592:. This communal space was key to Bofill, as he intended for Les Espaces d'Abraxas to "mix social categories" and create community spirit. His intention was to "invest this mass housing with a sense of narrative, to replace the bare functionalism of many urban apartment blocks". This follows the post-modern tradition which saw a move away from the "functionality of modernism", towards more neoclassical forms. The invention of new technologies, like prefabricated concrete, combined with classical motifs allowed a "pseudo luxurious extravagance" to be achieved that was traditionally withheld only for the upper classes.
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530:"The façades were built from prefabricated sections, cut according to their individual shapes and not in framed panels, so that the joints are invisible. These panels are stone, a mixture of sand, gray and white cement and oxides. The very light ochre and violet-blue shades obtained from these mixtures are extremely subtle. The aim of using this contemporary material, which harmonizes with the urban center, while remaining discrete, is to rediscover the qualities of stone and cultural references."
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495:, Madrid to the project, however the project was ultimately terminated due to "political, bureaucratic and economic circumstances". Aspects of this early design and its ideology remained prominent in Bofill's work, including idea's of "realisable utopia", "mega-structural character, systems of aggregation, agglomeration and mixture" and "revolutionary action".
486:"This project for the development of a large housing complex was conceived to form a multifunctional neighbourhood, inspired by a vision of social factors very much in keeping with its time. The difficulty was to establish structures that were both complex and flexible, capable of quickly assimilating and even facilitating the changes of everyday reality".
626:
In 2006, the Noisy-le-Grand local government introduced plans to "demolish parts of the development". This proposal was met with "widespread resentment" from the community, and was subsequently scrapped. Of the proposed demolition, Bofill stated that "Demolishing them would be a lack of culture".
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look. This specific type of prefabricated concrete was developed by the project's engineers and was weather-resistant, and sparked a new age of French concrete construction. The use of both these panels and of cranes allowed the construction to remain cost effective. Bofill credits the "brand new
432:
Unlike the other 'New Towns' which sought to concentrate residents into one area and create infrastructure around it, Marne-la-Vallée was "to be a series of small scale settlements based upon existing communes and around transport connections (road and rail)". The town's growth was impeded by the
584:
Post-modern architecture has been attributed with "blending and distorting '' recognisable visual principles to create the "uncanny". Architects
Farrell and Furman note the combination of grand proportions and classical Roman, Greek and Baroque shapes in Les Espaces d'Abraxas as being "a unique
465:
in 1960, he spent nine months in the
Spanish Military service. After his service, he returned to Barcelona in 1963 where he founded his own architecture practice, the Ricardo Bofil Taller de Arquitectura, at the age of 23. The practice included not only architects, but filmmakers, philosophers,
236:
Architect
Ricardo Bofill's projects, including Les Espaces d'Abraxas, are rooted in his left wing ideals. The building's post-modern design uses classical motifs and new building technologies to achieve a luxury aesthetic previously reserved for upper classes. Despite receiving criticism, the
660:
The exhibition, which included colour photographs of his buildings, including Les
Espaces d'Abraxas, was sponsored by Gerald D. Hines Interests as part of a series of exhibitions to "focus on important younger architects". The exhibition ran from June until September 1985.
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concepts. The architect has said of the objectives of the building that he "wanted to make an emblematic monument in a very poorly made area". In the decades following World War II, architectural designs began to reuse the aesthetic languages of "past avant-gardes, notably
429:(58–52 BC)", and remained a rural village until the 20th century. The population grew from 2,200 people in 1921 to over 10,000 in 1954. Following its incorporation into Marnee-la-Vallée, the population grew from "26,765 in 1975 to 52,408 by the end of the 1980s".
440:
on the eastern edge of Marne-la-Vallée in 1992. Disneyland Paris, which was originally called 'Euro Disney' faced large amounts of backlash from the French public due to concerns it was an invasion of
American aesthetics and culture, with theatre director
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His work with the French authorities in the 'New Towns' brought Bofill "worldwide fame and consolidated his international practice". Critics, however, have compared his "supposedly ironic use of
Classicism with the entirely unironic social housing of
644:. Hatherley criticises the "sinister, domineering quality" of the development, which he attributes to the communist influence at the time, claiming that "here you cannot forget for a moment that you're in a massive modern housing estate".
394:
Originally designed in 1978, two years into the
Seventh National Plan, Les Espaces d'Abraxas is situated in the Noisy-le-Grand region, within the 'New Town' of Marne-la-Vallée. At the time of construction, Noisy-le-Grand was a part of the
355:(The Thirty Glorious), During this period, large numbers relocated from rural towns into urban centres, specifically Paris. This led to unbalanced growth across France and poor housing and congestion throughout the capital.
