884:, and Xu took Li Bian as an adoptive son and renamed him Xu Zhigao. As Xu Wen's wife Lady Li had the same surname and felt attached to Xu Zhigao, she cared for him well. It was said that Xu Zhigao served his father with greater filial piety than Xu Wen's other (biological) sons. One time, when he offended Xu Wen, Xu Wen caned him and chased him out of the house. However, when Xu Wen came home at night, Xu Zhigao was waiting at the door for him. Xu Wen asked, "Why are you still here?" Xu Zhigao wept and responded, "Where can a son go but to his parents? When father is angry, I go to mother. This is what human nature is." Xu Wen became even more loving of him, and often put him in charge of family matters. (Xu Wen had six biological sons known to history –
1310:), still carrying the title of military governor of Zhenhai Circuit. (The command of Ningguo Circuit went to Xu Zhigao.) It was said that it was only after this point that Xu Zhigao had true, unchallenged authority over Wu's governance. The brothers then had a verbal confrontation in which Xu Zhixun stated, "When the deceased Prince left this world, you, older brother, were his son. How could it be that you did not attend to his funereal matters?" Xu Zhigao responded, "You had a sword drawn, intended for me. How could I dare to go? You are a subject, so how could you have ridden on imperial wagons and worn imperial clothes?" When Xu Zhixun then questioned him about his actions, Xu Zhigao realized that Zhou Tingwang was playing both sides, so had Zhou Tingwang executed.
1974:
1434:). (Yang Pu's edict also conferred additional honorific titles, but Xu declined those.) The Principality of Qi was given 10 prefectures in which Xu had exclusive authority. In spring 936, he began to establish a Generalissimo headquarters with six ministries, as well as a directorate of salt and iron monopolies, modeling after an imperial government. He also made Li Jingtong deputy generalissimo, and Song and Xu Jie his assistants. After Yang Pu issued an edict in late 936 authorizing him to establish a Qi government, he did so in early 937, including beginning to refer to his headquarters as a palace, and making Song and Xu Jie his chancellors and Zhou Zong and Zhou Tingyu (
1211:
that you would abandon him now that you are honored?" However, as Yan and others repeatedly spoke of this, Xu Wen eventually changed his mind. In late 927, he planned to go to
Guangling to request that Yang Pu take imperial title and take Xu Zhixùn with him, and then, after the ceremony, leave Xu Zhixùn there to be junior regent. However, he then fell ill, so he sent Xu Zhixùn to Guangling with his petition for Yang Pu to take imperial title and to take over for Xu Zhigao. Hearing this, Xu Zhigao drafted a petition to Yang Pu, where he would resign his offices and requested to be made the military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern
1392:
enthroning. However, one day, as he was plucking his white facial hair in front of a mirror, he commented, "The empire is safe, but I am getting old." Zhou Zong, hearing this, volunteered to go to
Jiangdu to start hinting to Yang of the need for transition, as well as to inform this to Song. Xu agreed. However, when Song heard of this, he became intensely jealous of Zhou, and he wrote a letter to Xu, arguing that this was not the right time, and also asking that Zhou be put to death as an apology to Yang. As a result, Xu demoted Zhou to be the deputy military prefect of Chi Prefecture (池州, in modern Chizhou). However, when
1062:), with Xu Zhijian taking over his post as military prefect of Run. It was said that Xu Zhigao governed opposite to how Xu Zhixùn did – he treated Yang Longyan with respect, was frugal, and was respectful to the other officials. He also lowered the tax burden on the people. He continued to employ Song as a chief strategist. Later in the year, when Yan was repeatedly trying to persuade Xu Wen to replace Xu Zhigao with Xu Zhixún, Xu Zhigao tried to remove Yan from the scene by making him the prefect of Chu Prefecture (楚州, in modern
1566: – making him apparently the heir. (Xu Jingtong was soon renamed Xu Jing.) His uneasy relationship with his longtime friend Song Qiqiu continued, as although he made Song a chancellor, he did not give Song actual authorities, causing Song to be apprehensive. Believing that Xu Gao might be displeased that he had opposed the dynastic transition, he proposed moving Yang Pu to a more distant location and that a divorce be ordered between Yang Lian and Xu Gao's daughter (now titled Princess Yongxing). Xu Gao rejected both proposals.
1054:, however, reported to him about Xu Zhixùn's acts that brought alienation – including his arrogance and lack of respect for even Yang Longyan, as his sovereign. Xu Wen, listening to them, did not carry out large scale reprisals. As all of his other sons were young, he made Xu Zhigao the junior regent with the official titles of deputy commander of the Huainan army, deputy commander of the infantry and cavalry, general overseer of the headquarters, and military prefect of Jiang Prefecture (江州, in modern
1730:
presiding over imperial gatherings. On March 30, 943, he was so ill that the imperial physician had to summon Li Jing to his presence to attend to him. He stated to Li Jing, "I took these medications made of gold and rocks to try to lengthen my lifespan, but instead they harmed me. You should be cautious of this." He died that night. Li Jing initially did not announce his death and only had an edict issued in his name, making Li Jing regent, but soon thereafter announced his death and took the throne.
1573:, also advocating the same, Xu Gao converted the inner city of Run Prefecture into Danyang Palace and had Li Decheng move Yang Pu there; the entire Yang imperial clan was then moved into Danyang Palace as well and placed under heavy guard . Meanwhile, the officials were submitting many petitions asking for names of places that had characters of "Wu" or "Yang" be changed. At Xu Jie's suggestion that such matters should not become pressing matters, Xu Gao did not act on them.
1296:) persuaded him to let Zhou take large amounts of wealth to Guangling to try to use them to bribe other high level officials to turn from Xu Zhigao and toward him, but when Zhou arrived at Guangling, Zhou secretly pledged allegiance to Xu Zhigao through Xu Zhigao's associate Zhou Zong, and informed Xu Zhixun's actions to Xu Zhigao – but then, when he returned to Jinling, also informed Xu Zhigao's actions to Xu Zhixun, trying to play both sides.
