935:
members combined with heavy armament weight had become a source of grief for the
British. One proposed solution was to use a combination of three decksâa strength deck at the top of the hull, a protective deck which would rest atop the belt armor, 10 feet (3 m) above the waterline, and a splinter deck below that, just above the waterline. A third idea, also adopted, was to continue the longitudinal bulkhead between the protective and splinter decks down to the bottom of the ship to add strength. The severity of the strength and weight challenges necessitated a larger displacement of 33,000 tons and a hull of 850 feet (259.1 m) instead of 800 feet (243.8 m) to give enough internal volume to accommodate all the needed machinery. Even so, the size of the power plant meant pushing the main turrets further toward the ends of the ships, which increased hull stress. This was why the idea was adopted to place half the boilers above the armored deck.
1676:
1284:
1718:
678:
14 inches. On 12 July 1912, Naval
Constructor R.H. Robinson presented these studies at a lecture he gave at the Naval War College with the General Board in attendance. There, he emphasized 8 inches as an absolute minimum for armor protection and recommended a radius of 8000 miles, the same as in U.S. battleships. The General Board's reaction was to request two battlecruisers for the 1914 Naval Building Program and ask C&R for a slightly modified version of the proposed ship, but the Naval War College felt the design had serious problems and that a fast battleship would be a more practical option.
841:
79:
1195:, it also had several other advantages. The turbines could run at their optimum speed, without regard to propeller speed, which was economical on fuel and the machinery could be easily sub-divided which increased the ships' ability to withstand torpedo hits. The substitution of flexible electric cables for bulky steam-lines meant that the motors could be mounted further to the rear of the ship, which reduced both vibration and weight by shortening the propeller shafts. Also, the ship could go astern at full power simply by reversing the
853:
1059:" and the addition of four above-water torpedo tubes that were added to the four underwater tubes that had been included in the original design. Other changes included a widening of the ship to allow for an adequate torpedo protection system and an increase in vertical belt armor to 7 inches (180 mm). Another improvement in boiler technology reduced the number of boilers to 16 and the number of funnels to just two, but increased the normal displacement of the ship to 43,500 tons, 300 tons more than the
1503:
1111:
1691:, was added to the treaty. This gave the five nations the option to convert no more than two capital ships that were under construction to 33,000 ton aircraft carriers. But even that increase of 6,000 tons (from 27,000 to 33,000) was almost not enough for a conversionâit took creative interpreting of a clause in the treaty to allow for the conversion without removing half of the power plant, which the General Board did not want to do. The clause (Chapter II, Part III, Section I, (d)):
631:
1295:
513:-class ships in which the 6-inch (150 mm) intermediate battery had been traded for heavier main guns and protection. These ships figured in the college's studies for several years, and its 1906 summer conference report on a US building program strongly advocated the ships' construction for use in scouting and as fast wings in a fleet action, and for their resistance to 12-inch gunfire (much greater than the
980:
544:
battlecruisers would be worth building, with the caveat that they be considered in the same category as armored cruisers, in support of the battle fleet but not to fight in the line with fully armored battleships. A majority report recommended a top speed of at least 20 percent above that of battleships. As U.S. battleships then being built were expected to steam at 21
654:, in Britain on 17 January 1911. On 13 June, U.S. Naval Intelligence confirmed she was to be the first of four ships, the other three to be built in Japan, which would form a fast division for the IJN. The following day, the Secretary of the Navy asked the General Board to consider the construction of American battlecruisers for Pacific service, as the
33:
1708:
at 35,544, though on official lists the number given was 33,000 tons with a footnote that stated " does not include weight allowance under Ch. 11, pt. 3, Sec. 1, art. (d) of
Washington Treaty for providing means against air and submarine attack". This tonnage was used by these ships for their entire
975:
to give these ships the ability "to inflict fatal damage on the enemy's most powerful vessels at a distance no less than that at which she can be reached by the heavy gunfire of these opponent battleships." Only 20 of a newer style of boiler were needed, few enough to fit below the armored deck, and
677:
In view of the board's lack of urgency, C&R took nearly a year to research this project. The proposed main battery of eight 14-inch guns was kept constant while other factors were calculatedâspeeds of 26, 29 and 32 knots; operating ranges of 5000, 7000 and 8000 miles; and belt armor of 8, 11 and
1624:
would be 28 feet farther up), it would also be a half-knot slower with less hangar space (about 16 percent less), less emergency fuel and "narrower lines" aft (pilots landing on the converted battlecruiser would not have as wide of a runway to aim for). Comparing costs, a brand-new aircraft carrier
1607:
that the expensive new battlecruisers, which some thought were already obsolete, would be very attractive targets for cancellation. Accordingly, studies were done exploring the possibilities of converting one or more of the battlecruisers to different uses: one looked at a conversion to an aircraft
1481:
s. This was increased to eight guns in the final version. These could depress to â10 degrees and elevate to 85 degrees. They fired a 13-pound (5.9 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1,650 fps (503 mps) and rate of between eight and nine rounds per minute to a range of 8,800 yards (8,000 m)
1162:
or Taylor bow. The result of a series of towing tests begun in 1910, this bow reduced water resistance by an average of six percent, supported the forecastle and reduced bending stress on the hull. At speeds of more than 25 knots, test results were highly favorable. A disadvantage was the formation
917:
s, to make careful analyses of strength, buoyancy and stresses expected in service. For instance, designers assumed customarily that a ship needed to withstand stresses caused by a wave of the ship's length with a ratio of height to length of 1:20. Robinson found a more reasonable ratio at 1:26 for
908:
required at the forward section of the hull to keep the ships dry and maintain a high speed in various types of weather. Also, while the 8 inches (203 mm) of belt armor being considered was not an impressive amount in itself, the belt's running potentially along 80 percent of the waterline and
934:
to break abaft the turrets. The challenge then became to continue the longitudinal strength contributed by the armored deck past this point to the end of the stern. This became a difficult design problem, especially with the need to save weight wherever possible and the fact that light structural
626:
s were intended to take the place of aging battleships and thus showed Japan's intention of continuing to use armored cruisers in fleet engagements. They were also exactly the type of ships for which the college had argued unsuccessfully to add to the U.S. Navy before switching to battlecruisers.
572:
six turrets more than balanced the added length and height of the armor belt. An enlarged belt was required by a deeper hull, as all
American battlecruiser studies required deep hulls to retain their girder strength because those hulls had to be abnormally long to attain their speed. If the armor
426:
and smaller craft. To do so with a capital ship required a hull and a power plant of unprecedented size for a U.S. naval vessel and careful planning on the part of its designers to ensure it would have enough longitudinal strength to withstand bending forces underway and the added stresses on its
543:
and the distances at which future gun battles were expected to be fought seemed to favor speed over armor. Gunnery officers "laid great stress upon the value of getting the range first and then smothering, or beating down, the enemy's fire before he gets the range." The conference concluded that
508:
vessels just then coming into service. The NWC's 1903 annual summer conference report, which included a staff memorandum on all-big-gun capital ships, also suggested a new type of cruiser that would be armed and armored much like a battleship. The following year, the summer conference considered
1695:
No retained capital ships or aircraft carriers shall be reconstructed except for the purpose of providing means of defense against air and submarine attack, and subject to the following rules: The
Contracting Powers may, for that purpose, equip existing tonnage with bulge or blister or anti-air
1679:
Rear
Admiral David W. Taylor (left), Chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair, and Rear Admiral John K. Robison (right), Chief of the Bureau of Engineering, hold a model of the battlecruiser above a model of the proposed conversion to an aircraft carrier at the Navy Department on 8 March
832:
would be needed to obtain this planned speed. This would require 24 boilers, which became problematic, as there was not enough room for the boilers under the armored deck in such a long, comparatively narrow hull. The solution decided upon was to place half of the boilers above the deck on the
929:
a load-bearing member by connecting plates end to end. This was found inordinately difficult to be practical and, while it would have added girder strength where most badly needed, was considered too radical a proposition to be truly safe. Another idea, subsequently adopted, was to design the
662:
s would no longer be viable units in the face of such opposition. The
General Board, not willing to forego battleship construction in favor of auxiliary types such as battlecruisers, balked. On 29 August, it suggested that C&R research a ship under 30,000 tons that could steam at 29 knots
621:
armored cruisers, laid down between 1905 and 1908. These ships were designed to carry four 12-inch (305 mm) guns, a size generally allocated to capital ships and unprecedented for armored cruisers. They would be protected with 8 inches (203 mm) of belt and turret armour and 3 inches
1421:
battleships, but they found their way into the secondary armament of every U.S. battleship that was built prior to the
Washington Naval Treaty. Also, many of the destroyers, submarines, and auxiliaries that were built during this time mounted this gun as their main gun. They fired a 50-pound
1097:
had already brought about the very revolution that the Board wished to suppress. Debate continued while the project remained suspended until May 1919, when the Board decided that the battlecruisers should be built as planned, except for a slightly slower version of Design B from C&R with
422:(C&R) faced with this class were considerable, as the combined requirements of optimum hitting power, extreme speed and adequate protection taxed the knowledge of its naval architects and the technology of the time. The desired speed of 35 knots had been attained previously only in
1619:
to an aircraft carrier had both positive and negative aspects when compared with a "specifically designed carrier". While the conversion would have better anti-torpedo protection, larger magazines for aircraft bombs than a keel-up carrier and more room for aircraft landings (the after
1163:
of a heavy layer of water which would creep up along the outer plating of the forecastle at higher speeds. However, this tendency could be reduced to some degree by careful design of the frames. Taylor first introduced this bow, also known as a bulbous forefoot, in his design of
803:
and were designated CC-1 through CC-6, with "CC" signifying their status as battlecruisers. Although the class was planned to be the U.S.'s first battlecruisers, it was not of a new design; instead, it expanded upon already-existing 10,000â14,000 ton cruiser designs.
