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scleroderma and LS were closely related, which continues to this day. In 1901, pediatric LS was described. From 1913 to present, the concept that scleroderma is not closely related to LS also was formed. In 1920, Taussig established vulvectomy as the treatment of choice for kraurosis vulvae, a premalignant condition. In 1927, Kyrle defined LS ("white spot disease") as an entity sui generis. In 1928, StĂĽhmer described balanitis xerotica obliterans as a postcircumcision phenomenon. In 1936, retinoids (vitamin A) were used to treat LS. In 1945, testosterone was used in genital LS. In 1961, the use of corticosteroids started. Jeffcoate presented an argument against vulvectomy for simple LS. In 1971, progesterone was used in LS. Wallace defined clinical factors and the epidemiology of LS. In 1976, Friedrich defined LS as a dystrophic and not an atrophic condition, and "et atrophicus" was dropped. The
454:
women throughout six years, cancer occurred for 4.7% of patients who were only "partially compliant" with corticosteroid treatment, while it occurred in 0% of cases where they were "fully compliant". In a second study, of 129 patients, cancer occurred in 11% of patients, none of whom were fully compliant with corticosteroid treatment. Both those studies, however, also said that a corticosteroid as powerful as clobetasol is not necessary in most cases. In a prospective study of 83 patients, throughout 20 years, eight developed cancer. Six already had cancer at presentation and had not had treatment, while the other two were not taking corticosteroids often enough. In all three studies, every single cancer case observed occurred in patients who were not taking corticosteroids as often as the study recommended.
59:
344:
148:
68:
136:
119:) when it affects the penis. Lichen sclerosus is not contagious. There is a well-documented increase of skin cancer risk in LS, potentially improvable with treatment. LS in adult age women is normally incurable, although treatment can lessen its effects, and it often gets progressively worse if not treated properly. Most males with mild or intermediate disease, restricted to
450:(calcineurin inhibitor) all are effective therapies in treating genital lichen sclerosus. However, randomized-controlled trials are needed to further identify the optimal potency and regimen of topical corticosteroids, and assess the duration of remission and/or the prevention of flares patients experience with these topical therapies.
422:
There is no definitive cure for LS. Behavior change is part of treatment. The patient should minimize or, preferably, stop scratching LS-affected skin. Any scratching, stress or damage to the skin can worsen the disease. Scratching has been theorized to increase cancer risks. Furthermore, the patient
494:. Lichen sclerosus is associated with from 3 to 7% of all cases of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. In women, it has been reported that 33.6 times higher vulvar cancer risk is associated with LS. A study in men noted that: "the reported incidence of penile carcinoma in patients with BXO is 2.6–5.8%".
200:
According to the US National
Vulvodynia Association, which also supports women with lichen sclerosus, vulvo-vaginal conditions can cause feelings of isolation, hopelessness, low self-image, and much more. Some women are unable to continue working or have sexual relations, and may be limited in other
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Lewis, F.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Velangi, S.S.; Bunker, C.B.; Kumar, A.; Brackenbury, F.; Mohd
Mustapa, M.F.; Exton, L.S.; McHenry, P.M.; Leslie, T.A.; Wakelin, S.; Hunasehally, R.Y.P.; Cork, M.; Johnston, G.A.; Chiang, N.; Worsnop, F.S.; Buckley, D.; Petrof, G.; Salin, A.; Callachand, N.; Saunders, C.;
429:
applied topically to the LS-affected skin are the first-line treatment for lichen sclerosus in both women and men, with strong evidence showing that they are "safe and effective" when appropriately applied, even over long courses of treatment, rarely causing serious adverse effects. They improve or
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Continuous, abundant usage of emollients topically applied to the LS-affected skin is recommended to improve symptoms. They can supplement, but not replace, corticosteroid therapy. They can be used much more frequently than corticosteroids due to the extreme rarity of serious adverse effects. With
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Continuous use of appropriate doses of topical corticosteroids is required to ensure symptoms remain relieved over the patient's life time. If continuously used, corticosteroids have been suggested to minimize the risk of cancer in various studies. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study of 507
461:
In males, it has been reported that circumcision can have positive effects, but does not necessarily prevent further flare-ups of the disease and does not protect against the possibility of cancer. Circumcision does not prevent or cure LS. In fact, "balanitis xerotica obliterans" in men was first
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classification system established that "kraurosis" and "leukoplakia" were no longer to be used. In 1980, fluorinated and superpotent steroids were first used to treat LS. In 1981, studies into HLA serotypes and LS were published. In 1984, etretinate and acetretin were used in LS. In 1987, LS was
51:
Balanitis xerotica obliterans, lichen sclerosus et atrophicus, Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus, lichen plan atrophique, lichen plan scléreux, Kartenblattförmige
Sklerodermie, Weissflecken Dermatose, lichen albus, lichen planus sclerosus et atrophicus, dermatitis lichenoides chronica atrophicans,
2867:
Rotondo, J.C.; Borghi, A.; Selvatici, R.; Magri, E.; Bianchini, E.; Montinari, E.; Corazza, M.; Virgili, A.; Tognon, M.; Martini, F. (2016). "Hypermethylation-Induced
Inactivation of the IRF6 Gene as a Possible Early Event in Progression of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Associated With Lichen
514:
In 1875, Weir reported what was possible vulvar or oral LS was "ichthyosis." In 1885, Breisky described kraurosis vulvae. In 1887, Hallopeau described a series of extragenital cases of LS. In 1892, Darier formally described the classic histopathology of LS. In 1900, the concept was formed that
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genital LS, appropriate lubrication should always be used before and during sex in order to avoid pain and the worsening the disease. Some oils, such as olive oil and coconut oil, can be used to accomplish both the emollient and sexual lubrication function.