1326:, preparing to have Xu Jingtong take over his responsibilities at Guangling. He also wanted to have Song Qiqiu made a chancellor, but Song, knowing that he did not yet have the proper reputation to be a chancellor, declined and retired for some time, before returning to the government. In 931, Xu Zhigao himself was made the military governor of Zhenhai and Ningguo, with headquarters at Jinling, while Xu Jingtong was made
1688:) embezzled governmental funds, but Song spared him from death. Li Bian, in anger, ordered Xia's death, and Song, in fear, claimed to be ill, and was relieved of his executive bureau responsibilities. On a subsequent occasion when Song, at his invitation, came to dinner, they got into an argument, but Li Bian subsequently wrote a letter to Song, stating, "Our impatient nature is something you knew well, Zisong [(Song's
1776:
1726:) was born of his favorite concubine Consort Zhong, and once, when Li Bian was angry with Li Jing for being occupied with musical instruments, Consort Zhong tried to persuade him to divert succession from Li Jing and making Li Jingti his heir. Finding Consort Zhong's suggestion highly inappropriate, he expelled Consort Zhong out of the palace and had her remarried.
1079:
advise Yang
Longyan to claim imperial title as well and restructure the Wu political structure to cut off connections to Tang. Xu Wen agreed, and he kept Yan at Guangling to prepare for ceremonies for such a break with Tang. Xu Zhigao, seeing that he could not eliminate Yan, instead decided to make peace with Yan by giving a daughter in marriage to Yan's son
1017:) his headquarters. He left Xu Zhigao's brother Xu Zhixùn in charge at Guangling as the junior regent. However, Xu Zhixùn was arrogant and ran the government impulsively, which Xu Wen was unaware. Meanwhile, in 917, when Xu Wen went to Sheng to examine the prefecture, he was impressed by its prosperity. Under the advice of the officer Chen Yanqian (
1643:) to aid Li Jinquan, but with instructions not to pillage and to, with haste, escort Li Jinquan back to Southern Tang territory safely. However, in violation of Li Bian's instructions, Li Chengyu seized Li Jinquan's wealth and tried to defend the city, and subsequently engaged and was defeated by the Later Jin general Ma Quanjie (
1029:) to Sheng, while moving Xu Zhigao from Sheng to serve as the military prefect of Run. Xu Zhigao did not want the Run post and requested the Xuan post, but Xu Wen refused to grant it. Song, however, pointed out to him secretly that Xu Zhixùn would soon be bringing a disaster on himself, and Run, being just across the
1050:), committed suicide. Xu Zhigao, upon hearing of the disturbance at Guangling, took his troops, crossed the Yangtze, and pacified the city. After Xu Wen subsequently arrived, he suspected many other generals and officials of being in a conspiracy with Zhu and considered major reprisals. Xu Zhigao and
1532:
Your old subject Xu Gao, who has received your gracious yielding of the throne , respectfully bows to you, Emperor, and presents you with the honorable title of
Emperor Gaoshang Sixuan Honggu Rang. Your palace, imperial train, and clothing will all remain the same. Your ancestral temples, insignia,
1527:
Xu Gao posthumously honored his adoptive father Xu Wen as an emperor, and his adoptive mother Lady Li as an empress, although the other Xu ancestors were only posthumously honored as princes or dukes, while their wives were honored as ladies. Instead of the usual dynastic transitions, where the new
1078:
appeared to be posturing to claim the imperial title himself and claim lawful succession from the Tang emperors. Yan argued that, with that being the case, Wu's political structure was untenable since it, like Jin, had been claiming its desire to reestablish Tang. Yan instead suggested that Xu Wen
1537:
Yang Pu, finding it untenable for the
Southern Tang emperor to still be claiming to be his subject, wrote a letter back declining this humility. The Southern Tang emperor wrote another submission (i.e., still in the form of a subject) thanking him, but continued to use the formality of a subject.
1391:
During the years, Xu had considered having Yang Pu pass the throne to him and for himself to be emperor instead, but as Yang Pu was virtuous, he was concerned that the people might be displeased at a transition, and therefore, as Song advised, was to wait until Yang Pu's passing and a new emperor's
1355:
In 933, Song Qiqiu advised Xu Zhigao to move the Wu capital from
Guangling to Jinling, and Xu thus began to build a palace complex at Jinling. He himself moved from his headquarters into a private residence, preparing to move the emperor there. However, after Zhou Zong pointed out that moving the
1254:
Even though Xu Zhigao remained in control of Wu's imperial government, Xu Zhixun, at
Jinling (i.e., Sheng Prefecture), controlled the largest army of the state, and he, wielding that authority, contended for decision-making with Xu Zhigao, who tried to curb Xu Zhixun's military power. For example,
1585:
Meanwhile, a movement began among Xu Gao's officials to petition to have him change his surname back to Li, but he initially declined, citing that he did not want to forget Xu Wen's grace to him. In spring 939, apparently feeling justified because his younger brothers Xu
Zhizheng and Xu Zhi'e had
1387:
the Prince of
Linchuan – who was resentful of the Xu family's hold on power – and that he thus might, if he captured Jian, use it as a base to support Yang Meng against Xu. Xu thus sent an order for Jiang to withdraw, which Jiang did, with substantial losses when his
1210:
also often spoke in favor of this change. Xu Wen, as Xu Zhigao was filially pious and careful, declined, and Xu Zhigao was also supported by Xu Wen's principal concubine Lady Chen, who stated to Xu Wen, "Xu Zhigao is someone whom you raised in our home since you were not yet prominent. How is it
948:
was a good defensible location and where the
Hongnong fleet could be best stationed, took for himself the title of prefect of Sheng Prefecture (昇州, i.e., Jinling) but made Xu Zhigao the discipline officer of Sheng as well as the deputy commander of the fleet, stationing at Sheng to be in charge of
1576:
Around new year 939, Yang Pu died. Xu Gao declared a lengthy mourning period for him, and honored him posthumously as Emperor Rui. (Due to the quickness of his death after yielding the throne, it was commonly believed that he was killed on the new emperor's orders, although definitive proof was
1485:
By this point, the Wu generals and officials were all signing petitions for Xu Gao to take the throne – including the old and ill Wang Lingmou, who died shortly after doing so. Song, however, continued to refuse to sign. In winter 937, Xu Gao accepted the throne, ending Wu, and
1299:
Later in 929, Xu Zhixun tried to summon Xu Zhigao to Jinling to attend a ceremony where they would remove mourning clothes that they had put on for Xu Wen's death; Xu Zhigao refused, claiming that Yang Pu would not let him leave the capital. Meanwhile, Zhou Zong told Zhou Tingwang to inform Xu
1284:
Given Xu Zhixun's military strength, Xu Zhigao feared him, but Xu Zhixun's arrogance alienated his younger brothers, particularly both Xu Zhihui and Xu Zhijian; Xu Zhihui secretly reported Xu Zhixun's actions to Xu Zhigao, while Xu Zhijian, at Guangling, participated in Xu Zhigao's machinations
1729:
Also over the years, Li Bian had been taking alchemists' medicines, believing that they would allow him to have long life, but the medicines were in fact making his temper flare frequently and health deteriorate. By spring 943, he was quite ill, but pretended to be not ill and continued to be
1396:
and Xu Jie subsequently also encouraged Xu Zhigao to take the throne, Xu Zhigao recalled Zhou and, from that point on, began to distance himself from Song. As Xu Zhigao was apprehensive of Yang Meng still, he had others make accusations against Yang Meng for secretly making weapons and hiding
1719:
Over the years, Li Bian had been tempted to make Li Jingda, whom he considered decisive and capable, his heir, and Song had also often praised Li Jingda's abilities. However, as Li Jing was older, he eventually decided against making Li Jingda his heir. Meanwhile, his youngest son Li Jingti
1300:
Zhixun that he had been accused of seven major crimes and should go to the capital to defend himself. Xu Zhixun believed Zhou Tingwang, and therefore went to Guangling. Once he arrived there, Xu Zhigao detained him and did not allow him to return to Jinling, sending the officer Ke Hou (
1356:
capital was an expensive endeavor and that if he moved the capital to Jinling, he might needed to take up headquarters in Jiangdu (i.e., Guangling, now known as Jiangdu Municipality) instead. As a result, the project was cancelled, and he shortly after moved back into headquarters.