1043:. In addition, a senior U.S. constructor who served on Admiral Sims's staff in London, L.C. McBride, became privy to much British experience and was able to share it with C&R. While C&R worked concurrently on the more conventional, more heavily armed and armored
427:
structure associated with combat. Even so, it took years between initial and final designs for engine and boiler technology to provide a plant of sufficient power that was also compact enough to allow a practical degree of protection, even in such large ships.
1012:" and the British Admiralty considered her a replacement for both the battleship and the battlecruiser, the staff advocated that the United States should develop a similar vessel of its own. Chief Constructor David Taylor agreed. On 8 April 1918, he told the
1532:). The downside to this practice was a reduction of the relative height of the belt, which increased the chance of plunging shellfire going over or under it. The belt covered the middle 530 feet (161.5 m) of the ships. Forward, the belt ended in a
1016:
design staff to plan a vessel combining the principal features of battleship and battlecruiser so that it would have the maximum possible speed, main armament and protection. Specifically, this meant arming her with the 16-inch guns planned for the
613:
in Japan's favor, signaled its emergence as a world power and began a period of rivalry with the United States over intentions in the
Pacific theater, as the two now became the dominant military powers there. An immediate consequence was the four
1203:
needed for such big ships, the Curtis
Company tried unsuccessfully to convince the Navy to reverse this decision. The Navy countered that doing so would mean a complete rearrangement of machinery spaces and a reduction in underwater protection.
1340:-class battleships. The guns were capable of firing a 1,400 pounds (640 kg) armor-piercing (AP) projectile at a muzzle velocity of 2,800 fps (853 m/s) to a range of 24,000 yards (22 km) at a maximum angle of 15 degrees.
739:
also passed an altered bill, keeping the original number of ships but stipulating that the program be completed in three years (FY 1917â19). The first four ships were paid for in FY 1917, the fifth in FY 1918, and the last in FY 1919.
559:
ships being considered. By adopting a 670-foot (204 m) hull on a displacement of 26,000 long tons (26,417 t), it could produce a vessel that could travel at 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph) and carry eight
1462:-class battleships. They fired a 105-pound (48 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 3,000 fps (914 mps) and a rate of six or seven rounds per minute to a range of 25,300 yards (23,100 m) at an elevation of 30 degrees.
1528:-class ships tapered 7â5 inches (178â127 mm) in thickness from top to bottom and was angled 11° outwards at the top to increase the armor's relative thickness to horizontal, close-range fire (a concept taken from HMS
525:
refused to adopt the proposed new armored cruiser, perhaps because the Navy already had 10 new armored cruisers on hand, the college continued to test the design against a variety of foreign vessels, including the British
1365:, it fired the same 2,100-pound (950 kg) shell as the Mark 1 at a muzzle velocity of 2,800 fps (853 mps) and rate of two rounds per minute to a range of 44,500 yards (40,700 m) at an elevation of 45 degrees.
2091:, but she was never more than an experimental ship because she was too slowâat a top speed of 15.5 knots (28.7 km/h; 17.8 mph), she was not able to keep pace with any escorts including the slow battleships.
1376:
classes, no guns were installed on any ships even though 71 had been built and 44 were under construction. In 1922â24, twenty of the guns were given to the Army for use as coastal defense guns along with the Army's
943:
Plans to begin construction were placed on hold in 1917. Large numbers of anti-submarine warfare vessels and merchant ships were needed to ensure the safe passage of men and materiel to Europe during Germany's
1548:(STS) totaling 2 inches (51 mm) in thickness. The steering gear, however, was protected by two layers of STS that totaled 3 inches (76 mm) on the slope and 4.5 inches (114 mm) on the slope.
681:
There was also the political climate to considerâand the weather was not good for battlecruisers. Just as it was thought that Congress would not approve any battlecruisers without reducing the number of
1640:
that were under construction by the five signatories (the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan) had to be canceled and scrapped. For battlecruisers, this encompassed the United States'
1559:
armor was 12 inches (305 mm) thick, and it had a communications tube with 10 inches (254 mm) sides ran from the conning tower down to the lower conning position on the 1st platform deck. The
971:. Other factors for this decision were the discovery of plans by Britain and Japan for new battlecruisers armed with 15-inch (381 mm) and 16-inch guns (respectively) and the recommendation of the
1656:. However, the treaty did allow the participating nations to take two of the capital ships they had under construction and convert them to aircraft carriers; the U.S. Navy decided to complete the two
913:
between armor steel and hull steel, severe stresses on the hull were expected. These factors plus the ships' unusual length prompted Naval Constructor R. H. Robinson, who led the design group for the
868:. This challenge was complicated in a capital ship by the heavy weight of main turrets and guns. This was an area in which British battlecruisers were notably deficient. Structural members on HMS
1684:
The problem was that the tonnage cap for new carrier construction had been set at 27,000 tons, which was too low for any practical conversion of the battlecruisers. An exception, spearheaded by
956:
s had been approved and in which three British battlecruisers had been lost. The fact that the U.S. Navy misunderstood the essential points of the battle initially was shown by its ignoring the
1494:
were to be carried. Four of these would be mounted inside the hull below the waterline, two at either side of the bow; the others would be above the waterline at the stern, two at either side.
509:
tactics for a ship armed with four 12-inch (305 mm), twenty-two 3-inch (76 mm) guns, four submerged torpedo tubes and battleship-type protection. Ships such as these were essentially
1089:
made the Royal Navy's pre-dreadnought battleships obsolescent and negated its advantage in numbers over other navies. This did not stop the U.S. Commander in Chief in European waters, Admiral
609:, "The Japs interest me and I like them. I am perfectly well aware that if they win out it may possibly mean a struggle between them and us in the future." Tsushima sealed the outcome of the
3623:
1024:
battleships, reducing armor protection 10 percent, a freeboard of at least 28 feet (8.5 m) (compared to 32 feet (9.8 m) for the 1917 battlecruiser and 29 feet (8.8 m) for the
4435:
648:
Therefore, while the Navy did not react as Germany and Britain built increasing numbers of battlecruisers, it took a very different tack when Japan laid down its first ship of this class,
605:
in 1897 of a much greater likelihood of conflict in the Pacific than in the Atlantic. Roosevelt himself, as President of the United States, had written before Tsushima to British diplomat
890:
immediately following her preliminary gunnery tests because the hull structure could not withstand the bending stresses from firing her forward main guns. When the "large light cruiser"
4440:
1422:(23 kg) shell at a muzzle velocity of 3,150 fps (960 mps) and a rate of eight or nine rounds per minute to a range of 18,880 yards (17,260 m) at an elevation of 25 degrees.
