924:
1054:. As the novel's title implies, it is centered on the second triumvirate, but relates the period through the lens of Lepidus' life and experiences. According to Weigel, he becomes a kind of "a Don Quixote in a toga". The novel follows the standard portrayal of him as "cowardly, stupid, shying away from combat, dominated by women, and longing for someone to give him orders". A reviewer at the time of publication referred to Duggan's Lepidus as "the eternal conservative stuffed shirt without the moral strength to live by the traditional virtues he admires and pretends to possess." He is portrayed as a more competent figure in
608:, the Senate sent word that Lepidus' troops were no longer needed. Antony, however, marched towards Lepidus's province with his remaining forces. Lepidus continued to assure the Senate of his loyalty, but engaged in negotiations with Antony. When the two armies met, large portions of Lepidus's forces joined up with Antony. Lepidus negotiated an agreement with him, while claiming to the Senate that he had no choice. It is unclear whether Lepidus' troops forced him to join with Antony, whether that was always Lepidus's plan, or whether he arranged matters to gauge the situation and make the best deal.
45:
797:
1109:) is portrayed in the familiar way, as an inadequate rival for the powerhouses of Octavian and Antony. Much of his involvement in the second Triumvirate is barely mentioned in the series. No mention is made of his alliance with Antony and Caesar before the assassination. He is depicted as a general sent to defeat the weakened Antony after Mutina. His whole army immediately defects to his enemy. He appears sporadically as a barely-noticed participant in later discussions about future plans.
548:
633:
622:
764:, but also agreed to hand over seven of his legions to Octavian and Antony to continue the struggle against Brutus and Cassius, who controlled the eastern part of Roman territory. In the event of a defeat, Lepidus' territories would provide a fall-back position. Lepidus was to become consul and was confirmed as Pontifex Maximus. He would assume control of Rome while they were away.
984:
Léonie Hayne says that he acted "skillfully and consistently in support of Antony and (indirectly) of the
Caesarian faction". She also argues that his power bid over Sicily was logical and justifiable. Alain Gowing has also argued that his actions in Sicily, though "futile", were no more than an "attempt to regain a position from which he had been unfairly thrust".
939:
Lepidus's biographer
Richard D. Weigel says that he has been typically caricatured by both ancient and modern historians as "weak, indecisive, fickle, disloyal and incompetent". Cicero condemned Lepidus for "wickedness and sheer folly" after Lepidus allowed his forces to join with Mark Antony's after
902:
Spending the rest of his life in relative obscurity, Lepidus was apparently obliged to return to Rome periodically to participate in Senate business. Octavian, now known as "Augustus", is said to have belittled him by always asking for his vote last. Lepidus died peacefully in late 13 BC, upon which
983:
called him "a flimsy character...perfidious and despised". Weigel argues that these views are coloured by evidence that was in large part politically motivated, and that
Lepidus's career was no more perfidious or inconsistent than that of the other major players in the power struggles at the time.
771:
Lepidus had in fact already reached the peak of his power. By becoming pontifex maximus and triumvir he had gained a level of recognition that would preserve his name and save a very small niche for him in the history of western civilization. However, in agreeing to yield seven of his legions and
867:
and a dispute arose over whether he or
Octavian had authority on the island. Lepidus had been the first to land troops in Sicily and had captured several of the main towns. However, he felt that Octavian was treating him as a subordinate, instead of an equal. He asserted that Sicily should be
828:, Mark Antony's brother. Lucius, with superior forces, easily took the city. Lepidus was forced to flee to Octavian's camp. Lucius soon withdrew from Rome and Octavian retook the city. After this event, Lepidus was given six of Antony's legions to govern Africa. In 37 BC the treaty of
723:). The Senate instructed Octavian to hand over control of the troops to Decimus Brutus, but he refused. Antony and Lepidus met with Octavian on an island in a river, possibly near Mutina, but more likely near Bologna. Their armies lined along opposite banks. They formed the
975:
he is portrayed as extremely gullible, asking Antony silly questions about Egypt while very drunk. Antony taunts him with an elaborately nonsensical description of a Nile crocodile. After
Lepidus's fall from power, he is referred to as the "poor third" and "fool Lepidius".
