447:. Swinford alleges that Miller made sexual overtures to all three men who had intended to rob him before getting high, targeting Miller because of his homosexuality. Fox and Swinford both pleaded guilty to first degree murder on August 1, 1995; Birchett's case was 'converted' because he was only 17 at the time. Fox served six years for the murder before being paroled; when he fled to east Texas in 2001, he used the name Brian Stucker. As of June 20, 2024, Fox was incarcerated at Williamsburg Federal Corrections Institute and not scheduled for release until November 21, 2027. Asked about killing Miller in the documentary
737:" has been woven into U.S. culture. He specifically pointed out an episode of a talk show that had recently aired in which an audience member made the oft-repeated claim regarding homosexuals 'choosing' to be gay before proceeding to enumerate several reasons such a claim is erroneous. Baltake praised the detachment Dong uses in presenting the murderers' reasons, noting how it unsettled him as a viewer. Baltake found Dong's lack of verbal editorializing in the film to be most effective in examining the culture and politics that led to the murderers' belief in the acceptability of their actions. Renée Graham of
701:, gave the film a full four stars, and made certain to mention that the common thread in each instance isn't the sexuality of the victim, but rather the murderer's feelings towards what they perceive to be homosexuality. Means also noted how the film includes the daily hatred pervading U.S. culture among the vitriol so calmly provided by the killers, making the film a "beacon that slices the darkness". Means is especially impressed with how Swindle's interview illustrates the ineffectiveness of the law alone where
276:, and received agreements from 15 to be interviewed on camera for the film. Dong included only six of the interviews he conducted in the final footage. For Dong to include them in the final product, the inmates had to meet two criteria specifically: admission of guilt, and admission of homophobia as a motive. Footage for the seventh murderer included in the documentary was compiled from videotapes of police interrogations.
565:. Johnson praised the film for pointing out the ignorance prevalent in U.S. society, and for its accuracy. Johnson criticized the fact that he appears "emotionally distant" in the film, but admitted to having affected that facade intentionally. Johnson also commented on the similarities between the fact that the crimes portrayed in the film are committed in darkness and society's judgments that force gay people to hide.
967:, commented that while the crimes themselves were disturbing, Elber found the idea that the documentary and the depicted crimes might be "received coolly and without compassion" just as unnerving. Elber also points out that the PBS version of the film begins and ends with audio recordings from answering machines of lesbian and gay civil rights groups where the callers promised violence to lesbians and gays. The
923:, 1998 edition, Eric Monder rated it four stars and noted it is an examination of "social influences and individual responsibility". Monder was impressed by Dong's ability to show each killer's motivations without making the murderers into martyrs. Monder does comment on the lack of coverage regarding lesbian murders as a detractor, but otherwise notes that it is an honest look into "society's casual networks".
874:, while impressed with the film, stated that it might be too tough to watch in a movie theater. He did state that it should be aired via PBS and shown in schools. Levy also commented that the lack of editorializing detracted from the presentation in his opinion as it allowed the subject matter to become impersonal. Levy rated the film B+. Russell Smith of
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gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 stars and called the film "rigorously unsentimental". Smith noted that Dong understood the concept of being tired out by outrage, and even approved of the way that Dong demonstrated the humanity of the killers rather than depicting them as monstrous. Andy Klein,
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also gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and noted that Dong's use of real crime scene photos serves as a reminder that real murder differs significantly from
Hollywood's depictions of it. While largely appreciative of Dong's editing style throughout the film, Wolgamott does call the use of footage from
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The film debuted at the 1997 Sundance Film
Festival, where the original print was mangled and a replacement had to be flown in for the scheduled screening. Afterward, Dong handled distribution personally, scheduling the film for theaters in cities with a large number of murders where the victims were
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and severely injured Cord Drazst. He confessed to his crimes and pleaded guilty. Unlike the other murderers in the film, he recognized he was in fact gay himself both before and after his committed murders. He was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences plus fifteen years, and is serving his time
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pointed out that the answers provided by the inmates might be dishonest, and that they are filled with excuses ranging from being a previous victim of pedophilia themselves to a reliance on religion. Goodman praised Dong's use of both newsreel and police videos in showing the brutality each murderer
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stressed that the documentary helps define the motives of the murderers, pointing out that saying that all of the actions were taken due to the perpetrator's fear of their own homosexuality is overly simplistic, and Dong himself commented that seeing the murderers as monsters is dangerous as such a
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felt that Dong had conveyed the humanity of the killers well, forcing audiences to face the complex nature of these men and their actions in the broader context of society. Turan pointed out that Dong specifically avoids perpetuating the cliches
Hollywood typically showcases when depicting bigotry.
