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80:(ACS) and passing a site review by the Verification Review Committee. Official designation as a trauma center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their specific capabilities and are identified by "Level" designation, Level I (Level-1) being the highest and Level III (Level-3) being the lowest (some states have four or five designated levels).
562:
also be a Level II pediatric trauma center because pediatric trauma surgery is a specialty unto itself. Adult trauma surgeons are not generally specialized in providing surgical trauma care to children and vice versa, and the difference in practice is significant. In contrast to adult trauma centers, pediatric trauma centers only have two ratings, either level I or level II.
574:
588:
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A Level IV trauma center exists in some states in which the resources do not exist for a Level III trauma center. It provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. It may also provide surgery and critical-care services, as defined in the
525:
A Level II trauma center works in collaboration with a Level I center. It provides comprehensive trauma care and supplements the clinical expertise of a Level I institution. It provides 24-hour availability of all essential specialties, personnel, and equipment. Oftentimes, level II centers possess
392:
designate hospitals as trauma centers. Numerous U.S. hospitals that are not verified by ACS claim trauma center designation. Most states have legislation that determines the process for designation of trauma centers within that state. The ACS describes this responsibility as "a geopolitical process
561:
A facility can be designated an adult trauma center, a pediatric trauma center, or an adult and pediatric trauma center. If a hospital provides trauma care to both adult and pediatric patients, the level designation may not be the same for each group. For example, a Level I adult trauma center may
552:
A Level V trauma center provides initial evaluation, stabilization, diagnostic capabilities, and transfer to a higher level of care. They may provide surgical and critical-care services, as defined in the service's scope of trauma care services. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and
534:
A Level III trauma center does not have the full availability of specialists but has resources for emergency resuscitation, surgery, and intensive care of most trauma patients. A Level III center has transfer agreements with Level I or Level II trauma centers that provide back-up resources for the
376:(ACS) or local state governments, from Level I (comprehensive service) to Level III (limited-care). The different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for trauma care in
115:, as well as a wide variety of highly specialized and sophisticated surgical and diagnostic equipment. Lower levels of trauma centers may be able to provide only initial care and stabilization of a traumatic injury and arrange for transfer of the patient to a higher level of trauma care.
403:. TIEP maintains an inventory of trauma centers in the US, collects data and develops information related to the causes, treatment and outcomes of injury, and facilitates the exchange of information among trauma care institutions, care providers, researchers, payers and policymakers.
544:
scope of services for trauma care. A trauma-trained nurse is immediately available, and physicians are available upon the patient's arrival in the
Emergency Department. Transfer agreements exist with other trauma centers of higher levels, for use when conditions warrant a transfer.
340:, "the nature of injuries at Sunnybrook has changed over the years. When the trauma centre first opened in 1976, about 98 per cent of patients suffered from blunt-force trauma caused by accidents and falls. Now, as many as 20 per cent of patients arrive with gunshot and
425:
patients. Being treated at a Level I trauma center can reduce mortality by 25% compared to a non-trauma center. It has a full range of specialists and equipment available 24 hours a day and admits a minimum required annual volume of severely injured patients.
171:
is a disease process unto itself requiring specialised and experienced multidisciplinary treatment and specialised resources. The world's first trauma centre, the first hospital to be established specifically to treat injured rather than ill patients, was the
1208:
526:
critical care services capable of caring for almost all injury types indefinitely. Minimum volume requirements may depend on local conditions. Such institutions are not required to have an ongoing program of research or a surgical residency program.
118:
The operation of a trauma center is often expensive and some areas may be underserved by trauma centers because of that expense. As there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely.
393:
by which empowered entities, government or otherwise, are authorized to designate." The ACS's self-appointed mission is limited to confirming and reporting on any given hospital's ability to comply with the ACS standard of care known as
516:
Most Level I trauma centers are teaching hospitals/campuses. Additionally, a Level I center has a program of research, is a leader in trauma education and injury prevention, and is a referral resource for communities in nearby regions.