573:
belt were reduced by an average of three inches, a fifth turret could be added. Four intermediate proposals included one with intermediate armor and eight 12-inch guns and one with
370:
in 1909 but was not approved for construction). The fact they were not approved by Congress at the time of their initial request was due to political, not military considerations.
1077:
s be armored to protect them only against fire of guns six inches and smaller. The Board, concerned about the delay incorporating any of the redesigns would have on not just the
1571:
that ranged from .375 to .75 inches (10 to 19 mm) in thickness. The spaces between them could be left empty or used as fuel tanks to absorb the detonation of a torpedo's
3785:
1536:
also tapered from seven to five inches in thickness. Aft, it terminated at a seven-inch bulkhead. This belt had a height of 9 feet 4 inches (2.8 m). The upper
828:(34,900 t) and steam at 35 knots. All of these specifications were tempered by their sparse armor compared with contemporary battleships. C&R estimated 180,000
1081:
s but the 1916 building program in general and the subsequent cost, declined all four designs. The Board also feared that producing heavily armored fast battleships such as
1008:. Her side armor was comparable to that of previous battleships and her deck armor was the most extensive of any British capital ship. Because this ship was described as a "
897:
weathered a heavy gale during her initial trial run, a number of her outer hull plates were so distorted that they had to be removed, sent back to the foundry and renewed.
415:, with a speed of 33.25 knots (61.58 km/h; 38.26 mph) to improve hitting power and armor (the decrease in speed was mostly attributed to the additions of armor).
3019:
3616:
1368:
A prototype Mark 2 was tested and proven on 8 April 1918, and the gun was scheduled to go into naval service in 1923. However, with the cancellation of both the
1073:
Four proposed redesigns were submitted to the General Board on 3 June 1918, along with a letter that requested a formal reconsideration by the Navy that the
948:
and were given top priority. This opened the opportunity for a massive redesign, the need for which had become apparent in light of experience gained in the
3780:
2110:
705:
1905), two ships in 1905 (FY 1906), one ship in both 1906 and 1907 (FY 1907â1908), and one ship in both 1912 and 1913 (FY 1913â1914). The approval of two
2014:
1551:
The turret faces were 11 inches (279 mm) thick while their sides were 6 inches (152 mm) in thickness, and the roof was five inches thick. The
1396:
being used instead. As a result, all but three of the Navy's remaining Mark 2 and 3 guns were sent to the Army to also be used as coastal defense guns.
1696:
attack deck protection, providing the increase of displacement thus effected does not exceed 3,000 tons (3,048 metric tons) displacement for each ship.
1269:(61.58 km/h; 38.26 mph), but each ship reached over 202,000 shp (151,000 kW) and 34.5 knots (63.9 km/h; 39.7 mph) during
3609:
1595:
Construction finally began upon the battlecruisers in 1920 and 1921, after a delay of almost five months. However, that July, U.S. Secretary of State
824:
of the triple turrets slight further forward and aft. They would have a secondary armament of eighteen 5"/51 caliber guns on a displacement of 34,300
1603:
to be held that November. The stated goal was to curb the rapidly growing and extremely expensive naval construction programs. It was obvious to the
3066:
976:
the number of funnels was reduced to five. The armor scheme was not modified, as that would have compromised the longitudinal strength of the hull.
4430:
518:
367:
1555:
had a maximum of 9 inches (229 mm) of armor, but were reduced in thickness in stages below decks to a minimum thickness of five inches. The
1759:
under the terms of the Treaty, while the other four ships were formally cancelled and scrapped in place. Due to the planned re-use of the name,
3818:
1098:
increased protection for turrets, conning towers, magazines and communications. This amended version, labeled B3, was the final version of the
732:
1117:
under construction in Philadelphia in July 1921, seven months before work was suspended pending the outcome of the Washington Naval Conference
3479:
3260:
864:
Also, with such a long, narrow hull came a consequent penchant for bending, which led to the challenge of adequate hull strength, especially
2048:, were officially classified as "large cruisers", although some modern historians have classified them as battlecruisers. The design of the
1283:
3914:
3300:
2601:
1348:
1018:
697:
whose construction had just begun, were more important since Congressâin the Navy's eyesâwas not approving enough battleships. In 1903 the
663:(54 km/h), carry eight 14-inch (356 mm) and twenty-four 5-inch (127 mm) guns and have a protective system comparable to the
382:
3106:
1207:
Each propeller was 14 feet 9 inches (4.50 m) in diameter and each of the four propeller shafts was powered by two 22,500-
522:
1273:
in 1928. Six 750-kilowatt (1,010 hp) DC turbo generators were installed in the upper levels of the two main turbine compartments.
909:
covering the entire side amidships made the amount of armor protection impressive by European standards. Because of the difference in
723:
raging in Europeâthe political climate had changed. A tentative five-year program put together in October and supported by President
3580:
3553:
3534:
3507:
3427:
3398:
3377:
3350:
3321:
3279:
1155:
549:
419:
395:
and anti-submarine vessels. During these delays, the class was redesigned several times; they were originally designed to mount ten
3094:
2597:
2200:
Though no source states what Mark was used, the only three versions of the 14" U.S. gun that were 50 caliber were Marks 4, 5 and 6.
4102:
3639:
3192:
3153:
1737:
1389:
20:
1330:
over two double turrets) for the main armament. Designed in 1916 and put into service by 1918, these guns were installed on the
1199:
of the motors. Despite these factors and the fact that American companies would have struggled to produce the very large geared
1142:
of 31 feet (9.4 m). They displaced 43,500 long tons (44,200 t) at normal load and 44,638 long tons (45,354 t) at
4349:
4344:
4339:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
3844:
1685:
462:
serving in multiple campaigns in the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. Though she was hit by torpedoes on two different occasions,
3054:
552:(C&R) sketched out such ships the following year, at the request of the Secretary of the Navy, as fast equivalents of the
548:(39 km/h; 24 mph), this meant a minimum speed for battlecruisers of 25.4 knots (47.0 km/h; 29.2 mph). The
4425:
2301:
527:
1433:
mountings during one of the redesigns. Designed in 1920 and in service by 1923, these guns became the main armament on the
833:
centerline with armored boxes fitted around each one. There was also the challenge of the many exhaust uptakes needed. The
3886:
2057:
1856:
945:
66:
3036:
2304:(DNC) for the Royal Navy. Among his other tasks in this post was giving expert testimony and analysis on the loss of the
2287:
Those plans were eventually filed in C&R's "Spring Styles" book of experimental naval design and can still been seen
1393:
1344:
1265:-class ships was designed to produce a total of 180,000 shaft horsepower (130,000 kW) and propel the ships at 33.25
964:
408:
3979:
2067:
1354:
battleship of 1920. Like the 14"/50 caliber gun, the 16" gun was designed in 1916. Basically an extended version of the
649:
635:
349:
19:
This article is about the original battlecruiser class. For the two ships that were converted to aircraft carriers, see
3893:
3445:
Grobmeier, A. H.; Johnson, Harold & Martin, Ty (2007). "Question 14/43: Strike and Sales Dates of U.S. Cruisers".
