Lettuce - Knowledge (XXG)

886:, with most varieties growing poorly above 24 °C (75 °F); cool temperatures prompt better performance, with 16 to 18 °C (61 to 64 °F) being preferred and as low as 7 °C (45 °F) being tolerated. Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly. Temperatures above 27 °C (81 °F) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds. After harvest, lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 0 °C (32 °F) and 96 percent humidity. The high water content of lettuce (94.9 percent) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant – it cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh. In spite of its high water content, traditionally grown lettuce has a low 819:. Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the US, of changing a variety's name from year to year. This practice is conducted for several reasons, the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a "new" variety, or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company. Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce, depending on the amount of variation allowed between types – a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time. Names also often changed significantly from country to country. Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable, a minor amount is used in the production of 1397:

Europe and Great Britain, romaine in the Mediterranean and stem lettuce in China and Egypt. By the late 20th century, the preferred types began to change, with crisphead, especially iceberg, lettuce becoming the dominant type in northern Europe and Great Britain and more popular in western Europe. In the US, no one type predominated until the early 20th century, when crisphead lettuces began gaining popularity. After the 1940s, with the development of iceberg lettuce, 95 percent of the lettuce grown and consumed in the US was crisphead lettuce. By the end of the century, other types began to regain popularity and eventually made up over 30 percent of production. Stem lettuce was first developed in China, where it remains primarily cultivated.

1025: 832: 624: 1281: 949: 1299: 1401: 1090: 973: 965: 49: 2371: 67: 616: 4521: 4504: 302:(asparagus lettuce), is grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. In addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption. Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world. As of 2021, world production of lettuce and 864: 2359: 410: 4538: 4402: 4470: 4487: 4453: 636: 4555: 4436: 757: 3314: 1335: 1317: 776:, and was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god "perform the sexual act untiringly". Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 75 cm (30 in) tall and resembled a large version of the modern 4373: 4419: 941: 1243:

more competitive initially, but can still be crowded later in the season, causing misshapen lettuce and lower yields. Weeds also act as homes for insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult. Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production. However, this has led to the development of

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In the United States in 2022, lettuce was the main vegetable ingredient in salads, and was the most consumed among leaf vegetables; its market was about 20% of all vegetables, with Romaine and iceberg having about equal sales. Some 85% of the lettuce consumed in the United States in 2022 was produced

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are increased by UV-C. Crowding lettuce tends to attract pests and diseases. Weeds can also be an issue, as cultivated lettuce is generally not competitive with them, especially when directly seeded into the ground. Transplanted lettuce (started in flats and later moved to growing beds) is generally

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Due to its short lifespan after harvest, lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown. The early 20th century saw the development of new packing, storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase

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Western Europe and North America were the original major markets for large-scale lettuce production. By the late 1900s, Asia, South America, Australia and Africa became more substantial markets. Different locations tended to prefer different types of lettuce, with butterhead prevailing in northern

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Due to the increase in food demand, the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation and animal or human excreta (i.e., manure or biosolids) as soil amendments is increasing. As such, so are the outbreaks of food-borne illnesses. Due to the overuse of antibiotics in farming, the number of

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The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries, due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves; Chinese "salads" are composed of cooked vegetables and are served hot or cold. Lettuce is also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western

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to individual spots, usually 20 to 36 cm (7.9 to 14.2 in) apart, in the garden after developing several leaves. Lettuce spaced farther apart receives more sunlight, which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves. Pale to white lettuce, such as the centers in some iceberg

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Today, the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves, although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds, which are made into an oil. Most lettuce is used in salads, either alone or with other greens, vegetables, meats and cheeses. Romaine lettuce is often used for

990:, remain viable the longest when stored at −20 °C (−4 °F); they are relatively short lived in storage. At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months. However, when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically, this life increases to a 3298: 771:

for the production of oil from its seeds. The plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves, with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC. Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god

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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).

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and smaller secondary roots. Some varieties, especially those found in the United States and Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia.

4225: 1182:, which help to protect it against pests. Certain varieties contain more than others, and some selective breeding and genetic modification studies have focused on using this trait to identify and produce commercial varieties with increased pest resistance. 803:

in the late 15th century. Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century, many varieties were developed in Europe, particularly Holland. Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today.

2146:; the plants were most likely contaminated through contact with animal or human feces. A 2007 study determined that the vacuum cooling method, especially prevalent in the California lettuce industry, increased the uptake and survival rates of 671:") becomes bitter and unsaleable, plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity. Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves. 2057:, which multiplies in storage. However, despite high levels of bacteria being found on ready-to-eat lettuce products, a 2008 study found no incidents of food-borne illness related to listeriosis, possibly due to the product's short 3409:

Urban, L.; Chabane Sari, D.; Orsal, B.; Lopes, M.; Miranda, R.; Aarrouf, J. (2018). "UV-C light and pulsed light as alternatives to chemical and biological elicitors for stimulating plant natural defenses against fungal diseases".

651:, although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world. Plants generally have a height and spread of 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in). The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color spectrums, with some 725:(teardrop-shaped) dry fruits that do not open at maturity, measuring 3 to 4 mm long. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs. The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a 321:, who transformed it from a plant whose seeds were used to obtain oil into an important food crop raised for its succulent leaves and oil-rich seeds. Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans; the latter gave it the name 890:, with 237 liters (52 imp gal; 63 U.S. gal) of water required for each kilogram of lettuce produced. Hydroponic growing methods can reduce this water consumption by nearly two orders of magnitude. 658:

Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures, from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched, scalloped, frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties. Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main

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plain or with other vegetables. Stem lettuce, widely consumed in China, is eaten either raw or cooked, the latter primarily in soups and stir-frys. Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of

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Summerlin III, HN; Pola, CC; Chamakura, KR; et al. (2021). "Fate of enteric viruses during leafy greens (romaine lettuce) production using treated municipal wastewater and AP205 bacteriophage as a surrogate".

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strains have affinity for Romaine). But, unlike other vegetables which tend to be cooked, lettuce is eaten raw, thus food-borne outbreaks associated with it are more frequent and affect a larger number of people.

907:, a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves. This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in 1070:

Oilseed—This type is grown for its seeds, which are pressed to extract an oil mainly used for cooking. It has few leaves, bolts quickly and produces seeds around 50 percent larger than other types of

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As described around 50 AD, lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil-and-vinegar dressing; however, smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw. During the 81–96 AD reign of

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Gudda, FO; Waigi, MG; Odinga, ES; Yang, B; Carter, L; Gao, Y (September 2020). "Antibiotic-contaminated wastewater irrigated vegetables pose resistance selection risks to the gut microbiome".

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Iceberg/Crisphead—The most popular type in the United States. Iceberg lettuce is very heat-sensitive and was originally developed in 1894 for growth in the northern United States by

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provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces – head lettuce, loose-leaf lettuce, and romaine (or cos) lettuce. Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by

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Summercrisp—Also called Batavian or French crisp, this lettuce is midway between the crisphead and leaf types. These lettuces tend to be larger, bolt-resistant and well-flavored.

