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1006:(UXLC 2.0) is a free and updated version of the Westminster Leningrad Codex (WLC) version 4.20 (25 Jan 2016) in Unicode with XML markup. The WLC morphological division markers and transcription notes have been removed. It is maintained by suggestions from viewers through a formal and automated process. Links to color photocopies of the Leningrad Codex are available for each selection of Hebrew text. Many formats are available: XML, Text, HTML, ODT, and PDF.
20:
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301:) it is considered by scholars to be the most faithful representative of ben Asher's tradition apart from the Aleppo Codex (edited by ben Asher himself). Its letter-text is not perfect, however, and contradicts its own masoretic apparatus in hundreds of places. There are numerous alterations and erasures, and it was suggested by
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For minute masoretic details, however, Israeli and Jewish scholars have shown a marked preference for modern Hebrew editions based upon the Aleppo Codex. These editions use the
Leningrad Codex as the most important source (but not the only one) for the reconstruction of parts of the Aleppo Codex that
297:. It has been claimed to be a product of the ben Asher scriptorium itself; however, there is no evidence that ben Asher ever saw it. Unusually for a masoretic codex, the same man (Samuel ben Jacob) wrote the consonants, the vowels and the Masoretic notes. In its vocalization system (vowel points and
380:
in 1981โ1982 under the direction of H. Van Dyke
Parunak (of the University of Michigan) and Richard E. Whitaker (of the Institute for Antiquity and Christianity, Claremont Graduate University) with funding from the Packard Foundation and the University of Michigan, with further proofreading and
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in Venice in 1525, with changes made to the text based on a variety of older manuscripts which are not named by the publisher. It is possible, as some have claimed, that the
Leningrad Codex was among those used, but it is not specifically named by the publisher.)
191:
The
Leningrad Codex, in extraordinarily pristine condition after a millennium, also provides an example of medieval Jewish art. Sixteen of the pages contain decorative geometric patterns that illuminate passages from the text. The
187:
in the margins. There are also various technical supplements dealing with textual and linguistic details, many of which are painted in geometrical forms. The codex is written on parchment and bound in leather.
364:
As an original work by
Tiberian masoretes, the Leningrad Codex was older by several centuries than the other Hebrew manuscripts which had been used for all previous editions of printed Hebrew bibles until
82:
argues that the
Leningrad manuscript was more likely based on other, lost manuscripts by the ben Asher family. The Aleppo Codex is several decades older, but parts of it have been missing since the
159:
in 1991, the
National Library of Russia requested that "Leningrad" be retained in the name of the codex. Nonetheless, the Codex is occasionally referred to as the Codex Petersburgensis or
163:, or the St. Petersburg Codex. This is ambiguous as, since 1876, these appellations refer to a different biblical codex (MS. Heb B 3) which is even older (AD 916), but contains only the
207:. In the Leningrad Codex, the order of the Ketuvim is: Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah.
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1034:
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above, the order of the books in the
Leningrad Codex follows the Tiberian textual tradition and is different from most modern Hebrew bibles:
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484:(Philadelphia, 1999) and the various volumes of the JPS Torah Commentary and JPS Bible Commentary use the Westminster text described above.
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1069:
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The order of the books in the
Leningrad Codex follows the Tiberian textual tradition, which is also that of the later tradition of
806:
416:
366:
83:
156:
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Center for
Advanced Biblical Research. This is a verified version of the Michigan-Claremont text, transcribed from BHS at the
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since 1937, it became internationally known as the "Leningrad Codex". Although the city's name was restored to the original St
934:
420:
351:
203:
biblical manuscripts. This order for the books differs markedly from that of most printed Hebrew bibles for the books of the
100:
113:(2004โpresent). It also serves as a primary source for the recovery of details in the missing parts of the Aleppo Codex.
405:
86:, making the Leningrad Codex the oldest complete codex of the Tiberian mesorah that has survived intact to this day.
339:
In 1935, the Leningrad Codex was lent to the Old Testament Seminar of the University of Leipzig for two years while
309:
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that an existing text not following ben Asher's rules was heavily amended so as to make it conform to these rules.
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863:. Text in Hebrew, foreword and summary in English. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, Hebrew University. pp. 357โ359.
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The Leningrad Codex also served as the basis for two modern Jewish editions of the Hebrew Bible (
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The Westminster Leningrad Codex is a digital version of the Leningrad Codex maintained by the
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shows a star with the names of the scribes on the edges and a blessing written in the middle.
19:
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Petersburg) was renamed Leningrad, and, because the codex was used as the basic text for the
997:
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Kittel, Rud; Alt, A; Eissfeldt, Otto; Kahle, Paul; Weil, Gerard E; Schenker, Adrian (1977).
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The biblical text as found in the codex contains the Hebrew letter-text along with Tiberian
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corrections. The version includes transcription notes and tools for analyzing syntax.