267:
In the United States, Robert J. Baker and Robert J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County
Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 16, 1966. The concept of a shock trauma center was also developed at the
1130:
1142:
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designations. Additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS. These levels may range from Level I to Level IV. Some hospitals are less-formally designated Level V.
1136:
264:, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and young adults ages 1–19. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, and assaults with a deadly weapon.
399:
The Trauma
Information Exchange Program (TIEP) is a program of the American Trauma Society in collaboration with the Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy and is funded by the
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304:. Upon his release from the Army, Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, and then went on to develop the National System for
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2713:
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physicians are available upon patient arrival in the emergency department. If not open 24 hours daily, the facility must have an after-hours trauma response protocol.
358:
and
Abbotsford Regional Hospital, services the BC area, "Each year, Fraser Health treats almost 130,000 trauma patients as part of the integrated B.C. trauma system".
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180:, England in 1941 after a series of studies found that the treatment of injured persons within England was inadequate. By 1947, the hospital had three
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513:, which are needed to adequately respond and care for various forms of trauma that a patient may suffer, as well as provide rehabilitation services.
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69:(also known as a "casualty department" or "accident and emergency") without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of
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728:
679:
329:
269:
185:
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A trauma center is a hospital that is designated by a state or local authority or is verified by the
American College of Surgeons.
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Key elements include 24‑hour in‑house coverage by general surgeons and prompt availability of care in varying specialties—such as
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as they saw the importance of increased education and training of emergency providers and for nationwide quality trauma care.
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A Level I trauma center is required to have a certain number of the following people on duty 24 hours a day at the hospital:
31:
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184:, each including two surgeons and an anaesthetist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the
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Andrew B., MD Peitzman; Andrew B. Peitzman; Michael, MD Sabom; Donald M., MD Yearly; Timothy C., MD Fabian (2002).
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818:
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In the United States, a hospital can receive trauma center status by meeting specific criteria established by the
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292:, on July 1, 1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world.
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to the hospital. In some cases, persons injured in remote areas and transported to a distant trauma center by
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946:"Trauma Center Staffing, Infrastructure, and Patient Characteristics that Influence Trauma Center Need"
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Faul, Mark; Sasser, Scott M.; Lairet, Julio; Mould-Millman, Nee-Kofi; Sugerman, David (2015).
755:
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837:"National Safety Council Presents David R. Boyd, MDCM, FACS, With Service to Safety Award"
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1979:
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853:"Sunnybrook doctor names to Order of Canada", Community July 8, 2009 City Centre Mirror
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can receive faster and better medical care than if they had been transported by ground
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312:. In 1968 the American Trauma Society was created by various co-founders, including
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696:"Consultation/Verification Program Reference Guide of Suggested Classification"
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1934:
1773:
1713:
1620:
1429:
1343:
1143:
Harris Poll: Trauma Care: Public's
Knowledge and Perception of Importance 2004
804:
751:
Trauma: Emergency
Resuscitation, Perioperative Anesthesia, Surgical Management
721:
Consultation/Verification
Program, Reference Guide of Suggested Classification
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535:
care of patients with exceptionally severe injuries, such as multiple trauma.
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The highest levels of trauma centers have access to specialist medical and
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U.S. Trauma Center
Preparedness for a Terrorist Attack in the Community
822:
450:
435:
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A Level I trauma center provides the highest level of surgical care to
333:
240:
123:
1198:
702:
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1728:
1699:
1319:
1219:
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in
Chicago trauma center (opened in 1966). David R. Boyd interned at
188:
in its formation in July 1948 and closed in 1993. The NHS now has 27
138:
to a closer hospital that does not have a designated trauma center.
1124:
1106:
1041:(in Thai). Thailand: Department of Hospital Health. Archived from
932:
Trauma Center Designation and Verification by Level of Trauma Care
862:
Fraser Health regional trauma program receives distinction award,
341:
254:
245:
231:
217:
150:
84:
49:
equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from
2027:
674:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 3.