2321:
Sims' argument was based in part on erroneous information, as the Admiralty assured him that they planned to complete
1969:
1600:
1378:
1005:
712:
ships in 1910 (FY 1911) instead of just one was apparently "something of a personal triumph for Secretary of the Navy
407:(65 km/h; 40 mph), but by the time of the definitive design, these specifications had been altered to eight
3601:
1700:
Without this clause, the two carriers would have likely been in serious troubleâ1928 estimates for the two ships put
997:
Around 1918, the U.S. naval staff in Great Britain became extremely impressed by the British's newest battlecruiser,
701:
assumed that the U.S. would build two battleships per year, but Congress "balked", approving just one ship in 1904 (
4218:
4176:
4033:
3951:
3926:
3900:
3811:
2167:
1736:, construction on all the ships was stopped in February 1922. Two of the battlecruiser hulls were reordered as the
1717:
1331:
1186:
496:
735:
passed the bill in a modified form, replacing five of the battleships with battlecruisers. On 29 August 1916, the
3972:
3958:
3907:
3872:
3851:
2142:
s would be cited a second time, almost 30 years later and this time by the General Board, as reason to build the
1646:
1359:
1064:
910:
727:
called for ten battleships, six battlecruisers and ten destroyers to be completed by 1922. This was submitted to
713:
706:
1675:
1249:, each in their own individual compartment, provided steam for the generators at a working pressure of 295
430:
While four of the ships were eventually canceled and scrapped on their building ways in 1922 to comply with the
4239:
4197:
4156:
4088:
3937:
3865:
3858:
1415:
1409:
553:
539:
By 1908, the summer conference had come to favor battlecruisers over armored cruisers. The increasing range of
3037:"Board for Selling Doomed Warships; Admirals Oppose Sinking at Sea Under Terms of the Five Power Naval Treaty"
2309:
840:
4273:
4253:
4232:
4183:
4116:
4074:
4040:
3879:
3735:
2924:"United States of America 3"/23.5 (7.62 cm) Marks 4 and 14, 3"/23 (7.62 cm) Marks 7, 9, 11 and 13"
2605:
2210:
2184:
1840:
1733:
1633:
1545:
691:
664:
502:
455:
431:
58:
4246:
4225:
4211:
4204:
4095:
3965:
1860:
1688:
1185:
to allow for better underwater protection that wartime experience showed was essential. First used in the
1032:
769:
754:
728:
590:
564:
12-inch guns in four twin turrets and equivalent armor; the savings in weight from eliminating two of the
4190:
4136:
3804:
3489:
2406:
2143:
1888:
1819:
1474:
1447:
1382:
1355:
1323:
1250:
813:
615:
396:
360:
62:
1471:
1426:
1405:
968:
412:
400:
4332:
4109:
4026:
4019:
3709:
3656:
2225:
Both of these figures (the $ 6.7 and $ 22.4) are estimates for one of the lesser-advanced ships like
2042:
1917:
1799:
1746:
1661:
1596:
1541:
1533:
1441:
1288:
1164:
905:
736:
471:
435:
1502:
1110:
4148:
4067:
3716:
3670:
1878:
1815:
1753:
1667:
1453:
1434:
1235:
1196:
961:
891:
748:
598:
561:
441:
3796:
3567:
Stepping Stones to Nowhere: The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and American Military Strategy 1867â1945
3525:
O'Brien, Philip (2001). "Politics, Arms Control and US Naval Development in the Interwar Period".
1215:
acting in tandem. These motors were about five times the size of any earlier electric motor. Four
852:
4374:
4060:
3755:
2410:
2086:
1892:
1028:) and a speed of at least 30 knots. Moreover, designs were to be prepared and submitted quickly.
972:
610:
602:
594:
345:
84:
2288:
768:
was delayed; capital ship construction had been suspended in favor of needed merchant ships and
760:, were intended to be part of a 35-knot (40 mph) scouting force that would support a large
3596:
1540:
was 2.25 inches (57 mm) thick in two layers. The third deck over the ships' machinery and
348:. While these six vessels were requested in 1911 as a reaction to the building by Japan of the
4367:
4081:
4052:
3764:
3576:
3572:
3549:
3530:
3513:
3503:
3475:
3454:
3433:
3423:
3404:
3394:
3373:
3356:
3346:
3327:
3317:
3296:
3275:
3256:
3239:
1299:
1246:
1040:
949:
880:
865:
687:
606:
488:
378:
356:
200:
2163:
2073:
1907:
1834:
1760:
1743:
1653:
1568:
1216:
1146:. Because the demand for extreme speed necessitated a long hull with maximum freeboard, the
876:
829:
111:
1222:
powered each propeller shaft and each was rated at 35,200 kilowatts (47,200 hp), 5000
1150:
was extended down 75 percent of the total length of the hull. For this class, Rear Admiral
630:
4011:
3944:
2229:. The former cost would be higher and the second lower for one of the more-advanced ships.
2041:
of U.S. Navy ships to be officially designated to as battlecruisers. The World War II-era
1294:
1219:
1151:
1135:
1090:
1009:
492:
359:
which stretched over several years and predated the existence of the first battlecruiser,
1629:
class, not counting the $ 6.7 million already sunk into them, would cost $ 22.4 million.
1181:
propulsion was selected for the battlecruisers despite the fact it needed more room than
3110:
2609:
2328:
s three sister-ships when they had actually been cancelled (Friedman (1984), pp. 98â99).
1583:
None of the designs made provision for aircraft. However, the Navy planned to adapt the
4359:
1725:
1258:
1231:
1212:
1182:
1178:
1131:
724:
581:
turrets. The General Board retained these sketches but did not recommend construction.
391:
also included in the 1916 Act, their construction was repeatedly postponed in favor of
217:
3204:
3165:
1261:) and a temperature of 460 °F (238 °C). The turbo-electric machinery of the
4419:
4128:
3991:
3565:
3493:
2923:
2901:
2821:
2799:
2506:
2414:
2209:
Breyer's sketch shows two twin turrets superfiring over two triple turrets as in the
2063:
1637:
1604:
1556:
1280:(19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).
1277:
1254:
1200:
1056:
873:
698:
533:
447:
341:
312:
243:
134:
42:
3077:
2861:
761:
2180:
1973:
1514:
1491:
1139:
597:
in 1905. Japan had already been a concern of the U.S. Navy. Strategist and Admiral
355:, the potential use for them in the U.S. Navy came from a series of studies by the
277:
3230:
Anderson, Richard M. & Baker, Arthur D. III (1977). "CV-2 Lex and CV-3 Sara".
3497:
3417:
3388:
3340:
3311:
3290:
3833:
3529:. Naval Policy and History. Vol. 13. London: Frank Cass. pp. 148â164.
1913:
1609:
1537:
1326:
of either the Mark 4, 5, or 6 variety to be mounted in four turrets (two triple
1266:
1242:
1159:
765:
720:
702:
545:
467:
404:
392:
318:
231:
2409:, the Naval War College (NWC) is the education and research institution of the
2377:
Friedman (1983), p. 37; Gardiner and Gray, pp. 120â121; and the DANFS entry on
3929:
3836:
2159:
2038:
1521:
1238:
1208:
1192:
1147:
979:
931:
926:
683:
388:
337:
303:
291:
193:
3458:
3243:
2123:
2115:
4265:
4168:
3517:
3437:
3408:
3360:
1584:
1327:
1270:
1143:
1035:, to C&R to assist in this task. Goodall brought a copy of the plans of
817:
578:
423:
154:
3331:
1085:
would make the U.S. Navy's Standard type battleships obsolete, just as HMS
812:
In their original 1916 configuration, the battlecruisers were to carry ten
2378:
1055:
project which included a reduction of the main armor belt, the change to "
820:
over two dual because there was not enough beam to accommodate the larger
1621:
1552:
1510:
1509:
on 8 March 1922, after her construction had been suspended. The circular
1430:
998:
983:
825:
821:
622:(76 mm) of deck armour and be capable of a speed of 20.5 knots. The
366:(a series of proposed battlecruiser designs was in fact submitted to the
297:
147:
2862:"United States of America 5"/51 (12.7 cm) Marks 7, 8, 9, 14 and 15"
246:(19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
37:
A 1922 painting by Louise Larned depicting the definitive design of the
4325:
2902:"United States of America 6"/53 (15.2 cm) Marks 12, 14, 15 and 18"
1572:
1560:
887:
540:
1063:
class and 10,900 tons greater than the previous battleship class, the
904:
s longitudinal strength was challenged further by the large amount of
837:
s were given "no less than" seven funnels, four of them side by side.
3743:
Cancelled and scrapped in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty
1227:
593:(IJN) scored a decisive victory over the Russian Baltic Fleet at the
271:
3546:
Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
1477:
were planned for the original and first redesigned versions of the
2822:"United States of America 16"/50 (40.6 cm) Mark 2 and Mark 3"
2800:"United States of America 14"/50 (35.6 cm) Mark 4 and Mark 6"
2392:
1770:
from 1 December 1917 until the name was returned on 24 July 1925.