1615:
and Taizong in the imperial temples, with all three designated as ancestors whose temples would not be destroyed. Later in the year, he wanted to create Li Jing, now with the title of Prince of Qi, crown prince, but Li Jing declined, and he bestowed additional titles on Li Jing.
1203:. He immediately withdrew and apologized, and had himself indicted. When Yang Pu issued an edict declining to punish him, he nevertheless imposed a penalty of one month of salary on himself, to show that even he himself was subject to punishment and to restore discipline.
1285:
against Xu Zhixun. Xu Jie, who had previously supported Xu Zhixun, also realized that Xu Zhixun lacked the proper abilities to lead, and instead turned his allegiance to Xu Zhigao. Meanwhile, Xu Zhixun was not curbing his actions properly; for example, when Wuyue's king
1289:
sent Xu Zhixun gifts of vessels and saddles adorn with dragons and phoenixes – which only the sovereign could use – Xu Zhixun used them, making no attempts to avoid making them into a display. His close associate Zhou Tingwang
1649:). Duan was killed in battle, while Li Chengyu was executed by Ma. Some 4,000 Southern Tang soldiers were lost. This caused Li Bian to be saddened for days and blaming himself for not giving even harsher warnings to Li Chengyu. When Later Jin's emperor
1586:
become the lead petitioners, he approved the petition. When the officials subsequently offered an honorific imperial title to him, he rejected it, stating, "An honorific title is false beauty, and it is not in accordance with ancient traditions." The
1232:
Shortly after Xu Wen's death, Yang Pu, per Xu Wen's final recommendations, took imperial title. Meanwhile, Xu Wen's titles were split between Xu Zhigao and Xu Zhixun, with Xu Zhigao assuming Xu Wen's title as overseer of all military matters (都督中外總軍事,
1178:). He wanted to further have Zhong interrogated, but Xu Wen, pointing out that Zhong was a close ally during the time when he killed Zhang Hao and stating that he would have died at Zhang's hands without Zhong, refused. He further had Xu Zhigao's son
1241:, with Xu Wen having been supreme commander before, and that post now left open) and military governor of Ningguo (寧國, headquartered at Xuan Prefecture) and Zhenhai Circuits, which Xu Wen had been; he also took the greater honorary chancellor title of
1036:
Over the years, Xu Zhigao and Xu Zhixùn developed an adversarial relationship, as Xu Zhixùn, as well as Xu Zhixún, did not truly consider Xu Zhigao a brother. However, Xu Zhijian had a good relationship with Xu Zhigao and helped to protect him.
1383:) under siege and nearly captured it. However, upon receiving reports of Jiang's campaign, Xu was apprehensive of the fact that Jiang was a son-in-law of Yang Xingmi's and had a particularly friendly relationship with Yang Pu's brother
928:
In 908 – by which time Tang had fallen and the Huainan territory was now an independent state ruled by Yang Wo under the title of Prince of Hongnong after Yang Xingmi's death – Xu Wen and another officer,
1602:
into governance, none of the other states of the time could be compared to Southern Tang. Xu Gao took the name of Li Bian, and effectively claimed to be the legitimate successor to the Tang throne and that he was a descendant of
1086:
In 919, Xu Wen advised Yang Longyan to claim imperial title. Yang Longyan declined, but claimed the greater title of King of Wu, thus ending connections to Tang. Xu Zhigao remained junior regent, now with the greater titles of
972:), was promoted to be the prefect of Sheng. It was said that he governed Sheng well, selecting honest administrators, and gathered learned people around him. It was at this time that he became impressed with a strategist,
1199:). In 927, seeing that there was a plague of officers who were not paying proper attention to protocol, he intentionally intruded into the residence of Yang Longyan's younger brother and successor as King of Wu,
1653:
subsequently tried to return the 570 Southern Tang captives to Southern Tang, Li Bian refused to accept them, citing, in a letter to Shi, that they violated his orders. They remained at Later Jin subsequently.
1703:
As Li Bian himself, while serving as regent of Wu, had often revised laws to try to improve Tang laws, he ordered the judges and the executive bureau to reorganize the laws into a 30-volume work entitled, the
1611:. He honored his biological father Li Rong, as well as three other ancestors, as emperors, and their wives as empresses. Xu Wen continued to be honored posthumously as emperor, and was only subordinate to
1465:
As it was becoming apparent that Xu Gao was getting ready to take the throne from Yang Pu, Yang Meng decided to try to make a final attempt to prevent the transition. In fall 937, he assassinated Wang Hong
937:
the Prince of Hongnong (later with the greater title of Prince of Wu). Xu effectively served as the regent and controlled Wu's government. Xu Zhigao was apparently given the command of the Yuancong Corps
2744:
3468:
1674:
In 942, at Song's request, Song was allowed to exercise his authority as chancellor, and further was given the authority to oversee the executive bureau, while Li Jingsui oversaw the legislative (中書省,
1692:). How can it be that we were dear to each other in youth and hateful to each other in old age?" He subsequently made Song the military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern
1206:
Meanwhile, over the years, Xu Zhixún, citing the fact that Xu Zhigao was not actually a biological son of Xu Wen's, repeatedly pleaded to Xu Wen to take over the junior regency. Yan Keqiu and
876:) attacked Hao and captured it. Yang's soldiers took Li Bian captive. Yang, finding Li Bian's appearance to be unusual, wanted to take him in as an adoptive son, but Yang's oldest son
1671:) to Min on a diplomatic mission to try to help end the Min civil war. Under Shang's mediation, the Wang brothers swore an oath of peace, but in reality continued to hate each other.