3081: 2899: 855:. Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows. Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats, then 3786: 3678: 1106:

Soil nutrient deficiencies can cause a variety of plant problems that range from malformed plants to a lack of head growth. Many insects are attracted to lettuce, including

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The butterhead and crisphead types are sometimes known together as "cabbage" lettuce, because their heads are shorter, flatter, and more cabbage-like than romaine lettuces.

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In the early 21st century, bagged salad products increased in the lettuce market, especially in the US where innovative packaging and shipping methods prolonged freshness.

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with each other, making spacing of 1.5 to 6 m (60 to 240 in) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with

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Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flower stalks up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high with small yellow blossoms. Like other members of the tribe

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Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generally lives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting. Because lettuce that flowers (through the process known as "

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tolerance, greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns. However, genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture.

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of lettuce is ongoing, with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and the United States to test modifications allowing greater

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Leaf—Also known as looseleaf, cutting or bunching lettuce, this type has loosely bunched leaves and is the most widely planted. It is used mainly for salads.

4871: 1067:/Stem—This type is grown for its seedstalk, rather than its leaves, and is used in Asian cooking, primarily Chinese, as well as stewed and creamed dishes. 780:. These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans. Around 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist 1006:

of lettuce. Three types – leaf, head and cos or romaine – are the most common. There are seven main cultivar groups of lettuce, each including many varieties:

2568: 260: 351:, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. It can be plagued by numerous 4744: 3791:

Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce

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of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting.

4819: 4757: 2221: 3787:"Chapter IV. Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce" 3636: 2676:

Smith, Richard; Cahn, Michael; Daugovish, Oleg; Koike, Steven; Natwick, Eric; Smith, Hugh; Subbarao, Krishna; Takele, Etaferahu; Turin, Thomas.

812:, which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce, replacing the previously used method of ice-cooling in packing houses outside the fields. 4992: 4907: 4390: 2959: 5107: 4354: 4335: 4316: 4297: 3712: 3308: 2893: 2612: 2469: 2461:

Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin

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content, and different leaf shapes and colors. Work in these areas continues through the present day. Scientific research into the

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to be grown commercially. Although China is the top world producer of lettuce, the majority of the crop is consumed domestically.

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as "round lettuce", this type is a head lettuce with a loose arrangement of leaves, known for its sweet flavor and tender texture.

1051:. Today, it ships well, but is low in flavor and nutritional content, being composed of even more water than other lettuce types. 5067: 4079:"Impact of biosolids amendment and wastewater effluent irrigation on enteric antibiotic-resistant bacteria – a greenhouse study" 4793: 3254: 3038: 2813: 2393: 1016:/Cos—Used mainly for salads and sandwiches, this type forms long, upright heads. This is the most often used lettuce in 4971: 4837: 2424: 2246: 298:, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled. One variety, 3613: 3457: 2602: 4824: 3726: 2328: 366:. Although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the 4858: 3171: 1437:

lettuce, mainly with large romaine types, as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves.

721:, the style elongates to allow the stigmas, now coated with pollen, to emerge from the tube. The ovaries form compressed, 3911:

and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria During Fresh Produce Production (Romaine Lettuce) Using Municipal Wastewater Effluents"

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strain, have been found in lettuce. The vegetable has also been linked to outbreaks of parasitic infestations, including

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structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which can be white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce.

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is derived. By 50 AD, many types were described, and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings, including several

5005: 244: 240: 1445:. Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups, sandwiches and wraps, while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked. 4876: 4832: 3748:

Hanning, I.B.; Johnson, M.G.; Ricke, S.C (December 2008). "Precut prepackaged lettuce: a risk for listeriosis?".

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Gajraj, Roger; Pooransingh, Shalini; Hawker, Jeremy; Olowokure, Babatunde (April 2012). "Multiple outbreaks of

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as irrigation for romaine lettuce have shown that the contamination levels of foliage, leachate, and soil with

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are a disease-causing bacteria carried by leafhoppers, which causes deformed leaves. Fungal diseases include

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in Europe, and by the mid-18th century, cultivars were described that can still be found in modern gardens.

4736: 4723: 4658: 1047:. It gets its name from the way it was transported in crushed ice, where the heads of lettuce looked like 389:. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including 4718: 4576: 3336:

Edwards, C. A. (May 1964). "The bionomics of swift moths. I.—The ghost swift moth, Hepialus humuli (L.)".

2049: 1935: 1094: 823:; however, domestic lettuce's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco. 668: 2174: 2169:), respectively, were directly correlated with the presence of these organisms in the irrigation water. 2092: 1797: 1167: 183: 4762: 4527: 3103:

Koopman, Wim J.M.; Guetta, Eli; van de Wiel, Clemens C.M.; Vosman, Ben; van den Berg, Ronald G (1998).

2726: 2307:"Lettuce (with chicory) production in 2022; Countries/Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists" 1926: 1400: 218: 5072: 4510: 784:

described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces.

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Heirloom Vegetable Gardening: A Master Gardener's Guide to Planting, Seed Saving and Cultural History

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in availability. During the 1950s, lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of

796: 733: 490: 345: 207: 61: 2277: 4811: 4544: 931:. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as 4933: 4666: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4293: 4254: 4216: 4167: 4116: 4077:

Mays, C; Garza, GL; Waite-Cusic, J; Radniecki, TS; Navab-Daneshmanda, Tala (1 December 2021).

4051: 4007: 3942: 3845: 3765: 3718: 3708: 3545: 3539: 3494: 3488: 3431: 3387: 3353: 3304: 3138: 3071: 2938: 2889: 2819: 2608: 2536: 2465: 2459: 1862: 972: 644: 447: 318: 698:(which becomes the feathery "parachute" of the fruit), a corolla of five petals fused into a 5112: 5097: 4961: 4938: 4246: 4206: 4157: 4147: 4106: 4098: 4043: 3997: 3989: 3932: 3922: 3837: 3757: 3423: 3345: 3120: 2363: 1666: 1223: 1074: 933: 903:(wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves. 899: 894: 848: 736:: delayed bolting, larger seeds, larger leaves and heads, better taste and texture, a lower 604: 512: 495: 391: 359: 338: 4785: 2858: 4920: 3228: 2134: 2126: 2026: 2002: 1013: 957: 917: 887: 777: 760: 714: 615: 596: 504: 104: 1938:

for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from

4202: 4136:"Mini-Review: Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli from Farm Animal-Associated Sources" 4094: 4039: 3985: 3833: 3198:"Lactuca sativa 'Little Gem' | lettuce (Cos) 'Little Gem' Annual Biennial/RHS Gardening" 732:

The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through

711: 564:(meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name. The current word 5102: 4979: 4307:

Davey, M. R.; Anthony, P.; Van Hooff, P.; Power, J. B.; Lowe, K. C. (2007). "Lettuce".

4286: 4162: 4135: 4111: 4078: 4002: 3965: 3937: 3906: 3880: 1982:(table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3.5 oz), iceberg lettuce supplies 14 1202: 923: 863: 816: 809: 707: 691: 569: 516: 291: 91: 4984: 791:

mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179, and many early

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O'Flaherty, E; Solimini, AG; Pantanella, F; De Giusti, M; Cummins, E (January 2019).