480:
In 1968, the firm proposed an architectural design entitled the 'City in Space' as a "kind of manifesto in reaction to the pressing demands of a society in constant transformation". Of the project, the RBTA wrote:
363:
To manage this increased urbanisation, the French government began to implement various national programs to address housing shortages and move some of the population out of Paris. In 1965, under the government of
257:
The large complex of 591 apartments was designed in 1978 and completed in 1982. It rapidly acquired iconic status, amplified by its use as background sets in movies and music clips. It consists of three buildings:
555:(The Theatre), the second largest building. Referencing the Roman amphitheatre the structure is 10 storeys high and semi-circular in shape. Between the two lies the smallest of the three buildings,
233:. This rapid urbanisation led to overcrowding and insufficient housing in Paris. To offset this, the French government implemented a project to create five 'New Towns' on the outskirts of the city.
425:
Before becoming part of the 'New Town' of Marne-la-Vallée, Noisy-le-Grand experienced a massive population growth in the inter-war period. The town dates back as far as "the invasion of Gaul by
349:
In the three decades following the Second World War, France experienced a dramatic economic boom, a period of "rapid urbanisation and industrial modernisation" which has since been dubbed
391:. These towns were the focus of increased infrastructure, with the aim of aiding "employment and service growth" in the suburbs and diversifying the population on the outskirts of Paris.
813:
457:, Spain. Originally attending the Barcelona School of Architecture, he was expelled in 1957 due to his radical left wing beliefs that were contrary to the regime of then dictator
2058:
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In the decades following its creation, living conditions in the complex deteriorated to the extent that its demolition was debated in the mid-2010s. In 2018, the commune of
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Bofill was arrested twice on political grounds, once while he was a student at the
Barcelona School of Architecture, and again in 1964 after his return to Barcelona.
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building was an early success for Bofill, and brought him international success and praise. The building has been used as a backdrop in film and TV, including in
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375:
In 1976, the
Seventh National Plan proposed a 'Priority Action Programme' through which five 'New Towns' would be built across France. The five towns built were
908:
623:, Bofill claimed he has "not succeeded in changing the city", claiming that the "unique space suffered from the lack of community spirit specific to France".
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combination of the romantic sublime and totalitarian awe" and posit this as a possible reason for its popularity as a "backdrop for dystopian feature films".
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in many countries. France has very restricted freedom of panorama, and thus all photos of Les
Espaces d'Abraxas are currently protected under copyright law.
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325:
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economic recession that hit France in the late 1970s, however by the mid-1980s Noisy-le-Grand accounted for two-thirds of employment in Marne-la-Vallée.
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245:
551:(The Palace) comprising three buildings arranged in a U-shape, and containing 441 individual 2–5-bedroom units. On the other side of the plaza sits
92:
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announced that Bofill would oversee the renovation of Les Espaces d'Abraxas and of a number of nearby developments, including new construction.
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Phelps, Nicholas A.; Parsons, Nick; Ballas, Dimitris; Dowling, Andrew (2006). "Noisy-le-Grand: Grand State Vision or Noise about Nowhere?".
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The 'New Towns' have been criticised as lacking 'identity', a problem which was furthered for Noisy-le-Grand with the construction of
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1374:"The Long-Term Destabilization of Youth, Scarring Effects, and the Future of the Welfare Regime in Post-Trente Glorieuses France"
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301:. This classical reference may be linked to the building's post-modern architecture style, which also has visual references to
417:
619:
The post-modern design of the building's shape led to "awkward floor plans for the units inside". In a 2014 interview with
934:
317:
202:
1647:
Ricardo Bofill : taller de arquitectura : architecture in the era of local culture and international experience
409:. As of 2013, social housing estates like Les Espaces d'Abraxas account for 41 per cent of housing in Seine-Saint-Denis.
85:
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The building and its inhabitants are features in French photographer Laurent Kronental's ongoing photo series
1050:"Strategic planning and the Paris agglomeration in the 1960s and 1970s: The quest for balance and structure"
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1920:"On a visité les décors du dernier "Hunger Games" pour les Journées du patrimoine 2016 et on s'y croirait"
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has made it a favorite background set for unreal, often dystopian narratives. It features prominently in
2007:
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had a bigger budget for design and construction, and was "intended for a wealthier category of people".
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is a legal exception to copyright law which allows images of architectural projects to be considered
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535:
217:, approximately 12 km (7.5 mi) from Paris, France. The building was designed by architect
30:
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297:"Les Espaces d'Abraxas" literally translates to 'Abraxas's Spaces' and is a reference to the Greek
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Post-suburban Europe : planning and politics at the margins of Europe's capital cities
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The outdoor plaza, situated in the centre of the development, was designed to mirror the
1958:"Public artworks and the freedom of panorama controversy: a case of Wikimedia influence"
769:. The photo series centres on the occupants of the various "Grands Ensembles" in Paris.