1338:, and acting overseer of all military matters. Wang Lingmou and Song were made chancellors to assist Li Jingtong. Once he settled in at Jinling, Xu Zhigao build a Lixian Pavilion (
1306:) to lead the Jinling forces back to Guangling, thus consolidating the command under Xu Zhigao himself. Xu Zhixun was kept at Guangling to take the office of army commander (統軍,
1131:
In 921, after Yang Longyan, at Xu Wen's advice, offered sacrifices to heaven and earth to show him more as a full sovereign, Xu Zhigao was granted the greater chancellor title of
1472:), the commander of the soldiers that Xu Gao put in charge of guarding him. He headed for Desheng Circuit (德勝, headquartered in modern Hefei), hoping that its military governor
2737:
1219:). However, while Xu Zhixùn was still on the way, Xu Wen died, and Xu Zhixùn immediately returned to Jinling, so Xu Zhigao never actually resigned and remained in his office.
1409:(司空, one of the Three Excellencies) but did not give him real authority from then on. He also recalled Xu Jingtong back from Jiangdu to serve as his deputy; a younger son,
1070:). When Yan received the order, however, he went to see Xu Wen. At the meeting, he pointed out that at that time, Wu's nominal ally and fellow rival to Later Liang,
1738:
While the kingdom Xianzhu founded did not succeed in reuniting the Chinese realm, it played an important part in the consolidation of politics with the absorption of
920:
and archery; he was also intelligent and handsome. Yang Xingmi often told Xu Wen, "Xu Zhigao is capable. None of the older officers' sons can be compared to him."
3432:
2730:
1973:
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2533:
2074:
1510:
1482:) refused to let Zhou Ben receive Yang Meng, and instead had Yang Meng arrested. Xu Gao, claiming that it was Yang Pu's order, had Yang Meng put to death.
220:
Originally Li Pengnu (李彭奴), later changed to Xu Zhigao (徐知誥), then to Xu Gao (徐誥), Li Ang (李昂), Li Huang (李晃), Li Dan (李旦), and finally to Li Bian (李昪)
1514:, referred to his state as Qi at this point, and only changed to Tang after Xu Gao subsequently changed back to his birth name of Li (see below).)
1598:) also declined such honorifics, and in this area of governance, as well as preventing relatives from wielding improper power and interference by
1528:
emperor would create the old emperor a noble title, Xu Gao submitted a petition (i.e., still acting as if he were a subject) to Yang Pu, stating:
1318:
In 930, Xu Zhigao prepared to himself have his headquarters set up at Jinling, and he had Xu Jingtong commissioned the minister of defense (兵部尚書,
3487:
2753:
3448:
1682:) bureaus, with Li Jing further reviewing all three bureaus. Soon, however, there was an incident when Song's close associate Xia Changtu (
3552:
3420:
3416:
855:). Shortly after, Lady Liu died. Li Qiu, apparently unable to care for Li Bian, left Li Bian in the care of the monks at Kaiyuan Temple (
3408:
1116:), and military prefect of Jiang. Later in the year, when Wu forces, under Xu Wen, repelled a major attack by Wu's southeastern neighbor
1044:
and tried to expel Zhu from the Wu central government, Zhu assassinated him and then, when corned by Xu Wen's close associate Zhai Qian (
2504:
1862:, further posthumously honored Emperor Wu (honored 937), initially with the temple name of Taizu (honored 937) then Yizu (honored 938)
916:); and it appeared that at least five, if not all six, were younger than Xu Zhigao.) When Xu Zhigao grew older, he became known for
2557:
2545:
2523:
2439:
2421:
1823:
1504:
1498:
1269:) died, Xu Zhixun took 2,000 of Li Jian's soldiers and kept them under his command, while recommending Li Jian's son Li Yanzhong (
3532:
3412:
3404:
1075:
1413:, was made the junior regent in Xu Jingtong's stead. (Xu Jingqian would fall ill in 936 and be replaced by his younger brother
3502:
3537:
1801:
1099:
624:
480:
403:
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fugitives. Yang Meng was demoted to the title of Duke of Liang, and put under house arrest at He Prefecture (和州, in modern
3444:
656:
502:
422:
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1141:), and was also promoted to be the governor of Jiang. Also, Jiang Prefecture was converted to a new Fenghua Circuit (
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1893:(徐景遷, 919 – 937), changed name to Li Jingqian (李景遷) and honored the Prince of Gaoping (高平郡王) posthumously, second son
1786:
1552:
empress, and Xu Jingtong the Prince of Wu, as well as a number of other honorific titles – including
966:), Xu Zhigao, for his participation in the campaign as the deputy commander to the general in charge, Chai Zaiyong (
841:
In 893, Li Rong died. At that time, the Pengcheng region was engulfed in warfare. Li Rong's older brother Li Qiu (
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2829:
1459:
1071:
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1275:) to succeed Li Jian. Xu Zhigao, however, ignoring Xu Zhixun's recommendations, made the general Chai Zaiyong (
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1665:, who controlled Jian Prefecture, were embroiled in a civil war. Li Bian sent the official Shang Quangong (
1608:
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1179:
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from Guangling, would allow Xu Zhigao to react quickly. Xu Zhigao agreed, and took up the post thereafter.
70:
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In 912, after a campaign in which Xu Wen destroyed one of the most ardent resisters to his regency, Li Yu (
3460:
3456:
3452:
3440:
3436:
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3190:
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1207:
1631:), rebelled against Later Jin, and sought aid from Southern Tang. Li Bian sent the generals Li Chengyu (
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3400:
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3261:
1978:
1612:
1595:
1569:
However, in spring 938, with Yang Pu insisting moving out of his old palace and one of the chancellors,
1476:, who was a senior general under Yang Xingmi, would support him. However, Zhou Ben's son Zhou Hongzuo (
1147:), and Xu Zhigao was made its military governor, even as he remained at Guangling as junior regent.