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Lettuce is easy to grow, and as such has been a significant source of sales for many

768: 679: 628: 442: 438: 199: 3857: 3443: 2730: 2683:. University of California Vegetable Research and Information Center. Archived from 2401: 2112:

type, have also caused outbreaks traced to contaminated lettuce. Viruses, including

409: 5059: 4671: 4187:"Human exposure to antibiotic resistant-Escherichia coli through irrigated lettuce" 3266: 3042: 2254: 2014: 1971: 1959: 1475: 1442: 1206: 1017: 683: 348: 283: 5023: 4638: 4047: 3427: 2436: 4625: 4250: 4211: 4186: 3841: 3465: 1197:, which is spread by aphids and causes stunted plant growth and deformed leaves. 655:

varieties. There are also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves.

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Species of annual plant of the daisy family, most often grown as a leaf vegetable

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Butterhead—Also known as Boston or Bibb lettuce, and traditionally in the

652: 4102: 3702: 3175: 1166:, also eat the plants. Lettuce contains several defensive compounds, including 635: 4368: 3927: 3349: 2604:

Fine Cooking in Season: Your Guide to Choosing and Preparing the Season's Best

2104: 2058: 1836: 1683: 1649: 1609: 1155: 1127: 987: 868: 852: 756: 675: 573: 508: 434: 430: 397: 287: 150: 4710: 3435: 3357: 2309:. UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2024 599:, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of 4948: 4692: 4284:

Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W.; Martin, Deborah L., eds. (2009).

2070: 2010: 1991: 1950: 1823: 1742: 1729: 1716: 1597: 1221:, which cause entire plants to rot and collapse. Bacterial diseases include 1218: 1179: 1163: 1135: 991: 928: 781: 773: 745: 378: 374: 367: 140: 4889: 4599: 4425: 4258: 4220: 4171: 4120: 4055: 4011: 3946: 3849: 3769: 3722: 3616:. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center, Iowa State University. April 2023 3142: 787:

Lettuce appears in many medieval writings, especially as a medicinal herb.

5036: 4408: 3761: 2684: 5031: 4648: 4593: 3993: 3419: 2647:"New Directions in Salad Crops: New Forms, New Tools, and Old Philosophy" 2306: 2142: 2098: 2044: 1954: 1632: 1426: 1175: 1115: 1111: 1003: 875: 591:

came from the variety of lettuce grown in the Roman papal gardens, while

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Frostbite: How Refrigeration Changed Our Food, Our Planet, and Ourselves

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easily within the species and with some other species within the genus

324: 303: 299: 294:, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for 160: 4775: 4372: 3905:

Summerlin III, HN; Pola, CC; McLamore, ES; et al. (20 May 2021).

4311:. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 59. Springer. 3109:(Asteraceae) species and related genera based on ITS-1 DNA sequences" 2367: 1699: 1606: 1159: 1093:

A lettuce surrounded by weeds, which have crowded it to the point of

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Little Gem—a dwarf, compact romaine lettuce, popular in the UK.

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Pathogens found on lettuce are not specific to lettuce (though some

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even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw, and older,

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The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control

2021:. Dark green varieties of lettuce also contain moderate amounts of 986:

Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored

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before a meal began. Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of

1430: 1399: 1340: 1322: 1286: 1270: 1154:, which cut large holes in leaves. For example, the larvae of the 1151: 1131: 1123: 1088: 1023: 971: 963: 947: 939: 862: 830: 755: 737: 634: 622: 614: 551: 547: 408: 295: 78: 4134:

Xu, C; Kong, L; Liao, Y; Wu, Q; Liu, H; Wang, X (November 2022).

3793:. US Food and Drug Administration. 12 April 2012. Archived from 1875: 1228: 1147: 531:

common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.

528: 386: 4684: 4574: 3384:"Developing Multi-Species Insect Resistance in Romaine Lettuce" 582: 576: 519:

of domesticated lettuce. Lettuce is closely related to several

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Lettuce has been linked to numerous outbreaks of the bacteria

1979: 1519: 600: 337:. The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many 4384: 2181:, which has been found on lettuce irrigated with wastewater. 3487:

Koike, Steven T; Gladders, Peter; Paulus, Albert O. (2006).

2857:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from 523:

species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to

2937:(1st ed.). New York: Penguin Press. pp. 124–131. 1373:

In 2022, world production of lettuce (report combined with

1055: 3671:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2033:, while micronutrients are contained in the leaf portion. 882:

of between 6.0 and 6.8. Heat generally prompts lettuce to

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or strap, and the reproductive parts. These include fused

3386:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 2400:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 2253:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 2065:

bacteria or inhibition of bacteria to cause listeriosis.

763:, a descendant of some of the earliest cultivated lettuce 2725:

Barkley, Theodore M.; Brouillet, Luc; Strother, John L.

2029:. The edible spine and ribs of the lettuce plant supply 3464:. University of California. August 2007. Archived from 2815:

The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses

2729:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). 1949:

countries, contributing to a range of dishes including

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is a common pest of lettuce plants. Mammals, including

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International Journal of Environmental Health Research

3637:"As Bagged Salad Kits Boom, Americans Eat More Greens" 2074:

species, which have not been linked to any outbreaks;

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treatments may be used: Vàsquez et al. 2017 find that

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In lettuce varieties with dark green leaves, such as

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contents are appreciable due to the presence of the

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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