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commented that the murderers all "rat out God as their accomplice" and ended his review by pointing out the progressive irony in
Aldrich's fate in particular, who chose his victim specifically out of his understanding that Texas police would look the other way only to be sentenced to death under a
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on
November 30, 1993. The three men kidnapped Nicholas West, drove him outside of town, and assaulted and battered him. They ordered him to strip to his underwear. Eventually, they began to shoot him: in his hand, nearly severing a finger; in both arms; in his torso with non-fatal wounds. West was
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Initially, the film didn't include footage of the victims' corpses, and test audiences found themselves disturbed by their sympathetic responses to the killers. Dong stated that one of his goals with the documentary was to show that the men who committed the crimes included in the film could very
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also rated the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and marveled at the balanced and "detached" handling of the murders. Ryan also pointed out that Dong's approach involved persuasion for the murderers to discuss their crimes rather than demanding answers, and that as a result Dong was able to show the "many
347:, and his lover, Hugh Callaway. The three harassed and physically assaulted the pair, eating the food the couple had sat down to enjoy as they battered them. After approximately twenty minutes, the perpetrators robbed the couple before Burley shot Nguyen in the abdomen. Burley was sentenced to
778:, echoed other reviewers in noting how the film lets the murderers tell the stories of their crimes. Chun also provides several quotes from Dong with respect to what he wanted to achieve: telling the stories "accurately" and "humanizing" the perpetrators of these crimes. Nick Charles of the
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In discussing the subject matter of the film, Dong specifically stated that the documentary covers "straight attitudes about homosexuality". He also said that he specifically did not present a single solution to the dilemmas highlighted in the film. The film is preserved in the
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calls the murderers monsters while praising Dong's choices not to have a "prodding" narration or "histrionic" score to allow the perpetrators to "humanize themselves". Hardy was also impressed with Dong's use of a comment
Aldrich made in his interview equating homosexuals with
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murders; however, none of the killers of lesbians he contacted were willing to be interviewed. While at one point footage of violence against lesbians had been edited for inclusion, Dong felt that to do so without the interviews to balance it would merely be
907:, Bob Blanchard noted that what Dong shows in the film is a United States with a level of hatred so ingrained that it is "the template rather than the exception", and taught as a matter of course to be passed on to the next generation. David Noh of
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rated the documentary 3.5 out of 4 stars. Rubinowski stated that Dong's juxtaposition of pictures, footage, and interviews is both "stunning" and "nightmarish", and that while the film is "terrifying", everyone should see it. Gary C.W. Chun, for
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Dong cited a near-miss in 1977 with homophobic violence as an impetus for the project; the teenagers whom he and his friend largely evaded attacked two priests, Jim Brown and
Douglass McKinney, shortly afterward just outside of the
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commented on the fact that the documentary doesn't focus on obvious answers. Maslin also noted that Dong's patient methods in questioning the murderers helps highlight the need to question each killer's reasoning for his actions.
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commented that Dong's use of silence allows viewers to reflect on what the killers have revealed even while watching the murderers reflect on their own actions. He also called it both "vitally important" and "deeply unsettling".
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s Greg Varner mentioned specifically that the hour-long presentation made it clear that the hatred of homosexuals is, at the very least, sanctioned - "if not directly inspired" - by leaders in both religion and politics.
797:, gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, stating that the conclusion he drew from the film was that the hate crimes these men committed "are an inevitability in a society that continues to preach intolerance." Desmond Ryan of
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was disturbed by the affect of the seven murderers. She commented on how the majority of the perpetrators seem to be uneducated, yet
Johnson has a smooth logic that led her to define the common trait among the killers as
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is that the motives don't fit a stereotype. Peary also pointed out that French's crime in particular is demonstrable proof that being gay isn't a necessity in becoming a "gay-bashing statistic". Cara Mertes of the
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on August 6, 1993, and began firing indiscriminately. He murdered the owner, Peter
Parrous, and his wife Ethel, as well as two patrons, Wesley Scott Cover and James F. Kidd. Seven others were wounded in the
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if made in a less specialized forum. Lawson also notes that the film makes viewers consider the possibility that their own actions or lack thereof impact the level of violence impacting the gay community.
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Included in the film are scenes from daily U.S. life showing the violence directed toward homosexuality, both specific – one neighbor attacking another; and in more general terms, such as the programs of
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sermon segments, the film doesn't come across as "heavy-handed". Charles points out that there is a definite connection between the beliefs espoused in those segments and the beliefs of the killers.
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s Gary Morris found the inclusion of the rhetoric from
Falwell and Robertson entirely apropros, pointing out that "the devaluation of gay lives" is one of the major themes of the documentary.
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The film received mostly positive critical reviews, for both theater and television releases, even from reviewers who took exception to the inclusion of excerpts from religious programming.
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mentioned Dong's "restrained" presentation as well, noting it as an effective method of relaying the casual indifference with which the killers apparently view their crimes. A syndicated
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qualifying rules, it was not eligible for an Oscar since a screening at a film festival no longer served to qualify a film and only films that had at least a one-week run in either
749:, who gave the film three of four stars, acknowledges the lack of verbal editorializing from Dong, but points out that the excerpts included from sermons given by Pat Robertson,
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and took less than two years to produce. In June 1997, Dong stated that he intended to edit the 80-minute documentary to a 30-minute version that could be shown in high schools.
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at the time. Unlike the other murderers featured in the film, none of French's victims were thought to be homosexual; rather, his actions were out of anger toward then-President
2860:"Laughing At The Devil: Ted Sod's Faustian tale, 'Crocodile Tears,' highlights the International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival - and tackles issues of homophobia and self-hate"
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was impressed that Dong did not use the documentary to "launch a diatribe" and instead allowed the interviews to stand on their own without editorializing. Terry Lawson of the
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Mark Huisman pointed out the lack of hyperbole in the film and noted specifically the danger of an idea of one group having superiority over another permeating a society.