3497:
3492:
2815:
1899:(李景遂, 920 – 17 September 958), Crown Prince Wencheng (文成太弟), birth name Xu Jingsui (徐景遂), third son
930:
917:
1887:(李璟 or 李景; 916 – August 12, 961), Emperor Yuanzong (南唐元宗), birth name Xu Jingtong (徐景通), first son
3271:
1935:
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1739:
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1372:
1331:
1023:), he decided to move his headquarters (in his role as the military governor of Zhenhai Circuit (
1006:
120:
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1420:
In late 935, Yang Pu created Xu Zhigao the Prince of Qi, and gave him the additional titles of
2691:
2519:
2500:
1931:
1859:
1848:) (d. 893), posthumously honored Emperor Xiaode with the temple name of Qingzong (honored 938)
1405:). Late in 934, Xu recalled Song to his headquarters and made Song his assistant, as well as
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42:
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1878:
933:, assassinated Yang Wo. Shortly after, Xu killed Zhang, and made Yang Wo's younger brother
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2006:
822:, and might have been known as Li Pengnu in his childhood. His father was named Li Rong (
732:
235:
1237:), while Xu Zhixun took on the title of deputy supreme commander of all circuits (諸道副都統,
1344:), where he collected books and discussed current events with learned guests, including
2569:
2105:
1488:
1905:(李景達, 924 – 957), Crown Prince Zhaoxiao (昭孝太弟), birth name Xu Jingda (徐景達), fourth son
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1662:
1493:
1183:
1030:
829:
777:
746:
288:
108:
37:
1450:). He also changed his name to Xu Gao. Under Song's advice, he sent emissaries to
3359:
3288:
3228:
3177:
3063:
2972:
2962:
2921:
2908:
2903:
1650:
1587:
1539:
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977:
934:
728:
704:
601:
540:
457:
380:
92:
2990:
889:
885:
832:
and often visited their residences, such that he became known as Philosopher Li (
3303:
3298:
3293:
3218:
3124:
3114:
3109:
3027:
2957:
2789:
1890:
1775:
1410:
1120:, Xu Zhigao suggested a surprise attack on Wuyue's Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern
865:
765:
249:
182:
1623:, Later Jin's military governor of Anyuan Circuit (安遠, headquartered in modern
3313:
3308:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3104:
3086:
3050:
3009:
2995:
2876:
2840:
2825:
2784:
1896:
1658:
1620:
1591:
1570:
1549:
1414:
1393:
1063:
973:
188:
138:
1128:), but Xu Wen, citing the desire for peace between the two states, declined.
3119:
3073:
3022:
2980:
2881:
2871:
2855:
1902:
1751:
1384:
1074:, was winning victory after victory over Later Liang, and that Jin's prince
1051:
1010:
993:
959:
828:), who was said to be careful and kind. Li Rong favored spending time with
194:
1916:
Lady Chong, of the Chong clan (种氏, 921 – 971), personal name Shiguang (時光)
1865:
Adoptive Mother: Lady Li, posthumously honored Empress Mingde (honored 937)
1533:
and clothing colors will also remain the same as they were in the Wu days.
1170:) and demoted him to the post of prefect of Rao Prefecture (饒州, in modern
3369:
3349:
3152:
2866:
1755:
1713:
1693:
1473:
1446:
1286:
1212:
1171:
1157:
1055:
869:
1261:) the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern
3233:
3223:
3210:
3096:
3017:
2779:
2707:
2699:
2687:
1919:
Li Jingti (李景逷, 938 – 968), Prince Zhaoshun of Jiang (江昭順王), fifth son
1747:
1716:). In fall 942, he ordered that those laws be officially promulgated.
1697:
1624:
1376:
1216:
1200:
1175:
1125:
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1059:
1041:
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945:
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873:
848:
815:
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791:
283:
265:
104:
1594:
commented that subsequently, his successors (son Li Jing and grandson
868:
the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern
847:) took Li Bian and Lady Liu and fled to Hao Prefecture (濠州, in modern
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
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637:
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515:
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509:
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487:
432:
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410:
355:
352:
3142:
3134:
1855:
1746:. It also became one of the leading centers of learning, along with
1599:
1380:
1121:
1080:
881:
811:
795:
304:
88:
1851:
Mother: Lady Liu, posthumously honored Empress Degong (honored 938)
1189:
In 926, Xu Zhigao's chancellor title was made the greater title of
1091:(左僕射, one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省,
3341:
2711:
2703:
1972:
1759:
1628:
1604:
1402:
1398:
1266:
1262:
1161:
1117:
963:
852:
2009:
838:). His mother was a Lady Liu, who was probably Li Rong's wife.
780:. In traditional histories, he is also often referred to as the
2726:
1881:, of the Song clan (元敬皇后 宋氏, d. 945), personal name Fujin (福金)
1164:) was embezzling horses, Xu Zhigao replaced him with Wang Ren (
1769:
880:
disliked Li Bian. Yang therefore gave Li Bian to his officer
1281:) the military governor of Wuchang, drawing Xu Zhixun's ire.
1255:
in 929, when Xu Zhixun's father-in-law, the general Li Jian (
1458:(Yelü Deguang) to establish friendly relations, to counter
1977:
Pottery Dancers. 943 CE. From tomb of Li Bian, founder of
1150:
In 923, after there were accusations that Zhong Taizhang (
1156:) the military prefect of Shou Prefecture (壽州, in modern
1496:
at this juncture, although other sources, including the
1365:), trying to take advantage of a rebellion by Wu Guang (
1417:, and eventually die before Xu Zhigao became emperor.)
1375:, put Min's key city of Jian Prefecture (建州, in modern
986:) became his chief advisors, while officers Ma Renyu (
1492:
referred to his state as Tang (historically known as
1112:), acting overseers of all military matters (知內外諸軍事,
709:
606:
545:
462:
385:
810:
Li Bian was born in 889 at Pengcheng (彭城, in modern
230:
Shēngyúan (昇元): November 10, 937 – April 8, 943
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3322:
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3040:
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2971:
2944:
2917:
2894:
2848:
2839:
2798:
2770:
2761:
1545:, who was Xu Gao's son-in-law, was created a duke.
703:
696:
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655:
623:
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128:
114:
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81:
77:
66:
58:
49:
21:
2518:. Harvard University Press. pp. 11, 14, 22.