1911: 1899: 1874: 1861: 1848: 1835: 1822: 1809: 1796: 1783: 1762: 1741: 1728: 1715: 1698: 1682: 1665: 1648: 1631: 1596: 1575: 1540: 1516: 1498: 1488: 1472: 1458: 1453: 4285: 3704:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium 3041:. University of Illinois Extension. Archived from 3820:associated with consumption of iceberg lettuce". 2458:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria; Weiss, Ehud (2012). 2177:to antibiotics is increasing, one of these being 1774: 1587: 4326:Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, Williams Woys (2003). 3541:Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry 1077:—A group of lettuce types with red leaves. 2880:Subbarao, Krishna V.; Koike, Steven T. (2007). 3635:Charles, Dan; Aubrey, Allison (12 July 2016). 2596: 2594: 2360:"The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project" 2150:O157:H7. Scientific experiments using treated 1454:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) 1130:, which cause stunted growth and pale leaves; 587:, which derived from the Roman name. The name 3493:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 296. 3369: 3367: 3174:. Washington State University. Archived from 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2220:. Kew Royal Botanical Gardens. Archived from 1193:, which causes yellow, distorted leaves, and 8: 2958:Enochian, R.V.; Smith, F.J (November 1956). 2919: 2917: 2732:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2554: 2552: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2433:Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database 2102:), which have been found mainly in lettuce. 1448: 1110:, which cut seedlings off at the soil line; 3879:. Colorado State University. Archived from 2760: 2758: 2335:. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2061:, indigenous microflora competing with the 559: 541: 535: 322: 4571: 3667:United States Food and Drug Administration 3533: 3531: 2798: 2796: 2511: 2509: 1557: 1447: 1381:alone producing 55% of the total (table). 1254: 1138:, which create tunnels within the leaves; 1134:, which turn leaves gray-green or silver; 56:A field of iceberg lettuces in California 47: 38: 4210: 4161: 4151: 4110: 4001: 3970:O157:H7 Infiltration into Lettuce Tissue" 3936: 3926: 3124: 2886:Encyclopedia of Pest Management, Volume 2 2653:. Wiley. pp. 528–532. Archived from 2435:. University of Melbourne. Archived from 2301: 2299: 1986:and is a rich source (20% or more of the 1209:, which cause leaves to mold and die and 874:Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose, 843:annual, some varieties of lettuce can be 3608: 3606: 3604: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2464:. Oxford University Press. p. 157. 2165:(used by researchers as a surrogate for 2068:Other bacteria found on lettuce include 1384:Lettuce is the only member of the genus 1126:, which cause yellow, distorted leaves; 643:Lettuce's native range spreads from the 4397: 3900: 3898: 3067:Water Resources: An Integrated Approach 2882:"Lettuce Diseases: Ecology and Control" 2818:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 95. 2678:"Leaf Lettuce Production in California" 2528:The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories 2198: 1028:Romaine lettuce 'Forellenschluss' from 550:), an allusion to the white substance, 3974:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3781: 3779: 3317:from the original on 28 September 2021 3165: 3163: 3161: 2902:from the original on 28 September 2021 2849: 2847: 2832:from the original on 28 September 2021 2241: 2239: 1142:, which cut small holes in leaves and 1118:, which cause yellow, stunted plants; 686:or capitula) are composed of multiple 499:, the common wild or prickly lettuce. 3589:from the original on 18 December 2013 3579:"Lettuce Grows into A Processed Food" 3558:from the original on 26 December 2019 3458:"Lettuce: Integrated Weed Management" 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 2649:. In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). 2645:Ryder, J.; Waycott, Williams (1993). 2374:from the original on 22 December 2015 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 1970:Raw iceberg lettuce is 96% water, 3% 1429:, the tradition of serving a lettuce 603:, a center of lettuce farming in the 317:Lettuce was originally farmed by the 7: 4900:408d35f0-7ac6-471c-af8b-7c25592f2d29 3490:Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook 2339:from the original on 25 October 2011 2278:"Grilled lettuce with goats' cheese" 2047:that can survive on lettuce include 1365:UN Food and Agriculture Organization 835:A lettuce farm in the United Kingdom 2531:. Oxford University Press. p. 1235:activity, phenolic production, and 867:A transplanted bed of lettuce in a 706:that form a tube which surrounds a 503:also has many identified taxonomic 3681:from the original on 27 March 2024 3577:Fulmer, Melinda (19 August 2002). 3507:from the original on 30 April 2016 3338:Bulletin of Entomological Research 3105:"Phylogenetic relationships among 1185:Lettuce also suffers from several 534:The Romans referred to lettuce as 314:percent of which came from China. 25: 3960:Li, Haiping; Tajkarimi, Mehrdad; 3647:from the original on 3 April 2018 2855:"Vegetable of the Month: Lettuce" 2579:from the original on 16 June 2013 2478:from the original on 23 July 2016 2284:from the original on 17 July 2013 2108:bacteria, including the uncommon 795:also describe its uses. In 1586, 558:has become the genus name, while 370:of cultivated lettuce varieties. 5011:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:228239-1 4553: 4536: 4519: 4502: 4485: 4468: 4451: 4434: 4417: 4400: 4371: 4328:Encyclopedia of Food and Culture 3084:from the original on 5 June 2020 2621:from the original on 20 May 2021 2525:Chantrell, Glynnis, ed. (2002). 1998:in significant content (table). 1333: 1315: 1297: 1279: 944:A selection of lettuce cultivars 860:lettuce, contain few nutrients. 767:Lettuce was first cultivated in 554:, exuded by cut stems. The name 65: 3750:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3729:from the original on 9 May 2024 3544:. CRC Press. pp. 147–148. 2960:"House Packing Western Lettuce" 2358:Natural History Museum (2022). 1404:A lettuce plant that has bolted 956:is grown for its stem, used in 479: 469: 459: 3538:Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). 3297:Rana, M. K. (2 October 2017). 2601:Fine Cooking Magazine (2011). 1377:) was 27 million tonnes, with 1247:weeds in lettuce cultivation. 515:, which delineate the various 290:. It is most often grown as a 1: 4345:Weaver, William Woys (1997). 4048:10.1080/10934529.2021.1968231 3966:"Impact of Vacuum Cooling on 3462:UC Pest Management Guidelines 3428:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.057 2802:Katz and Weaver, pp. 375–376. 2777:. GMO Compass. Archived from 2727:"Asteraceae tribe Cichorieae" 2607:. Taunton Press. p. 28. 2575:. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2276:Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall. 5108:Crops originating from Egypt 4251:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114752 4212:10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.022 3842:10.1080/09603123.2011.613114 2884:. In Pimentel, David (ed.). 