863:, Lepidus raised a large army of 14 legions to help subdue Sextus Pompey. However, this was to lead to an ill-judged political move that gave Octavian the excuse he needed to remove Lepidus from power. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, Lepidus had stationed his legions in
576:
tried to take advantage of the turmoil to threaten Spain. Lepidus was sent to negotiate with him. Lepidus successfully negotiated an agreement with Sextus that maintained the peace. The Senate voted him a public thanksgiving festival. Lepidus thereafter administered both
333:
Though he was an able military commander and proved a useful partisan of Caesar, Lepidus has always been portrayed as the least influential member of the
Triumvirate. He typically appears as a marginalised figure in depictions of the events of the era, most notably in
956:, was the real power. Dio wrote, "She, the mother-in‑law of Octavian and wife of Antony, had no respect for Lepidus because of his slothfulness, and managed affairs herself, so that neither the senate nor the people transacted any business contrary to her pleasure".
1035:, in which he attempts to save Cicero's life, and is portrayed as a conflicted figure, who respects traditional Roman values, but is unable to resist the will of his colleagues. Cicero rejects compromise, but Lepidus is too weak to do so.
483:. Lepidus refused to support Cassius, who had created opposition to Caesar's regime by his corruption and avarice. He negotiated a deal with the rebel leader, the quaestor Marcellus, and helped to defeat an attack by the Mauretanian king
487:. Cassius and his supporters were allowed to leave and order was restored. Caesar and the Senate were sufficiently impressed by Lepidus's judicious mixture of negotiation and surgical military action that they granted him a
872:. After negotiation, he suggested an alternative: Octavian could have Sicily and Africa, if he agreed to give Lepidus back his old territories in Spain and Gaul, which should legally have been his according to the
563:. Lepidus and Antony both spoke in the Senate the following day, accepting an amnesty for the assassins in return for preservation of their offices and Caesar's reforms. Lepidus also obtained the post of
531:). Caesar had dined at Lepidus's house the night before his murder. One of the ringleaders of the conspiracy, Gaius Cassius Longinus, had argued for the killing of Lepidus and Mark Antony as well, but
876:. Octavian accused Lepidus of attempting to usurp power and fomenting rebellion. Humiliatingly, Lepidus' legions in Sicily defected to Octavian and Lepidus himself was forced to submit to him.
737:
of 43. With the triumvirs in possession of overwhelming numerical superiority, Decimus Brutus' remaining forces melted away, leaving the triumvirs in complete control of the western provinces.
462:, a position that Caesar used to get himself elected as consul, resigning the dictatorship after eleven days. Lepidus was rewarded with the position of propraetor in the Spanish province of
516:
to keep order in Rome, after Antony's inflammatory actions led to disturbances in 47. Lepidus appears to have been genuinely shocked when Antony provocatively offered Caesar a crown at the
1198:
338:'s plays. While some scholars have endorsed this view, others argue that the evidence is insufficient to discount the distorting effects of propaganda by his opponents, principally
860:
780:
that led to the death of Cicero and other die-hard opponents of Caesar's faction. Later historians were particularly critical of him for agreeing to the death of his brother
895:. The younger Lepidus was executed, but the former triumvir himself was left unmolested. His wife Junia was, however, implicated. Lepidus had to plead with his former enemy
719:, Caesar's great-nephew, who had been adopted by Caesar in Caesar's will. Octavian was the only surviving commander of the forces that had defeated Antony at Mutina (modern
2013:
1761:
767:
According to
Lepidus's biographer Richard D. Weigel, Lepidus' willingness to give up his legions inevitably consigned him to a subsidiary role in the triumvirate.