1913:Lady of Bright Countenance, of the Ji clan (昭容吉氏)
958:) the governor of Xuan Prefecture (宣州, in modern
1530:
1005:In 915, Xu Wen decided to leave the Wu capital
790:). He was an adopted son and successor of the
16:Founding emperor of Southern Tang (r. 937-943)
2738:
1962:
1947:
1910:Consort Dowager Xu, of the Zhou clan (許太妃 周氏)
1843:
1721:
1683:
1666:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1562:), which in Tang times had only been held by
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1477:
1467:
1435:
1425:
1366:
1360:
1339:
1301:
1291:
1276:
1270:
1256:
1246:
1194:
1186:, to make peace between Xu Zhigao and Zhong.
1165:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1107:
1045:
1040:In 918, after Xu Zhixùn insulted the general
1024:
1018:
997:
987:
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967:
953:
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911:
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833:
823:
785:
661:
629:
568:
507:
485:
427:
408:
350:
25:
8:
2534:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
2457:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
2149:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
2075:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1511:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1388:retreating army was attacked by Min forces.
1961:Princess Xingguo (興國公主), wife of Ma Renyu (
1804:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
798:who usurped power from the Yang Wu emperor
3276:
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1359:Also in 933, the Wu general Jiang Yanhui (
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2020:
2018:
1824:Learn how and when to remove this message
2144:
2142:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
764:during his childhood, also known by his
2497:China's Southern Tang Dynasty (937–976)
1990:
1946:Princess Taihe (太和公主), wife of Yan Xu (
1462:, which then controlled central China.
1009:and make Run Prefecture (潤州, in modern
2754:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
1930:Princess Yongxing (永興公主), wife of the
1875:Consort Shun, of the Wang clan (順妃 王氏)
976:, and made Song his assistant. Song,
924:During Xu Wen's regency of Hongnong/Wu
923:
332:
211:
1371:) against Wu's southeastern neighbor
7:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1802:adding citations to reliable sources
1657:Around the same time, Min's emperor
944:). In 909, Xu Wen, believing that
2010:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
14:
2558:New History of the Five Dynasties
2546:Old History of the Five Dynasties
2440:New History of the Five Dynasties
2422:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1505:New History of the Five Dynasties
1499:Old History of the Five Dynasties
1228:Initial contention with Xu Zhixún
1133:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1924:Lady Meng, of the Meng clan (孟氏)
1774:
745:(7 January 889 – 30 March 943),
62:November 10, 937 – March 30, 943
1548:Meanwhile, Xu created his wife
1523:Before changing name back to Li
321:Lady Liu (劉), biological mother
301:Li Rong (李榮), biological father
1858:, Prince Zhongwu of Qi during
1581:After changing name back to Li
1486:starting his new state. (The
1444:, equivalent to other states'
770:Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang
710:
662:
630:
607:
569:
546:
508:
486:
463:
428:
409:
386:
351:
22:Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang
1:
3488:10th-century Chinese monarchs
3433:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
242:Emperor Guangwen Suwu Xiaogao
119:Qin Mausoleum (欽陵; in modern
1440:) his chiefs of staff (內樞使,
1336:Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
1223:During his own regency of Wu
772:, was the founder and first
324:Lady Li (李), adoptive mother
3553:10th-century Chinese people
2764:(and other northern states)
1518:As emperor of Southern Tang
1002:) became close associates.
782:First Lord of Southern Tang
3574:
2495:Kurz, Johannes L. (2011).
1430:) and Generalissimo (大元帥,
864:In 895, the major warlord
726:
71:Li Jing (Emperor Yuanzong)
3382:
3279:
3043:(other than Northern Han)
2953:
2862:
2696:
2684:
2673:
2664:
2658:
2651:
2516:Imperial China (900–1800)
1963:
1955:Princess Jianchang (建昌公主)
1948:
1943:Princess Shengtang (盛唐公主)
1940:Princess Fengcheng (豐城公主)
1844:
1722:
1684:
1667:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1558:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1426:
1367:
1361:
1340:
1302:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1257:
1247:
1195:
1166:
1152:
1143:
1137:
1108:
1046:
1025:
1019:
998:
988:
982:
968:
954:
940:
912:
906:
900:
894:
857:
843:
834:
824:
786:
760:before 937, and possibly
721:
711:Lǐ Zhènglún / Xú Zhènglún
687:
619:Li Zhenglun / Xu Zhenglun
584:
523:
440:
363:
340:
255:
241:
229:
219:
210:
34:
26:
2667:Emperor of Southern Tang
1678:) and examination (門下省,
1235:Dudu Zhongwai Zongjunshi
820:Emperor Zhaozong of Tang
756:between 937 and 939 and
625:Traditional Chinese
481:Traditional Chinese
404:Traditional Chinese
102:March 30, 943 (Aged 54)
3533:Politicians from Xuzhou
2936:Emperor Shizong of Liao
2931:Emperor Taizong of Liao
1609:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
1564:Emperor Taizong of Tang
1182:marry Zhong Taizhang's
818:), during the reign of
657:Simplified Chinese
503:Simplified Chinese
423:Simplified Chinese
225:Era name and dates
3503:Southern Tang emperors
2661:None (dynasty founded)
1981:
1958:Princess Yushan (玉山公主)
1535:
1314:As unchallenged regent
3538:Generals from Jiangsu
1979:Southern Tang dynasty
1976:
1114:Zhi Neiwai Zhu Junshi
778:Southern Tang dynasty
109:Southern Tang dynasty
1798:improve this section
1766:Personal information
1637:) and Duan Chugong (
203:at least 7 daughters
200:Li Jingti (李景逷), son
154:Chong Shiguang (种時光)
105:Jinling Municipality
3508:Yang Wu chancellors
2799:Concurrent warlords
2514:Mote, F.W. (1999).