2210:
1672:
1223:
1089:
Current listing of Verified Trauma Centers in the United States
167:
Trauma centres grew into existence out of the realisation that
934:, Trauma Information Exchange Program, American Trauma Society
647:"Verification, Review, and Consultation Program for Hospitals"
1182:
380:. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult or
1127:, formerly known as the National Foundation for Trauma Care
1668:
1183:
Bureau of Emergency Medical Services & Trauma System
1035:"Trauma & Critical Care Center-Trauma Center levels"
807:. University of Maryland Medical Center. 27 March 2008.
372:
In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the
163:, United Kingdom, was the world's first trauma center.
1211:(Texas Requirements for Trauma Facility Designation)
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2010:
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1468:
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1328:
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1101:Find your nearest A&E (accident and emergency)
395:Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient.
272:, in the 1950s and 1960s by thoracic surgeon and
754:. Vol. 1. New York: CRC Press. p. 18.
300:from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the
1478:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
328:According to the founder of the Trauma Unit at
1482:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
839:. American College of Surgeons. Archived from
2222:
1800:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
1684:
1235:
1115:at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1109:at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
8:
1498:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
1107:Injury Prevention & Control: Trauma Care
805:"R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center History"
784:. Stanford Children's health. 19 April 2020.
1604:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
1493:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
723:. American College of Surgeons. p. 3.
602:List of trauma centers in the United States
368:List of trauma centers in the United States
223:Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
214:List of trauma centers in the United States
2229:
2215:
2207:
1884:
1816:
1751:
1691:
1677:
1669:
1242:
1228:
1220:
1152:NHS England 2012 major trauma centres map
401:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
977:
1488:American College of Emergency Physicians
1508:European Society for Emergency Medicine
1185:, Arizona Department of Health Services
1131:U.S. Trauma Center Crisis Report (2004)
1103:—United Kingdom National Health Service
1028:
1026:
1024:
638:
65:. A trauma center may also refer to an
1518:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
876:"ACS Verification Site Visit Outcomes"
821:. Cook County Hospital. Archived from
126:for receiving patients that have been
950:Western Journal of Emergency Medicine
719:American College of Surgeons (2006).
237:Memorial Hermann–Texas Medical Center
7:
1513:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
1209:25 Texas Administrative Code 157.125
1158:NHS England Ambulance trauma coding
1125:Trauma Center Association of America
794:Medical World News, January 27, 1967
302:Army of the United States of America
2130:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
1598:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
1503:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
913:Trauma Information Exchange Program
1166:Accident and emergency departments
1154:Urgent and emergency care services
1063:. Meeker, Colorado. Archived from
1003:"UTMB trauma center Level 1 again"
25:
1189:Arizona Trauma Center Designation
1170:NHS Scotland trauma centres list
1147:NHS England major trauma centres
463:preventive and outreach programs.
330:Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
270:University of Maryland, Baltimore
2135:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1651:
1640:
1639:
1295:International emergency medicine
586:
572:
406:
1652:
1592:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
1305:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
902:. American College of Surgeons.
819:"Old Cook County Hospital page"
2186:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1580:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
1574:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
1177:State trauma system regulation
1095:Verified Trauma Center Program
507:oral and maxillofacial surgery
280:, who founded what became the
32:Trauma Center (disambiguation)
1:
1562:Advanced cardiac life support
1545:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
1097:—American College of Surgeons
1091:—American College of Surgeons
1001:Ackerman, Todd (2011-03-25).
962:10.5811/westjem.2014.10.22837
253:, a Level 1 trauma center in
239:, a Level 1 trauma center in
225:, a Level 1 trauma center in
1827:Advanced trauma life support
1795:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1586:Pediatric basic life support
1568:Advanced trauma life support
1551:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
1300:Pediatric emergency medicine
1204:PA Trauma Systems Foundation
374:American College of Surgeons
362:Definitions in United States
174:Birmingham Accident Hospital
157:Birmingham Accident Hospital
78:American College of Surgeons
2561:Veterans medical facilities
2302:Hospital information system
1039:Khon Kaen Regional Hospital
744:Wilson, William C. (2007).
