20:
28:
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background as well, in function of their adoption of the elusive
Levantine culture and lifestyle or integration into the local economy and social life. Typical Levantines acted at the top of the hierarchy of class of intermediaries governing the relations of the Ottoman Empire with the outside world;
246:
This move by the rich and by foreign representatives was actually at the origin of the growth of the town in the 19th century, which used to be a small forestry village till then. The residences these new settlers built at that time, and most of which have come to our day and saw restoration, carry
564:
railway, completed in 1866 and crossing right in front of mansions, to the influence of the Forbes family, who would have wanted it closer to their residence for easier rides. But that accomplishment is disputed by the Rees and
Baltazzi families who also left magnificent residences to Buca and who
555:
The most famous and imposing 19th-century residence in Buca is that of the David Forbes the younger, of MacAndrews and Forbes, Licorice manufacturers fame. Situated on the top of a hill, the mansion has an impressive appearance and view and is being very slowly restored. Buca municipality plans to
188:
Practically extinguished in the course of the political upheavals that shook Egypt and
Lebanon in the 20th century, Levantine background and culture remains the most vivacious in Turkey, where it is considered one of the inherent elements of the overall social tissue. While many migrated back to
489:
but is not closed to visitors who may drop by. Pandespanian mansion is managed by the same university as a restaurant-café, while the more discreet residences of
Steinbuchel and Giraud played important roles in Turkey's power spheres. The day after the re-capture of İzmir by the
65:) in the city by a number of features, as well as by their history. The families who owned them, the notable visitors they hosted in these houses, their testimonial destinies through the historic events of the city, make them an important part of İzmir's common heritage.
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coincide the restoration with the development of a vast park comprising seven artificial lakes in order to thematize the whole quarter comprising a dozen 19th-century residences. A persisting rumor attributes the unusual curve traced in Buca by the
690:, who was moving into İzmir from that island. The mansion is known today under Durmuş Yaşar's name and serves as a cultural center. The two others are recently restored, and the first floor of the Van Der Zee mansion has been put by the
539:
consulate in İzmir moved there following the 1676 plague and the 1688 earthquake that seriously shook İzmir's core as an international trade center. Its rich
Levantine residents who acquired the surrounding
177:
coming before, generally richer than, and individually collaborating and socially in competition with the locals, all on the background of the decline of the Empire, in a regime characterized by the
535:
Buca, situated slightly inland like
Bornova, on the higher ground that commands the southern shores of the tip of the Gulf of İzmir, started to develop as of the end of the 17th century when the
513:
There are several other 19th-century houses of note, such as the Paggy, Charnaud, Kanalaki, Barry and
Maltass houses and the Well house. Maltass house is the residence of the mayor of İzmir,
168:, also followed suit, as long as they could introduce themselves to the tightly knit community. And although they usually shunned the term, it could be applied to settlers of
552:
and who preferred
Bornova. But in the case both of Bornova and of Buca, the concentration in terms of respective backgrounds was far from having an exclusive nature.
829:
231:
Bornova was favoured very early by
European/Levantine merchants and foreign consuls who sought to flee the sometimes stagnantly hot summer weather in central
96:" was used more frequently, as an imprecise geographical notion, in reference to the region considered to be starting from the easternmost shores of the
54:, dating principally from the 19th century and of which a significant number remain intact by being restored and continuing to be used and visited.
834:
473:, and of whom the first generation is attested to have come to Turkey in the first quarter of the 19th century. On a visit to İzmir, the sultan
839:
239:
on the immediate slopes of which the town of
Bornova started out, at a distance of about five kilometers inland starting from the tip of the
178:
247:
the prestigious names of former owners as Whittall, Maltass, Peterson, Giraud, Edwards, Belhomme, Pandespanian. There is a small
482:
790:
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According to one estimate, by 1868, British capitalist-farmers had acquired one third of all arable lands in the entire
456:
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521:(built in 1859), half-restored and the other half in decay, and which commands a large park in the heart of Bornova.
104:, the historic community generally known under the denomination of the "Levantines" gained prominence principally in
763:
251:
named the "Church of Santa Maria", also dating from the 19th century, in the main square of Bornova, as well as an
27:
498:
stayed in the Steinbuchel mansion, owned in 1922 by the English Wood family. A descendant of the Giraud family,
80:, which are located slightly inland, or in the case of a few built more recently, in the coastal district of
687:
565:
claim the curve to be of their own making. The Baltazzis are no other than the maternal family of Baroness
499:
503:
715:
683:
495:
679:
570:
256:
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are the Alliotti, Van Der Zee and Löhner mansions. The first was built by a prominent family of
202:
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Osmanlı Ekonomisi ve Dünya Kapitalizmi - Ottoman economy and the world capitalism (1820-1913)
469:
The "Grand House" in Bornova was that of the Whittall family of merchants, who originated in
518:
514:
273:
240:
117:
39:
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Levantine mansions were the favoured residential quarters for the city's richer classes of
767:
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as of the 16th century, along with the first merchant adventurers in the region and the
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origins in 1914 and was exchanged in the 1920s, when the family was moving to the then
667:
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485:) in 1886 for several days. Their mansion serves today as the rectorate building of
16:
Thirty stately residences in İzmir, Turkey, dating principally from the 19th century
491:
182:
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791:"The reflection of the Levantine culture on the architectural identity of Izmir"
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which is one of the largest family-owned industrial conglomerates in the world.
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origins and are mostly situated in the modern-day metropolitan districts of
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Explanations are not given for private residences. "AE" refers to
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217:). They characteristically preserve intense international ties.