1824:
604:, called on Lepidus to support Brutus – one of Caesar's killers. Lepidus prevaricated, recommending negotiation with Antony. After Antony's defeat at the
1690:
760:. The triumvirate's legal lifespan was for five years. At the beginning Lepidus was confirmed in possession of both the provinces of Hispania, along with
1998:
1887:
952:, while Mark Antony and Octavian were away from Rome fighting Brutus and Cassius, Lepidus was nominally in control of the city, but Mark Antony's wife,
419:
1815:
1797:
551:
Narbonese Gaul ("Narbonensis") and
Cisalpine Gaul ("Gallia Cisalpina"). After Munda, Antony retreated towards Lepidus's territory to join up with him.
1842:
1622:
825:
20:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1833:
969:
in which Antony describes him as "a slight, unmeritable man, meant to be sent on errands", comparable to a donkey required to bear burdens. In
351:
183:
1278:
Lepidus was probably sitting next to Caesar at the time. According to Cicero, he groaned, turned away, and had tears in his eyes. See Weigel,
527:
for the second time. The brief alliance in power of Caesar and
Lepidus came to a sudden end when Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 (the
1983:
1135:
2028:
2018:
1878:
923:
812:, during which he remained in Rome, Antony and Octavian took over most of Lepidus' territories, but granted him rights in the provinces of
386:
1016:
portrays him in a similar light, warning Caesar, and later working closely with Antony, who refers to him as "sage et prudent Lépide". In
820:
as proconsul. For a while he managed to distance himself from the frequent quarrels between his colleagues Antony and
Octavian. When the
944:. Cicero also privately suggested that Lepidus' wife, Junia, had been unfaithful to him. Decimus Brutus called him a "weathercock", and
2023:
1806:
2008:
2003:
1779:
1725:
1247:
1239:
Lawyers in Roman Transitional Politics: A Study of the Roman Jurists in Their Political Setting in the Late Republic and Triumvirate
1184:
1896:
1604:
1559:
1905:
1683:
781:
359:
1978:
1028:
772:
allow Octavian and Antony the glory of defeating Brutus and Cassius, he had consigned himself to a minor role in the future.
1993:
888:
597:
402:
169:
1626:
355:
1237:
1008:
depicts Lepidus as Caesar's loyal ally, warning him against conspiracies and later planning revenge on his killers.
1676:
44:
1648:
1770:
1586:
1102:
1075:
476:
27:
555:
As soon as Lepidus learned of Caesar's murder, he acted decisively to maintain order by moving troops to the
1988:
1614:
1590:
1080:
840:
749:
1973:
1968:
1941:
1743:
1548:
1446:
398:
1009:
796:
1752:
1788:
971:
965:
382:
1734:
1166:, vol I, pp. 539–555 ("Caesar", No. 18); pp. 424–431 ("Augustus"); pp. 584, 585 ("Calvinus", No. 4).
1089:
945:
869:
509:
431:
418:
335:
1218:
829:
809:
724:
532:
442:
289:
138:
1243:
1180:
1131:
908:
741:
536:
480:
463:
80:
512:"), effectively his deputy. Caesar appears to have had greater confidence in Lepidus than in
1963:
1699:
1552:
1210:
1097:
1017:
1001:
941:
605:
565:
504:
423:
422:
One of the coins minted by Lepidus, celebrating his family's achievements. This depicts the
326:
310:
248:
213:
143:
128:
57:
848:
817:
374:
in 78–77 (he was defeated just outside of Rome and fled to Sardinia where he died in 77).
559:. He proposed using his army to punish Caesar's killers, but was dissuaded by Antony and
891:
became involved in a conspiracy to assassinate Octavian, but the plot was discovered by
839:, possibly in order to build up a network of clients. He appears to have encouraged the
547:
523:
When in February 44 Caesar was elected dictator for life by the Senate, he made Lepidus
446:, overseeing the minting of coins, from c. 62 to 58 BC. Lepidus soon became one of
1024:
his is a non-speaking role, simply presented as one of Caesar's entourage of officers.
