598:
610:
748:, with signal quality being an indicator of a male's gene quality. Because female choice occurs between aggregated males at leks, they assess a male's call in relation to his neighbors. In other words, at leks, the relative threshold sounds are determinate of male attractiveness rather than absolute threshold. If an individual is in a group of males with high quality sounds, their individual relative attractiveness decreases. There also seems to be some variation in female preference. Because some signal characteristics are
816:
45:
58:
622:
31:
663:
pair rates and amplitudes, experience a higher risk of predation because they resume mate calling sooner than less attractive males. This may occur because the attractive males are better equipped to escape from bats, thus decreasing the apparently high risk. Another theory is that risk taking could be a
767:
are small and occur in the night. Because the moths are close together in the leks, some males will purposely run into stationary neighbors who are in the process of signaling in order to move them. Additionally, studies have been conducted that show these moths increase their signal rate when having
853:
must maintain healthy, functioning hives. In healthy hives, workers will remove defective bee larvae and quickly seal up the cell that had contained the larvae. In this way, moths are unable to lay eggs in the vacant cells. If the hives become weak, the workers may not be able to close vacant cells,
662:
The bat calling sound is a long and slowly repeating signal. If males hear the call of an approaching bat or a similar sound, they will stop their mate calling. The males will remain silent for several milliseconds to more than a minute. More sexually attractive males, those with higher single pulse
743:
Although pheromones alone do not cause a female to move towards a male for mating, odor, signal location, and male-male interactions may play a role in male attractiveness. Females mainly select males based on the characteristics of their call. Females prefer males with a fast pulse pair rate, high
867:
Temperature can play a crucial role in lesser wax larvae activity and survival. At 37 °F (3 °C), the larvae can survive but they become less active. Larvae cannot survive in freezing temperatures. In order to ensure that hive products are safe for humans to consume, beekeepers can freeze
730:
Components of the male ultrasonic pulses are genetically based, but environmental temperature can affect the specific genotype's performance. As temperature increases, a lesser wax moth male's pulse rate increases and the female's acceptance threshold for rates increases. These changes most likely
667:
trait. Females can decipher between the moth calling and the bat calling sound. During mate calling, females fan their wings. However, when they hear the bat's sound, they stop fanning their wings. In order to avoid being captured by bats, the moths fly erratically, fall to the ground, or fly away
512:. Sometimes greater wax moths can be found in the same comb as lesser wax moths. In these cases, the greater wax moths will compete with the lesser wax moths for the best feeding regions of the comb. In general, the greater wax moth is victorious and the lesser wax larvae are forced to feed on the
455:
Feeding occurs only during the larval life stage. Larvae feed on weak bee colonies. Therefore, the amount of food that the larvae can eat depends on the amount of material that the bee colony produced, as well as the number of moth generations that have persisted on the same comb since the initial
693:
that is made up of two components: n-undecanal and cis-11-n-octadecenal. The pheromone is released from wing glands. It is attractive to females over long distances, but the pheromones alone are not sufficient to generate mating behaviors. When males are under attack by bats, they stop producing
653:
can hear this sound. Thus, both the male's high-frequency calling and its stationary position leave it vulnerable to attacks by bats. Even though the bats do not exist in some of the areas where moths are currently found, the lesser wax moth has retained its evolutionary mode of defense from its
768:
to compete with others for a local female, but due to the physical demands of an increased signal rate, its duration typically lasts only five to ten minutes. It has been concluded that these are the most prevalent few minutes of the entire six to ten hours spent active each night.
529:
Females deposit their eggs in crevices in or near bee hives so that a food source will be close to the emerging larvae. When a female has found an acceptable spot, she extends her body into the crevice and then lays her eggs. A female lays on average 250-300 eggs in her lifetime.
837:, larvae tunnel under capped cells containing honey bee pupae. This movement causes the caps to become defective. The worker bees will then remove the defective caps. The name bald brood refers to the remaining uncapped cells that reveal the residing pupa.
897:
is a microbial insecticide. When consumed, it is lethal to lesser wax larvae. However, bees are immune to the insecticide's harmful effects because even if the bees ingest the wax, they cannot digest the pesticide. When a powder containing
554:
take on average six to seven weeks to fully develop, but they can take up to five months. They reach about 20 mm in length and have narrow white bodies with a brown head. This is the only life stage in which lesser wax moths eat.
1532:
Greenfield, Michael D.; Medlock, Chelsea (2007). "Temperature coupling as an emergent property: parallel thermal effects on male song and female response do not contribute to species recognition in an acoustic moth".