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In modern times, the Leningrad Codex is significant as the Hebrew text reproduced in
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of Tanakh are not based primarily on the Leningrad Codex, but on the second edition
938:
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Koren TaNaKh Israel Edition (Hebrew), Jerusalem, 2020, pp 3 of the Introduction
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40:
861:
The Aleppo Codex of the Bible: A Study of its Vocalization and Accentuation
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since 1863 (before 1917 named Imperial Public Library). In 1924, after the
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supervised its transcription for the Hebrew text of the third edition of
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467:(which was distributed to soldiers in mass quantities as the official
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Some have proposed that the Leningrad Codex was corrected against the
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488:(Contrary to popular belief as previously stated on this page, the
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Introductory notes to the Bibleworks WTT text, www.bibleworks.com
349:(BHK), published in Stuttgart, 1937. The codex was also used for
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On the vocalization and letter-text of the Leningrad Codex see
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922:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger Publishers. pp. 110โ111.
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312:, accessioned as "Firkovich B 19 A". Its former owner, the
247:
Leningrad Codex text sample, portions of Exodus 15:21โ16:3
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is a handwritten book bound at one side, as opposed to a
235:
Leningrad Codex folio 40 verso, Exodus 15:14b-16:3a
51:) is the oldest known complete manuscript of the
129:) is so named because it has been housed at the
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662:
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423:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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23:Leningrad Codex (cover page E, folio 474a)
443:Learn how and when to remove this message
1055:Tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg
877:
850:
213:
1065:National Library of Russia collection
738:The "Five Megilot" or "Five Scrolls":
355:(BHS) in 1977, and is being used for
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1050:Jews and Judaism in Saint Petersburg
1030:11th-century illuminated manuscripts
933:Stuhlman, Daniel D. (1 March 1998).
715:The "Sifrei Emet," "Books of Truth":
421:adding citations to reliable sources
16:11th-century Hebrew Bible manuscript
937:. Librarian's Lobby. Archived from
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48:
308:The codex is now preserved in the
14:
1045:Jewish Russian and Soviet history
1025:11th-century biblical manuscripts
981:Black and white facsimile of the
71:in AD 1008 (or possibly 1009).
1035:Illuminated biblical manuscripts
905:(in Foreword by Gรฉrard E. Weil).
807:List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts
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84:1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo
1004:The Unicode/XML Leningrad Codex
157:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1040:Jewish illuminated manuscripts
889:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
505:have been missing since 1947.
352:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
183:signs. In addition, there are
101:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
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271:Page from the Leningrad Codex
259:Page from the Leningrad Codex
293:from manuscripts written by
773:The rest of the "Writings":
223:Leningrad Codex Carpet Page
209:The full order of the books
141:, Petrograd (formerly Saint
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310:National Library of Russia
131:National Library of Russia
613:13. The Twelve Prophets
481:JPS Hebrew-English Tanakh
295:Aaron ben Moses ben Asher
1070:Assyrian (Ashuri) script
1060:Hebrew Bible manuscripts
859:Yeivin, Israel (1968).
121:The Leningrad Codex (a
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475:throughout the 1990s).
378:University of Michigan
358:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
303:Moshe Goshen-Gottstein
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109:Biblia Hebraica Quinta
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935:"The Leningrad Codex"
509:Sequence of the books
473:Israel Defense Forces
155:Petersburg after the
61:Tiberian vocalization
55:in Hebrew, using the
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992:Color images of the
513:As explained in the
417:improve this section
161:Codex Petropolitanus
63:. According to its
37:Codex Leningradensis
832:Damascus Pentateuch
139:Russian Revolution
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318:Abraham Firkovich
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943:. Retrieved
939:the original
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812:Aleppo Codex
761:Lamentations
755:Ecclesiastes
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415:Please help
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324:Petersburg.
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299:cantillation
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105:(1977), and
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76:Aleppo Codex
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53:Hebrew Bible
28:
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1000:(921 pages)
998:Archive.org
989:(988 pages)
987:Archive.org
554:Deuteronomy
194:carpet page
1020:1008 books
1014:Categories
945:13 October
872:References
708:Chronicles
667:/ Habakuk]
316:collector
684:Zechariah
672:Zephaniah
542:Leviticus
404:does not
201:Sephardic
41:Leningrad
918:(1959).
794:See also
788:Nehemiah
732:Proverbs
660:Habakkuk
603:Jeremiah
283:colophon
171:Contents
97:(1937),
65:colophon
700:Ketuvim
690:Malachi
636:Obadiah
609:Ezekiel
562:Nevi'im
548:Numbers
530:Genesis
471:of the
425:removed
410:sources
361:(BHQ).
277:History
205:Ketuvim
43:Book];
897:
778:Daniel
767:Esther
720:Psalms
678:Haggai
597:Isaiah
583:Samuel
577:Judges
571:Joshua
536:Exodus
469:Tanakh
457:Tanakh
322:
285:, the
177:vowels
153:
143:
127:scroll
45:Hebrew
845:Notes
664:ืืืงืืง
654:Nahum
648:Micah
642:Jonah
618:Hosea
590:Kings
522:Torah
291:Cairo
287:codex
123:codex
69:Cairo
39:[
33:Latin
947:2014
895:ISBN
784:Ezra
782:24.
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765:22.
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753:20.
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743:Ruth
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706:14.
697:The
630:Amos
624:Joel
607:12.
601:11.
595:10.
559:The
520:The
478:The
463:The
408:any
406:cite
179:and
117:Name
59:and
27:The
996:at
985:at
726:Job
688:l.
682:k.
676:j.
670:i.
658:h.
652:g.
646:f.
640:e.
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628:c.
622:b.
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