652:
In 1985, an exhibition entitled "Architecture, Urbanism and History" was mounted by the
581:" as a symbolic way to "indicate a rediscovered vigour and confidence" and nationalism.
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manufacturing system" of prefabricated concrete with the construction of the buildings.
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1467:"The Effects of Globalization in the First Suburbs of Paris: From Decline to Revival?"
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372:(ĂŽle-de-France Region Master Plan), although not officially announced until 1971.
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Youth and the Politics of the Present: Coping with Complexity and Ambivalence
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547:) surrounding a grass-lined plaza. The largest of the three is the 18-storey
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Contemporary architecture. The genesis and characteristics of leading trends
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Farro, Antimo Luigi; Maddanu, Simone (15 May 2019), "Occupying the city",
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The good, the bad and the ugly – neoclassical architecture in modern times
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found in the eastern suburbs of Paris. The building is accessible via the
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680:(2015), where the characters attempt to flee as a substance similar to
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Dulong de Rosnay, MĂ©lanie; Langlais, Pierre-Carl (16 February 2017).
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1307:"Utopia Spurned: Ricardo Bofill and the French Ideal City Tradition"
1242:"En Seine-Saint-Denis, les illusions perdues d'une utopie urbaine"
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471:
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1084:"Ricardo Bofill, Architect of Otherworldly Buildings, Dies at 82"
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The RBTA website, on the construction of Les Espaces d'Abraxas:
229:, during a period of increased urbanisation across France after
681:
312:
The building is located within the Noisy-le-Grand region, a
1886:"Architecture View; Embracing Classicism In Different Ways"
1620:"Postmodernist Architecture Master Ricardo Bofill has Died"
1939:"Marwa Loud ambiance Ă nouveau dans le clip "Fallait Pas""
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in New York City, which focused on the work of Bofill and
572:
By his own admission, Bofill's design draws heavily from
2008:"Article 5, section 11 of Code on Intellectual Property"
1165:"Ricardo Bofill's Postmodern Housing Complex near Paris"
320:(RER), which travels directly from the centre of Paris (
1769:
Farrell, Terry; Furman, Adam Nathaniel (28 June 2019).
962:
The architecture of Paris : an architectural guide
543:
The development consists of three separate structures (
461:. After completing his education in Switzerland at the
814:
List of works by Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura
603:, however they are not accessible to the inhabitants.
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There are tree-planted gardens atop the roofs of both
1506:
Colombo, Enzo; Rebughini, Paola, eds. (15 May 2019).
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panels made by mixing oxides with cement to create a
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491:In 1969, the Ministry of Housing assigned land in
684:fills the bucket-like plaza. It also appears in
368:, five 'New Towns' were proposed as part of the
1708:"The City in Space: A Utopia by Ricardo Bofill"
1169:designboom | architecture & design magazine
965:. Stuttgart: Edition Axel Menges. p. 355.
634:discussed Les Espaces d'Abraxas in his article
1260:"Faut-il démolir les Espaces d'Abraxas ?"
1818:The Ten Most Influential Buildings in History
453:Architect Ricardo Bofill was born in 1939 in
328:. Noisy-le-Grand is located in Zone 4 of the
8:
1553:"Thunderbird Case Studies; 'EuroDisneyland'"
1193:
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1189:
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915:. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018
370:Schéma Directeur de la Région Île-de-France
266:(the theatre) to its west, and the smaller
1465:Albecker, Marie-Fleur (22 November 2011).
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
20:
16:Building complex in Noisy-le-Grand, France
2059:Buildings and structures in ĂŽle-de-France
1983:
1973:
1588:"How Ricardo Bofill Changed Architecture"
1482:
1411:Huxtable, Ada Louise (17 November 2021),
1008:
664:The unusual and monumental appearance of
445:describing it as a "cultural Chernobyl".
262:(the palace) is the largest, followed by
1706:Pasamán, ElĂas Barczuk (14 March 2022).
1675:Ricardo Bofill l'architecture d'un homme
1419:, New York: Routledge, pp. 67–71,
1279:"Noisy-le-Grand remodèle ses quartiers"
1198:Taylor-Foster, James (1 October 2015).
825:
559:(The Arch). In his 2014 interview with
334:RĂ©gie Autonome des Transports Parisiens
164:47,000 m (510,000 sq ft)
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1378:French Politics, Culture & Society
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1082:Bernstein, Fred A. (19 January 2022).
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696:(2012), and the French TV mini-series
505:on 14 January 2022, at the age of 82.