806:
arc. A pair of asynchronous pulses are produced during each up and down stroke of the wings. The pulses of sound have a frequency of 100 kHz which is in the middle of the moth's hearing range (20–200 kHz).
323:
in 1794. Adults are about 0.5 inches (13 mm) in length and have a distinct yellow head with a silver-grey or beige body. Lesser wax moths are common in most parts of the world, except in areas with cold
735:. Additionally, the increase in female acceptance threshold allows them to continue choosing the most attractive male by not mistaking a low-quality male for high-quality due to his new, faster pulse rate.
706:
is based on sound. Experiments have shown that sounds from a speaker are able to elicit the same attractive result from females as live males that release both sound and pheromones. Males emit short
868:
the hives for one to two days at 20 °F (−7 °C). Extreme heat (114 °F (46 °C)) can also be used to kill larvae, but combs are susceptible to melting at similar high temperatures.
591:
and mating, occurs at night. Males can be seen in their mating position anywhere between six and ten hours in a single night. During the day, the adults hide in foliage close to bee hives.
543:
The eggs are similar to those of greater wax moths. They are spherical and creamy white in color. Eggs hatch in about five to eight days but warmer temperatures shorten the hatching time.
358:
that inflict damage to neighboring insects. By eating the combs, the moths can reduce the harm to insects of that region and provide a clean space for other organisms to inhabit.
802:. The left and right tymbals emit pulses slightly asynchronously. In order for sound production to occur, the tegula has to be raised and the wings have to be fanned at a 45
1416:
Jang, Yikweon; Greenfield, Michael D. (1996). "Ultrasonic communication and sexual selection in wax moths: female choice based on energy and asynchrony of male signals".
438:
areas than in colder climates. Although they cannot live in freezing temperatures for an extended period, they are more successful in lower temperatures than the related
2030:
714:
of 100 kHz and an intensity of 93 dB. The signal of the sound can differ significantly between males. For example, there can be a 15 dB range in peak
1884:
1946:
1128:"Absolute verses relative measurements of sexual selection: assessing the contributions of ultrasonic signal characters to mate attraction in lesser wax moths,
941:
854:
leaving the hive open to infestation. Therefore, stored combs that do not have any worker bees are highly susceptible to attacks by the lesser wax moths.
1858:
1629:
335:
pulses in order to attract females. Females seek the most attractive males and base their decisions on characteristics of the male sound. While
597:
763:
occurs near honey bee colonies. The males will group together on grass or leaves near the colony where they spent most of their life. These
2015:
1897:
1819:
878:
Different chemicals can be used to kill lesser wax larvae, but many of them can be harmful to both the comb and humans. For example,
609:
2025:
587:
of 0.5 inches. Males tend to be smaller than females. Adults live for about a week and most of their activity, including female
331:
The mating systems of the lesser wax moth are well researched because they involve sound production. Lesser wax males produce
1635:
1226:
Zhou, Yihong; Kuster, Heidi K.; Pettis, Jeffrey S.; Danka, Robert G.; Gleason, Jennifer M.; Greenfield, Michael D. (2008).
1933:
1318:
Jia, Feng-You; Greenfield, Michael D.; Collins, Robert D. (2001). "Ultrasonic Signal
Competition Between Male Wax Moths".
882:
is effective in killing the larvae and the comb is left unharmed, but it is toxic to the person administering the fumes.
2020:
1754:
1711:
731:
occur due to physiological effects, but the increase in pulse rate and acceptance threshold may also be used to avoid
1837:
681:
In the lesser wax moth species, the males engage in signaling behavior while the females engage in searching roles.
1951:
1227:
906:-infused liquid can also be used, the powder is more effective and remains protective to bee combs for two years.
902:
is mixed with beeswax present in bee combs, the lesser wax moth is killed and the bees remained unharmed. While a
1850:
320:
169:
1630:
https://web.archive.org/web/20061002061713/http://www.blessedbee.ca/encyclopedia/honeybees/diseases/waxmoths.php
1046:
Spangler, Hayward G.; Takessian, Alex (1986). "Further
Observations on Sound Production by the Lesser Wax Moth,
642:
In order to attract mates, male lesser wax moths stay in a stationary position and emit a high-frequency sound.
57:
915:
621:
1370:
Spangler, Hayward G. (1984). "Silence as a defense against predatory bats in two species of calling insects".