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when speaking to Cross as both Aldrich and Cross stated they were sexually assaulted as young boys. Cross refutes the idea that being gay makes someone a child predator.
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also comments that the film benefits from Dong's usage of simple techniques, specifically naming silences, the "non-nonsense" direction, and the effective soundtrack.
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842:, Reed, and Dannemeyer is to show "the theoreticians" and the danger of such unchecked rhetoric when others are willing to kill in practice of those ideologies. The
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has occasionally been screened following anti-gay hate crimes. Following the brutal beating of Matthew Shepard, a screening of the PBS version was held in the
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admitted to killing William T. Lemke, age 51. Lemke's body was found on the roof of the Wilson Avenue Men's Club on a weekend where 12 people were killed in
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998:, viewers left during the screening, telling Dong they were simply too disturbed by the content. Discussion afterward was described as "long and heated".
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3035:"Searing Stories Of How Homophobia Turned to Homocide: 'License to Kill': Brilliant film probes lethal connection between anti-gay rhetoric and murder"
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361:. During the investigation, police determined Lemke died on April 9, 1994. He was sentenced to 25 years in the Dixon State Correctional Center of
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gay, and planning opening days for the anniversaries of those murders included in the film. It also played at other film festivals, such as the
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2345:"Licensed to Kill: Sundance film fest winner's account of homophobic killers looks at 'larger social issue of misunderstanding and hate'"
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and two friends – allegedly Freddie Earl Thorton and Frederick Eugene Kirby, both of whom were charged in the incident as well – went to
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as influencing his decision to murder men he perceived to be gay. Additionally, Dong included anti-gay rap, television coverage of the
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351:; however, he will become eligible for parole on October 31, 2026. He is serving his life sentence in McConnell as of June 18, 2024.
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1207:"Getting Inside the Minds of Killers: In 'Licensed to Kill,' documentarian Arthur Dong explores what drives some men to target gays"
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Varner, Greg (June 12, 1998). "The Point: A look at the dark side – Documentarian Arthur Dong killers of Gay men why they did it".
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held a public screening of the documentary at the Ted Mann Theater on December 14, 2021, a week after the murder of Nikai David in
887:, was pleased with the questions raised by the film, specifically the role of religion in "forming reactionary social attitudes".
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shot a total of nine times, with the ninth being a fatal gunshot wound to his head, fired by Dunn. Both Dunn and Aldrich were
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easily be a next-door neighbor, but that after the test audience response, he needed balance to convey the intended message.
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268:, Dong contacted 25 murderers convicted for killing homosexuals or for the commission of what would become a Federal
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on July 31, 1991, and shot and killed Joel Larson. On August 10, 1991, he went to a known gay hangout on a beach in
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acknowledged that the minimal narration Dong provides in the film forces the viewer to develop their own opinions.
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and Dong himself received several nominations and garnered several awards. Unfortunately, due to a change in the
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Johnson got his own screening of the film, which Dong recorded and discussed at an April 17, 1998 screening in
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Best Documentary Director Award, 1997 Sundance Film Festival, sponsored by the Directors Guild of America
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Morris, Gary (April 10, 1997). "Fear of a queer planet: 'Licensed to Kill' taps essential homophobia".
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DVD boxed set release, along with interviews of Frank Chester, David Feikema, and Frederick Kirby.
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Audience Award for Best Documentary, 1997 Philadelphia International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival
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and his friends Henry Earl Dunn and David McMillan went to Bergfield Park, a known gay hangout in
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1996:"North Carolina Department Of Adult Correction Offender Public Information | Offender ID 0136988"
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668:". She ends her review pointing out that French offers up an excuse as though equating murder to
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towards gays had become at the time the film was made. Johnson specifically mentions Robertson's
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perspective keeps us from addressing the underlying societal issues the documentary highlights.
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The film budget consisted of grants from various foundations totaling US$ 135,000, including a
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Mertes, Cara (April 1997). "Talking Head | Arthur Dong: Documentarian - Licensed to Kill".
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1556:"In the Minds of Murderers: Arthur Dong's chilling documentary examines men who kill gays"
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Asian American Media Award, 20th Asian American International Film Festival, July 17, 1997
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Best Documentary, Golden Space Needle, 23rd Seattle International Film Festival, June 1997
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and rating the film at 3.5 out of 4 stars, echoed Means' opinion regarding the way "
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and the documentary Filmmaker's Trophy. It received Best Documentary at the 23rd
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3421:"Ghettoized: Theatrical-run rule narrows down field for documentary competition"
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Blanchard, Bob (June 1997). "Inside Out: Arthur Dong gets to know gay-bashers".
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as an openly gay man with HIV. As of June 20, 2024, Johnson was incarcerated at
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man himself, interviews six inmates who committed murder for reasons related to
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The Film Festival Guide: For Filmmakers, Film Buffs, and Industry Professionals
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Harris, Dana (May 1997). "Field Reports | Berlin '97: Just Happy to be Here".