558:
2473:
Casabona, Francesco; Gambelli, Ilaria; Casabona, Federica; Santi, Pierluigi; Santori, Gregorio; Baldelli, Ilaria (2017). "Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in chronic penile lichen sclerosus: the impact on tissue repair and patient quality of life".
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502:
There is a bimodal age distribution in the incidence of LS in women. It occurs in females with an average age of diagnosis of 7.6 years in girls and 60 years old in women. The average age of diagnosis in boys is from 9 to 11 years old.
563:
1516:
Chi, C.C.; Kirtschig, G.; Baldo, M.; Lewis, F.; Wang, S.H.; Wojnarowska, F. (Aug 2012). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus".
1784:
Dahlman-Ghozlan, Kristina; Hedbla, Mari-Anne; von Krogh, Geo (1999). "Penile lichen sclerosus et atrophicus treated with clobetasol dipropionate 0.05% cream: A retrospective clinical and histopathologic study".
3283:
2041:
Li, Y.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, H.; Li, H.; Luo, X. (Aug 2013). "Low-concentration topical tacrolimus for the treatment of anogenital lichen sclerosus in childhood: maintenance treatment to reduce recurrence".
1595:
Scurry, J. (March 1999). "Does lichen sclerosus play a central role in the pathogenesis of human papillomavirus negative vulvar squamous cell carcinoma? The itch-scratch-lichen sclerosus hypothesis".
170:
In males, the disease may take the form of whitish patches on the foreskin and its narrowing (preputial stenosis), forming an "indurated ring", which can make retraction more difficult or impossible (
490:
Lichen sclerosus is associated with a higher risk of cancer. Skin that has been scarred as a result of lichen sclerosus is more likely to develop skin cancer. Women with lichen sclerosus may develop
442:
such as tacrolimus can have an effect similar to corticosteroids, but its effects on cancer risks with LS are not conclusively known. Based on limited evidence, a 2011 Cochrane review concluded that
1009:
Sherman, V.; McPherson, T.; Baldo, M.; Salim, A.; Gao, X.H.; Wojnarowska, F. (Sep 2010). "The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study".
3276:
111:) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as
159:(in genital LS), easier bruising, cracking, tearing and peeling, as well as hyperkeratosis, are common symptoms in both men and women. In women, the condition most commonly occurs on the
1152:
Drut, R.M.; Gomez, M.A.; Drut, R.; Lojo, M.M. (1998). "Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study".
3772:
2952:
Pietrzak, Peter; Hadway, Paul; Corbishley, Cathy M.; Watkin, Nicholas A. (2006). "Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?".
3621:
479:
was reported to be effective in one study, producing large improvements in the patients' quality of life, with an average IGA improvement of 2.04 and DLQI improvement of 7.73.
3611:
3820:
2646:
Barbagli, G.; Palminteri, E.; Mirri, F.; Guazzoni, G.; Turini, D.; Lazzeri, M. (2006). "Penile carcinoma in patients with genital lichen sclerosus: a multicenter survey".
1687:
Dalziel, K.L.; Millard, P.R.; Wojnarowska, F. (1991). "The treatment of vulval lichen sclerosus with a very potent topical steroid (clobetasol
Propionate 0.05%) cream".
2371:
Powell, J.; Robson, A.; Cranston, D.; Wojnarowska, F.; Turner, R. (2001). "High incidence of lichen sclerosus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis".
3044:
Kizer, William S.; Prarie, Troy; Morey, Allen F. (January 2003). "Balanitis
Xerotica Obliterans: Epidemiologic Distribution in an Equal Access Health Care System".
327:
state (prepubertal and postmenopausal women), hormonal influences have been postulated. To date though, very little evidence has been found to support that theory.
209:
Although it is not clear what causes LS, several theories have been postulated. Lichen sclerosus is not contagious and cannot be caught from another person.