896:
892:
761:
757:
593:
582:
556:
459:
436:
301:
223:
1957:
1914:
1641:
1576:
1568:
1222:
1047:
912:
907:
on 6 March 12 BC; afterwards, the chief priest's office was moved from the Regia to
573:
560:
528:
488:
447:
378:
305:
159:
632:
1716:
1106:
1067:
932:
821:
777:
394:
315:
285:
218:
133:
103:
84:
927:
Lepidus (right) browbeaten by Antony and Octavian. Illustration to Shakespeare's
835:
During Lepidus' proconsulship of Africa, he promoted the distribution of land to
1055:
980:
960:
949:
805:
785:
621:
513:
390:
297:
948:
called him "the most fickle of mankind" and incapable of command. According to
641:: the division of Roman territory on the foundation of the Triumvirate (43 BC).
1214:
879:
On 22 September 36 BC, Lepidus was stripped of all his offices except that of
517:
123:
873:
733:
586:
371:
363:
148:
847:. In result, the formally cursed area of the old city, destroyed after the
520:
festival, an act that helped to precipitate the conspiracy to kill Caesar.
1000:, other Renaissance-era writers portrayed Lepidus in a more positive way.
824:
broke out in 41, Octavian tasked Lepidus with the defence of Rome against
535:
had overruled him, saying the action was an execution and not a political
1932:
1660:
1036:
844:
836:
716:
578:
468:
320:
293:
113:
49:
1348:
1046:
Lepidus appears in a number of novels. He is the principal character of
884:
813:
451:
118:
54:
III v(ir) r(ei) p(ublicae) c(onstituendae) Lepidus pont(ifex) max(imus)
1085:
953:
864:
753:
745:
720:
601:
499:
495:
472:
by the Senate in 52, being the last known Roman to hold this office.
455:
339:
1668:
843:
of Thibilis in Numidia and to have demolished illicit extensions to
922:
795:
731:(Triumviri Rei Publicae Constituendae Consulari Potestate) by the
546:
484:
417:
367:
90:
1474:, 14, 1971, pp. 116–17; "The Defeat of Lepidus in 36 B.C.",
1043:
refers to Lepidus as a pawn, merely used by Antony and Octavian.
992:
Despite his role as "a slight, unmeritable man" in Shakespeare's
752:, this one was formally constituted. In effect, it sidelined the
56:, meaning "Triumvir for the regulation of the republic, Lepidus,
1672:
475:
In Spain, Lepidus was called upon to quell a rebellion against
454:
in 49 BC, being placed in charge of Rome while Caesar defeated
362:(consul in 50). His father was the first leader of the revived
1027:
Lepidus appears in several 18th century French plays, such as
52:
of 42 BC depicting Lepidus, aged about 57. The inscription is
19:"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus" redirects here. For other uses, see
649:
401:'s wife. Lepidus and Junia Secunda had at least one child,
269:
257:
354:(consul in 78 BC); his mother may have been a daughter of
832:
formally renewed the Triumvirate for another five years.
804:
After the pacification of the east and the defeat of the
729:
Triumvirs for Confirming the Republic with Consular Power
646:: the division of territory after the Battle of Philippi.
263:
1470:
Hayne, Léonie, "Lepidus' Role after the Ides of March",
1372:
1370:
1261:
1259:
1177:
Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic
1074:, he is a weasely politician. He is also mentioned in
1461:, Cambridge university Press, 2008, Act III, scene 5.
1164:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
272:
887:. After the defeat of Antony in 31 BC, Lepidus' son
266:
260:
254:
1416:
1414:
979:Modern writers have often been equally dismissive.