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604:. Seventeen minutes of the follow-up with Johnson is included in the 2007 PBS
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fundamentalist Christian programming "a cheap shot", a stance echoed by the
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2742:"Arthur Dong's LGBTQ Stories Blu-Ray Review – Essential Pride Month Viewing"
2049:"Turning anti-gay hate into love with a Loring Park memorial to Joel Larson"
1735:"17 years after deadly shooting in Reverchon Park, victim all but forgotten"
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1489:"Course Manual: Film Studies 392/2 Representation and Sexuality Fall 1999"
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gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars and stated that despite the inclusion of
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1865:. Vol. 147, no. 110. April 13, 1994. p. Section 2, Page 10
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hate crime law because of how he chose his victim. Richard von Busack of
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guises" of hatred among the different killers. L. Kent Wolgamott for the
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403:. As of June 20, 2024, French was incarcerated at Pender Correctional in
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1658:. Vol. 186, no. 287. October 13, 2004. p. 3A – via
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History of violence against LGBT people in the United States§1990–1999
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History of violence against LGBT people in the United States§1990–1999
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Jeff Vice, though Vice was otherwise impressed with the film overall.
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After researching some 200 cases where the motive for murder involved
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It is the third film in a series of documentaries where Dong explores
2481:"Reviews: Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival"
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129:
3394:"TELEVISION REVIEW; The Ugliness at Work in Attacks on Homosexuals"
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on November 19, 1992. Childs stabbed Schwartz 27 times and cited a
256:'s Fall 1999 "Film Studies: Representation and Sexuality" course.
1897:(May 9, 1997). "Kill joy: Arthur Dong looks at murders of gays".
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2714:"Academy Museum to screen classic doc about anti-LGBTQ violence"
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597:
2027:"Johnson sentenced to life terms for killing Chenoweth, Larson"
322:. Dunn was executed in February 2003. Aldrich was executed via
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2301:"Edit of documentary on murdered gays sent unintended message"
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210:
125:
2932:"'Licensed to Kill' hits gay-bashing in a way trash TV can't"
2903:. Vol. 107, no. 254. September 12, 1997. p. B1
2396:"Aruthur Dong: Documentarian profiles men who murder gays in
1945:. Vol. 107, no. 254. September 12, 1997. p. B1
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Dong originally had also wanted to include content regarding
2689:. Vol. 106, no. 284. October 11, 1998. p. B1
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Documentary Filmmaker's Trophy, 1997 Sundance Film Festival
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on October 26, 1991. There they approached Thanh Nguyen, a
2172:"60CR-93-2980: State of Arkansas v. Jeffrey Alan Swinford"
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Philadelphia International Gay & Lesbian Film Festival
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Schacht, Robin (June 28, 1998). "The Point: On the air".
2589:"Confessor to local gay killings breaks silence in film"
1837:. Vol. 147, no. 101. p. Section 2, Page 1
1287:"Asian fare on menu: N.Y. fest spotlights American work"
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San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival
1076:; Childs' DIN: 94A5062. Same synopsis text is found in
1164:(1998 Annual (The Films of 1997) ed.). New York:
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describes so prosaically. Lynn Elber, writing for the
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pointed out that the inclusion of Falwell, Robertson,
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and tolerance are concerned. Deborah Peterson for the
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Gillis, Justin; Gaines, Patricia (October 19, 1998).
1158:. In Grant, Edmond; Fox, Ken; Joseph, Andrew (eds.).
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Documentary films about violence against LGBT people
1403:"A priest recalls beating: 'They thought I was gay'"
2869:. Vol. 119, no. 247. p. Get Out p 29
2132:"Slaying of gay man seems to have awakened America"
2068:"AIDS Virus Carrier Admits He Shot to Death 2 Gays"
1523:. Vol. 253, no. 255. p. What's Up 10
548:on November 15, 1997, alongside Dong's other works
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1514:"Absorbing documentary probes men who killed gays"
1368:"Seattle film fest chooses Brit comedy a favorite"
1216:. Vol. 116, no. 138. p. Calendar 25
1828:"Restaurant customer among 12 slain over weekend"
1565:. Vol. 132, no. 14. p. Datebook 38
2490:. Vol. 169, no. 48. p. Weekend 14
1055:Best Director, News & Documentary Emmy, 1997
600:programs scheduled for PBS channels nationwide:
544:, October 24 - November 1, 1997 and at the 1997
2967:"A journey into the minds of men who kill gays"
2514:"42 Semana Internacional de Cine de Valladolid"
1249:"'Licensed': a grim look at homophobic killers"
365:. On July 13, 2006, he was released on parole.
3009:. Vol. 71, no. 78. p. Weekend 4
2124:
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1045:Berlin Film Festival, Official Selection, 1997
3732:Violence against gay men in the United States
3213:"Monsters: Arthur Dong and the faces of hate"
2806:"Casually Justifying Why They Killed Gay Men"
2239:"'Licensed to Kill' Puts Face on Gay-Bashing"
1903:. Vol. 26, no. 19. p. Arts 13.
8:
3539:White, Kathryn Jenson (September 24, 2000).
3337:"'Licensed to Kill' Looks at Murderous Evil"
2556:. Vol. 141, no. 49, 366. pp.
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1792:"Inmate Information Details TDCJ # 00614081"
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3364:Noh, David (May 1997). "Licensed to Kill".
2436:. Vol. 20, no. 4. pp. 16–19.
2280:. Vol. 61, no. 6. pp. 32–33.