3384:
2740:
Rotondo, J.C.; Borghi, A.; Selvatici, R.; Mazzoni, E.; Bononi, I.; Corazza, M.; Kussini, J.; Montinari, E.; GafĂ , R.; Tognon, M.; Martini, F. (2018).
2603:
Poulsen, H.; Junge, J.; Vyberg, M.; Horn, T.; Lundvall, F. (2003). "Small vulvar squamous cell carcinomas and adjacent tissues. A morphologic study".
3625:
3596:
3418:
3401:
3470:
3455:
236:
Lichen sclerosus may have a genetic component. A high correlation of lichen sclerosus has been reported between twins and between family members.
1052:
Meyrick Thomas, R.H.; Ridley, C.M.; McGibbon, D.H.; Black, M.M. (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and autoimmunity—a study of 350 women".
3755:
788:
744:
Gutierrez-Ontalvilla, Patricia (2019). "The Female Sexual
Function Index to assess patients with moderate to severe vulvar lichen sclerosus".
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3169:
3885:
3897:
284:
2742:"Association of Retinoic Acid Receptor β Gene With Onset and Progression of Lichen Sclerosus-Associated Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma"
335:
Some findings suggest that LS can be initiated through scarring or radiation, although those findings were sporadic and very uncommon.
174:). In addition there can be lesions, white patches or reddening on the glans. In contrast to women, anal involvement is less frequent.
4033:
3999:
3892:
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It has been noted that clinical diagnosis of BXO can be "almost unmistakable," though there are other dermatologic conditions such as
197:
Distress due to the discomfort and pain of lichen sclerosus is normal, as are concerns with self-esteem and sex. Counseling can help.
3940:
3574:
3147:
592:
3880:
2525:
Smith, S.D.; Fischer, G. (2009). "Childhood onset vulvar lichen sclerosus does not resolve at puberty: a prospective case series".
1238:
Eisendle, K.; Grabner, T.G.; Kutzner, H. (2008). "Possible Role of
Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Infection in Lichen Sclerosus".
1195:
Yashar, S.; Han, K.F.; Haley, J.C. (2004). "Lichen sclerosus-lichen planus overlap in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection".
363:
or other problems, and not correctly diagnosed until the patient is referred to a specialist after the problem does not clear up.
3748:
3389:
923:
Meyrick Thomas, R.H.; Kennedy, C.T. (March 1986). "The development of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in monozygotic twin girls".
3955:
3945:
3927:
3569:
1741:
Garzon, Maria C.; Paller, Amy S. (1999). "Ultrapotent
Topical Corticosteroid Treatment of Childhood Genital Lichen Sclerosus".
434:
has been used as a safe and effective corticosteroid for mild and moderate cases. For severe cases, it has been theorized that
201:
physical activities. Depression, anxiety, and even anger are all normal responses to the ongoing pain LS sufferers experience.
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3559:
3379:
423:
should wear comfortable clothes and avoid tight clothing, as it is a major factor in the severity of symptoms in some cases.
1942:
Renaud-Vilmer, Catherine; Cavelier-Balloy, Bénédicte; Porcher, Raphaël; Dubertret, Louis (2004). "Vulvar Lichen
Sclerosus".
487:
The disease can last for a considerably long time. Occasionally, "spontaneous cure" may occur, particularly in young girls.
139:
Lichen sclerosus on an 82-year-old woman, showing an ivory white coloring in the vulva, and also stretching downward to the
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On the non-genital skin, the disease may manifest as porcelain-white spots with small visible plugs inside the orifices of
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Chi, Ching-Chi; Kirtschig, Gudula; Baldo, Maha; Brackenbury, Fabia; Lewis, Fiona; Wojnarowska, Fenella (2011-12-07).
524:
966:
Cox, N.H.; Mitchell, J.N.; Morley, W.N. (Dec 1986). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in non-identical female twins".
3322:
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van de Nieuwenhof, HP; van der Avoort, IA; de Hullu, JA (2008). "Review of squamous premalignant vulvar lesions".
1273:
Pass, C.J. (1984). "An unusual variant of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: delayed appearance in a surgical scar".
359:
The disease often goes undiagnosed for several years, because it is sometimes not recognized, and misdiagnosed as
247:
is a process in which the body fails to recognize itself and therefore attacks its own cells and tissue. Specific
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3723:
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suppress all symptoms for some time, with high variance across patients, until it is required to use them again.
347:
Micrograph of extragenital lichen sclerosus: epidermal atrophy, follicular plugging and basal vacuolization, and
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treatment is safe and effective, and improves symptoms over the long term, but it does not lower cancer risks.
352:
256:
2568:
Nasca, M.R.; Innocenzi, D.; Micali, G. (1999). "Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus".
896:
Birenbaum, D.L.; Young, R.C. (2007). "High prevalence of thyroid disease in patients with lichen sclerosus".