251:
206:
198:
193:
179:
165:
155:
109:
99:
73:
65:
35:
1199:"The Five-Day Interregnum in the Roman Republic"
370:, and led an unsuccessful rebellion against the
769:
756:and the Senate and signalled the death of the
458:in Greece. He secured Caesar's appointment as
450:'s greatest supporters. He was appointed as a
304:. Lepidus had previously been a close ally of
1684:
788:hints that Lepidus helped Paullus to escape.
8:
284:89 BC – late 13 or early 12 BC) was a
1691:
1677:
1669:
1537:
596:(northern Italy) by force and to displace
43:
32:
592:When Antony attempted to take control of
1130:. Oxford University Press. p. 133.
903:Augustus was elected to the position of
715:Antony and Lepidus now had to deal with
21:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (disambiguation)
2014:Pontifices maximi of the Roman Republic
1118:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
572:At this point, Pompey's surviving son
502:in the East. Caesar also made Lepidus
184:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 78 BC)
1349:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591370
288:general and statesman who formed the
7:
1033:Le Triumvirat, ou la mort de Cicéron
1843:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum
403:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus the Younger
1861:P. Licinius Crassus Dives Mucianus
1852:P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica Serapio
784:, a supporter of Cicero. However,
14:
1999:Magistri equitum (Roman Republic)
1321:, Routledge, London, 2001, p.165.
1209:. Cambridge University: 205–221.
1879:L. Caecilius Metellus Delmaticus
883:; Octavian then confined him to
631:
620:
247:
1524:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1498:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1435:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1422:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1406:Lepidus: the Tarnished Triumvir
1362:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1332:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1306:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1280:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1152:Lepidus: The Tarnished Triumvir
1084:, told from the perspective of
940:Antony's initial defeat at the
360:Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus
1807:L. Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus
498:in 46 after the defeat of the
494:Lepidus was rewarded with the
300:during the final years of the
1:
889:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
727:, legalized with the name of
466:. Lepidus was also nominated
281:
170:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor
1984:1st-century BC Roman consuls
1780:P. Cornelius Scipio Barbatus
1487:Quoted, Weigel, p. 135.
1319:Who's Who in the Roman World
959:Such views are reflected in
695: Rome's client kingdoms
675: Triumvirs collectively
434:as a child. He started his
318:, and (presumably) the last
16:Roman politician and general
2029:People of the War of Mutina
2019:Roman governors of Hispania
1513:, 13 August 13, 1958, p.25.
1408:, Routledge, 2002, preface.
1236:Bauman, Richard A. (1985).
1029:Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
996:and as a rambling drunk in
963:'s portrayal of Lepidus in
800:Aureus of Lepidus, c. 42 BC
776:Lepidus also agreed to the
543:Aftermath of Caesar's death
479:, governor of neighbouring
366:faction after the death of
356:Lucius Appuleius Saturninus
89:(modern San Felice Circeo,
2045:
1906:Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius
1197:Koptev, Aleksandr (2016).
689: Brutus & Cassius
330:to hold military command.
25:
18:
2024:Roman Republican praetors
1825:P. Licinius Crassus Dives
1708:
1657:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1619:
1602:
1583:
1573:
1557:
1545:
1540:
1478:17, 1974, pp. 59–65.
1215:10.1017/S000983881600032X
1126:Treggiari, Susan (2019).
1095:In the BBC/HBO TV series
1050:'s 1958 historical novel
236:
232:
189:
175:Aemilia Lepida (possibly)
42:
2009:Moneyers of ancient Rome
2004:Correspondents of Cicero
1888:Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus
477:Quintus Cassius Longinus
173:Quintus Aemilius Lepidus
28:Lepidus (disambiguation)
1615:Lucius Munatius Plancus
1203:The Classical Quarterly
1128:Servilia and her Family
897:Lucius Saenius Balbinus
352:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
350:Lepidus was the son of
308:. He was also the last
243:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
37:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
1627:P. Servilius Isauricus
936:
851:, was not built upon.