1716:
1674:
1632:
Any debate over converting them was quelled by the signing of the
1501:
1293:
1282:
1109:
978:
851:
839:
629:
32:
960:
s staying power while increasing their main armament to eight 50-
670:. In other words, the board requested an American version of the
1608:
carrier, while another contemplated a conversion to an Atlantic
1458:
submarines, and they were intended as secondary armament on the
1223:
3800:
3605:
3527:
Technology and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century and Beyond
2056:
class or other true battlecruisers, instead using a scaled-up
3466:
Hone, Trent (2011). "High-Speed Thoroughbreds: The US Navy's
2002:
Sold, 25 October 1923 for $ 84,996.60 and broken up in place
1984:
Sold, 25 October 1923 for $ 92,024.40 and broken up in place
1950:
Sold, 8 November 1923 for $ 10,666.66 and broken up in place
1873:
Sold, 8 November 1923 for $ 45,666.66 and broken up in place
3078:
World Battleships List: US Battlecruisers and Large Cruisers
2638:
2636:
1625:
would cost $ 27.1 million, while a conversion of one of the
1513:
on blocks on her deck were intended for the battlecruiser's
2238:
Because more progress had been made on the construction of
1093:, to argue for the redesigned vessels by pointing out that
577:
armor and six 12-inch guns. None of these designs included
1587:
of these vessels to accommodate aircraft at a later date.
454:
conducting a number of raids before being sunk during the
3571:. Annapolis, Maryland: Military Institute Press. p.
3020:
Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter II, Part III, Section II
2759:
Anderson and Baker (1977), p. 311; Friedman (1984), p. 86
1381:. Later planning called for the use of these guns in the
1031:
The Royal Navy temporarily assigned a young constructor,
2689:
2687:
922:
s, which also promised considerable savings in weight.
41:
class, with eight 16-inch (406 mm)/50 cal guns and two
2630:
Breyer, pp. 116, 136, 162; Friedman (1984), pp. 62, 86
1047:
class, it quickly adopted and incorporated ideas from
686:, the Navy decided that battleships, such as the new "
3734:
Converted from battlecruisers in accordance with the
3470:
Class Battlecruiser Designs". In Jordan, John (ed.).
3313:
U.S. Aircraft Carriers: An Illustrated Design History
16:
Abortive WWI-era battlecruiser class of the U.S. Navy
2158:
This would be similar to the U.S.'s use of "BB" for
1567:-class ships consisted of three to six medium steel
1138:
of 105 feet 4 inches (32.1 m), and a
4358:
4264:
4167:
4147:
4127:
4051:
4010:
3990:
3925:
3832:
3786:
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
3702:
3649:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2242:(35.4% versus 22.7%), she was converted instead of
1425:The secondary armament was later upped to fourteen
3564:
3253:US Cruisers 1883â1904: The Birth of the Steel Navy
1939:Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Virginia
952:, fought shortly after the initial design for the
450:. Both saw extensive action in World War II, with
3419:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906â1921
3390:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922â1946
2996:
2994:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
4436:Abandoned military projects of the United States
3781:List of battlecruisers of the United States Navy
2310:ADM 116/4351: Report on the Loss of H.M.S. Hood.
2179:The designation "CC" was later revived for the "
601:had warned then-Assistant Secretary of the Navy
4441:World War I battlecruisers of the United States
3827:United States naval ship classes of World War I
3342:U.S. Battleships: An Illustrated Design History
1693:
1158:, used a relatively new kind of bow called the
491:(NWC) about the overall effectiveness of large
446:) were converted into the United States' first
3422:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3393:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3372:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3345:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3316:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3274:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3055:Washington Naval Treaty, Chapter I, Article IX
2943:
2941:
2417:and passing them along to officers of the Navy
3812:
3617:
3416:Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985).
2572:
2570:
1039:and accurate accounts of shell damage at the
67:Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company
8:
3292:Theodore Roosevelt: A Twentieth-century Life
2737:
2735:
2677:
2675:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
1482:and a height of 18,000 feet (5,500 m).
1408:. These guns were originally mounted on the
925:One suggestion from C&R was to make the
3201:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
3162:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
3103:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
3031:
3029:
3027:
2149:fast battleships (Friedman (1985), p. 307).
2111:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2085:The U.S. Navy's first aircraft carrier was
1276:The estimated range would have been 10,000
3819:
3805:
3797:
3624:
3610:
3602:
3387:Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger (1980).
2100:For more information, see the entries for
2015:List of cruisers of the United States Navy
1154:, who served as Chief Constructor for the
2413:that specializes in developing ideas for
967:and their secondary armament to fourteen
487:As early as 1903, questions arose in the
270:4 (later 8) Ã single 3-inch (76 mm)
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
1772:
1704:at an actual tonnage of 35,689 tons and
1404:The original design called for eighteen
3548:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
3138:Grobmeier, Johnson & Martin, p. 150
2767:
2765:
2341:
2308:in 1941 (Friedman (1985), p. 163;
2280:
2026:
1390:miscommunication between design bureaus
2957:
2955:
2953:
2262:, but was renamed on 10 December 1917.
731:in December 1915. On 2 June 1916, the
589:As the NWC continued its studies, the
466:survived the war only to be sunk as a
27:
3370:U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated History
3187:
3185:
3183:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3089:
3087:
3085:
2711:Gardiner and Gray (1984), pp. 118â119
2598:"Lexington Class (CC-1 through CC-6)"
2348:Gardiner and Cheasneau (1980), p. 122
2166:, among many other designations. See
1944:
1636:. Under the terms of the treaty, any
989:, which influenced the design of the
848:class' original planned configuration
403:on a hull with a maximum speed of 35
309:Turret sides: 6 in (152 mm)
267:14 Ã single 6-inch (152 mm) guns
7:
3597:Class description at Global Security
3107:Naval History & Heritage Command
3067:Chapter II, Part III, Section I, (d)
2882:Morison and Polmar (2003), pp. 69â71
2720:Morison and Polmar (2003), pp. 71â72
3000:Friedman (1983), pp. 41 and 43
264:4 Ã twin 16-inch (406 mm) guns
174:105 ft 4 in (32.1 m)
2608:. 26 February 2004. Archived from
321:: 1.5â2.25 in (38â57 mm)
166:874 ft (266.4 m) overall
14:
3474:. London: Conway. pp. 8â31.
2961:Anderson and Baker (1977), p. 308
2771:Anderson and Baker (1977), p. 312
1660:that were closest to completion,
1170:, which entered service in 1910.
1156:Bureau of Construction and Repair
816:in four turrets, with two triple
550:Bureau of Construction and Repair
420:Bureau of Construction and Repair
418:The design challenges the Navy's
153:44,638 long tons (45,354 t)
3009:Morison and Polmar (2003), p. 72
2988:Morison and Polmar (2003), p. 74
2864:. NavWeaps.com. 12 February 2012
2802:. NavWeaps.com. 31 December 2009
2681:Morison and Polmar (2003), p. 71
2542:Gardiner and Gray (1984), p. 119
2300:Goodall would eventually become
1347:, also slated to be used on the
1287:16"/50 Mark 2 gun on display in
77:
31:
21:Lexington-class aircraft carrier
2926:. NavWeaps.com. 14 January 2011
2904:. NavWeaps.com. 8 February 2008
2824:. NavWeaps.com. 26 January 2009
2669:Friedman (1984), pp. 88, 91, 94
2393:"U.S. Naval War College: About"
1686:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1601:a conference in Washington D.C.
1544:was armored with two layers of
1343:Later designs called for eight
377:s were included as part of the
300:: 5â9 in (127â229 mm)
294:: 5â7 in (127â178 mm)
4431:Lexington-class battlecruisers
2302:Director of Naval Construction
1134:of 874 feet (266.4 m), a
939:Construction hold and redesign
860:class' definitive design, 1919
306:face: 11 in (279 mm)
1:
3272:Naval Weapons of World War II
3563:Perras, Galen Roger (2003).
3502:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI.
1490:Eight 21-inch (533 mm)
856:A painting that depicts the
3289:Cooper, Michael L. (2009).