2423:Porcher, Michael H. (2005). 1934:Percentages estimated using 445:in the second volume of his 373:Lettuce is a rich source of 4153:10.3390/antibiotics11111535 2764:Davey, et al., pp. 222–225. 2749:Harvard University Herbaria 1953:and meat dishes, soups and 1927:Link to USDA Database entry 1233:phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1002:There are several types or 927:, to broaden the available 381:, and a moderate source of 5129: 4349:. Henry Holt and Company. 4103:10.1016/j.wroa.2021.100119 3871:Davis, J. G.; Kendall, P. 3303:. CRC Press. p. 173. 3113:American Journal of Botany 3070:. Routledge. p. 335. 2888:. CRC Press. p. 313. 2362:. Natural History Museum. 1974:, and contains negligible 1258:Lettuce production – 2022 1099: 29: 4330:. Vol. 2. Scribner. 4191:Environment International 3928:10.3389/fmicb.2021.660047 3643:. National Public Radio. 3350:10.1017/S000748530004935X 2745:Missouri Botanical Garden 2743:– via eFloras.org, 2053:, the causative agent of 1933: 1923: 1919: 1895: 1887: 1758: 1754: 1571: 1567: 1560: 1556: 1536: 1532: 1512: 1508: 1468: 1464:58 kJ (14 kcal) 1361: 1257: 979:, a lettuce variety from 329:, from which the English 213: 206: 189: 182: 62:Scientific classification 60: 55: 46: 41: 3525:Katz and Weaver, p. 378. 3287:Katz and Weaver, p. 375. 2995:Katz and Weaver, p. 377. 2933:Twilley, Nicola (2024). 2515:Katz and Weaver, p. 376. 1994:(20% DV), with no other 1102:List of lettuce diseases 429:(lettuce) genus and the 32:Lettuce (disambiguation) 4239:Environmental Pollution 3064:Holden, Joseph (2013). 1936:US recommendations 1045:Burpee Seeds and Plants 893:Lettuce varieties will 821:tobacco-free cigarettes 690:, each with a modified 583: 577: 3412:Scientia Horticulturae 3300:Vegetable Crop Science 3155:Davey, et al., p. 241. 2967:California Agriculture 2747:, St. Louis, MO & 2050:Listeria monocytogenes 1940:the National Academies 1449:Lettuce (iceberg, raw) 1405: 1168:sesquiterpene lactones 1097: 1032: 983: 969: 961: 945: 871: 836: 764: 717:. As the anthers shed 640: 632: 620: 619:Lettuce inflorescences 560: 542: 536: 417: 405:Taxonomy and etymology 323: 4389:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 3877:from Garden to Plate" 3818:Salmonella braenderup 3762:10.1089/fpd.2008.0142 3373:Bradley, pp. 129–132. 3222:Renna (3 July 2007). 2812:Hart, George (2005). 2110:Salmonella braenderup 2093:Yersinia kristensenii 2080:species, which cause 2003:romaine (also called 1562:Vitamins and minerals 1403: 1092: 1027: 998:Cultivars (varieties) 975: 967: 951: 943: 866: 834: 759: 638: 626: 618: 412: 353:nutrient deficiencies 344:Generally grown as a 3994:10.1128/AEM.02811-07 2986:Weaver, pp. 173–174. 2923:Weaver, pp. 172–173. 2715:Weaver, pp. 175–176. 2503:Weaver, pp. 170–172. 2439:on 16 September 2012 2152:municipal wastewater 1170:, and other natural 1120:tarnished plant bugs 1085:Cultivation problems 968:A butterhead lettuce 952:The lettuce variety 801:Christopher Columbus 742:genetic modification 30:For other uses, see 4203:2019EnInt.122..270O 4095:2021WRX....1300119M 4040:2021JESHA..56.1138S 3986:2008ApEnM..74.3138L 3834:2012IJEHR..22..150G 2087:Yersinia intermedia 1667:Pantothenic acid (B 1450: 1245:herbicide-resistant 878:-rich soils with a 851:are often grown in 789:Hildegard of Bingen 595:, another term for 546:meaning "dairy" in 423:is a member of the 4089:(100119): 100119. 3921:(660047): 660047. 3797:on 9 November 2012 3390:on 19 October 2013 3269:on 18 January 2017 3234:Tribune Publishing 2224:on 2 November 2012 2082:campylobacteriosis 2037:Food-borne illness 1901:Other constituents 1406: 1098: 1033: 984: 970: 962: 946: 872: 849:heirloom varieties 837: 797:Joachim Camerarius 765: 734:selective breeding 641: 633: 621: 568:, originally from 418: 5083: 5082: 4934:Open Tree of Life 4577:Taxon identifiers 4356:978-0-8050-4025-8 4337:978-0-684-80565-8 4318:978-3-540-36752-9 4299:978-1-60529-677-7 4034:(10): 1138–1144. 3714:978-0-309-48834-1 3583:Los Angeles Times 3310:978-1-351-65279-7 3224:"Iceberg lettuce" 3119:(11): 1517–1530. 2895:978-1-4200-5361-6 2614:978-1-60085-303-6 2471:978-0-19-954906-1 1946: 1945: 1891: 1890: 1371: 1370: 1367: 448:Species Plantarum 319:ancient Egyptians 271: 270: 264: 248: 228: 219:Lactusca scariola 16:(Redirected from 5120: 5076: 5075: 5063: 5062: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5027: 5026: 5014: 5013: 5001: 5000: 4988: 4987: 4975: 4974: 4965: 4964: 4952: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4929: 4928: 4916: 4915: 4903: 4902: 4893: 4892: 4880: 4879: 4867: 4866: 4864:NBNSYS0000004538 4854: 4853: 4841: 4840: 4828: 4827: 4815: 4814: 4802: 4801: 4789: 4788: 4779: 4778: 4766: 4765: 4753: 4752: 4740: 4739: 4727: 4726: 4714: 4713: 4701: 4700: 4688: 4687: 4675: 4674: 4662: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4629: 4628: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4572: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4549: 4548:from Wikispecies 4541: 4540: 4539: 4532: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4514:from Wikiversity 4507: 4506: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4455: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4405: 4404: 4403: 4393: 4381: 4376: 4375: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4309:Transgenic Crops 4303: 4291: 4278:Cited literature 4271: 4270: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4155: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3968:Escherichia coli 3962:Osburn, Bennie I 3957: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3930: 3915:Front. Microbiol 3909:Escherichia coli 3902: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3783: 3774: 3773: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3632: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3535: 3526: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265:. Archived from 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3178:on 11 April 2012 3172:"Winter Lettuce" 3167: 3156: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3128: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045:on 15 March 2012 3035: 3012: 3011:Bradley, p. 129. 3009: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2976:on 15 June 2013. 2975: 2969:. Archived from 2964: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2861:on 22 March 2012 2851: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2751:, Cambridge, MA. 2742: 2740: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2642: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2504: 2501: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2368:10.5519/qwv6u7j5 2355: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2249:Lactuca serriola 2243: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2210: 1778: 1703: 1687: 1670: 1653: 1636: 1598:Vitamin A equiv. 