801:
774:
552:
427:
342:and, later, Augustus.
1979:1st-century BC clergy
1816:M. Cornelius Cethegus
1798:L. Caecilius Metellus
1457:Shakespeare, Wiliam,
1072:Let the Emperor Speak
926:
859:In 36 BC, during the
799:
701: Ptolemaic Egypt
600:, the Senate, led by
569:, succeeding Caesar.
550:
542:
421:
387:Marcus Junius Silanus
199:Years of service
1994:Ancient Roman exiles
1933:Imp. Caesar Augustus
1771:P. Cornelius Calussa
1459:Antony and Cleopatra
1404:Weigel, Richard D.,
1345:Lepidus reconsidered
998:Antony and Cleopatra
988:Fictional depictions
972:Antony and Cleopatra
533:Marcus Junius Brutus
383:Marcus Junius Brutus
151:(43–40 and 38–36 BC)
26:For other uses, see
1924:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1834:M. Aemilius Lepidus
1744:A. Cornelius Cossus
1587:P. Ventidius Bassus
1447:Cassius Dio.48.4.1.
1343:Richard D. Weigel,
1006:Caius Julius Caesar
946:Velleius Paterculus
899:to grant her bail.
870:sphere of influence
683: Sextus Pompey
510:Master of the Horse
432:College of Pontiffs
430:Lepidus joined the
1897:Q. Mucius Scaevola
1870:P. Mucius Scaevola
1762:M. Fabius Ambustus
1541:Political offices
1509:Orville Prescott,
1060:The Scarlet Mantle
1010:Georges de Scudéry
937:
868:absorbed into his
810:Battle of Philippi
806:assassins' faction
802:
725:Second Triumvirate
612:Second Triumvirate
553:
443:triumvir monetalis
428:
358:. His brother was
290:Second Triumvirate
77:13 BC (aged c. 76)
1951:
1950:
1701:Pontifices maximi
1667:
1666:
1658:Succeeded by
1634:Religious titles
1620:Succeeded by
1600:
1574:Succeeded by
1549:Q. Fufius Calenus
1137:978-0-19-256465-8
1064:The Bloodied Toga
911:, located on the
742:First Triumvirate
707:
706:
481:Hispania Ulterior
464:Hispania Citerior
381:, half-sister of
240:
239:
2036:
1915:C. Julius Caesar
1693:
1686:
1679:
1670:
1650:Pontifex maximus
1639:Preceded by
1594:
1584:Preceded by
1553:Publius Vatinius
1546:Preceded by
1538:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1194:
1188:
1179:, Abacus, 2004,
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1123:
1018:Pierre Corneille
1014:La Mort de César
942:Battle of Mutina
909:Augustus' palace
905:Pontifex Maximus
881:Pontifex Maximus
700:
694:
688:
682:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
635:
624:
606:Battle of Mutina
566:pontifex maximus
525:magister equitum
505:magister equitum
424:Basilica Aemilia
399:Cassius Longinus
377:Lepidus married
327:magister equitum
311:pontifex maximus
283:
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
214:Battle of Mutina
194:Military service
144:Pontifex Maximus
129:Magister Equitum
94:
58:Pontifex maximus
55:
47:
33:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2033:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1789:Ti. Coruncanius
1704:
1697:
1663:
1654:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1623:Lucius Antonius
1611:
1609:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1424:, pp. 88–9
1419:
1412:
1403:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1364:pp. 59–62.