122:A trauma center may have a
2866:
2479:Tertiary referral hospital
1270:Emergency medical services
365:
306:Emergency Medical Services
211:
29:
2787:
2534:Limited class of patients
2245:
1868:Resuscitative thoracotomy
1756:Clinical prediction rules
1634:
1199:Georgia Trauma Commission
1164:NHS Wales trauma centres
1121:, American Trauma Society
1113:Trauma Centers Fact Sheet
1057:"Emergency Trauma Center"
922:, American Trauma Society
251:Jackson Memorial Hospital
1764:Abbreviated Injury Scale
1445:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
557:Pediatric trauma centers
356:Royal Columbian Hospital
59:motor vehicle collisions
51:major traumatic injuries
2789:Lists of hospitals in:
2673:Rehabilitation hospital
2546:Combat support hospital
2421:Geographic service area
2407:lying in houses (India)
2297:Hospital administrators
1995:Penetrating head injury
1990:Intracranial hemorrhage
1119:Trauma Levels Explained
1061:Pioneers Medical Center
900:"About the VRC Program"
348:Fraser Health Authority
186:National Health Service
2498:Unique physical traits
2462:Complexity of services
2191:Subcutaneous emphysema
2150:Volkmann's contracture
2000:Traumatic brain injury
1837:Early appropriate care
1832:Damage control surgery
1215:Maryland Trauma System
475:cardiothoracic surgery
456:respiratory therapists
257:
243:
229:
164:
1965:Thoracic aorta injury
1925:Diaphragmatic rupture
1769:Injury Severity Score
1739:Trauma triad of death
1626:Injury Severity Score
1397:Nasopharyngeal airway
1370:Intraosseous infusion
1194:Arizona Trauma System
782:"Accident Statistics"
249:
235:
221:
200:, and one planned in
154:
18:Level I trauma center
2850:Hospital departments
2683:Verterinary hospital
2668:Psychiatric hospital
2520:Underground hospital
2287:Emergency department
2248:History of hospitals
2140:Compartment syndrome
1779:Revised Trauma Score
1403:Oropharyngeal airway
1280:Emergency psychiatry
1265:Emergency department
460:an education program
441:emergency physicians
298:Cook County Hospital
294:Cook County Hospital
190:major trauma centres
67:emergency department
30:For other uses, see
2692:Century established
2638:Children's hospital
2592:Non-profit hospital
2587:For-profit hospital
2582:Charitable hospital
2395:HĂ´tel-Dieu (France)
2322:Intensive care unit
1975:Blunt kidney trauma
1945:Pulmonary contusion
1382:Tracheal intubation
1376:Intravenous therapy
746:"History of Trauma"
580:Architecture portal
282:Shock Trauma Center
192:established across
2840:Emergency medicine
2663:Maternity hospital
2612:Voluntary hospital
2489:Specialty hospital
2474:Secondary hospital
2453:Municipal hospital
2434:Community hospital
2282:Coronary care unit
2256:Category:Hospitals
2089:Spinal cord injury
2048:Penetrating trauma
1915:Soft tissue injury
1556:Basic life support
1460:Sodium bicarbonate
1258:Emergency medicine
1251:Emergency medicine
1033:Public Relations.
918:2012-08-05 at the
607:Emergency medicine
491:emergency medicine
471:orthopedic surgery
258:
244:
230:
176:, which opened in
165:
105:orthopedic surgery
89:emergency medicine
2817:
2816:
2626:Condition treated
2541:Military hospital
2484:Teaching hospital
2448:District hospital
2444:Regional hospital
2337:Operating theater
2307:Hospital medicine
2204:
2203:
2118:
2117:
1960:Internal bleeding
1955:Cardiac tamponade
1910:Joint dislocation
1876:
1875:
1808:
1807:
1666:
1665:
1455:Magnesium sulfate
1364:Electrocardiogram
1290:Medical emergency
1275:Emergency nursing
1008:Houston Chronicle
708:on April 1, 2013.