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2201:"Authorities arrest fugitive in Shreveport"
1964:"Army Sergeant on Rampage Kills 4, Hurts 7"
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1279:
1277:
622:, just hours prior to Shepard's death. The
3742:Sundance Film Festival award-winning films
2941:. Vol. 281, no. 4142. p. F3
2778:. Vol. 132, no. 261. p. D-3
2473:
2471:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2231:
2229:
1703:"Murder conviction is a message, man says"
1614:"Man Guilty of Killing Wall Street Lawyer"
1601:. Vol. 20, no. 3. pp. 9–10.
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
568:A one-hour version of the film debuted on
530:Asian American International Film Festival
29:
20:
3370:. Vol. 100, no. 4. p. 74.
3345:. Vol. 116, no. 136. p. F8
2539:
2537:
1889:
1887:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1258:. Vol. 251, no. 129. p. C6
1149:
1147:
1145:
672:. She rated the film 2.5 out of 4 stars.
3199:. Vol. 27, no. 15. p. 37.
3079:. Vol. 131, no. 58. p. 8X
3067:Wolgamott, L. Kent (February 27, 1998).
2976:. Vol. 124, no. 37. p. 4H
2634:. Vol. 29, no. 26. p. 46.
2434:The Independent Film & Video Monthly
2354:. Vol. 132, no. 258. pp.
2246:. Vol. 254, no. 74. p. D4
2210:. Vol. 70, no. 317. p. 4A
1599:The Independent Film & Video Monthly
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1412:. Vol. 112, no. 286. p. 7
1360:
1358:
1334:. Vol. 91, no. 278. p. E2
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
641:for the June 25, 2024, Blu-ray release.
252:, and was included in the curriculum of
3757:American LGBT-related documentary films
3474:
3472:
3222:. Vol. 19, no. 16. p. 37
2999:Rubinowski, Leslie (October 17, 1997).
2857:Peterson, Deborah (September 4, 1997).
2842:. No. 731. p. 42 – via
2409:. Vol. 25, no. 24. p. 32
2141:. Vol. 16, no. 290. pp.
2001:North Carolina Department of Correction
1377:. Vol. 115, no. 6. p. E7
1121:
1065:
468:, to show the viewer how pervasive the
3165:von Busack, Richard (April 17, 1997).
2766:Shulgasser, Barbara (April 11, 1997).
1733:Kusner, Daniel A. (January 30, 2008).
542:Valladolid International Film Festival
507:bestowed in 1995. It was presented on
480:, and speeches by politicians such as
2712:King, John Paul (December 11, 2021).
2586:Tillotson, Kristin (April 17, 1998).
1917:Gay/Lesbian Community Services Center
1914:"Anti-gay/lesbian violence in 1994".
1650:"Texas Inmate In Gay Murder Executed"
1096:. Fox's register number is 28670-009.
7:
2964:Lawson, Terry (September 28, 1997).
2769:"Disturbing look at killers of gays"
2544:Chun, Gary C.W. (November 7, 1997).
1797:Texas Department of Criminal Justice
1511:Lothery, Todd (September 12, 1997).
941:Independent Film & Video Monthly
934:notes that the lesson from watching
224:, and was the only film at the 1997
3512:"Seattle fest auds laud 'Comrades'"
3276:Smith, Russell (October 24, 1997).
3070:"Movie looks at gay-hating killers"
2832:Huisman, Mark J. (April 15, 1997).
2680:"Vigils tonight in Laramie, Casper"
2647:"POV - 20th Anniversary Collection"
2448:"Short Ends: Asian American Cinema"
2104:Minnesota Department of Corrections
1769:from the original on April 12, 2015
387:. French stated that he was highly
234:Seattle International Film Festival
205:written, directed, and produced by
3762:English-language documentary films
2894:"Filmmaker interviews N.C. killer"
1936:"Filmmaker interviews N.C. killer"
1667:Nash, Tammye (November 23, 2018).
1627:from the original on March 5, 2016
546:Hawaii International Film Festival
522:Berlin International Film Festival
14:
3727:Asian-American LGBT-related films
2740:Onzales, Dillon (June 16, 2024).
2198:Lynch, John (November 13, 2001).
2035:. October 9, 1992. Archived from
1755:Bissinger, Buzz (February 1995).
1021:were eligible for consideration.
715:column printed in the Greensboro
624:Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
3210:Hardy, Ernest (April 24, 1997).
2393:Hoffman, Wayne (June 13, 1997).
2342:Walters, Barry (April 8, 1997).
2236:Means, Sean P. (June 27, 1997).
1825:; Pelton, Tom (April 11, 1994).
1204:Lovell, Glenn (April 20, 1997).
3702:Documentary films about gay men
3542:"Festivals fare well for films"
3304:Klein, Andy (October 9, 1997).
3104:"Film review: Licensed to Kill"
3032:Charles, Nick (April 2, 1997).
2478:Ryan, Desmond (July 18, 1997).
2310:. Vol. 107, no. 148.
1553:Tuller, David (April 6, 1997).
1105:Same synopsis text is found in
2645:Mavis, Paul (March 21, 2007).
2047:Birkey, Andy (June 16, 2014).
1712:. Vol. 86, no. 355.