3203:. NH&HC. Archived from
3164:. NH&HC. Archived from
3109:(NH&HC). Archived from
2891:Campbell (1985), pp. 132â33
2789:Campbell (1985), pp. 123â24
2642:Friedman (1984), pp. 63, 86
1970:Philadelphia Naval Shipyard
1318:The original design of the
234:(61 km/h; 38 mph)
4457:
2729:Friedman (1984), pp. 98â99
2518:Friedman (1984), pp. 62â64
2435:Friedman (1984), pp. 61â62
2168:Hull classification symbol
1732:Following adoption of the
965:16-inch (406 mm) guns
764:, but the battlecruisers'
644:class was to be a response
344:to ever be ordered by the
315:: 12 in (305 mm)
276:8 Ã 21-inch (533 mm)
18:
4385:
3776:
3750:
3727:
3544:Osborne, Eric W. (2004).
3368:Friedman, Norman (1984).
3339:Friedman, Norman (1985).
3310:Friedman, Norman (1983).
3043:. 2 May 1922. p. 20.
2947:Breyer (1974), pp. 235â37
2066:with the machinery of an
1968:
1867:
1857:Newport News Shipbuilding
1394:16"/50 caliber Mark 7 gun
1379:16"/50 caliber M1919 guns
1356:16"/45 caliber Mark 1 gun
1345:16"/50 caliber Mark 2 gun
911:ultimate tensile strength
336:were officially the only
125:
49:
30:
3643:-class aircraft carriers
2453:O'Brien (2007) pp. 28â29
2395:. U.S. Naval War College
2000:Cancelled 17 August 1923
779:-class ships were named
733:House of Representatives
4398:Completed after the war
3736:Washington Naval Treaty
3499:The American Battleship
3270:Campbell, John (1985).
3251:Burr, Lawrence (2008).
2851:Campbell (1985), p. 136
2842:Campbell (1985), p. 116
2702:Friedman (1985), p. 163
2606:Naval Historical Center
2551:Friedman (1985), p. 101
1734:Washington Naval Treaty
1634:Washington Naval Treaty
1546:Special treatment steel
1298:5"/51 cal, possibly on
1234:(DC). Each of the four
1122:General characteristics
456:Battle of the Coral Sea
432:Washington Naval Treaty
254:1297 (1326 as flagship)
182:31 ft (9.4 m)
126:General characteristics
59:Fore River Shipbuilding
3490:Morison, Samuel Loring
2693:Friedman (1984), p. 97
2576:Friedman (1984), p. 86
2489:Friedman (1984), p. 62
2462:Burr (2008) pp. 22, 24
2426:Friedman (1984), p. 61
2368:Friedman (1983), p. 43
1982:Cancelled, August 1923
1948:Cancelled, August 1923
1871:Cancelled, August 1923
1861:Newport News, Virginia
1729:
1698:
1689:Theodore Roosevelt Jr.
1681:
1652:, and Great Britain's
1563:defense system of the
1517:
1305:
1291:
1118:
1102:battlecruiser design.
994:
872:were so weak that her
861:
849:
770:anti-submarine warfare
719:Five years laterâwith
645:
591:Imperial Japanese Navy
4426:Battlecruiser classes
3636:-class battlecruisers
3447:Warship International
3255:. Osprey Publishing.
3232:Warship International
2741:Breyer (1974), p. 235
2660:Breyer (1974), p. 234
2471:Osborne (2004), p. 73
2444:Cooper (2009), p. 208
2407:Newport, Rhode Island
2312:Retrieved 8 May 2012.
2258:was originally named
2052:s owed little to the
1889:New York Shipbuilding
1820:Quincy, Massachusetts
1720:
1678:
1505:
1472:3"/23 caliber Mark 11
1322:class called for ten
1297:
1286:
1113:
982:
866:longitudinal strength
855:
843:
830:shaft horsepower
633:
523:Secretary of the Navy
517:class). Although the
334:-class battlecruisers
63:New York Shipbuilding
4392:Single ship of class
4149:Unprotected cruisers
3295:. New York: Viking.
2979:Sinesi (1998), p. 26
2037:class were the only
1918:Operation Crossroads
1597:Charles Evans Hughes
1569:protective bulkheads
1289:Washington Navy Yard
1130:-class ships had an
585:Pacific developments
472:Operation Crossroads
2480:Perras (2003), p. 8
1816:Fore River Shipyard
1724:shortly before her
1324:14"/50 caliber guns
1197:electrical polarity
814:14"/50 caliber guns
599:Alfred Thayer Mahan
4053:Protected cruisers
3207:on 3 November 2012
3168:on 23 January 2012
3041:The New York Times
2970:Hone (2011), p. 26
2780:Hone (2011), p. 25
2750:Hone (2011), p. 21
2411:United States Navy
1997:25 September 1920
1979:25 September 1920
1897:25 September 1920
1893:Camden, New Jersey
1730:
1682:
1518:
1475:anti-aircraft guns
1466:Anti-aircraft guns
1427:6"/53 caliber guns
1406:5"/51 caliber guns
1306:
1292:
1247:water-tube boilers
1119:
995:
973:Bureau of Ordnance
969:6"/53 caliber guns
862:
850:
844:A painting of the
808:Design development
747:s, along with the
714:von Lengerke Meyer
668:-class battleships
646:
634:IJN battlecruiser
611:Russo-Japanese War
603:Theodore Roosevelt
595:Battle of Tsushima
346:United States Navy
201:water-tube boilers
85:United States Navy
4411:
4410:
3794:
3793:
3703:Aircraft carriers
3481:978-1-84486-133-0
3262:978-1-84603-267-7
2612:on 8 October 2008
2216:(Breyer, p. 236).
2164:aircraft carriers
2006:
2005:
1903:16 November 1927
1830:14 December 1927
1744:aircraft carriers
1654:G3 battlecruisers
1388:battleships, but
1211:(16,800 kW)
1041:Battle of Jutland
950:Battle of Jutland
688:super-dreadnought
607:Cecil Spring Rice
489:Naval War College
379:Naval Act of 1916
357:Naval War College
327:
326:
196:(130,000 kW)
112:aircraft carriers
4448:
4012:Armored cruisers
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3586:
3570:
3559:
3540:
3521:
3485:
3462:
3441:
3412:
3383:
3364:
3335:
3306:
3302:978-0-67001134-6
3285:
3266:
3247:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3113:on 16 March 2004
3091:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2682:
2679:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2594:
2577:
2574:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2503:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2383:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2349:
2346:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2285:
2263:
2253:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2136:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2074:aircraft carrier
2031:
1908:aircraft carrier
1835:aircraft carrier
1773:
1768:Old Constitution
1615:Conversion of a
1440:light cruisers,
1241:produced 40,000
1220:turbo generators
1217:General Electric
1209:shaft-horsepower
640:, for which the
571:
493:armored cruisers
110:2, converted to
83:
81:
80:
35:
28:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4381:
4354:
4260:
4163:
4143:
4123:
4047:
4006:
3986:
3927:Pre-dreadnought
3921:
3828:
3825:
3795:
3790:
3772:
3746:
3723:
3698:
3645:
3630:
3593:
3583:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3537:
3524:
3510:
3488:
3482:
3465:
3444:
3430:
3415:
3401:
3386:
3380:
3367:
3353:
3338:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3269:
3263:
3250:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3191:
3190:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3152:
3151:
3142:
3137:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3093:
3092:
3083:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3034:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2602:Navy Department
2596:
2595:
2580:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2299:
2295:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2237:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2178:
2174:
2157:
2153:
2137:
2133:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2011:
2001:
1983:
1976:, Pennsylvania
1958:
1949:
1928:
1920:, 25 July 1946
1911:
1872:
1865:18 August 1920
1838:
1827:3 October 1925
1824:8 January 1921
1804:
1715:
1645:class, Japan's
1593:
1581:
1500:
1488:
1468:
1402:
1316:
1311:
1213:electric motors
1183:geared turbines
1176:
1152:David W. Taylor
1124:
1108:
1091:William S. Sims
1033:Stanley Goodall
1010:fast battleship
946:U-boat campaign
941:
886:had to go into
810:
587:
569:
485:
480:
187:Installed power
150:(44,200 t)
78:
76:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4454:
4452:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4133:
4131:
4129:Scout cruisers
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4016:
4014:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3996:
3994:
3992:Battlecruisers
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3846:South Carolina
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3761:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3651:
3650:Battlecruisers
3647:
3646:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3591:External links
3589:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3560:
3554:
3541:
3535:
3522:
3508:
3494:Polmar, Norman
3486:
3480:
3463:
3453:(2): 149â150.