1359:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1277:
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1250:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1052:Three's Company
990:
921:
861:Sicilian revolt
857:
855:Fall from power
849:Third Punic War
826:Lucius Antonius
794:
717:Octavian Caesar
713:
712:
711:
710:
709:
708:
702:
698:
696:
692:
690:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
670:
666:
664:
660:
658:
654:
647:
642:
636:
627:
626:
625:
614:
545:
416:
411:
348:
250:
246:
228:
174:
172:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
95:
88:
87:
78:
61:
53:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2042:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1989:Aemilii Lepidi
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:: Held by the
1938:12 BC – AD 375
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1618:
1601:
1591:Gaius Carrinas
1585:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1534:External links
1532:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1511:New York Times
1502:
1489:
1480:
1463:
1450:
1439:
1426:
1410:
1382:
1366:
1353:
1336:
1323:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1255:
1248:
1228:
1189:
1175:Holland, Tom,
1168:
1156:
1143:
1136:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1022:Mort de Pompée
1004:'s Latin play
989:
986:
920:
917:
893:Gaius Maecenas
856:
853:
793:
792:After Philippi
790:
782:Lucius Paullus
762:Narbonese Gaul
705:
704:
697:
691:
685:
679:
677:
671:
669: Octavian
665:
659:
653:
648:
637:
630:
629:
628:
619:
618:
617:
616:
615:
613:
610:
598:Decimus Brutus
594:Cisalpine Gaul
583:Narbonese Gaul
557:Campus Martius
544:
541:
437:cursus honorum
415:
414:Ally of Caesar
412:
410:
407:
385:and sister of
347:
344:
302:Roman Republic
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
227:
226:
224:Bellum Siculum
221:
216:
210:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
48:
40:
39:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2041:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:10s BC deaths
1972:
1970:
1969:80s BC births
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
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1889:
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1876:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1643:
1642:Julius Caesar
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1610:42 BC
1608:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1577:Julius Caesar
1571:
1570:
1569:Julius Caesar
1564:46 BC
1562:
1561:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:Acta Classica
1473:
1472:Acta Classica
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:9783406304859
1245:
1242:. Beck, C.H.
1241:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:0-349-11563-X
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1088:'s secretary
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:Robert Harris
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:Alfred Duggan
1044:
1042:
1041:Le Triumvirat
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Caspar Brülow
999:
995:
994:Julius Caesar
987:
985:
982:
977:
974:
973:
968:
967:
966:Julius Caesar
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
934:
930:
929:Julius Caesar
925:
918:
916:
914:
913:Palatine Hill
910:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
866:
862:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
798:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
778:proscriptions
773:
768:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
678:
663: Lepidus
652:
651:
645:
640:
634:
623:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
575:
574:Sextus Pompey
570:
568:
567:
562:
561:Aulus Hirtius
558:
549:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:Ides of March
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Julius Caesar
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
425:
420:
413:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:Junia Secunda
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:
307:
306:Julius Caesar
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
277:
244:
235:
231:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
171:
168:
164:
161:
160:Junia Secunda
158:
154:
150:
146:(44–13/12 BC)
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
51:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1717:Numa Marcius
1712:
1700:
1655:44–13/12 BC
1649:
1647:
1613:
1605:Roman consul
1603:
1596:
1595:
1567:
1560:Roman consul
1558:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1405:
1377:
1361:
1356:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1317:John Hazel,
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1238:
1231:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1154:pp. 9–10, 98
1151:
1146:
1127:
1121:
1107:Ronan Vibert
1096:
1094:
1079:
1071:
1068:Allan Massie
1063:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1005:
997:
993:
991:
978:
970:
964:
958:
938:
933:H. C. Selous
928:
904:
901:
880:
878:
858:
841:Romanisation
834:
822:Perusine War
803:
775:
770:
766:
739:
732:
728:
714:
657: Antony
643:
638:
591:
571:
564:
554:
524:
522:
503:
493:
474:
467:
441:
435:
429:
395:Junia Tertia
376:
349:
332:
325:
319:
316:Roman Empire
309:
242:
241:
219:Perusine War
207:Battles/wars
85:Roman Empire
1753:S. Minucius
1726:C. Papirius
1597:as suffecti
1056:W. G. Hardy
981:Ronald Syme
961:Shakespeare
950:Cassius Dio
786:Cassius Dio
744:of Caesar,
740:Unlike the
537:coup d'état
514:Mark Antony
391:Junia Prima
336:Shakespeare
314:before the
298:Mark Antony
136:(46, 42 BC)
100:Nationality
1958:Categories
1113:References
919:Reputation
518:Lupercalia
496:consulship
292:alongside
141:(43–36 BC)
131:(46–44 BC)
126:(47–46 BC)
124:Propraetor
121:(49–47 BC)
1735:Q. Furius
1376:Holland,
1291:Holland,
1265:Holland,
1223:170900670
915:in Rome.