3907:
3695:
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activity in dermis are histological findings associated with LS. The biopsies are also checked for signs of
3635:
3440:
1327:
Yates, V.M.; King, C.M.; Dave, V.K. (1985). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following radiation therapy".
1300:
Milligan, A.; Graham-Brown, R.A.; Burns, D.A. (1988). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus following sunburn".
3087:
Hallopeau, H. (1887). "Du lichen plan et particulièrement de sa forme atrophique: lichen plan scléreux".
2903:
Halonen, Pia; Jakobsson, Maija; Heikinheimo, Oskari; Riska, Annika; Gissler, Mika; Pukkala, Eero (2017).
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210529/http://dermis.multimedica.de/dermisroot/de/34088/diagnose.htm
2422:
Windahl, T. (2009). "Is carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus effective in the long run?".
1422:
Shelley, W. B.; Shelley, E. D.; Amurao, C. V. (2006). "Treatment of lichen sclerosus with antibiotics".
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31:
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Bradford, J.; Fischer, G. (2010). "Long-term management of vulval lichen sclerosus in adult women".
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Neill, S.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2002). "Guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus".
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Depasquale, I.; Park, A.J.; Bracka, A. (2000). "The treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans".
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948:
843:
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213:
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2324:"British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus, 2018"
1833:"British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of lichen sclerosus 2010"
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Jędrowiak, Anna; Kobusiewicz, Aleksandra; Trznadel-Grodzka, Ewa; Kaszuba, Andrzej (2018).
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might be safer and more effective than clobetasol. Recent studies have shown that topical
264:
221:
175:
3152:
3137:
695:
638:
Meffert, Jeffrey J; Davis, Brian M; Grimwood, Ronald E (March 1995). "Lichen sclerosus".
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A biopsy of the affected skin can be done to confirm a diagnosis. When a biopsy is done,
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Yesudian, P.D.; Sugunendran, H.; Bates, C.M.; O'Mahony, C. (2005). "Lichen sclerosus".
795:. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Archived from
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pathogens have been implicated in the etiology of LS. A disease that is similar to LS,
182:
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608:
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List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer
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https://web.archive.org/web/20071008130921/http://dermnetnz.org/immune/ls-imgs.html
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244:
186:
1553:"ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 93: Diagnosis and Management of Vulvar Skin Disorders"
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LS can occur without symptoms. White patches on the LS body area, itching, pain,
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reported by StĂĽhmer in 1928. as a condition affecting a set of circumcised men.
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Medscape Reference Author: Jeffrey Meffert, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD
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527:. Since not all cases of lichen sclerosus exhibit atrophic tissue, the use of
379:
288:
252:
248:
164:
75:
2973:
2930:
2824:
Henquet, C.J. (August 2011). "Anogenital malignancies and pre-malignancies".
2708:
2683:"Comorbidity in patients with Lichen sclerosus: a retrospective cohort study"
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2011:
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1486:
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List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions
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2019:
1971:
1917:
1866:
1814:
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1578:
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1494:
1443:
1259:
1216:
1138:
1030:
909:
882:
839:
765:
703:
682:
Laymon, CW (1951). "Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus and related disorders".
1716:
1665:
1380:
1363:
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1313:
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987:
944:
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178:, making it more difficult or even impossible to urinate, may also occur.
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have been found in LS sufferers. Furthermore, there seems to be a higher
171:
140:
120:
3189:
3857:
3802:
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Gulin, Sandra Jerkovic; Lundin, Filippa; Seifert, Oliver (2023-09-11).
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Smith, Yolanda R.; Haefner, Hope K. (2004). "Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus".
225:
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718:
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516:
342:
280:
160:
146:
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1992:
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
3272:
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Regauer, S (2005). "Immune dysregulation in lichen sclerosus".
672:
European Dermatology Forum Guideline on Lichen Sclerosus (2014)
2826:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
1011:
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology
523:
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus was first described in 1887 by
297:
167:
with ivory-white elevations that may be flat and glistening.
78:
of lichen sclerosus showing the characteristic subepithelial
1831:
Neill, S.M.; Lewis, F.M.; Tatnall, F.M.; Cox, N.H. (2010).
533:
International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease
323:
Since LS in females is primarily found in women with a low
3165:
http://www.dermlectures.com/LecturesWMV.cfm?lectureID=88
2997:"Diagnosis and treatment of lichen sclerosus: an update"
2164:
Lee, Andrew; Bradford, Jennifer; Fischer, Gayle (2015).
1095:
Fruchter, R.; Melnick, L.; Pomeranz, M.K. (2017-03-27).
127:, can be cured by either medical or surgical treatment.
2166:"Long-term Management of Adult Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus"
1630:
Todd, P.; Halpern, S.; Kirby, J.; Pembroke, A. (1994).