44:
795:
434:
Lesser wax moths are found everywhere that honey bees are present, but they are more successful in warmer,
328:. Their geographic spread was aided by humans who inadvertently introduced them to many regions worldwide.
1664:
893:
583:
Adults are a silver, grey, or beige with a yellow head. They are thin and are 0.5 inches in length with a
1207:
648:
152:
1902:
1759:
1702:
468:. Tunneling through honeycombs not only provides food, but also protects the larvae from the defending
970:
1961:
1793:
995:
Clarke, John
Frederick Gates (1986). "Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago".
2010:
1925:
1558:
1473:
1433:
1387:
1335:
1261:
1161:
501:
178:
52:
815:
1889:
1736:
833:
A disorder called bald brood occurs in hives infested by lesser wax moths. When feeding on the
1982:
1780:
1605:
1550:
1514:
1253:
1153:
415:
1912:
1987:
1597:
1542:
1504:
1465:
1425:
1379:
1327:
1243:
1143:
1095:
1004:
760:
664:
439:
423:
1969:
1206:
Egelie, Ashley A.; Mortensen, Ashley N.; Barber, Lynn; Sullivan, Jessica; Ellis, James D.
879:
1716:
1845:
1832:
1148:
1127:
803:
497:
336:
722:
and inherited. Pulse amplitude is also positively correlated to a male moth's weight.
2004:
1601:
1546:
1509:
1492:
1248:
703:
690:
575:. On average, the adults emerge after 37 days, but pupation can take up to 2 months.
505:
1726:
1562:
1437:
1265:
1165:
1456:
Greenfield, Michael D. (1981). "Moth Sex
Pheromones: An Evolutionary Perspective".
1339:
745:
485:
339:
are also emitted by the males, male calling is more effective in attracting mates.
1785:
1282:
1938:
1920:
1871:
1696:
1301:
846:
588:
457:
411:
391:
316:
109:
1687:
1576:
Burges, H.D.; Bailey, L. (1968). "Control of the
Greater and Lesser Wax Moths (
30:
1331:
872:
850:
787:
764:
718:
between males in the same population. The male calling characteristics may be
707:
469:
379:
367:
332:
305:
1824:
366:
Lesser wax moths are known or suspected to inhabit most of Africa (including
1806:
1100:
1083:
1008:
834:
749:
744:
peak song amplitude, and large wing beat asynchrony. This preference may be
732:
715:
711:
407:
371:
351:
343:
313:
309:
119:
89:
69:
1554:
1518:
1429:
1257:
1157:
1084:"Sexual signaling under predation: attractive moths take the greater risks"
1609:
1974:
1767:
1746:
1681:
799:
719:
584:
395:
383:
355:
1772:
752:, female preference could lead to evolutionary changes in mate calling.
1863:
1477:
1391:
513:
435:
387:
325:
129:
1876:
1493:"The role of genotype-by-environment interactions in sexual selection"
1642:
791:
551:
493:
484:. Unusual foods that larvae can feed on are dried vegetable remains,
477:
419:
399:
375:
193:
99:
79:
1658:
1469:
1383:
1082:
Cordes, Nils; Engqvist, Leif; Schmoll, Tim; Reinhold, Klaus (2014).
1811:
1626:"Wax Moth". 2001. Blessed Bee Apiaries Incorporated. 7 October 2006
572:
564:
509:
489:
481:
465:
403:
1651:
1232:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): toward a resolution of the lek paradox"
1228:"Reaction norm variants for male calling song in populations of
643:
568:
473:
461:
1798:
1662:
567:
are 11 mm in length and are a yellow tan color. The silk
347:
694:
calling sounds but will continue emitting the pheromone.
1025:
374:, Europe (especially some more remote regions, such as
790:
pulses to attract mates. The sound is produced by a
1671:
460:began. Larvae move through the bee comb and spin
354:. However, unoccupied combs can harbor harmful
1491:Ingleby, F.C.; Hunt, J.; Hosken, D.J. (2010).
1126:Jang, Yikweon; Greenfield, Michael D. (1998).
1451:
1449:
1447:
472:. The larvae prefer to eat honey bee larvae,
378:) and North America, as well as parts of the
8:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1052:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1659:
1284:Zeitschrift des Wiener Entomologen-Vereins
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
43:
29:
20:
1508:
1247:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1147:
1099:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1277:
1275:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
990:
988:
986:
984:
935:
933:
931:
814:
464:tunnels. They cover the silk with their
342:Because lesser wax moths eat unoccupied
2031:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius
1654:. University of Florida IFAS extension.