874:Lex Titia
734:Lex Titia
587:proconsul
500:Pompeians
409:Biography
372:optimates
364:populares
149:Proconsul
1942:emperors
1661:Augustus
1526:, p.133.
1522:Weigel,
1500:, p.112.
1496:Weigel,
1433:Weigel,
1420:Weigel,
1347:, 1974,
1282:, p. 40.
1150:Weigel,
1081:Dictator
1037:Voltaire
845:Carthage
837:veterans
830:Tarentum
758:Republic
579:Hispania
469:interrex
460:dictator
321:interrex
294:Octavian
202:48–36 BC
166:Children
139:Triumvir
114:Interrex
93:, Italy)
69:c. 89 BC
50:Denarius
1964:Lepidus
1437:, p.97.
1378:Rubicon
1360:Weigel
1330:Weigel
1304:Weigel
1293:Rubicon
1267:Rubicon
1103:Lepidus
885:Circeii
814:Numidia
808:in the
754:consuls
750:Crassus
489:triumph
452:praetor
119:Praetor
116:(52 BC)
81:Circeii
1884:103 BC
1875:114 BC
1866:130 BC
1857:132 BC
1848:141 BC
1839:150 BC
1830:180 BC
1821:212 BC
1812:213 BC
1803:221 BC
1794:243 BC
1785:254 BC
1776:304 BC
1767:332 BC
1758:390 BC
1749:420 BC
1740:431 BC
1731:449 BC
1722:509 BC
1713:715 BC
1612:With:
1566:With:
1380:, 360.
1295:, 347.
1269:, 346.
1246:
1221:
1187:, 316.
1183:
1134:
1086:Cicero
954:Fulvia
865:Sicily
818:Africa
748:, and
746:Pompey
721:Modena
703:
699:
693:
687:
681:
673:
667:
661:
655:
644:Bottom
602:Cicero
456:Pompey
346:Family
340:Cicero
180:Father
156:Spouse
134:Consul
110:Office
1929:12 BC
1920:44 BC
1911:63 BC
1902:81 BC
1893:89 BC
1219:S2CID
1066:. In
485:Bogud
368:Sulla
286:Roman
104:Roman
91:Lazio
1334:p.50
1308:p.43
1244:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1098:Rome
1090:Tiro
1062:and
816:and
581:and
393:and
324:and
296:and
74:Died
66:Born
1607:II
1211:doi
1070:'s
1058:'s
1039:'s
1031:'s
1020:'s
1012:'s
931:by
639:Top
585:as
440:as
1960::
1931::
1922::
1913::
1904::
1895::
1886::
1877::
1868::
1859::
1850::
1841::
1832::
1823::
1814::
1805::
1796::
1787::
1778::
1769::
1760::
1751::
1742::
1733::
1724::
1715::
1413:^
1385:^
1369:^
1258:^
1217:.
1207:66
1205:.
1201:.
1101:,
1092:.
1078:'
589:.
539:.
508:("
491:.
405:.
397:,
389:,
282:c.
280:;
83:,
60:".
1944:.
1692:e
1685:t
1678:v
1351:.
1252:.
1225:.
1213::
1140:.
1105:(
935:.
426:.
276:/
273:s
270:ə
267:d
264:ɪ
261:p
258:ɛ
255:l
252:ˈ
249:/
245:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