1364:"Dermoscopic findings in extragenital lichen sclerosus"
1985:
1983:
1981:
506:
In men, the most common age of incidence is 21 to 30.
189:
on the surface. Thinning of the skin may also occur.
3299:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
3179:
3133:
NIAMS – Questions and Answers About Lichen Sclerosus
2109:"Topical interventions for genital lichen sclerosus"
3982:
3964:
3926:
3856:
3796:
3731:
3716:
3687:
3634:
3612:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
3545:
3532:
3304:
3242:
3183:
1736:
1734:
585:
Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology
224:. There is evidence that LS can be associated with
212:Several risk factors have been proposed, including
90:
47:
42:
3773:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome
1826:
1824:
517:International Society for Study of Vulvar Disease
151:Balanitis xerotica obliterans. 70 year old man.
3821:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
3102:Friedrich Jr., EG (1976). "Lichen sclerosus".
3001:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2570:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2424:Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
2044:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology
1787:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1590:
1588:
1519:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
1395:- "Figures - available via license: CC BY 4.0"
640:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
583:James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G. (2006).
27:Itchy skin rash usually affecting the genitals
3284:
2215:"Diagnosis and Treatment of Lichen Sclerosus"
2213:Fistarol, Susanna K.; Itin, Peter H. (2012).
1597:International Journal of Gynecological Cancer
8:
3089:Annales de Dermatologie et de Syphiligraphie
1632:"Lichen sclerosus and the Kobner phenomenon"
1101:International Journal of Women's Dermatology
2113:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2077:Maassen, M.S.; van Doorn, H.C. (2012). "".
684:AMA Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology
3728:
3542:
3291:
3277:
3269:
3180:
633:
631:
629:
66:
57:
39:
30:"BXO" redirects here. For other uses, see
3385:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
3138:NIAMS – Fast Facts About Lichen Sclerosus
3020:
2920:
2765:
2716:
2698:
2339:
2246:
2181:
2140:
1848:
1647:
1568:
1379:
1128:
535:(ISSVD), officially proclaiming the name
3626:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
3597:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
3419:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
3402:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
2272:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
2219:American Journal of Clinical Dermatology
134:
3471:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
3456:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
2791:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
2079:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde
820:International Journal of STD & AIDS
575:
3328:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
3918:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
3622:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
2905:"Lichen sclerosus and risk of cancer"
2102:
2100:
1636:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
1302:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
1166:10.1046/j.1525-1470.1998.1998015085.x
255:of other autoimmune diseases such as
7:
3446:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
3104:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
2687:European Journal of Medical Research
2476:International Urology and Nephrology
1424:International Journal of Dermatology
1097:"Lichenoid vulvar disease: A review"
898:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine
696:10.1001/archderm.1951.01570110090013
3898:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
789:"Fast Facts About Lichen Sclerosus"
285:acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
4000:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
3893:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
3831:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
2617:10.1034/j.1600-0463.2003.1110901.x
1701:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00626.x
1649:10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01183.x
1066:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb01748.x
980:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb06659.x
968:The British Journal of Dermatology
937:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1986.tb02831.x
925:The British Journal of Dermatology
587:. Saunders Elsevier. p. 227.
25:
3941:Reactive perforating collagenosis
3575:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
725:. National Vulvodynia Association
717:National Vulvodynia Association.
3390:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
3058:10.1097/00007611-200301000-00004
2966:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06213.x
2838:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03969.x
2803:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012
2539:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2009.01022.x
2385:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04287.x
2284:10.2165/00128071-200405020-00005
2004:10.1111/j.1479-828X.2010.01142.x
1902:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.05012.x
1850:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09997.x
1609:10.1046/j.1525-1438.1999.99016.x
1479:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2000.00772.x
1436:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2006.02978.x
1209:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05707.x
1023:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03572.x
863:European Journal of Cell Biology
520:linked with Borrelia infection.
3956:Acquired perforating dermatosis
3946:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
3886:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma
2909:International Journal of Cancer
746:European Journal of Dermatology
409:can have a similar appearance.
3380:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
2882:10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.1336
2758:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.1373
2373:British Journal of Dermatology
2328:British Journal of Dermatology
2183:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.0643
2125:10.1002/14651858.CD008240.pub2
1890:British Journal of Dermatology
1837:British Journal of Dermatology
1689:British Journal of Dermatology
1406:Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus
1197:British Journal of Dermatology
1054:British Journal of Dermatology
787:National Institute of Health.
18:Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
1:
3913:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
3585:Patch-type granuloma annulare
3461:Inverted follicular keratosis
2995:Fistarol, Susanna K. (2013).