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
927:
593:
1313:
1311:
1221:
1219:
1217:
845:In order to prevent a lesser wax moth
249:Haworth, 1811 (unjustified emendation)
950:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
571:is white but is usually covered with
319:. The species was first described by
269:Guenée, 1845 (unjustified emendation)
7:
1962:1ede06f6-11fb-4d41-8c05-a1fc2b1949e6
1851:f87ba7c8-9ca8-4997-97fe-1e241069622e
1020:
1018:
997:Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
1149:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02020.x
819:Lesser wax moth infested honeycomb
14:
1590:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1547:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00140.x
1510:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02080.x
1249:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00371.x
1050:(F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)".
620:
608:
596:
56:
1497:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
346:, they are considered pests to
668:from the source of the sound.
1:
689:Lesser wax male moths emit a
1650:M. T. Sanford (2018-05-21).
1602:10.1016/0022-2011(68)90148-1
1372:The Southwestern Naturalist
2047:
1320:Journal of Insect Behavior
2016:Agricultural pest insects
1132:(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)"
649:Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
321:Johan Christian Fabricius
304:) is a small moth of the
184:
177:
158:
151:
53:Scientific classification
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1458:The Florida Entomologist
916:Colony collapse disorder
811:Interactions with humans
480:, but will also feed on
2026:Moths described in 1794
1332:10.1023/A:1007893411662
1208:"University of Florida"
1009:10.5479/si.00810282.416
677:Mate searching behavior
210:Achroia obscurevittella
1586:Bacillus thuringiensis
1430:10.1006/anbe.1996.0111
894:Bacillus thuringiensis
887:Bacillus thuringiensis
863:Temperature regulation
820:
726:Effects of temperature
312:) that belongs to the
1101:10.1093/beheco/art128
975:University of Florida
818:
266:Meliphora alveariella
1846:Fauna Europaea (new)
849:in honey bee hives,
702:The lesser wax moth
1578:Galleria mellonella
798:, which covers the
710:pulses with a high
508:, and even refined
2021:Cosmopolitan moths
1652:"Wax Moth Control"
1088:Behavioral Ecology
946:(Fabricius, 1794)"
824:Pest of beekeepers
821:
502:organic fertilizer
1998:
1997:
1983:Open Tree of Life
1665:Taxon identifiers
1503:(10): 2031–2045.
971:"Lesser Wax Moth"
665:sexually selected
416:Marquesas Islands
292:
291:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:Galleria alvearia
250:
242:
238:Galleria aluearia
234:
226:
214:
206:
198:
2038:
1991:
1990:
1978:
1977:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1939:NHMSYS0000500919
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1892:
1880:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1840:
1828:
1827:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1763:
1762:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:Achroia-grisella
1730:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:Achroia_grisella
1707:
1706:
1705:
1703:Achroia grisella
1692:
1691:
1690:
1673:Achroia grisella
1660:
1655:
1646:
1645:. February 2000.
1640:
1614:
1613:
1582:Achroia grisella
1573:
1567:
1566:
1541:(7): 1590–1599.
1529:
1523:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1424:(5): 1095–1106.
1418:Animal Behaviour
1413:
1396:
1395:
1367:
1344:
1343:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1230:Achroia grisella
1223:
1212:
1211:
1203:
1170:
1169:
1151:
1142:(5): 1383–1393.
1130:Achroia grisella
1123:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1079:
1060:
1059:
1048:Achroia grisella
1043:
1030:
1029:
1026:"Fauna Europaea"
1022:
1013:
1012:
992:
979:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
944:Achroia grisella
940:Savela, Markku.