1591: 1558: 1451: 1362: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1255: 1224:Botrytis cinerea 1075:Red leaf lettuce 900:Lactuca serriola 605:Byzantine period 586: 580: 572:, came from the 563: 545: 539: 527:, an aggressive 525:L. serriola 496:L. serriola 487:L. scariola 481: 477:L. scariola 471: 467:L. scariola 461: 457:Lactuca scariola 328: 313: 258: 252:L. scariola 238: 232:L. scariola 226: 195: 70: 69: 51: 39: 21: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5117: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5030: 5022: 5017: 5009: 5004: 4996: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4970: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4932: 4924: 4921:Observation.org 4919: 4911: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4862: 4857: 4849: 4844: 4836: 4831: 4823: 4818: 4810: 4805: 4797: 4792: 4784: 4782: 4774: 4769: 4761: 4756: 4748: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4722: 4717: 4709: 4704: 4696: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4670: 4665: 4657: 4655: 4647: 4645: 4637: 4632: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4579: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531:from Wikivoyage 4525: 4520: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4480:from Wikisource 4474: 4469: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4423: 4418: 4416: 4412:from Wiktionary 4406: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4392:sister projects 4391: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4357: 4344: 4338: 4325: 4319: 4306: 4300: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4024: 4023: 4019: 3980:(10): 3138–42. 3959: 3958: 3954: 3907:"Prevalence of 3904: 3903: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3883:on 5 March 2012 3870: 3869: 3865: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3785: 3784: 3777: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3715: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3682: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3634: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3552: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3510: 3508: 3501: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3365: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3311: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3259:Tesco Real Food 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3229:Chicago Tribune 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3169: 3168: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3126:10.2307/2446479 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3078: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3015: 3010: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2896: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2738: 2736: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2690:on 19 June 2012 2687: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2657:on 17 July 2012 2644: 2643: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2615: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2558:Weaver, p. 172. 2557: 2550: 2543: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2472: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2195: 2167:enteric viruses 2127:Giardia lamblia 2039: 1968: 1929: 1924: 1882: 1869: 1856: 1843: 1830: 1817: 1804: 1791: 1779: 1749: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1677: 1668: 1660: 1651: 1643: 1634: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1592: 1563: 1552: 1547: 1528: 1523: 1484: 1479: 1423: 1418: 1394: 1334: 1332: 1316: 1314: 1298: 1296: 1280: 1278: 1268: 1266: 1253: 1104: 1087: 1000: 958:Chinese cooking 888:water footprint 829: 778:romaine lettuce 761:Romaine lettuce 754: 682:(also known as 627:Mature lettuce 613: 597:romaine lettuce 517:cultivar groups 451:. Synonyms for 407: 311: 306:was 27 million 267: 202: 197: 191: 178: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5064: 5060:wfo-0000128816 5051: 5041: 5028: 5015: 5002: 4989: 4976: 4966: 4962:Lactuca sativa 4953: 4949:Lactuca_sativa 4943: 4930: 4917: 4904: 4894: 4881: 4868: 4855: 4842: 4829: 4816: 4803: 4790: 4780: 4767: 4754: 4741: 4728: 4715: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4663: 4653: 4643: 4630: 4620: 4615:Lactuca sativa 4605: 4589: 4587: 4585:Lactuca sativa 4581: 4580: 4575: 4568: 4567: 4550: 4533: 4516: 4499: 4497:from Wikibooks 4482: 4465: 4463:from Wikiquote 4448: 4431: 4414: 4385: 4383: 4382: 4366: 4365:External links 4363: 4362: 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4323: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4229: 4177: 4126: 4069: 4017: 3952: 3894: 3863: 3828:(2): 150–155. 3808: 3775: 3756:(6): 731–746. 3740: 3713: 3692: 3658: 3627: 3600: 3569: 3550: 3527: 3518: 3499: 3479: 3468:on 7 July 2012 3449: 3401: 3375: 3363: 3344:(1): 147–160. 3328: 3309: 3289: 3280: 3246: 3214: 3202:www.rhs.org.uk 3189: 3170:Miles, Carol. 3157: 3148: 3095: 3076: 3056: 3013: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2950: 2943: 2925: 2913: 2894: 2872: 2843: 2824: 2804: 2792: 2781:on 11 May 2012 2766: 2754: 2717: 2701: 2668: 2632: 2613: 2590: 2571:Lactuca sativa 2560: 2548: 2541: 2517: 2505: 2489: 2470: 2450: 2415: 2404:on 8 June 2012 2396:Lactuca sativa 2385: 2350: 2331:Lactuca sativa 2320: 2295: 2268: 2257:on 5 June 2012 2235: 2216:Lactuca sativa 2197: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2038: 2035: 1996:micronutrients 1967: 1964: 1944: 1943: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1656: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1639: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412:domestically. 1393: 1390: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1275: 1274: 1264: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1203:powdery mildew 1187:viral diseases 1086: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1072: 1068: 1062: 1059: 1052: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1022: 1021: 1011: 999: 996: 828: 825: 817:seed companies 810:vacuum cooling 753: 750: 680:inflorescences 612: 609: 570:Middle English 501:L. sativa 453:L. sativa 421:Lactuca sativa 406: 403: 292:leaf vegetable 286:of the family 279:Lactuca sativa 269: 268: 266: 265: 249: 229: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 198: 193:Lactuca sativa 187: 186: 180: 179: 175:L. sativa 172: 170: 166: 165: 158: 154: 153: 148: 144: 143: 138: 134: 133: 128: 121: 120: 115: 108: 107: 102: 95: 94: 89: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5125: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5086: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4565:from Wikidata 4564: 4563: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4528:Travel guides 4517: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4466: 4462: 4461: 4449: 4446:from Wikinews 4445: 4444: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3628: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3570: 3557: 3553: 3551:0-8493-8804-X 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3506: 3502: 3500:0-12-373675-7 3496: 3492: 3491: 3483: 3480: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3329: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3079: 3077:9780203489413 3073: 3069: 3068: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2944:9780735223288 2940: 2936: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2831: 2827: 2825:1-134-28424-1 2821: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2686: 2679: 2672: 2669: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2542:0-19-863121-9 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2308: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2256: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2162:bacteriophage 