2660:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00735-4
2582:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70245-8
1799:10.1016/S0190-9622(99)70496-2
113:balanitis xerotica obliterans
3881:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma
3580:Localized granuloma annulare
1570:10.1097/AOG.0b013e31817578ba
652:10.1016/0190-9622(95)90060-8
554:List of cutaneous conditions
432:Methylprednisolone aceponate
405:, and the cutaneous rash of
311:is shown by the presence of
3607:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
3506:Waxy keratosis of childhood
3375:Common seborrheic keratosis
3370:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
3352:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
1557:Obstetrics & Gynecology
1341:10.1001/archderm.121.8.1044
531:was dropped in 1976 by the
4055:
3323:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
2700:10.1186/s40001-023-01335-9
2322:Salad, A.A. (April 2018).
2056:10.1016/j.jpag.2012.11.010
1956:10.1001/archderm.140.6.709
1755:10.1001/archderm.135.5.525
1531:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.02.044
1252:10.1001/archderm.144.5.591
1113:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.02.017
875:10.1016/j.ejcb.2004.12.003
446:, mometasone furoate, and
355:of collagen in the dermis.
29:
4034:Ailments of unknown cause
3395:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
3318:Keratoderma climactericum
3013:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4
2488:10.1007/s11255-017-1523-0
2436:10.1080/00365590600589666
2231:10.1007/s40257-012-0006-4
82:(right/bottom of image).
74:
65:
56:
3951:Perforating folliculitis
3903:Semicircular lipoatrophy
3340:Drug-induced keratoderma
3046:Southern Medical Journal
1563:(5): 1243–53. May 2008.
832:10.1258/0956462054308440
525:François Henri Hallopeau
257:diabetes mellitus type 1
3908:Follicular atrophoderma
3696:eosinophilic dermatosis
1944:Archives of Dermatology
1743:Archives of Dermatology
1329:Archives of Dermatology
1240:Archives of Dermatology
723:Vulvodynia Media Corner
719:"Vulvodynia Fact Sheet"
613:Autoimmune Registry Inc
296:. Viral involvement of
267:, and thyroid disease.
3636:Foreign body granuloma
3547:Necrobiotic/palisading
3441:Chronic scar keratosis
1368:Our Dermatology Online
440:calcineurin inhibitors
370:, atrophic epidermis,
356:
315:in LSA biopsy tissue.
222:genetic predisposition
152:
144:
3811:Localized scleroderma
3592:Necrobiosis lipoidica
3524:Cutis verticis gyrata
3451:Hydrocarbon keratosis
3335:Aquagenic keratoderma
2527:Pediatric Dermatology
1381:10.7241/ourd.20182.24
1154:Pediatric Dermatology
758:10.1684/ejd.2019.3580
444:clobetasol propionate
346:
150:
138:
3974:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3836:Pansclerotic morphea
3617:Rheumatoid nodulosis
3602:Granuloma multiforme
3481:Reactional keratosis
3431:Ichthyosis acquisita
3414:Acanthosis nigricans
3365:Seborrheic keratosis
3306:Epidermal thickening
477:Platelet-rich plasma
471:Carbon dioxide laser
313:Borrelia burgdorferi
304:are also suspected.
293:Borrelia burgdorferi
193:Psychological effect
32:BXO (disambiguation)
4039:Lichenoid eruptions
3826:Generalized morphea
3664:Zirconium granuloma
3644:Beryllium granuloma
3512:other hypertrophy:
3466:Lichenoid keratosis
3436:Arsenical keratosis
214:autoimmune diseases
3846:Linear scleroderma
3659:Silicone granuloma
3555:Granuloma annulare
3243:External resources
2648:Journal of Urology
609:"Lichen sclerosus"
436:mometasone furoate
357:
331:Local skin changes
153:
145:
131:Signs and symptoms
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
3816:Localized morphea
3788:Rowell's syndrome
3712:
3711:
3702:Granuloma faciale
3649:Mercury granuloma
3519:Hypertrophic scar
3501:Warty dyskeratoma
3491:Thermal keratosis
3266:
3265:
2954:BJU International
2922:10.1002/ijc.30621
2341:10.1111/bjd.16241
1467:BJU International
287:is caused by the
102:
101:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4046:
3990:Calcinosis cutis
3871:Lichen sclerosus
3841:Morphea profunda
3729:
3654:Silica granuloma
3543:
3486:Stucco keratosis
3293:
3286:
3279:
3270:
3181:
3159:Medical pictures
3120:
3119:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3024:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2915:(9): 1998–2002.
2900:
2894:
2893:
2870:JAMA Dermatology
2864:
2858:
2857:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2746:JAMA Dermatology
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2702:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2654:(4): 1359–1363.
2643:
2637:
2636:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2170:JAMA Dermatology
2161:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2119:(12): CD008240.
2104:
2095:
2094:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1852:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1651:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1430:(9): 1104–1106.
1419:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1383:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1335:(8): 1044–1047.