937:
904:B. thuringiensis
900:B. thuringiensis
782:Sound generation
761:Sexual selection
624:
612:
600:
440:greater wax moth
424:French Polynesia
362:Geographic range
301:Achroia grisella
284:
276:
268:
256:
248:
240:
232:
230:Bombyx cinereola
220:
212:
204:
190:
188:Achroia alvearia
164:
162:Achroia grisella
144:A. grisella
61:
60:
47:
33:
24:Lesser wax moth
21:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1970:Observation.org
1968:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1743:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1621:Further reading
1618:
1617:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1470:10.2307/3494597
1455:
1454:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1399:
1384:10.2307/3671001
1369:
1368:
1347:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1205:
1204:
1173:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1081:
1080:
1063:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1016:
994:
993:
982:
969:
968:
964:
954:
952:
939:
938:
929:
924:
912:
890:
880:carbon monoxide
876:
865:
860:
843:
831:
826:
813:
784:
779:
774:
758:
741:
728:
700:
687:
679:
674:
660:
640:
635:
628:
625:
616:
613:
604:
601:
581:
561:
549:
541:
536:
527:
522:
453:
448:
432:
364:
344:honey bee combs
296:lesser wax moth
285:Fabricius, 1794
274:Tinea anticella
241:Fabricius, 1798
205:(Dufrane, 1930)
173:
166:
160:
147:
55:
38:Adult specimen
17:
16:Species of moth
12:
11:
5:
2044:
2042:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1979:
1966:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1833:Fauna Europaea
1829:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1708:
1693:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1596:(2): 184–195.
1568:
1524:
1483:
1443:
1397:
1378:(4): 481–488.
1345:
1307:
1293:
1271:
1242:(6): 1317–34.
1213:
1171:
1107:
1094:(2): 409–414.
1061:
1031:
1014:
1003:(416): 1–485.
980:
962:
926:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
911:
908:
889:
884:
875:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
842:
839:
830:
827:
825:
822:
812:
809:
786:Males produce
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
757:
754:
740:
737:
727:
724:
699:
696:
686:
683:
678:
675:
673:
670:
659:
656:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
619:
617:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
580:
577:
560:
557:
548:
545:
540:
537:
535:
532:
526:
523:
521:
518:
452:
449:
447:
446:Food resources
444:
431:
428:
363:
360:
337:sex pheromones
290:
289:
288:
287:
282:Tinea grisella
279:
271:
263:
251:
246:Galleria alvea
243:
235:
227:
215:
207:
199:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
156:
155:
149:
148:
141:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2043:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:(3): 555–557.
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
987:
985:
981:
976:
972:
966:
963:
951:
947:
945:
936:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
914:
913:
909:
907:
905:
901:
896:
895:
888:
885:
883:
881:
874:
871:
869:
862:
857:
855:
852:
848:
840:
838:
836:
828:
823:
817:
810:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
781:
776:
771:
769:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
738:
736:
734:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:mating system
697:
695:
692:
691:sex pheromone
684:
682:
676:
671:
669:
666:
657:
655:
654:native land.
652:
650:
645:
637:
632:
623:
618:
611:
606:
599:
594:
592:
590:
586:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
558:
556:
553:
546:
544:
538:
533:
531:
524:
520:Parental care
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:shavings (an
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
450:
445:
443:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
297:
283:
280:
275:
272:
267:
264:
260:
255:
252:
247:
244:
239:
236:
231:
228:
224:
219:
216:
213:Ragonot, 1901
211:
208:
203:
202:Achroia major
200:
196:
195:
189:
186:
185:
183:
180:
176:
171:
165:
163:
157:
154:
153:Binomial name
150:
146:
145:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1672:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1461:
1457:
1421:
1417:
1375:
1371:
1326:(1): 19–33.
1323:
1319:
1296:
1287:
1283:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1091:
1087:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1000:
996:
974:
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
943:
903:
899:
892:
891:
886:
877:
866:
844:
832:
785:
759:
746:evolutionary
742:
729:
701:
688:
680:
661:
647:
641:
627:Adult female
582:
562:
550:
542:
534:Life history
528:
488:(especially
486:dried fruits
454:
433:
365:
341:
330:
300:
299:
295:
293:
281:
277:Walker, 1863
273:
265:
258:
253:
245:
237:
233:Hübner, 1802
229:
222:
218:Acroia major
217:
209:
201:
192:
187:
161:
159:
143:
142:
130:
18:
1921:NatureServe
1872:iNaturalist
1724:AfroMoths:
1697:Wikispecies
1464:(1): 4–17.
847:infestation
739:Mate choice
589:oviposition
525:Oviposition
470:worker bees
458:infestation
451:Larvae diet
412:New Zealand
392:Puerto Rico
317:Galleriinae
110:Lepidoptera
2011:Galleriini
2005:Categories
1636:"Wax Moth"
1290:: 105–109.