1365:Webster, Dan (June 14, 1997).
1088:Inmates in the custody of the
1015:Los Angeles County, California
372:Sergeant Kenneth Junior French
305:Fishkill Correctional Facility
242:Castro District, San Francisco
1:
3712:Films directed by Arthur Dong
3574:Ocamb, Karen (June 8, 2016).
2298:Elber, Lynn (June 23, 1998).
1716:. April 18, 1992. p. A19
1400:Sharpe, Ivan (May 11, 1977).
1246:Graham, Renée (May 9, 1997).
1072:Inmate status can be checked
572:June 23, 1998 as part of its
395:for announcing his intent to
3747:1990s English-language films
3665:AFI Catalog of Feature Films
3102:Vice, Jess (June 27, 1997).
1446:. Vol. 29, no. 24.
505:Rockefeller Foundation grant
380:Fayetteville, North Carolina
2099:"MN DOC Offender ID 168950"
695:Sean P. Means, writing for
657:Barbara Shulgasser for the
397:lift the ban on homosexuals
293:Cravath, Swaine & Moore
291:attorney David Schwartz of
230:Directing Award Documentary
3778:
3367:Film Journal International
1092:can be searched using the
910:Film Journal International
791:Todd Lothery, writing for
3449:"Sundance: 'Sunday' best"
2487:The Philadelphia Inquirer
1090:Federal Bureau of Prisons
800:The Philadelphia Inquirer
765:Leslie Rubinowski of the
594:Georgia Public Television
28:
3551:. p. Destinations 6
2595:Minneapolis Star Tribune
2547:"A voice for the fringe"
2307:Doylestown Intelligencer
2032:Minneapolis Star Tribune
1709:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
1491:. p. 3 – via
1331:Fort Worth Star-Telegram
1161:The Motion Picture Guide
994:When the film played in
920:The Motion Picture Guide
786:fundamentalist Christian
326:on October 12, 2004, in
272:following the murder of
16:1997 film by Arthur Dong
3697:1997 LGBT-related films
3006:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
3001:"Homophobia and murder"
2866:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
2553:The Honolulu Advertiser
2138:Lexington Herald-Leader
2042:(subscription required)
1520:The News & Observer
794:The News & Observer
775:The Honolulu Advertiser
768:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
708:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
637:Legacy Project handled
431:Stillwater Correctional
423:Minnesota State Senator
228:to win two awards, the
3737:1997 documentary films
3576:"Pioneer: Arthur Dong"
2775:San Francisco Examiner
2351:San Francisco Examiner
1562:San Francisco Examiner
1409:San Francisco Examiner
986:research psychologist
660:San Francisco Examiner
596:only aired one of the
401:United States Military
226:Sundance Film Festival
3717:POV (TV series) films
3248:(February 15, 1997).
2244:The Salt Lake Tribune
2207:Longview News-Journal
1213:The Los Angeles Times
1154:Monder, Eric (1998).
1094:online inmate locator
698:The Salt Lake Tribune
653:Theatrical screenings
555:Coming Out Under Fire
540:July 18–20, the 42nd
528:March 6–13, the 1997
441:Little Rock, Arkansas
437:Jeffrey Alan Swinford
287:murdered 55-year-old
3752:1990s American films
3488:Chicago Review Press
3283:The Austin Chronicle
3076:Lincoln Journal Star
2324:NewspaperArchive.com
2039:on October 29, 2018.
1374:The Spokesman-Review
1348:Syndicated from the
1325:"Always on 'Sunday'"
1322:(January 28, 1997).
947:Television broadcast
877:The Austin Chronicle
807:Lincoln Journal Star
299:defense. Childs was
254:Concordia University
116:Me'Shell Ndegeocello
3041:New York Daily News
2686:Casper Star-Tribune
1920:. 1995. p. 32.
1757:"The Killing Trail"
1655:The Tuscaloosa News
1463:Library of Congress
1019:Manhattan, New York
781:New York Daily News
628:Oakland, California
579:. According to the
550:Forbidden City, USA
421:. He killed former
307:on March 16, 2023.
250:Library of Congress
209:, in which Dong, a
3677:TCM Movie Database
3457:. January 26, 1997
3429:. January 17, 1998
3399:The New York Times
3335:(April 18, 1997).
3278:"Licensed to Kill"
3250:"Licensed to Kill"
3135:"Licensed to Kill"
3133:(April 28, 1997).
2973:Detroit Free Press
2938:The Sacramento Bee
2177:Courts of Arkansas
1900:The Boston Phoenix
1620:The New York Times
1156:"Licensed to Kill"
1017:or the borough of
957:The New York Times
926:The Boston Phoenix
746:Detroit Free Press
730:The Sacramento Bee
679:The New York Times
552:(November 16) and
482:William Dannemeyer
411:Jay Thomas Johnson
376:Luigi's Restaurant
320:sentenced to death
222:anti-gay prejudice
75:Kenneth Jr. French
3392:(June 23, 1998).
3342:Los Angeles Times
3196:Bay Area Reporter
2900:News & Record
2804:(April 3, 1997).
2746:Geek Vibes Nation
2719:Los Angeles Blade
2659:on April 29, 2011
2076:. October 2, 1992
2073:Los Angeles Times
1970:Los Angeles Times
1942:News & Record
1856:"Obituary: Lemke"
1623:. June 10, 1994.