1324:
1318:
1317:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1017:(9): 1031–1034.
1006:
1000:
999:
963:
957:
956:
920:
914:
913:
893:
887:
886:
869:(2–3): 273–277.
858:
852:
851:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
793:Lichen Sclerosus
784:
778:
777:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
714:
708:
707:
679:
673:
670:
664:
663:
635:
624:
623:
621:
619:
605:
599:
598:
580:
537:lichen sclerosus
492:vulvar carcinoma
466:Other treatments
105:Lichen sclerosus
70:
61:
52:kraurosis vulvae
43:Lichen sclerosus
40:
21:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4013:
3978:
3960:
3922:
3861:
3852:
3801:
3792:
3734:
3733:Cutaneous lupus
3721:
3708:
3688:Other/ungrouped
3683:
3630:
3528:
3496:Viral keratosis
3300:
3297:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3238:
3237:
3192:
3148:better medicine
3129:
3124:
3123:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3043:
3042:
3038:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2040:
2039:
2035:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1008:
1007:
1003:
965:
964:
960:
922:
921:
917:
895:
894:
890:
860:
859:
855:
817:
816:
812:
802:
800:
799:on 15 June 2012
786:
785:
781:
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
716:
715:
711:
681:
680:
676:
671:
667:
637:
636:
627:
617:
615:
607:
606:
602:
595:
582:
581:
577:
572:
545:
512:
500:
485:
468:
427:Corticosteroids
420:
415:
341:
333:
321:
273:
265:alopecia areata
242:
234:
226:thyroid disease
207:
205:Pathophysiology
195:
176:Meatal stenosis
163:and around the
133:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3873:
3867:
3865:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3807:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3739:
3737:
3726:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3551:
3549:
3540:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:PUVA keratosis
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3410:hyperkeratosis
3405:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3209:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:Classification
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3127:External links
3125:
3122:
3121:
3110:(3): 147–154.
3094:
3079:
3036:
2987:
2944:
2895:
2859:
2816:
2797:(2): 131–156.
2781:
2752:(7): 819–823.
2732:
2673:
2638:
2611:(9): 835–842.
2595:
2576:(6): 911–914.
2560:
2517:
2482:(4): 573–580.
2465:
2430:(3): 208–211.
2414:
2363:
2334:(4): 839–853.
2313:
2278:(2): 105–125.
2262:
2205:
2176:(10): 1061–7.
2156:
2096:
2069:
2033:
1998:(2): 148–152.
1977:
1950:(6): 709–712.
1931:
1896:(4): 640–649.
1880:
1843:(4): 672–682.
1820:
1793:(3): 451–457.
1776:
1730:
1695:(5): 461–464.
1679:
1642:(3): 262–263.
1622:
1584:
1544:
1508:
1473:(4): 459–465.
1457:
1414:
1397:
1374:(2): 197–199.
1354:
1319:
1292:
1265:
1246:(5): 591–598.
1230:
1203:(1): 168–169.
1187:
1144:
1087:
1044:
1001:
974:(6): 743–746.
958:
931:(3): 377–379.
915:
888:
853:
826:(7): 465–473.
810:
779:
752:(4): 430–431.
736:
709:
690:(5): 620–627.
674:
665:
646:(3): 393–416.
625:
600:
593:
574:
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
544:
541:
511:
508:
499:
496:
484:
481:
467:
464:
419:
418:Main treatment
416:
414:
411:
368:hyperkeratosis
353:homogenization
340:
337:
332:
329:
320:
317:
272:
269:
241:
238:
233:
230:
206:
203:
194:
191:
183:hair follicles
132:
129:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
72:
71:
63:
62:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4051:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4010:
4009:Pseudo-ainhum
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Sclerodactyly
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3936:Kyrle disease
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3735:erythematosus
3730:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:dermnetnz.org
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3091:(8): 790–791.
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:(8): 928–33.
2875:
2871:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:(8): 885–95.
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2085:(36): A3908.
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:(4): 239–42.
2049:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:(2): 305–12.
1524:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
962:
959:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
814:
811:
798:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
737:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
675:
669:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
632:
630:
626:
614:
610:
604:
601:
596:
594:0-7216-2921-0
590:
586:
579:
576:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
549:Lichen planus
547:
546:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:et atrophicus
526:
521:
518:
509:
507:
504:
497:
495:
493:
488:
482:
480:
478:
474:
472:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
424:
417:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:lichen planus
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
354:
351:with initial
350:
345:
338:
336:
330:
328:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
239:
237:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
204:
202:
198:
192:
190:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
149:
142:
137:
130:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
98:
95:
93:
89:
85:
84:H&E stain
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
3870:
3863:atrophoderma
3749:Panniculitis
3694:
3679:Carbon stain
3570:Subcutaneous
3344:
3250:
3226:
3211:
3196:
3158:
3157:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3007:(1): 27–47.