123:, Nanjing, Jiangsu)
2698:Emperor of China (
2679:(Emperor Yuanzong)
2506:-9780415454964
1982:
1332:Three Excellencies
121:Jiangning District
3558:Founding monarchs
3475:
3474:
3378:
3377:
3336:
3335:
3036:
3035:
3004:
3003:
2890:
2889:
2721:
2720:
2674:Succeeded by
1854:Adoptive Father:
1842:Father: Li Rong (
1834:
1833:
1826:
1706:Laws of Shengyuan
980:, and Wang Hong (
910:), and Xu Zhi'e (
725:
724:
717:
716:
698:Standard Mandarin
614:
613:
595:Standard Mandarin
553:
552:
534:Standard Mandarin
470:
469:
451:Standard Mandarin
393:
392:
374:Standard Mandarin
331:
330:
307:, adoptive father
260:
259:
244:(光文肅武孝高皇帝) (full)
3565:
3548:Yang Wu jiedushi
3543:Desheng jiedushi
3523:Zhenhai jiedushi
3518:Ningguo jiedushi
3513:Fenghua jiedushi
3277:
3047:
2951:
2846:
2768:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2685:Preceded by
2659:Preceded by
2653:Chinese nobility
2649:
2529:
2510:
2487:
2477:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2402:
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2383:
2372:
2362:
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2321:
2311:
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2223:
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2207:
2201:
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2175:
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2146:
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2114:
2102:
2083:
2071:
2048:
2038:
2013:
2004:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1879:Empress Yuanjing
1847:
1846:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1778:
1770:
1725:
1724:
1687:
1686:
1670:
1669:
1661:and his brother
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1561:
1560:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1343:
1342:
1330:(司徒, one of the
1305:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1239:Zhudao Fu Dutong
1198:
1197:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1111:
1110:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1001:
1000:
996:, and Cao Cong (
991:
990:
985:
984:
971:
970:
957:
956:
943:
942:
915:
914:
909:
908:
904:), Xu Zhizheng (
903:
902:
897:
896:
860:
859:
846:
845:
837:
836:
827:
826:
789:
788:
713:
712:
689:
683:
682:
651:
650:
610:
609:
586:
580:
579:
549:
548:
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519:
518:
497:
496:
466:
465:
442:
436:
435:
417:
416:
389:
388:
365:
359:
358:
333:
278:
273:
212:
54:of Southern Tang
30:
29:
28:
19:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3528:Yang Wu regents
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3374:
3332:
3318:
3266:
3238:
3205:
3172:
3129:
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3000:
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2794:
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2526:
2513:
2507:
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2490:
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2467:
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2433:
2419:
2415:
2403:
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2324:
2312:
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2255:
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2204:
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2188:
2176:
2159:
2147:
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2128:
2117:
2103:
2086:
2072:
2051:
2039:
2016:
2007:Academia Sinica
2005:
1992:
1987:
1830:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1795:
1779:
1768:
1736:
1583:
1525:
1520:
1456:Emperor Taizong
1320:Bingbu Shangshu
1316:
1230:
1225:
926:
898:), Xu Zhijian (
808:
776:of the Chinese
740:
327:
310:
276:
274:
271:
243:
236:Posthumous name
206:
166:
143:
124:
103:
86:
38:(Southern) Tang
24:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3571:
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3112:
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3006:
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3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
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2813:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
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2787:
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2776:
2774:
2765:
2762:Five Dynasties
2759:
2758:
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2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2570:Zizhi Tongjian
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2489:
2488:
2480:Zizhi Tongjian
2465:
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2431:
2413:
2405:Zizhi Tongjian
2394:
2386:Zizhi Tongjian
2373:
2365:Zizhi Tongjian
2354:
2346:Zizhi Tongjian
2338:
2330:Zizhi Tongjian
2322:
2314:Zizhi Tongjian
2306:
2298:Zizhi Tongjian
2290:
2282:Zizhi Tongjian
2274:
2266:Zizhi Tongjian
2253:
2245:Zizhi Tongjian
2234:
2226:Zizhi Tongjian
2218:
2210:Zizhi Tongjian
2202:
2194:Zizhi Tongjian
2186:
2178:Zizhi Tongjian
2157:
2138:
2130:Zizhi Tongjian
2115:
2106:Zizhi Tongjian
2084:
2049:
2041:Zizhi Tongjian
2014:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1925:
1922:
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1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1894:
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1849:
1832:
1831:
1782:
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1764:
1735:
1732:
1676:Zhongshu Sheng
1613:Emperors Gaozu
1582:
1579:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1489:Zizhi Tongjian
1315:
1312:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1093:Shangshu Sheng
925:
922:
830:Buddhist monks
807:
804:
723:
722:
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707:
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694:
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692:Transcriptions
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653:
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621:
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589:Transcriptions
582:
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566:
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528:Transcriptions
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383:
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368:Transcriptions
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85:January 7, 889
83:
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56:
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47:
46:
32:
31:
15:
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3368:
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3365:Qian Hongzong
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Qian Yuanguan
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3331:
3330:Wang Yanzheng
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
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3275:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3244:Southern Tang
3241:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
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3208:
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3082:Meng Zhixiang
3080:
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2806:Liu Shouguang
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2536:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2525:0-674-01212-7
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2499:. Routledge.
2498:
2493:
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2481:
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2027:
2025:
2023:
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2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2003:
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1999:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1945:
1942:
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1934:crown prince
1933:
1929:
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1814:November 2017