955:16 October
922:References
873:Fumigation
851:beekeepers
841:Prevention
829:Bald brood
788:ultrasonic
772:Physiology
708:ultrasonic
685:Pheromones
646:, such as
514:hive floor
414:, and the
380:Neotropics
368:Madagascar
352:beekeepers
333:ultrasonic
306:snout moth
90:Arthropoda
1535:Evolution
1236:Evolution
1136:Evolution
750:heritable
733:predation
716:amplitude
712:frequency
638:Predators
408:Sri Lanka
382:(such as
372:Australia
356:pathogens
314:subfamily
310:Pyralidae
170:Fabricius
138:Species:
120:Pyralidae
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
1926:2.897961
1898:LepIndex
1890:10724828
1768:BugGuide
1744:BioLib:
1734:BAMONA:
1727:ACHRGRIS
1688:Q1071861
1682:Wikidata
1563:22700544
1555:17598742
1519:20722891
1438:53174298
1302:"COLOSS"
1266:17499218
1258:18346222
1166:30141562
1158:28565373
910:See also
800:forewing
794:on each
585:wingspan
436:tropical
402:region,
396:Trinidad
384:Colombia
326:climates
308:family (
179:Synonyms
116:Family:
86:Phylum:
80:Animalia
66:Domain:
1864:1870988
1610:5672009
1584:) with
1478:3494597
1392:3671001
1340:2391275
858:Control
777:Hearing
756:Lekking
720:genetic
658:Defense
633:Enemies
494:raisins
430:Climate
398:), the
388:Jamaica
172:, 1794)
131:Achroia
126:Genus:
106:Order:
100:Insecta
96:Class:
1988:890796
1959:NZOR:
1952:688607
1877:362715
1838:442631
1825:306109
1812:ACHIGR
1799:566007
1773:337343
1643:MAAREC
1608:
1561:
1553:
1517:
1476:
1436:
1390:
1338:
1264:
1256:
1164:
1156:
796:tegula
792:tymbal
672:Mating
603:Larvae
569:cocoon
552:Larvae
547:Larvae
490:apples
478:pollen
476:, and
420:Tahiti
400:Bengal
376:Greece
259:lapsus
223:lapsus
194:lapsus
1975:26306
1910:LoB:
1885:IRMNG
1820:EUNIS
1747:49941
1639:(PDF)
1559:S2CID
1474:JSTOR
1434:S2CID
1388:JSTOR
1336:S2CID
1262:S2CID
1162:S2CID
698:Sound
579:Adult
573:frass
565:pupae
510:sugar
482:honey
474:pupae
466:frass
404:Japan
1947:NCBI
1913:5098
1903:3230
1859:GBIF
1807:EPPO
1786:98QK
1760:9517
1755:BOLD
1606:PMID
1580:and
1551:PMID
1539:61–7
1515:PMID
1254:PMID
1154:PMID
957:2018
835:comb
765:leks
644:Bats
615:Pupa
563:The
559:Pupa
506:cork
498:horn
492:and
462:silk
418:and
394:and
350:and
348:bees
294:The
1934:NBN
1794:EoL
1781:CoL
1712:AFD
1598:doi
1588:".
1543:doi
1505:doi
1466:doi
1426:doi
1380:doi
1328:doi
1244:doi
1144:doi
1096:doi
1005:doi
1001:416
539:Egg
504:),
496:),
422:in
370:),
2007::
1985::
1972::
1949::
1936::
1923::
1900::
1887::
1874::
1861::
1848::
1835::
1822::
1809::
1796::
1783::
1770::
1757::
1714::
1699::
1684::
1641:.
1604:.
1594:11
1592:.
1557:.
1549:.
1537:.
1513:.
1501:23
1499:.
1495:.
1472:.
1462:64
1460:.
1446:^
1432:.
1422:51
1420:.
1400:^
1386:.
1376:29
1374:.
1348:^
1334:.
1324:14
1322:.
1310:^
1288:27
1286:.
1274:^
1260:.
1252:.
1240:62
1238:.
1234:.
1216:^
1174:^
1160:.
1152:.
1140:52
1138:.
1134:.
1110:^
1092:25
1090:.
1086:.
1064:^
1056:59
1054:.
1034:^
1017:^
999:.
983:^
973:.
948:.
930:^
516:.
442:.
426:.
410:,
406:,
390:,
386:,
1612:.
1600::
1565:.
1545::
1521:.
1507::
1480:.
1468::
1440:.
1428::
1394:.
1382::
1342:.
1330::
1304:.
1268:.
1246::
1210:.
1168:.
1146::
1104:.
1098::
1028:.
1011:.
1007::
977:.
959:.
942:"
804:°
651:,
298:(
261:)
257:(
225:)
221:(
197:)
191:(
168:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