1350:Los Angeles Times
979:Audience reaction
893:Los Angeles Times
852:Ernest Hardy for
845:Bay Area Reporter
718:News & Record
670:freedom of speech
586:s contact at the
328:Huntsville, Texas
194:
193:
3769:
3672:Licensed to Kill
3659:Licensed to Kill
3648:Licensed to Kill
3637:Licensed to Kill
3631:Official website
3618:
3617:
3615:
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3200:
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3167:"Murderers' Row"
3162:
3156:
3155:
3152:The Free Library
3149:
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2946:
2934:
2929:(July 9, 1997).
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2908:
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2883:
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2876:
2874:
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2847:
2834:"Inside bashing"
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2709:
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2694:
2682:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2655:. Archived from
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:Washington Blade
2625:
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2618:
2612:
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2591:
2583:
2577:
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2398:Licensed to Kill
2390:
2375:
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2312:Associated Press
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2014:
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2011:
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1992:
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1982:
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1978:
1973:. August 8, 1993
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1714:Associated Press
1705:
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1683:
1681:
1669:"25 years later"
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1493:Internet Archive
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1448:
1447:
1443:Washington Blade
1437:
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1109:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1070:
1007:Licensed to Kill
970:Washington Blade
964:Associated Press
936:Licensed to Kill
740:The Boston Globe
713:Associated Press
691:
639:film restoration
612:Licensed to Kill
602:Licensed to Kill
449:Licensed to Kill
324:lethal injection
198:Licensed to Kill
153:
151:
133:Deep Focus Films
79:Jeffrey Swinford
61:Thomas G. Miller
33:
24:Licensed to Kill
21:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3682:
3681:
3653:Rotten Tomatoes
3627:
3622:
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3609:
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3572:
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3533:
3523:
3521:
3520:. June 10, 1997
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3390:Goodman, Walter
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3131:Klawans, Stuart
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2277:The Progressive
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2182:
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2149:
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2110:
2108:
2107:. June 20, 2024
2097:
2096:
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2088:
2079:
2077:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2004:. June 20, 2024
1994:
1993:
1989:
1985:
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1862:Chicago Tribune
1853:
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1834:Chicago Tribune
1821:
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1813:
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1800:. June 18, 2024
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1458:"LCCN 98509560"
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1295:. June 18, 1997
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1168:. p. 244.
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1027:
1025:Awards received
1004:
981:
949:
904:The Progressive
755:Robert Schuller
689:
666:psychopathology
655:
647:
620:Casper, Wyoming
592:, in June 1998
558:(November 17).
517:
457:
282:
274:Matthew Shepard
262:
163:
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3668:
3667:
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3626:
3625:External links
3623:
3620:
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3592:
3566:
3561:Newspapers.com
3531:
3503:
3496:
3468:
3440:
3412:
3381:
3356:
3333:Turan, Kenneth
3324:
3296:
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3232:Newspapers.com
3202:
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3094:
3089:Newspapers.com
3059:
3054:Newspapers.com
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2879:Newspapers.com
2849:
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2811:New York Times
2793:
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2015:
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1984:
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1392:
1387:Newspapers.com
1354:
1344:Newspapers.com
1320:Turan, Kenneth
1306:
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1011:Academy Awards
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980:
977:
952:Walter Goodman
948:
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823:Stuart Klawans
727:, writing for
654:
651:
646:
643:
618:Courthouse in
616:Natrona County
516:
513:
456:
453:
433:in Minnesota.
426:John Chenoweth
405:North Carolina
349:life in prison
338:Reverchon Park
311:Donald Aldrich
285:Raymond Childs
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93:
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3548:The Oklahoman
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2456:. Winter 1997
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1487:(Fall 1999).