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1783:This section
1781:
1777:
1772:
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1765:
1763:
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1757:
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1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
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1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:courtesy name
1681:
1677:
1672:
1664:
1663:Wang Yanzheng
1660:
1655:
1652:
1630:
1626:
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1617:
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1601:
1597:
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1554:Shangshu Ling
1551:
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1507:
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1495:
1494:Southern Tang
1491:
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1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:Khitan Empire
1449:
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1084:
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1077:
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1069:
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1061:
1057:
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1038:
1034:
1032:
1031:Yangtze River
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
995:
979:
975:
965:
961:
950:
947:
936:
932:
921:
919:
892:, Xu Zhihui (
891:
887:
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879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
854:
850:
839:
831:
821:
817:
813:
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797:
793:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
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751:
748:
747:courtesy name
744:
738:
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708:
706:
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699:
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531:
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396:
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289:Southern Tang
287:
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269:
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190:
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184:
181:
178:
177:
175:
173:
169:
163:Lady Meng (孟)
162:
160:Lady Zhou (周)
159:
156:
153:
152:
150:
146:
140:
137:
135:Lady Wang (王)
134:
133:
131:
127:
122:
117:
113:
110:
106:
101:
97:
94:
90:
89:Xú Prefecture
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:
33:
20:
3421:N. Dynasties
3417:S. Dynasties
3360:Qian Hongzuo
3289:Wang Shenzhi
3251:
3229:Yang Longyan
3178:Southern Han
3064:Wang Zongyan
3041:Ten Kingdoms
2986:Liu Chengjun
2973:Northern Han
2963:Liu Chengyou
2909:Shi Chonggui
2904:Shi Jingtang
2697:
2665:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2515:
2496:
2479:
2456:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2420:
2416:
2404:
2385:
2364:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2325:
2313:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2281:
2277:
2265:
2244:
2225:
2221:
2209:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2148:
2129:
2104:
2073:
2040:
1869:
1868:
1836:
1835:
1820:
1811:
1796:Please help
1784:
1737:
1728:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1680:Menxia Sheng
1679:
1675:
1673:
1656:
1651:Shi Jingtang
1618:
1588:Song dynasty
1584:
1575:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1540:crown prince
1536:
1531:
1526:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1487:
1484:
1464:
1445:
1441:
1432:Da Yuanshuai
1431:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1390:
1358:
1354:
1335:
1327:
1324:Can Zhengshi
1323:
1319:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1283:
1253:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1205:
1190:
1188:
1149:
1132:
1130:
1113:
1104:Can Zhengshi
1103:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1039:
1035:
1004:
978:Wang Lingmou
951:
935:Yang Longyan
927:
863:
840:
809:
781:
769:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
741:
736:
729:Chinese name
705:Hanyu Pinyin
602:Hanyu Pinyin
541:Hanyu Pinyin
458:Hanyu Pinyin
381:Hanyu Pinyin
179:Li Jing, son
139:Empress Song
93:Tang dynasty
41:
35:
3413:16 Kingdoms
3304:Wang Jipeng
3299:Wang Yanjun
3294:Wang Yanhan
3219:Yang Xingmi
3125:Gao Jichong
3115:Gao Baorong
3110:Gao Conghui
3028:Guo Zongxun
2958:Liu Zhiyuan
2924:occupation)
2918:Interregnum
2790:Zhu Youzhen
2772:Later Liang
1891:Xu Jingqian
1607:the son of
1411:Xu Jingqian
1180:Xu Jingtong
918:calligraphy
866:Yang Xingmi
766:temple name
752:, known as
733:family name
250:Temple name
183:Xu Jingqian
157:Lady Ji (吉)
87:Pengcheng,
36:Emperor of
3498:943 deaths
3493:889 births
3482:Categories
3405:3 Kingdoms
3314:Zhu Wenjin
3309:Wang Yanxi
3168:Ma Xichong
3158:Ma Xiguang
3148:Ma Xisheng
3105:Gao Jixing
3087:Meng Chang
3051:Former Shu
3010:Later Zhou
2996:Liu Jiyuan
2877:Li Conghou
2841:Later Tang
2826:Li Maozhen
2785:Zhu Yougui
1985:References
1927:Children:
1897:Li Jingsui
1712:being his
1621:Li Jinquan
1592:Sima Guang
1590:historian
1577:lacking.)
1571:Li Decheng
1550:Song Fujin
1538:Yang Pu's
1508:, and the
1415:Xu Jingsui
1394:Li Jianxun
1100:chancellor
974:Song Qiqiu
861:) at Hao.
806:Early life
277:(adoptive)
272:(by birth)
256:Lièzǔ (烈祖)
189:Li Jingsui
148:Concubines
3284:Wang Chao
3201:Liu Chang
3196:Liu Sheng
3120:Gao Baoxu
3074:Later Shu
3059:Wang Jian
3023:Chai Rong
2991:Liu Ji'en
2981:Liu Chong
2946:Later Han
2896:Later Jin
2882:Li Congke
2872:Li Siyuan
2856:Li Keyong
2816:Wang Rong
2710:/Eastern
1936:Yang Lian
1903:Li Jingda
1785:does not
1752:Later Shu
1710:Shengyuan
1543:Yang Lian
1460:Later Jin
1442:Neishushi
1385:Yang Meng
1346:Sun Sheng
1089:Zuo Pushe
1052:Yan Keqiu
1011:Zhenjiang
1007:Guangling
994:Zhou Zong
960:Xuancheng
931:Zhang Hao
890:Xu Zhixún
886:Xu Zhixùn
762:Li Pengnu
758:Xu Zhigao
608:Lǐ Péngnú
558:Li Pengnu
547:Xú Zhīgào
475:Xu Zhigao
195:Li Jingda
67:Successor
43:(more...)
3370:Qian Chu
3350:Qian Liu
3153:Ma Xifan
2867:Li Cunxu
2717:937–943
2671:937–943
2573:, vols,
2551:vol. 134
2484:vol. 282
2427:vol. 134
2409:vol. 280
2390:vol. 279
2369:vol. 278
2350:vol. 277
2334:vol. 275
2318:vol. 274
2302:vol. 272
2286:vol. 271
2270:vol. 270
2249:vol. 269
2230:vol. 268
2214:vol. 267
2198:vol. 266
2182:vol. 276
2134:vol. 260
2111:vol. 283
2045:vol. 281
1837:Parents:
1756:Hangzhou
1714:era name
1694:Nanchang
1619:In 940,
1474:Zhou Ben
1447:Shumishi
1350:Chen Jue
1287:Qian Liu
1243:Shizhong
1213:Nanchang
1191:Shizhong
1184:daughter
1172:Shangrao
1138:同中書門下平章事
1097:de facto
1076:Li Cunxu
1056:Jiujiang
870:Yangzhou
750:Zhenglun
737:Li or Xu
727:In this
3257:Li Jing
3252:Li Bian
3234:Yang Pu
3224:Yang Wo
3191:Liu Bin
3186:Liu Yan
3163:Ma Xi'e
3097:Jingnan
3018:Guo Wei
2780:Zhu Wen
2708:Jiangxi
2700:Jiangsu
2688:Yang Pu
2677:Li Jing
2563:vol. 62
2539:vol. 15
2445:vol. 62
2153:vol. 13
2080:vol. 15
1885:Li Jing
1806:removed
1791:sources
1750:of the
1748:Chengdu
1698:Jiangxi
1659:Wang Xi
1625:Xiaogan
1600:eunuchs
1377:Nanping
1308:Tongjun
1217:Jiangxi
1201:Yang Pu
1176:Jiangxi
1126:Jiangsu
1068:Jiangsu
1064:Huai'an
1060:Jiangxi
1042:Zhu Jin
1015:Jiangsu
946:Jinling
878:Yang Wo
874:Jiangsu
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816:Jiangsu
800:Yang Pu
794:regent
792:Yang Wu
774:emperor
768:as the
743:Li Bian
564:Chinese
387:Lǐ Biàn
346:Chinese
336:Li Bian
284:Dynasty
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2756:rulers
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754:Xu Gao
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464:Xú Gào
398:Xu Gao
315:Mother
305:Xu Wen
295:Father
115:Burial
3389:Shang
3342:Wuyue
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2712:Hubei
2704:Anhui
1870:Wives
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353:李
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