3442:
3428:
3413:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3365:
3351:
3336:
3322:
3307:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3267:
3261:
3248:
3238:(4): 291â328.
3225:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3179:
3140:
3124:
3081:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3023:
3011:
3002:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2963:
2949:
2937:
2915:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2813:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2632:
2623:
2578:
2566:
2553:
2544:
2520:
2511:
2491:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2384:
2370:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2314:
2293:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2248:
2231:
2218:
2202:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2131:
2093:
2078:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1967:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1922:
1921:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1714:
1713:Ships in class
1711:
1592:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1520:The waterline
1499:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1467:
1464:
1401:
1400:Secondary guns
1398:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1278:nautical miles
1232:direct current
1201:steam turbines
1179:Turbo-electric
1175:
1172:
1132:overall length
1123:
1120:
1107:
1104:
940:
937:
809:
806:
725:Woodrow Wilson
586:
583:
484:
483:Armor or speed
481:
479:
476:
448:fleet carriers
401:five-inch guns
325:
324:
323:
322:
316:
310:
307:
301:
295:
287:
283:
282:
281:
280:
274:
268:
265:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:Turbo-electric
215:
210:
206:
205:
204:
203:
197:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
50:Class overview
47:
46:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4453:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4076:San Francisco
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:Followed by:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:Preceded by:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3693:United States
3690:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:Constellation
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3582:1-59114-836-7
3578:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3557:
3555:1-85109-369-9
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3536:0-7146-5125-7
3532:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:0-7603-0989-2
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3429:0-87021-907-3
3425:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3400:0-87021-913-8
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3379:0-87021-715-1
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3352:0-87021-715-1
3348:
3344:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3323:0-87021-739-9
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3287:
3283:
3281:0-87021-459-4
3277:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3157:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3006:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2925:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:U.S. Cruisers
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2509:(2003), p. 70
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2415:naval warfare
2412:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2244:Constellation
2241:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2189: (CLC-1)
2188:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2162:and "CV" for
2161:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2065:
2064:heavy cruiser
2062:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:United States
1988:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1942:23 June 1921
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1906:Converted to
1905:
1902:
1900:7 April 1925
1899:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Constellation
1847:
1846:
1843:, 8 May 1942
1842:
1836:
1833:Converted to
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:Commissioned
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:capital ships
1635:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:General Board
1602:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:conning tower
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1492:torpedo tubes
1486:Torpedo tubes
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Admiral class
1003:
1002:
992:
988:
987:
981:
977:
974:
970:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
938:
936:
933:
928:
923:
921:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
896:
895:
889:
885:
884:
878:
875:
874:double-bottom
871:
867:
859:
854:
847:
842:
838:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
802:
801:United States
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:Constellation
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
757:
752:
751:
746:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
709:
704:
700:
699:General Board
696:
694:
689:
685:
679:
675:
673:
669:
667:
661:
657:
653:
652:
643:
639:
638:
632:
628:
625:
620:
618:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
580:
576:
567:
563:
558:
556:
551:
547:
542:
537:
535:
534:battlecruiser
532:
530:
524:
520:
519:General Board
516:
512:
507:
505:
500:
499:
494:
490:
482:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
438:
433:
428:
425:
421:
416:
414:
413:six-inch guns
410:
406:
402:
399:and eighteen
398:
394:
390:
387:
385:
380:
376:
371:
369:
368:General Board
365:
364:
358:
354:
352:
347:
343:
342:battlecruiser
339:
335:
333:
320:
317:
314:
313:Conning tower
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
279:
278:torpedo tubes
275:
273:
269:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
257:
253:
250:
249:
245:
241:
238:
237:
233:
229:
226:
225:
219:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
202:
198:
195:
192:180,000
191:
190:
189:
186:
185:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
165:
162:
161:
156:
152:
149:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:Battlecruiser
133:
130:
129:
124:
120:
117:
116:
113:
109:
106:
105:
101:
98:
97:
93:
90:
89:
86:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
53:
48:
44:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4413:
4375:
4368:
4333:
4326:
4274:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4157:
4137:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4041:
4035:Pennsylvania
4034:
4027:
4020:
4000:
3999:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3916:South Dakota
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3888:Pennsylvania
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3766:
3757:
3717:
3710:
3692:
3691:
3686:Constitution
3685:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3640:
3633:
3632:
3566:
3545:
3526:
3498:
3472:Warship 2011
3471:
3467:
3450:
3446:
3418:
3389:
3369:
3341:
3312:
3291:
3271:
3252:
3235:
3231:
3224:Bibliography
3209:. Retrieved
3205:the original
3200:
3194:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3161:
3155:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3102:
3096:
3073:
3061:
3049:
3040:
3014:
3005:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2928:. Retrieved
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2896:
2887:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2856:
2847:
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2794:
2785:
2776:
2755:
2746:
2725:
2716:
2707:
2698:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2610:the original
2561:
2556:
2547:
2514:
2505:Morison and
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2397:. Retrieved
2387:
2379:
2373:
2344:
2322:
2317:
2305:
2296:
2283:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2186:
2181:command ship
2175:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2068:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2029:
1989:
1974:Philadelphia
1960:
1956:Constitution
1955:
1930:
1925:
1879:
1848:
1807:Constitution
1806:
1800:
1779:Hull number
1767:
1766:was renamed
1763:Constitution
1762:
1757: (CV-3)
1754:
1750: (CV-2)
1747:
1738:
1731:
1728:, circa 1925
1721:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1647:
1642:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1594:
1582:
1564:
1550:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1515:main battery
1506:
1489:
1478:
1469:
1460:South Dakota
1459:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1374:South Dakota
1373:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1358:used on the
1350:South Dakota
1349:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1319:
1317:
1301:
1275:
1262:
1253:(2,034
1206:
1187:
1177:
1166:
1127:
1125:
1115:Constitution
1114:
1099:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1065:
1061:South Dakota
1060:
1057:sloped armor
1052:
1048:
1045:South Dakota
1044:
1036:
1030:
1025:
1020:South Dakota
1019:
1013:
1000:
996:
990:
985:
957:
953:
942:
924:
919:
914:
901:
899:
893:
882:
869:
863:
857:
845:
834:
811:
800:
797:Constitution
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
774:
772:destroyers.
762:battle fleet
755:
749:
744:
742:
718:
707:
692:
680:
676:
671:
665:
659:
656:Pennsylvania
655:
650:
647:
641:
636:
623:
616:
588:
574:
565:
554:
538:
528:
514:
510:
503:
498:Pennsylvania
497:
495:such as the
486:
463:
459:
451:
442:
436:
429:
417:
411:and sixteen
409:16-inch guns
397:14-inch guns
393:escort ships
384:South Dakota
383:
374:
372:
362:
350:
331:
330:
328:
242:10,000
141:Displacement
38:
25:
4360:Auxiliaries
4104:New Orleans
3981:Connecticut
3930:battleships
3837:battleships
3834:Dreadnought
2651:Breyer, 162
2564:, pp. 71â72
2405:Located in
2187:Northampton
2160:battleships
1914:target ship
1610:ocean liner
1599:called for
1429:in Mark 13
1392:led to the
1328:superfiring
1239:alternators
1193:battleships
1160:bulbous bow
1087:Dreadnought
879:distorted.
818:superfiring
766:keel laying
721:World War I
703:fiscal year
684:battleships
579:superfiring
468:target ship
389:battleships
381:. Like the
214:four shafts
91:Preceded by
4420:Categories
4266:Submarines
4178:Bainbridge
4169:Destroyers
4158:Montgomery
4090:Cincinnati
3895:New Mexico
2616:8 December
2560:Friedman,
2270:References
1912:Sunk as a
1841:air attack
1785:Laid down
1658:Lexingtons
1591:Conversion
1338:New Mexico
1271:sea trials
1257:; 21
1245:. Sixteen
1174:Propulsion
1148:forecastle
932:forecastle
927:belt armor
894:Courageous
870:Invincible
529:Invincible
478:Background
424:destroyers
363:Invincible
251:Complement
209:Propulsion
4404:Cancelled
4118:St. Louis
4069:Baltimore
4042:Tennessee
4001:Lexington
3953:Kearsarge
3902:Tennessee
3765:USS
3756:USS
3711:Lexington
3658:Lexington
3641:Lexington
3634:Lexington
3468:Lexington
3459:0043-0374
3244:0043-0374
3097:Lexington
2336:Footnotes
2260:Lexington
2185:USS
2118:Lexington
2106:Lexington
2059:Baltimore
2054:Lexington
2035:Lexington
1931:Lexington
1910:1922â1927
1837:1922â1927
1801:Lexington
1788:Launched
1761:USS
1748:Lexington
1739:Lexington
1722:Lexington
1709:careers.