359:French housing policy in the 1950s–70s
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677:The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
246:The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2
223:Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura
213:is a high-density housing complex in
188:Ricardo Bofill Taller de Arquitectura
7:
1618:Waldek, Stefanie (15 January 2022).
1413:"Cold Comfort: The New French Towns"
1277:Alain Piffaretti (20 January 2018).
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401:(Red Belt), falling within the then
874:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 122.
712:It also appears in music videos by
638:for the international art magazine
326:Noisy-le-Grand – Mont d'Est station
1918:Myriam Roche (15 September 2016).
1855:"Modern neoclassical architecture"
1853:Hatherley, Owen (2 January 2019).
1311:Journal of Architectural Education
693:F.B.I. Frog Butthead Investigators
513:The building was constructed with
501:He died due to complications from
463:Haute École d'art de Design Genève
270:(the arch) between the other two.
14:
1937:Alexis Bayat (22 December 2017).
1884:Goldberger, Faul (30 June 1985).
1672:Hébert-Stevens, François (1978).
1372:Chauvel, Louis (1 January 2010).
1127:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1305:Schuman, Tony (1 October 1986).
1240:Elvire Camus (8 February 2014).
1163:Stevens, Philip (7 March 2017).
225:(RBTA) in 1978 on behalf of the
29:
1003:, Routledge, pp. 141–152,
1323:10.1080/10464883.1986.11102651
221:and his architecture practice
1:
2039:1982 establishments in France
1200:"A Utopian Dream Stood Still"
735:("Break the Silence", 2015),
545:Le Palacio, Le Théâtre, L'Arc
203:RĂ©seau Express RĂ©gional (RER)
1815:Unwin, Simon (7 July 2016).
1066:10.1016/0016-7185(80)90008-1
1048:Moseley, Malcolm J. (1980).
690:(Kill the Referee) (1984),
539:Plan of the three buildings
2075:
421:Noisy-le-Grand street sign
1512:(1 ed.). Routledge.
1471:Berkeley Planning Journal
1121:Marta, Tobolczyk (2021).
933:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
574:post-modern architectural
413:History of Noisy-le-Grand
389:Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
37:
28:
2044:Ricardo Bofill buildings
1772:Revisiting Postmodernism
1644:Bofill, Ricardo (2009).
1518:10.4324/9780429198267-11
1390:10.3167/fpcs.2010.280305
1010:10.4324/9780429198267-11
762:("Nur zur Info", 2020).
648:Arts and popular culture
476:Architect Ricardo Bofill
466:engineers, writers, and
2054:Postmodern architecture
1736:"Les Espaces d'Abraxas"
1425:10.4324/9780429335617-8
909:"Les Espaces d'Abraxas"
804:Les Echelles du Baroque
743:("Grand Paris", 2017),
739:("Fallait pas", 2017),
509:Construction and design
318:RĂ©seau Express RĂ©gional
274:has 441 housing units,
169:Design and construction
2012:www.legifrance.gouv.fr
1962:Internet Policy Review
959:Ayers, Andrew (2004).
579:Russian Constructivism
540:
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403:French Communist Party
156:Prefabricated Concrete
1827:10.4324/9781315708560
1781:10.4324/9780429346125
809:Antigone, Montpellier
724:("Fais le L", 2012),
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352:Les Trente Glorieuses
345:Les Trente Glorieuses
211:Les Espaces d'Abraxas
199:Public transit access
24:Les Espaces d'Abraxas
1624:Architectural Digest
1206:. Architecture Daily
654:Museum of Modern Art
565:, Bofill noted that
387:, Melun-Senart, and
132:Construction stopped
124:Construction started
1975:10.14763/2017.1.447
1560:www.thunderbird.edu
1484:10.5070/bp323111433
1417:Survival Strategies
778:Freedom of panorama
767:Souvenir d'un Futur
714:Stéphanie of Monaco
104: /
47:Architectural style
42:General information
1924:Le Huffington Post
1890:The New York Times
1650:. Ricardo Bofill.
1569:on 30 August 2006.
1348:"Rer a map | RATP"
1088:The New York Times
799:Les Arcades du Lac
607:Critical reception
541:
478:
423:
340:History and design
108:48.8401°N 2.5431°E
2049:Seine-Saint-Denis
1594:. 14 January 2022
1527:978-0-429-19826-7
1434:978-0-429-33561-7
1134:978-1-5275-7039-9
881:978-0-230-00212-8
666:Espaces d'Abraxas
443:Ariane Mnouchkine
407:Seine-Saint-Denis
366:General de Gaulle
293:Name and location
227:French government
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194:Other information
184:Architecture firm
148:Technical details
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