:Polyhedral
4317:Compromise
4245:Loximuthal
4237:Loxodromic
4199:Sinusoidal
4049:Balthasart
4026:Sinusoidal
4003:Sinusoidal
3986:Equal-area
3697:Sinusoidal
3655:Equal-area
3555:Balthasart
3547:Equal-area
3520:-conformal
3497:By surface
3290:1811/24333
3252:2016-01-24
2979:2020-09-26
2755:2021-01-27
2289:2020-09-26
2253:2022-03-23
2055:2020-09-26
1984:References
1953:Navigation
1916:Geotagging
1794:parametric
1212:See also:
1016:See also:
960:Wheatstone
956:telegraphs
865:Marseilles
857:al-ZarqÄlÄ«
836:al-BattÄnÄ«
820:Alexandria
812:Hipparchus
751:local time
127:horizontal
6475:Fortnight
6322:Lunisolar
6312:Leap year
6246:Gregorian
6196:stopwatch
6171:Hourglass
6151:Astrarium
6068:Spacetime
5999:Time zone
5876:Metrology
5855:standards
5739:Leap year
5656:Spacetime
5530:Yesterday
5431:Dreamtime
5405:Mythology
5292:Deep time
5204:stopwatch
5179:hourglass
5160:astrarium
5090:Gregorian
5083:Lunisolar
5060:Calendars
5050:Time zone
4923:standards
4827:Radio VNG
4748:Satellite
4659:Shortwave
4527:Longitude
4355:Wagner VI
4204:Two-point
4135:Eckert VI
4130:Eckert IV
4125:Eckert II
4102:Mollweide
4097:Collignon
4064:HoboâDyer
4018:Bottomley
3933:Conformal
3921:By metric
3812:Azimuthal
3785:Polyconic
3780:Bottomley
3720:Wagner VI
3692:Mollweide
3677:Eckert VI
3672:Eckert IV
3667:Eckert II
3662:Collignon
3570:HoboâDyer
3261:cite book
3048:0028-0836
2961:0028-0836
2727:0003-3790
2517:224838258
2422:129232861
2333:117100760
2191:129864284
1832:.0 m
1779:β
1759:ϕ
1756:
1737:β
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1673:Δ
1623:−
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1523:ϕ
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1511:π
1480:Δ
1466:ellipsoid
1318:ϕ
1315:
1301:π
1271:Δ
1079:time zone
1064:variation
849:astrolabe
716:Meridians
697:celestial
607:Longitude
305:Longitude
231:Geomatics
101:Longitude
73:parallels
61:meridians
57:ellipsoid
45:graticule
6536:Duration
6510:Saeculum
6490:Olympiad
6332:Solstice
6261:Holocene
6238:Calendar
6138:Horology
5929:ISO 8601
5924:ISO 31-1
5799:Category
5547:Time in
5538:Tomorrow
5400:Religion
5340:Duration
5307:Timeline
5241:Timeline
5040:Sidereal
4908:Eternity
4692:ROA Time
4591:Longwave
4522:Latitude
4507:See also
4470:Dymaxion
4410:Gnomonic
4345:Robinson
4250:Mercator
4227:Gnomonic
4219:Gnomonic
4054:Behrmann
3961:Mercator
3833:Gnomonic
3815:(planar)
3790:American
3560:Behrmann
3518:Mercator
3385:Archived
3373:Archived
3335:59617314
3202:Archived
3178:Archived
3156:14 March
3128:20739091
3082:Archived
2973:Archived
2911:Stations
2749:Archived
2280:Archived
2247:Archived
2049:Archived
2012:14 March
2006:Archived
1938:Latitude
1869:See also
1851:geodesic
1800:latitude
1195:at the ±
1185:singular
1158:ISO 6709
869:Hereford
767:and the
760:latitude
484:ISO 6709
382:(Europe)
380:Galileo
366:(Russia)
364:GLONASS
301:Latitude
290:Geodesic
248:Concepts
118:Latitude
110:vertical
69:latitude
6609:Geodesy
6505:Century
6495:Lustrum
6425:Instant
6297:Equinox
6266:Islamic
6208:Sundial
6073:Chronon
5809:Commons
5732:Related
5646:Instant
5636:Chronon
5618:Physics
5558:Geology
5549:science
5421:Destiny
5266:History
5234:History
5189:sundial
5172:quantum
5115:Chinese
5105:Islamic
5015:Decimal
5010:Chinese
4972:systems
4898:Present
4795:Defunct
4771:Galileo
4766:GLONASS
4383:HEALPix
4282:Littrow
3893:Wiechel
3795:Chinese
3739:Conical
3603:Central
3598:Cassini
3575:Lambert
3472:History
3056:3977506
3026:Bibcode
2969:4021629
2939:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
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2540:Bibcode
2445:Bibcode
2402:Bibcode
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2313:Bibcode
2171:Bibcode
1896:Geodesy
1798:reduced
1771:; here
1254:
1240:
1187:at the
1135:radians
1123:seconds
1119:minutes
1047:appulse
1039:Galileo
1032:sextant
940:by the
883:Jamaica
840:Antakya
800:History
778:or the
705:degrees
679:) is a
544:Geo URI
514:NAVD 88
424:NGVD 29
398:(Japan)
390:(India)
374:(China)
236:History
221:Geodesy
198:Geodesy
148:equator
65:Equator
47:on the
6500:Decade
6455:Moment
6450:Minute
6445:Second
6415:Other
6272:Julian
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5897:offset
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5744:Memory
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5030:Metric
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4756:BeiDou
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4008:Werner
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3883:Aitoff
3802:Werner
3747:Albers
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524:ETRS89
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474:GRS 80
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