3004:
3000:
2990:
2960:(1): 74–76.
2957:
2953:
2947:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2873:
2869:
2868:Sclerosus".
2862:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2533:(6): 725–9.
2530:
2526:
2520:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2379:(1): 85–89.
2376:
2372:
2366:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2225:(1): 27–47.
2222:
2218:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2116:
2112:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2043:
2036:
1995:
1991:
1947:
1943:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1840:
1836:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1749:(5): 525–8.
1746:
1742:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1603:(2): 89–97.
1600:
1596:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1404:
1400:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1308:(1): 36–37.
1305:
1301:
1295:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1160:(2): 85–90.
1157:
1153:
1147:
1107:(1): 58–64.
1104:
1100:
1090:
1060:(1): 41–46.
1057:
1053:
1047:
1014:
1010:
1004:
971:
967:
961:
928:
924:
918:
904:(1): 28–30.
901:
897:
891:
866:
862:
856:
823:
819:
813:
801:. Retrieved
797:the original
792:
782:
749:
745:
739:
727:. Retrieved
722:
712:
687:
683:
677:
668:
643:
639:
616:. Retrieved
612:
603:
584:
578:
536:
528:
522:
513:
505:
501:
498:Epidemiology
489:
486:
475:
469:
460:
456:
452:
448:pimecrolimus
425:
421:
407:Lyme disease
393:, localized
388:
365:
358:
334:
322:
312:
309:Lyme disease
307:A link with
306:
291:
274:
245:Autoimmunity
243:
240:Autoimmunity
235:
211:
208:
199:
196:
187:sweat glands
180:
169:
154:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
3928:Perforating
3798:Scleroderma
3766:ungrouped:
3669:Soot tattoo
3565:Generalized
3560:Perforating
3534:Necrobiosis
3314:keratoderma
3052:(1): 9–11.
399:leukoplakia
395:scleroderma
302:hepatitis C
157:dyspareunia
97:Gynaecology
48:Other names
4028:Categories
3966:Skin ulcer
3876:Anetoderma
3742:chronic:
3722:localized
2693:(1): 338.
1281:(4): 405.
570:References
380:lymphocyte
289:spirochete
253:prevalence
249:antibodies
218:infections
76:Micrograph
3783:Verrucous
3768:Chilblain
3538:granuloma
3361:keratosis
3346:psoriasis
3252:eMedicine
2974:1464-4096
2931:0020-7136
2709:2047-783X
2555:205677253
2496:0301-1623
2444:0036-5599
2393:0007-0963
2292:1175-0561
2239:1175-0561
2192:2168-6068
2133:1469-493X
2012:0004-8666
1964:0003-987X
1910:0007-0963
1859:0007-0963
1807:0190-9622
1763:0003-987X
1709:0007-0963
1658:0307-6938
1487:1464-4096
1411:eMedicine
1390:2081-9390
1121:2352-6475
774:204775452
483:Prognosis
413:Treatment
384:dysplasia
372:sclerosis
349:sclerosis
339:Diagnosis
277:bacterial
271:Infection
92:Specialty
80:sclerosus
3858:Atrophic
3760:Neonatal
3756:subacute
3257:derm/234
3074:45454913
3066:12602705
3031:23329078
2982:16831147
2939:28124469
2890:27223861
2854:24203150
2846:21272092
2811:18406622
2776:29898214
2727:37697418
2718:10494448
2668:16515998
2633:23716949
2625:14510640
2590:10570372
2547:20199450
2512:11499796
2504:28161837
2460:36979154
2452:16809261
2409:24738069
2401:11453912
2350:29313888
2308:22448081
2300:15109275
2257:23329078
2200:26070005
2151:22161424
2091:22951124
2064:24049806
2028:43273940
2020:20522071
1972:15210462
1926:31834145
1918:12366407
1875:16634027
1867:20854400
1815:10071317
1771:10328191
1725:44975544
1674:29331610
1617:11240748
1579:18448767
1539:22483994
1503:32219826
1495:10971272
1452:27778016
1444:16961523
1260:18490585
1217:14746647
1182:10110510
1139:28492056
1082:37200022
1031:20202060
996:40455781
953:11142666
910:17286064
883:15819407
848:21471620
840:16004624
766:31625922
704:14867888
543:See also
403:vitiligo
325:estrogen
319:Hormones
261:vitiligo
172:phimosis
141:perineum
121:foreskin
3803:Morphea
3744:Discoid
3233:D018459
3022:3691475
2767:6128494
2358:3416734
2248:3691475
2142:7025763
1717:2039723
1666:8033394
1349:4026344
1314:3208439
1287:6723373
1225:9261207
1174:9572688
1130:5419035
1074:3342175
1039:1358288
988:3801314
945:3954957
803:16 June
729:16 June
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