672:The Trauma Manual
612:Trauma (medicine)
499:internal medicine
446:anesthesiologists
388:The ACS does not
260:According to the
155:Founded in 1940,
16:(Redirected from
2857:
2602:Private hospital
2566:Women's hospital
2525:Virtual Hospital
2439:General hospital
2390:Cottage hospital
2252:Hospital network
2231:
2224:
2217:
2208:
2110:Pediatric trauma
2105:Geriatric trauma
2069:Abdominal trauma
1885:
1817:
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1160:When to call 999
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701:. Archived from
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352:British Columbia
169:traumatic injury
87:care, including
27:Type of hospital
21:
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2819:
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2607:Public hospital
2570:
2556:Prison hospital
2529:
2515:Mobile hospital
2493:
2457:
2416:
2361:
2312:Hospital museum
2292:Emergency codes
2264:
2263:Common hospital
2258:
2241:
2237:Articles about
2235:
2205:
2200:
2114:
2093:
2057:
2006:
1881:Pathophysiology
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1614:Scoring systems
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920:Wayback Machine
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594:Medicine portal
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483:plastic surgery
419:
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149:
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35:
28:
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15:
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11:
5:
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2551:Field hospital
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2162:Rhabdomyolysis
2157:Crush syndrome
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1980:Splenic injury
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1788:Investigations
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1389:
1387:Laryngeal tube
1384:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:Defibrillation
1346:
1341:
1338:Bag valve mask
1334:
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1083:External links
1081:
1078:
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1048:
1045:on 2003-07-21.
1020:
993:
936:
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905:
891:
867:
865:, July 5, 2016
855:
846:
843:on 2011-07-21.
828:
825:on 2009-02-27.
810:
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761:978-0824729196
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503:otolaryngology
487:anesthesiology
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314:R Adams Cowley
310:President Ford
278:R Adams Cowley
227:Columbus, Ohio
209:
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147:United Kingdom
145:
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109:anesthesiology
93:trauma surgery
63:gunshot wounds
26:
24:
14:
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6:
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3:
2:
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2676:
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2658:Lock hospital
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2428:Base hospital
2426:
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2413:(Middle Ages)
2412:
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2399:Valetudinaria
2397:
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2366:Archaic forms
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2272:Accreditation
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2123:Complications
2121:
2111:
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2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
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2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2079:Facial trauma
2077:
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2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
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2043:Gunshot wound
2041:
2039:
2038:Electrocution
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
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2001:
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1996:
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1988:
1987:
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1923:
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1920:
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1911:
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1900:Bone fracture
1898:
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1842:Trauma center
1840:
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1734:Resuscitation
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1067:on 2013-10-31
1066:
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511:critical care
508:
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94:
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43:trauma centre
40:
39:trauma center
33:
19:
2835:Traumatology
2677:
2653:Leper colony
2643:Eye hospital
2469:Day hospital
2332:On-call room
2074:Chest injury
2033:Crush injury
2023:Blunt trauma
2018:Blast injury
1940:Pneumothorax
1841:
1724:Traumatology
1719:Major trauma
1650:
1638:
1532:Life support
1314:
1310:Major trauma
1069:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1060:
1051:
1043:the original
1038:
1012:. Retrieved
1006:
996:
953:
949:
939:
927:
908:
894:
883:. Retrieved
879:
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790:
776:
765:. Retrieved
750:
739:
720:
714:
703:the original
690:
671:
665:
654:. Retrieved
650:
641:
627:Traumatology
560:
551:
542:
533:
524:
515:
479:neurosurgery
468:
428:
420:
412:
405:
398:
394:
389:
387:
371:
346:
327:
318:Rene Joyeuse
266:
259:
182:trauma teams
166:
121:
117:
101:neurosurgery
82:
75:
71:major trauma
42:
38:
36:
2430:(Australia)
2411:Xenodochium
2317:Hospitalist
2145:Contracture
2098:Demographic
2084:Head injury
1930:Flail chest
1852:Trauma team
1409:Pocket mask
1285:Golden hour
622:Trauma team
338:Marvin Tile
336:, Ontario,
276:researcher
2824:Categories
2384:Bimaristan
2378:Asclepeion
2327:Nocturnist
2265:components
2053:Stab wound
1935:Hemothorax
1861:Procedures
1820:Principles
1813:Management
1774:NACA score
1748:Assessment
1714:Polytrauma
1707:Principles
1621:NACA score
1430:Amiodarone
1344:Chest tube
1071:2014-12-29
1014:2011-03-26
885:2017-11-23
767:2012-05-17
656:2017-11-23
633:References
390:officially
366:See also:
212:See also:
196:, four in
178:Birmingham
161:Birmingham
132:helicopter
2392:(England)
2386:(Islamic)
2373:Almshouse
2239:hospitals
2011:Mechanism
1905:Degloving
1540:First aid
1425:Adenosine
1392:Combitube
1366:(ECG/EKG)
1330:Equipment
970:1936-900X
530:Level III
495:radiology
382:pediatric
378:hospitals
344:wounds".