1702:Lexington
1663:Lexington
1643:Lexington
1627:Lexington
1617:Lexington
1585:poop deck
1565:Lexington
1553:barbettes
1526:Lexington
1511:barbettes
1479:Lexington
1370:Lexington
1333:Tennessee
1320:Lexington
1314:Main guns
1300:USS
1263:Lexington
1226:and 4620
1188:Tennessee
1165:USS
1144:deep load
1128:Lexington
1100:Lexington
1079:Lexington
1075:Lexington
1053:Lexington
1051:into the
1014:Lexington
999:HMS
991:Lexington
984:HMS
958:Lexington
954:Lexington
920:Lexington
915:Lexington
906:freeboard
902:Lexington
892:HMS
881:HMS
858:Lexington
846:Lexington
835:Lexington
826:long tons
822:barbettes
781:Lexington
777:Lexington
745:Lexington
660:Tennessee
642:Lexington
541:torpedoes
515:Tennessee
511:Tennessee
504:Tennessee
452:Lexington
437:Lexington
375:Lexington
361:HMS
332:Lexington
298:Barbettes
155:deep load
148:long tons
118:Cancelled
107:Completed
73:Operators
39:Lexington
4241:Caldwell
4199:Paulding
4097:Columbia
4028:Brooklyn
4021:New York
3974:Virginia
3960:Illinois
3909:Colorado
3874:New York
3853:Delaware
3718:Saratoga
3672:Saratoga
3518:50478540
3496:(2003).
3438:12119866
3409:18121784
3361:12214729
3211:14 April
3172:14 April
3156:Saratoga
3117:14 April
2240:Saratoga
2126:Saratoga
2102:Saratoga
2009:See also
1880:Saratoga
1839:Sunk in
1782:Builder
1755:Saratoga
1706:Saratoga
1669:Saratoga
1622:elevator
1579:Aircraft
1542:magazine
1534:bulkhead
1507:Saratoga
1455:Argonaut
1449:Nautilus
1431:casemate
1372:and the
1361:Colorado
1309:Armament
1167:Delaware
1066:Colorado
789:Saratoga
775:The six
729:Congress
708:New York
521:and the
464:Saratoga
460:Saratoga
443:Saratoga
259:Armament
55:Builders
4376:Recruit
4275:Plunger
4255:Clemson
4234:Sampson
4220:O'Brien
4185:Truxtun
4138:Chester
4083:Olympia
4062:Chicago
3939:Indiana
3867:Wyoming
3860:Florida
3758:Langley
3332:8763586
2380:Langley
2108:in the
2088:Langley
1916:during
1573:warhead
1561:torpedo
1524:of the
1443:Narwhal
1417:Wyoming
1411:Florida
1004:of the
962:caliber
900:In the
888:drydock
758:classes
624:Tsukuba
617:Tsukuba
575:Wyoming
566:Wyoming
562:caliber
555:Wyoming
470:during
434:, two (
272:AA guns
146:43,500
99:Planned
43:funnels
4369:Boston
4248:Wickes
4227:Tucker
4213:Aylwin
4206:Cassin
4111:Denver
3881:Nevada
3767:Ranger
3679:Ranger
3579:
3552:
3533:
3516:
3506:
3492:&
3478:
3457:
3436:
3426:
3407:
3397:
3376:
3359:
3349:
3330:
3320:
3299:
3278:
3259:
3242:
3195:Ranger
2507:Polmar
2256:Ranger
2227:Ranger
2212:Nevada
2147:-class
2071:-class
2061:-class
2050:Alaska
2044:Alaska
1961:Ranger
1926:Ranger
1741:-class
1726:launch
1452:, and
1438:-class
1419:-class
1414:- and
1386:-class
1352:-class
1336:- and
1259:kgf/cm
1190:-class
1106:Design
1022:-class
883:Renown
877:frames
799:, and
793:Ranger
756:Wickes
737:Senate
710:-class
693:Nevada
666:Nevada
658:s and
619:-class
557:-class
531:-class
506:-class
501:- and
386:-class
304:Turret
163:Length
82:
4192:Smith
3967:Maine
3065:See:
3053:See:
3018:See:
2930:2 May
2908:2 May
2868:2 May
2828:2 May
2806:2 May
2399:6 May
2326:'
2275:Notes
2214:class
2140:KongÅ
2069:Essex
2046:class
2039:class
2021:Notes
1994:CC-6
1966:CC-5
1936:CC-4
1885:CC-3
1853:CC-2
1812:CC-1
1794:Fate
1776:Ship
1680:1922.
1650:class
1648:Amagi
1498:Armor
1470:Four
1436:Omaha
1363:class
1302:Texas
1267:knots
1224:volts
1140:draft
1068:class
750:Omaha
695:class
672:KongÅ
651:KongÅ
637:KongÅ
570:'
546:knots
405:knots
353:class
351:KongÅ
338:class
286:Armor
239:Range
232:knots
227:Speed
220:drive
179:Draft
4334:AA-1
3946:Iowa
3577:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3531:ISBN
3514:OCLC
3504:ISBN
3476:ISBN
3455:ISSN
3451:XLIV
3434:OCLC
3424:ISBN
3405:OCLC
3395:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3357:OCLC
3347:ISBN
3328:OCLC
3318:ISBN
3297:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3240:ISSN
3213:2012
3174:2012
3119:2012
2932:2012
2910:2012
2870:2012
2830:2012
2808:2012
2618:2008
2401:2012
2323:Hood
2306:Hood
2289:here
2145:Iowa
2138:The
2122:and
2104:and
2033:The
1959:(ex-
1929:(ex-
1805:(ex-
1752:and
1666:and
1538:deck
1530:Hood
1522:belt
1384:Iowa
1228:amps
1136:beam
1126:The
1095:Hood
1083:Hood
1049:Hood
1037:Hood
1026:Hood
1001:Hood
986:Hood
918:the
753:and
743:The
458:and
440:and
373:The
329:The
319:Deck
292:Belt
171:Beam
131:Type
94:None
65:and
4327:M-1
3573:200
3236:XIV
1933:)
1255:kPa
1251:psi
1243:KVA
1230:of
716:."
560:50-
340:of
244:nmi
230:33
199:16
194:shp
4422::
3638:/
3575:.
3512:.
3449:.
3432:.
3403:.
3355:.
3326:.
3234:.
3199:.
3182:^
3160:.
3143:^
3127:^
3105:.
3101:.
3084:^
3039:.
3026:^
2993:^
2952:^
2940:^
2764:^
2734:^
2686:^
2674:^
2635:^
2604:,
2600:.
2581:^
2569:^
2523:^
2494:^
2353:^
2183:"
2114::
1972:,
1963:)
1945:â
1891:,
1868:â
1859:,
1818:,
1809:)
1672:.
1612:.
1575:.
1446:,
1236:AC
1070:.
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
690:"
674:.
536:.
474:.
61:,
4401:X
4395:C
4389:S
4350:R
4345:O
4340:N
4321:L
4316:K
4311:H
4306:G
4301:F
4296:E
4291:D
4286:C
4281:B
3820:e
3813:t
3806:v
3740:X
3731:C
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
3585:.
3558:.
3539:.
3520:.
3484:.
3461:.
3440:.
3411:.
3382:.
3363:.
3334:.
3305:.
3284:.
3265:.
3246:.
3215:.
3197:"
3193:"
3176:.
3158:"
3154:"
3121:.
3099:"
3095:"
2934:.
2912:.
2872:.
2832:.
2810:.
2620:.
2403:.
2291:.
2246:.
2191:.
2170:.
2128:"
2124:"
2120:"
2116:"
2076:.
993:s
568:s
121:4
102:6
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