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2077:Campylobacter 2073: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2031:dietary fiber 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:beta-carotene 2016: 2012: 2008: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:carbohydrates 1965: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1697: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1674: 1672: 1664: 1657: 1655: 1650:Riboflavin (B 1647: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1603: 1602:beta-Carotene 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1501: 1500:Dietary fiber 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1476:Carbohydrates 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1444: 1443:Caesar salads 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1398: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1342: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1305:United States 1295: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:Aster yellows 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1026: 1019: 1018:Caesar salads 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1005: 997: 995: 993: 989: 988:cryogenically 982: 978: 974: 966: 959: 955: 950: 942: 938: 936: 935: 930: 926: 925: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 870: 865: 861: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 833: 826: 824: 822: 818: 813: 811: 805: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 770: 769:ancient Egypt 762: 758: 751: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 665: 662: 656: 654: 650: 646: 645:Mediterranean 639:Lettuce seeds 637: 630: 629:inflorescence 625: 617: 610: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 579: 575: 571: 567: 562: 557: 553: 549: 544: 538: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497: 492: 488: 484: 478: 474: 468: 464: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 443:Carl Linnaeus 440: 436: 432: 428: 427: 422: 415: 411: 404: 402: 400: 399: 394: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 327: 326: 320: 315: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280: 275: 262: 257: 253: 250: 246: 242: 237: 233: 230: 225: 221: 220: 216: 215: 212: 209: 205: 201: 196: 194: 188: 185: 184:Binomial name 181: 177: 176: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 159: 156: 155: 152: 149: 146: 145: 142: 139: 136: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 122: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92:Tracheophytes 90: 87: 84: 83: 80: 77: 74: 73: 68: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5085: 4584: 4560: 4543: 4526: 4509: 4492: 4475: 4458: 4441: 4429:from Commons 4424: 4407: 4386: 4346: 4327: 4308: 4287: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4146:(11): 1535. 4143: 4139: 4129: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4031: 4027: 4020: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3955: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3885:. Retrieved 3881:the original 3874: 3873:"Preventing 3866: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3795:the original 3790: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3703: 3695: 3683:. Retrieved 3674: 3661: 3649:. Retrieved 3640: 3630: 3618:. Retrieved 3591:. Retrieved 3582: 3572: 3560:. Retrieved 3540: 3521: 3509:. Retrieved 3489: 3482: 3470:. Retrieved 3466:the original 3461: 3452: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3388:the original 3378: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3321:28 September 3319:. Retrieved 3299: 3292: 3283: 3271:. Retrieved 3267:the original 3258: 3249: 3237:. Retrieved 3227: 3217: 3205:. Retrieved 3201: 3192: 3180:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3151: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3066: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3043:the original 2991: 2982: 2971:the original 2966: 2953: 2934: 2928: 2904:. Retrieved 2885: 2875: 2863:. Retrieved 2859:the original 2834:. Retrieved 2814: 2807: 2783:. Retrieved 2779:the original 2769: 2739:24 September 2737:. Retrieved 2731: 2720: 2692:. 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Retrieved 2222:the original 2215: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2125: 2122:Norwalk-like 2109: 2103: 2097: 2096:(species of 2091: 2085: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2048: 2040: 2015:provitamin A 2004: 2000: 1969: 1960:lettuce soup 1947: 1905: 1900: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1542: 1518: 1474: 1439: 1424: 1410: 1407: 1395: 1385: 1383: 1372: 1355: 1350: 1236: 1227:, for which 1222: 1215:lettuce drop 1207:downy mildew 1195:mosaic virus 1189:, including 1184: 1144:caterpillars 1140:flea beetles 1105: 1080: 1001: 985: 976: 932: 922: 916: 912: 908: 898: 892: 873: 857:transplanted 845:overwintered 838: 814: 806: 786: 766: 731: 684:flower heads 673: 666: 657: 642: 592: 588: 565: 555: 533: 524: 520: 500: 494: 489:is itself a 486: 483:integrifolia 482: 476: 472: 466: 462: 456: 452: 446: 424: 420: 419: 413: 396: 390: 372: 363: 356: 343: 330: 316: 284:annual plant 278: 277: 273: 272: 256:integrifolia 255: 251: 235: 231: 223: 217: 192: 190: 174: 173: 161: 124: 111: 98: 85: 36: 4846:NatureServe 4771:iNaturalist 4609:Wikispecies 4409:Definitions 4379:Food portal 4197:: 270–280. 4140:Antibiotics 4083:Water Res X 3422:: 452–459. 3207:14 November 3088:12 November 2378:17 December 2118:calicivirus 2114:hepatitis A 2055:listeriosis 1988:Daily Value 1633:Thiamine (B 1128:leafhoppers 934:L. tatarica 913:L. serriola 853:cold frames 827:Cultivation 611:Description 105:Angiosperms 5092:Categories 4980:Plant List 4656:Calflora: 4460:Quotations 4292:. Rodale. 4245:: 114752. 3511:10 January 3273:16 January 2482:10 January 2193:References 2173:pathogens 2105:Salmonella 2059:shelf life 2042:Food-borne 2017:compound, 1837:Phosphorus 1610:zeaxanthin 1251:Production 1240:resistance 1237:B. cinerea 1211:bottom rot 1180:glycosides 1164:groundhogs 1156:ghost moth 1136:leafminers 1100:See also: 977:Prajzerica 918:L. saligna 911:, such as 869:polytunnel 678:, lettuce 676:Cichorieae 653:variegated 574:Old French 509:subspecies 431:Asteraceae 398:Salmonella 288:Asteraceae 151:Asteraceae 4985:gcc-89778 4737:200024117 4724:200024117 4511:Resources 4267:218679107 4064:237282172 3614:"Lettuce" 3436:0304-4238 3358:1475-2670 3255:"Lettuce" 3039:"Lettuce" 2906:6 October 2836:6 October 2775:"Lettuce" 2651:New Crops 2625:6 October 2425:"Sorting 2179:AR E.coli 2175:resistant 2071:Aeromonas 2045:pathogens 2011:vitamin A 1992:vitamin K 1990:, DV) of 1966:Nutrition 1955:stir-frys 1951:bean curd 1850:Potassium 1824:Manganese 1811:Magnesium 1743:Vitamin K 1730:Vitamin E 1717:Vitamin C 1700:Folate (B 1684:Vitamin B 1219:gray mold 1172:phenolics 1116:nematodes 1112:wireworms 1004:cultivars 992:half-life 929:gene pool 924:L. virosa 782:Columella 746:herbicide 727:dispersal 712:bipartite 694:called a 513:varieties 473:integrata 435:sunflower 414:L. sativa 379:vitamin A 375:vitamin K 368:gene pool 357:L. sativa 339:varieties 236:integrata 169:Species: 141:Asterales 75:Kingdom: 5044:VASCAN: 5032:Tropicos 4946:PalDat: 4851:2.159167 4812:10209453 4799:228239-1 4646:BioLib: 4594:Wikidata 4259:32417582 4221:30449627 4172:36358190 4121:34585133 4056:34427159 4012:18344328 3964:(2008). 