286:Baltimore
136:ambulance
128:airlifted
113:radiology
2380:(Greece)
2352:Pharmacy
2347:Patients
2169:Embolism
1645:Category
1606:(CCrISP)
1450:Naloxone
1440:Dopamine
1435:Atropine
1141:Report:
1135:Report:
988:25671017
916:Archived
880:facs.org
651:facs.org
566:See also
539:Level IV
521:Level II
436:surgeons
308:, under
290:Maryland
198:Scotland
53:such as
47:hospital
2807:Oceania
2617:Defunct
2575:Funding
2405:Vaishya
2401:(Roman)
2342:Orderly
1951:Cardio
1657:Outline
1582:(ACoRN)
1528:Courses
979:4307735
548:Level V
417:Level I
334:Toronto
241:Houston
194:England
142:History
124:helipad
85:nursing
45:, is a
2799:Europe
2791:Africa
2633:Cancer
2062:Region
1986:Neuro
1889:Injury
1729:Triage
1700:Trauma
1600:(ALSO)
1594:(PALS)
1588:(PBLS)
1570:(ATLS)
1564:(ACLS)
1320:Triage
986:
976:
968:
758:
727:
678:
509:, and
451:nurses
423:trauma
324:Canada
111:, and
2357:Wards
1921:Resp
1576:(NRP)
1558:(BLS)
1547:(CPR)
1418:Drugs
1405:(OPA)
1399:(NPA)
1340:(BVM)
706:(PDF)
699:(PDF)
342:knife
274:shock
255:Miami
202:Wales
61:, or
55:falls
41:, or
2795:Asia
2779:21st
2774:20th
2769:19th
2764:18th
2759:17th
2754:16th
2749:15th
2744:14th
2739:13th
2734:12th
2729:11th
2724:10th
2028:Burn
1896:MSK
1378:(IV)
1372:(IO)
984:PMID
966:ISSN
756:ISBN
725:ISBN
676:ISBN
316:and
2719:9th
2714:8th
2709:7th
2704:6th
2699:5th
2446:or
2277:Bed
2179:fat
2174:air
1971:GI
1358:ICD
1353:AED
974:PMC
958:doi
350:in
332:in
284:in
262:CDC
159:in
2826::
2809:,
2805:,
2801:,
2797:,
2793:,
2254:,
2250:,
1530:/
1059:.
1037:.
1023:^
1005:.
982:.
972:.
964:.
954:16
952:.
948:.
878:.
748:.
649:.
505:,
501:,
497:,
493:,
489:,
485:,
481:,
477:,
473:,
288:,
204:.
107:,
103:,
99:,
95:,
91:,
73:.
57:,
37:A
2230:e
2223:t
2216:v
1692:e
1685:t
1678:v
1484:)
1480:(
1360:)
1351:(
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1074:.
1017:.
990:.
960::
888:.
770:.
733:.
684:.
659:.
34:.
20:)
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