1486:
1485:Waugh, Thomas
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751:Jerry Falwell
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589:Georgia Voice
585:
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531:
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479:
478:AIDS epidemic
475:
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463:
462:Pat Robertson
454:
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385:mass shooting
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355:William Cross
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267:
266:homosexuality
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174:United States
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112:Miriam Cutler
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71:William Cross
68:
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58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3671:
3658:
3647:
3636:
3610:. Retrieved
3604:
3601:"POV Awards"
3595:
3583:. Retrieved
3580:The Pride LA
3579:
3569:
3559:– via
3553:. Retrieved
3546:
3534:
3522:. Retrieved
3515:
3506:
3483:
3480:Langer, Adam
3459:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3397:
3384:
3365:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3340:
3327:
3315:. Retrieved
3309:
3299:
3287:. Retrieved
3281:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3253:
3240:
3230:– via
3224:. Retrieved
3217:
3205:
3194:
3188:
3176:. Retrieved
3170:
3160:
3150:– via
3144:. Retrieved
3138:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:Deseret News
3107:
3097:
3087:– via
3081:. Retrieved
3074:
3062:
3052:– via
3046:. Retrieved
3044:. p. C8
3039:
3027:
3017:– via
3011:. Retrieved
3004:
2994:
2984:– via
2978:. Retrieved
2971:
2959:
2949:– via
2943:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:Baltake, Joe
2921:
2911:– via
2905:. Retrieved
2898:
2887:
2877:– via
2871:. Retrieved
2864:
2852:
2844:Google Books
2839:The Advocate
2837:
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2809:
2796:
2786:– via
2780:. Retrieved
2773:
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2717:
2707:
2697:– via
2691:. Retrieved
2684:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:the original
2650:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2613:– via
2607:. Retrieved
2593:
2581:
2571:– via
2565:. Retrieved
2551:
2524:. Retrieved
2522:(in Spanish)
2517:
2508:
2498:– via
2492:. Retrieved
2485:
2458:. Retrieved
2451:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2417:– via
2411:. Retrieved
2404:
2397:
2369:– via
2363:. Retrieved
2349:
2322:– via
2316:. Retrieved
2314:. p. D4
2305:
2275:
2254:– via
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2218:– via
2212:. Retrieved
2205:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2156:– via
2150:. Retrieved
2136:
2109:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2078:. Retrieved
2071:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:
2037:the original
2030:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1975:. Retrieved
1968:
1953:– via
1947:. Retrieved
1940:
1926:
1916:
1909:
1898:
1873:– via
1867:. Retrieved
1860:
1845:– via
1839:. Retrieved
1832:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1771:. Retrieved
1760:
1744:. Retrieved
1740:Dallas Voice
1738:
1724:– via
1718:. Retrieved
1707:
1693:
1678:. Retrieved
1674:Dallas Voice
1672:
1660:Google Books
1653:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1618:
1607:
1598:
1573:– via
1567:. Retrieved
1560:
1531:– via
1525:. Retrieved
1518:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1441:
1420:– via
1414:. Retrieved
1407:
1395:
1385:– via
1379:. Retrieved
1372:
1342:– via
1336:. Retrieved
1329:
1297:. Retrieved
1290:
1266:– via
1260:. Retrieved
1253:
1224:– via
1218:. Retrieved
1211:
1160:
1101:
1084:
1068:
1006:
1005:
993:
982:
968:
962:
955:
950:
940:
935:
932:Gerald Peary
924:
918:
917:Writing for
916:
908:
902:
901:Writing for
891:
889:
882:
881:writing for
875:
872:Emanuel Levy
864:
853:
851:
843:
833:
826:
821:Conversely,
820:
814:Deseret News
812:
805:
798:
792:
790:
779:
773:
766:
764:
744:
738:
728:
723:
716:
706:
696:
694:
686:The Advocate
684:
677:
674:Janet Maslin
658:
656:
648:
632:
611:
610:
605:
601:
587:
580:
574:
567:
560:
553:
549:
518:
502:
498:
486:
474:The 700 Club
458:
448:
436:
435:
410:
409:
393:Bill Clinton
374:walked into
368:
367:
354:
353:
334:Corey Burley
333:
332:
315:Tyler, Texas
310:
309:
284:
283:
263:
246:
238:
219:
197:
196:
195:
190:US $ 135,000
162:Running time
139:Release date
73:Corey Burley
18:
3486:. Chicago:
3172:MetroActive
2598:. pp.
1762:Vanity Fair
1050:Nominations
840:Lou Sheldon
835:MetroActive
759:hate speech
735:gay-bashing
725:Joe Baltake
563:Minneapolis
536:, the 1997
419:Minneapolis
415:Loring Park
389:intoxicated
289:Wall Street
207:Arthur Dong
203:documentary
103:Arthur Dong
87:Arthur Dong
84:Narrated by
77:Jay Johnson
59:Arthur Dong
56:Produced by
51:Arthur Dong
42:Arthur Dong
38:Directed by
3692:1997 films
3686:Categories
3140:The Nation
2053:The Column
1116:References
861:pedophiles
828:The Nation
509:16 mm film
466:Ralph Reed
455:Production
342:Vietnamese
270:hate crime
215:homophobia
201:is a 1997
166:80 minutes
48:Written by
3376:1526-9884
3219:LA Weekly
2453:Filmmaker
1002:Accolades
855:LA Weekly
470:invective
370:U.S. Army
345:immigrant
297:gay panic
100:Edited by
3612:June 19,
3585:June 19,
3555:June 20,
3524:June 19,
3482:(1998).
3461:June 19,
3433:June 19,
3405:June 18,
3349:June 19,
3317:June 20,
3306:"Killer"
3289:June 19,
3261:June 19,
3226:June 19,
3178:June 20,
3146:June 20,
3115:June 20,
3083:June 19,
3048:June 19,
3013:June 18,
2980:June 18,
2945:June 18,
2907:June 18,
2873:June 18,
2817:June 18,
2782:June 18,
2751:June 20,
2725:June 19,
2693:June 20,
2663:June 20,
2652:DVD Talk
2609:June 20,
2567:June 18,
2526:June 20,
2494:June 19,
2460:June 19,
2413:June 18,
2406:Gay News
2365:June 19,
2318:June 18,
2250:June 18,
2214:June 20,
2183:June 20,
2152:June 20,
2111:June 20,
2080:June 19,
2058:June 19,
2008:June 20,
1977:June 18,
1949:June 18,
1869:June 18,
1841:June 18,
1804:June 18,
1767:Archived
1746:June 18,
1720:June 18,
1680:June 20,
1631:June 18,
1625:Archived
1569:June 18,
1527:June 19,
1469:June 20,
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