3947:34093474 3887:26 March 3858:27881973 3850:21916661 3801:19 April 3770:18847382 3727:Archived 3723:30844154 3685:28 March 3679:Archived 3669:(2024). 3645:Archived 3620:16 April 3587:Archived 3562:22 March 3556:Archived 3505:Archived 3444:90436989 3420:Elsevier 3315:Archived 3182:26 March 3143:21680311 3082:Archived 3049:25 March 2900:Archived 2865:26 March 2830:Archived 2694:11 April 2661:11 April 2619:Archived 2583:27 March 2577:Archived 2476:Archived 2372:Archived 2343:27 March 2337:Archived 2313:16 April 2282:Archived 2143:Shigella 2099:Yersinia 2063:Listeria 1984:calories 1906:Quantity 1831:0.125 mg 1771:Quantity 1765:Minerals 1694:0.042 mg 1678:0.091 mg 1661:0.025 mg 1644:0.041 mg 1584:Quantity 1578:Vitamins 1435:poaching 1427:Domitian 1421:Culinary 1363:Source: 1267:millions 1263:Country 1191:big vein 1176:flavonol 1174:such as 1108:cutworms 1071:lettuce. 1049:icebergs 876:nitrogen 631:in fruit 455:include 282:) is an 208:Synonyms 147:Family: 131:Asterids 118:Eudicots 42:Lettuce 18:Lettuces 5113:Lactuca 5098:Lettuce 5073:1099606 5037:2710604 4885:NTFlora 4833:MoBotPF 4750:7403263 4494:Recipes 4387:Lettuce 4199:Bibcode 4163:9686710 4112:8452883 4091:Bibcode 4036:Bibcode 4003:2394940 3982:Bibcode 3938:8172605 3875:E. coli 3830:Bibcode 3733:21 June 3651:5 April 3641:NPR.org 3593:30 June 3472:3 April 3394:5 April 3239:22 June 3135:2446479 3107:Lactuca 2785:3 April 2443:2 April 2427:Lactuca 2408:2 April 2280:. BBC. 2261:2 April 2228:2 April 2186:E. coli 2156:E. coli 2148:E. coli 2138:O157:H7 2023:calcium 1976:protein 1883:0.15 mg 1805:0.41 mg 1785:Calcium 1750:24.1 μg 1737:0.18 mg 1544:Protein 1392:Markets 1386:Lactuca 1375:chicory 1160:rabbits 1095:bolting 1065:Celtuce 1030:Austria 1014:Romaine 981:Croatia 954:celtuce 909:Lactuca 905:Celtuce 793:herbals 752:History 723:obovate 704:anthers 688:florets 669:bolting 661:taproot 649:Siberia 589:romaine 584:laitues 566:lettuce 556:Lactuca 537:lactuca 521:Lactuca 491:synonym 426:Lactuca 392:E. coli 364:Lactuca 360:crosses 335:herbals 331:lettuce 325:lactuca 304:chicory 300:celtuce 274:Lettuce 227:(Moris) 162:Lactuca 157:Genus: 137:Order: 79:Plantae 5024:106151 4993:PLANTS 4939:515700 4897:NZOR: 4838:263870 4776:122976 4711:156510 4685:468144 4639:166624 4623:APDB: 4600:Q83193 4353: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4265: 4257: 4219: 4170: 4160: 4119: 4109: 4062: 4054: 4010: 4000: 3945: 3935: 3856: 3848: 3768: 3721: 3711: 3548: 3497: 3442: 3434: 3356: 3307: 3141: 3133: 3074: 2941: 2892: 2822: 2611: 2539: 2468: 2429:Names" 2288:17 May 2160:AP205 2136:E.coli 2120:and a 2084:; and 1915:95.6 g 1863:Sodium 1857:141 mg 1724:2.8 mg 1626:277 μg 1623:299 μg 1607:lutein 1527:0.14 g 1490:Sugars 1460:Energy 1338: 1320: 1302: 1284: 1271:tonnes 1152:snails 1132:thrips 1124:aphids 921:, and 719:pollen 715:stigma 700:ligule 696:pappus 578:letues 561:sativa 505:groups 463:sativa 383:folate 349:annual 312: 308:tonnes 296:salads 261:G.Beck 224:sativa 5103:Crops 5068:WoRMS 4998:LASA3 4972:11574 4969:PFI: 4908:NZPCN 4825:36607 4807:IRMNG 4783:IPA: 4763:21360 4706:EUNIS 4698:LACSA 4672:3RTC5 4659:10034 4649:41651 4626:99979 4477:Texts 4426:Media 4263:S2CID 4060:S2CID 3854:S2CID 3440:S2CID 3263:Tesco 3131:JSTOR 2974:(PDF) 2963:(PDF) 2688:(PDF) 2681:(PDF) 1912:Water 1870:10 mg 1844:20 mg 1792:18 mg 1711:29 μg 1618:25 μg 1551:0.9 g 1504:1.2 g 1494:2.0 g 1483:3.0 g 1431:salad 1379:China 1351:World 1341:Spain 1323:India 1291:15.0 1287:China 1148:slugs 895:cross 841:hardy 738:latex 708:style 692:calyx 552:latex 548:Latin 439:aster 416:seeds 346:hardy 254:var. 245:Godr. 241:Gren. 234:var. 222:var. 125:Clade 112:Clade 99:Clade 86:Clade 5047:3268 5006:POWO 4957:PfaF 4926:6934 4913:3353 4877:4236 4872:NCBI 4820:ITIS 4794:IPNI 4786:9437 4758:GRIN 4745:GBIF 4693:EPPO 4634:APNI 4562:Data 4545:Taxa 4443:News 4351:ISBN 4332:ISBN 4313:ISBN 4294:ISBN 4255:PMID 4217:PMID 4168:PMID 4117:PMID 4052:PMID 4008:PMID 3943:PMID 3889:2012 3846:PMID 3803:2012 3766:PMID 3735:2024 3719:PMID 3709:ISBN 3687:2024 3653:2018 3622:2024 3595:2012 3564:2020 3546:ISBN 3513:2016 3495:ISBN 3474:2012 3432:ISSN 3396:2012 3354:ISSN 3323:2021 3305:ISBN 3275:2017 3241:2011 3209:2022 3184:2012 3139:PMID 3090:2019 3072:ISBN 3051:2012 2939:ISBN 2908:2020 2890:ISBN 2867:2012 2838:2020 2820:ISBN 2787:2012 2741:2012 2696:2012 2663:2012 2627:2020 2609:ISBN 2585:2012 2537:ISBN 2484:2016 2466:ISBN 2445:2012 2410:2012 2380:2015 2345:2010 2315:2024 2290:2013 2263:2012 2230:2012 2158:and 2140:and 2090:and 2027:iron 2025:and 1978:and 1876:Zinc 1818:7 mg 1798:Iron 1416:Uses 1356:27.1 1345:1.0 1327:1.2 1309:3.3 1229:UV-C 1217:and 1205:and 1178:and 1162:and 1150:and 1122:and 1114:and 884:bolt 710:and 529:weed 511:and 493:for 480:var. 475:and 470:var. 460:var. 395:and 387:iron 385:and 377:and 310:, 53 243:and 5055:WFO 5019:RHS 4890:594 4859:NBN 4732:FoC 4719:FNA 4680:EoL 4667:CoL 4247:doi 4243:264 4226:PDF 4207:doi 4195:122 4158:PMC 4148:doi 4107:PMC 4099:doi 4044:doi 4032:566 3998:PMC 3990:doi 3933:PMC 3923:doi 3838:doi 3758:doi 3675:FDA 3424:doi 3416:235 3346:doi 3121:doi 2533:300 2364:doi 2005:cos 1980:fat 1776:%DV 1748:20% 1589:%DV 1520:Fat 1269:of 774:Min 647:to 601:Kos 593:cos 581:or 543:lac 437:or 5094:: 5070:: 5057:: 5034:: 5021:: 5008:: 4995:: 4982:: 4959:: 4936:: 4923:: 4910:: 4887:: 4874:: 4861:: 4848:: 4835:: 4822:: 4809:: 4796:: 4773:: 4760:: 4747:: 4734:: 4721:: 4708:: 4695:: 4682:: 4669:: 4636:: 4611:: 4596:: 4261:. 4253:. 4241:. 4215:. 4205:. 4193:. 4189:. 4166:. 4156:. 4144:11 4142:. 4138:. 4115:. 4105:. 4097:. 4087:13 4085:. 4081:. 4058:. 4050:. 4042:. 4030:. 4006:. 3996:. 3988:. 3978:74 3976:. 3972:. 3941:. 3931:. 3919:12 3917:. 3913:. 3897:^ 3852:. 3844:. 3836:. 3826:22 3824:. 3789:. 3778:^ 3764:. 3752:. 3725:. 3717:. 3677:. 3673:. 3639:. 3603:^ 3585:. 3581:. 3554:. 3530:^ 3503:. 3460:. 3438:. 3430:. 3418:. 3414:. 3366:^ 3352:. 3342:55 3340:. 3313:. 3261:. 3257:. 3232:. 3226:. 3200:. 3160:^ 3137:. 3129:. 3117:85 3115:. 3111:. 3080:. 3016:^ 3000:^ 2965:. 2916:^ 2898:. 2846:^ 2828:. 2795:^ 2757:^ 2704:^ 2635:^ 2617:. 2593:^ 2551:^ 2535:. 2508:^ 2492:^ 2474:. 2431:. 2398:L" 2370:. 2333:L" 2298:^ 2251:L" 2238:^ 2201:^ 2130:. 2116:, 2009:, 1962:. 1881:1% 1868:0% 1855:5% 1842:2% 1829:5% 1816:2% 1803:2% 1790:1% 1735:1% 1722:3% 1709:7% 1692:2% 1676:2% 1659:2% 1642:3% 1621:3% 1616:3% 1213:, 1146:, 1056:UK 937:. 915:, 880:pH 839:A 607:. 507:, 485:. 465:, 401:. 200:L. 127:: 114:: 101:: 88:: 4395:: 4359:. 4340:. 4321:. 4302:. 4269:. 4249:: 4223:. 4209:: 4201:: 4174:. 4150:: 4123:. 4101:: 4093:: 4066:. 4046:: 4038:: 4014:. 3992:: 3984:: 3949:. 3925:: 3891:. 3860:. 3840:: 3832:: 3805:. 3772:. 3760:: 3754:5 3737:. 3689:. 3655:. 3624:. 3597:. 3566:. 3515:. 3476:. 3446:. 3426:: 3398:. 3360:. 3348:: 3325:. 3277:. 3243:. 3211:. 3186:. 3145:. 3123:: 3092:. 3053:. 2947:. 2910:. 2869:. 2840:. 2789:. 2698:. 2665:. 2629:. 2587:. 2573:" 2569:" 2545:. 2486:. 2447:. 2412:. 2394:" 2382:. 2366:: 2347:. 2329:" 2317:. 2292:. 2265:. 2247:" 2232:. 2218:" 2214:" 2007:) 1942:. 1704:) 1702:9 1686:6 1671:) 1669:5 1654:) 1652:2 1637:) 1635:1 1020:. 960:. 540:( 433:( 276:( 263:) 259:( 247:) 239:( 34:. 20:)

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