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The three most important Levantine landmarks still existing in
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124:. It was applied primarily, but not exclusively, to people of
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backgrounds, as opposed to those who originally came from
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in name) and by 1878 the majority of the arable land. -
156:, as well as people who were originally issued from the
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period. During the 19th century and early 20th century,
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stayed in their house on 20 April 1863, as well as the
235:to seek the cooler breeze of the slopes of the
694:to the service of the public in the form of a
46:) refer to about thirty stately residences in
136:, or other Mediterranean origin who lived in
57:These residences differ from the traditional
8:
813:Levantine Heritage: The story of a community
449:Still a used cemetery with binding criteria
517:. A special mention should be made for the
796:. European Association for Urban History,
770:Photographs of the residences and the park
461:Used as the Catholic Church and dominates
437:Used once a month to serve the diminished
343:Formerly part of Charlton Whittall Estate
280:Currently, only very partially restored
185:and outside intervention into politics.
26:
18:
707:
678:, with the property there belonging to
292:Restored for use as youth center by AE
626:Restored by Yaşar Group of Companies
597:Restored in 2003 by the municipality
7:
433:St. Mary's Magdalene Anglican Church
607:Restored for use as a social venue
140:and its former provinces since the
193:, many others continue to live in
14:
830:Buildings and structures in İzmir
584:Levantine landmarks of Karşıyaka
439:Anglican congregation of Bornova
302:Restored for use as AE Rectorate
289:("Murad House", "Fairy's House")
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331:Restored in 2008 for use by AE
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265:Levantine landmarks of Bornova
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100:, roughly covering present-day
1:
840:Ottoman architecture in Izmir
116:. The term became current in
835:Tourist attractions in İzmir
209:(mostly in the districts of
197:(mostly in the districts of
164:Ottoman minorities or even
36:Levantine mansions of İzmir
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655:
636:In use as Catholic Church
528:
400:Used as municipal library
224:
692:Municipality of Karşıyaka
632:St. Helen Catholic Church
445:Bornova Anglican Cemetery
337:Former English Club House
31:Karşıyaka, Alliotti house
726:; Yurt Yayınları, 1984,
457:Bornova Catholic Church
381:Restored for use by AE
371:Restored for use by AE
298:Charlton Whittall House
44:İzmir Levanten köşkleri
23:Karşıyaka, Löhner house
308:Richard Whittall House
181:and other privileges,
43:
32:
24:
646:Still a cosmopolitan
312:Awaiting restoration
30:
22:
761:Municipality of Buca
506:, the president of
500:Caroline Giraud Koç
496:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
463:the central square
92:Although the term "
845:Italian Levantines
766:2007-01-18 at the
642:Club Petrococchino
571:Mayerling Incident
451:concerning burial
406:Pandespanian House
33:
25:
749:Aegean University
682:, the founder of
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603:Van Der Zee House
502:is the spouse of
467:
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415:Steinbüchel House
387:Pierre Pagy House
377:La Fontaine House
98:Mediterranean Sea
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801:
795:
771:
758:
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735:
716:vilayet of İzmir
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698:(Eski Ev Café).
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519:Paterson Mansion
274:Paterson Mansion
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118:English language
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688:Dodecanese Turk
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479:Prince of Wales
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340:("Well House")
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327:Wilkinson House
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249:Catholic Church
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807:External links
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787:Koç University
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745:Ege University
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656:Main article:
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650:near the pier
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225:Main article:
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122:Levant Company
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684:Yaşar Holding
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613:Penetti House
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587:Explanations
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567:Maria Vetsera
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268:Explanations
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241:Gulf of İzmir
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179:capitulations
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732:Şevket Pamuk
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710:
680:Durmuş Yaşar
661:
593:Löhner House
554:
534:
512:
492:Turkish army
481:(later King
468:
257:Episcopalian
245:
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187:
183:foreign debt
91:
67:
56:
35:
34:
785:Onur İnal,
508:Koç Holding
504:Mustafa Koç
824:Categories
674:island of
367:Bari House
318:Davy House
61:mansions (
798:Stockholm
702:Footnotes
664:Karşıyaka
658:Karşıyaka
577:Karşıyaka
542:vineyards
475:Abdülaziz
203:Nişantaşı
158:Christian
150:Austrians
82:Karşıyaka
764:Archived
483:George V
259:chapel.
253:Anglican
195:Istanbul
174:American
154:Russians
126:Venetian
778:Sources
672:Italian
668:Italian
550:Britain
227:Bornova
221:Bornova
211:Bornova
199:Beyoğlu
170:British
146:Germans
142:Ottoman
130:Genoese
114:Lebanon
88:Origins
78:Bornova
70:Western
59:Ottoman
40:Turkish
728:Ankara
686:and a
676:Rhodes
573:fame.
537:French
205:) and
191:Europe
162:Jewish
138:Turkey
134:French
106:Turkey
94:Levant
52:Turkey
794:(PDF)
730:; by
720:Aydın
569:, of
562:Aydın
558:İzmir
546:Latin
233:İzmir
207:İzmir
166:Turks
110:Egypt
102:Syria
63:konak
48:İzmir
696:café
648:café
531:Buca
525:Buca
215:Buca
213:and
201:and
112:and
76:and
74:Buca
172:or
160:or
826::
789:.
751:).
494:,
243:.
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108:,
84:.
50:,
42::
800:.
747:(
734:.
718:(
560:-
255:-
38:(
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